Vol. 32, No. 4 “De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius” Dec. 2016

Events of Interest future,” said Whitney W. For more information about this Donhauser, the museum’s director. groundbreaking exhibition, go to: “ AT ITS CORE,” www.mcny.org. which opened the Friday after The exhibition embraces four *** Thanksgiving at the Museum of the themes that have distinguished New City of New York, is the York: Money (New Until January 2, 2017. culmination of an audacious began as, in effect, a for-profit “Celebration of Dutch and Flemish curatorial gamble: Is it possible to company), diversity (which fostered Drawings” at the National Gallery make a metropolis that is tolerance or, at any rate, indifference of Art, West Building, at 4th and perpetually in flux the centerpiece to most minorities—with the Constitution Avenue NW, of what the museum bills as its first conspicuous exception of more than Washington, DC 20565. Over the permanent exhibition? two centuries of enslaved blacks, last decade, the Gallery has illustrated by a 1770 slaves-for-sale acquired an exquisite selection of Moreover, can New York’s core, in newspaper advertisement), density mid-15th- to early 20th-century particular, be competently explored (which produced slums, skyscrapers Dutch and Flemish drawings. Some without wallowing in contemporary and the city’s recyclable real estate) 20 works—many on view for the political correctness when it and creativity (which percolated first time—cover a range of genres encapsulates what some visitors from the vitality demanded by the and incorporate a variety of media. may describe as seeds, but which density, diversity and preoccupation Dutch highlights include a page others will characterize as pits? with making money). from a 15th-century manuscript After five years of planning, the $10 In two galleries that divide 400 with illustrations by Barthélemy million, 8,000-square-foot years of history into “Port City” van Eyck and two rare composi- exhibition, which occupies all three (from Hudson’s arrival in 1609 to tional studies by Gerrit van of the museum’s first-floor the consolidation of Greater New Honthorst. For more information go galleries, testifies that the answers York in 1898) and “World to: www.nga.gov. to both questions can be yes. City” (1898–2012), the museum “New York at Its Core” not only has culled a sampler of more than Publications focuses on the city’s 400-year 400 objects (nearly half from its evolution since Henry Hudson’s own collection), thousands of still For members of Polish descent, voyage but also devotes more than a and video images and even audio here is an article which should be of third of its space to history that to capture New York’s dynamism interest: “Were there really Poles in hasn’t happened yet. and brio without resorting to New Netherland?” by James S. Pula and Pien Versteegh in Polish “There is no other city museum in digital overload. Amercian Studies, Vol. LXXIII, No. the world that deals with the 2 (Fall 2016). For preview and acquisition, go to: bit.ly/2fNNzqp.

New Netherland Institute, Box 2536, Empire State Plaza Station, Albany, NY 12220 Voice: 518–486–4815 | Fax: 518–473–0472 [email protected] | www.newnetherlandinstitute.org De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius 2

*** enterprise during the Industrial USA, and the Dutch National Of interest to 17th-c Northeastern Revolution, and marvel at the grand Archives. In this first phase of what Native American studies are two structures designed by some of will be an on-going collaboration articles by Marshall Becker, PhD: America’s most admired architects. between the three institutions, Dennis guided the first installment · “The Raritan Valley Buffer Zone: “With the growth of residential Downtown and the increase in of “New Amsterdam Stories,” a A Refuge Area for Some Wiech- visitors associated with the opening website that offers documents from quaeskeck and other Native Ameri- of the Capital Center next year, this both archives that begin to tell cans during the 17th Century,” in exhibit offers a sense of where our stories of several New Amsterdam Bulletin of the Archaelogical District is today and from where residents. He assisted in the Society of Connecticut, No. 78, we’ve come,” says Georgette preparations for the “launch” of this 2016. Steffens, executive director of the website which was done on 8 · “The Maniwaki Wampum Downtown Albany BID. “We are so September 2016 at the Morgan Group,” in Iroquoia, the Journal of excited to partner with SUNY and Library in New York City. the Conference on Iroquois the New York State Museum to give *** Research, Vol. 2 No. 1 (Autumn people another reason to explore our The Board of Trustees, in 2016). streets and experience everything recognition of increased interest in Downtown has to offer, from its the New Netherland period, adopted News expansive history to the growth of the following policy at its November Albany’s newest neighborhood.” 2016 board meeting: Signs of Greatness – In “The New Netherland Institute For more information and a map of Downtown Albany sign locations, go to: supports the study of Dutch colonial Signs of Greatness: Albany www.downtownalbany.org. history and to that end welcomes the Stories highlights unique points of review of documents in its interest in downtown Albany, many collection by all who are interested little-known to the public until now. NNI News in this subject. The New Netherland This exhibit of 12 informative Institute, however, does not endorse panels tells stories of Albany’s “New Amsterdam Stories” Project, or advance any point of view settlement and development, trade a collaboration between the anyone may offer based on use of and industry, and landmark social Stadsarchief Amsterdam, the New any of its resources. For this reason, innovation, all wrought in our York City Municipal Archives, and it cannot comment on or endorse the historic streetscapes and noteworthy the New Netherland Institute. At use made of its resources by anyone buildings over the past 400 years. the request of the Dutch Consulate, who cites them in a piece of writing, Dennis Maika helped coordinate exhibit, play or movie, or any other The longest continuously chartered and prepare a $25,000 grant creation that can be classified as city in the United States (1686), proposal that would bring together intellectual property, as that term is today’s Capital City was the point the Stadsarchief Amsterdam and commonly used, nor does it or can it of contact between the region’s the New York City Municipal assume any responsibility, in any Native peoples and the Dutch Archives in a collaborative project way, for the use made of its adventurers who first came here in that would make primary source resources by those who rely upon or 1609. Walk along the streets that material from both institutions cite them in connection with any were once the main trading paths available online. He represented the undertaking. Furthermore the New between the region’s Native New Netherland Institute as a Netherland Institute cannot peoples and Dutch settlers, uncover partner in this endeavor. The grant comment on or endorse use of the unprecedented prosperity of was fully funded by Dutch Culture materials not within or subject to De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius 3

its control, and cannot and does NNI member from Monroe, NY had include the wine-making domains not assume any responsibility, in the winning ticket for a week’s stay of and Suzette. So, how any way, for the use made of on the island. The drawing took did and the such materials by those who rely place at the Conference dinner held become so intertwined? upon them or cite them in on Friday, September 23rd in New First, the name. Orange is derived connection with any Brunswick, NJ. Thank you to from the town’s Roman name, undertaking.” everyone who supported this Arausio, and has no connection *** fundraiser. with either the color or the citrus fruit. Actually the name Arausio The 39th Annual Conference of the Totidem Verbis probably is of some antiquity and New Netherland Institute: Pavonia refers to a Celtic deity associated aka New Jersey et al. – A Historical [In this issue we begin a serialized with water. This is appropriate, Perspective was the theme of the article by James W. Bradley, PhD given the town’s location set Annual Conference which drew 134 of Charlestown, MA. Jim is the against a large, sandstone hill not attendees. The Conference included founder of ArchLink, a privately far from where the Aigues River three parts: two relating to the owned business that seeks to link joins the Rhone. The earliest state’s history, the third relating to archaeology with education and evidence of settlement on this hill, New Netherland in general. The preservation. He is presently now known as St. Eutrope, dates Conference was held at the New completing work on the manuscript from the Neolithic period roughly Brunswick Theological Seminary, for a new book Onondaga and 5,000 years ago, although there are New Brunswick, NJ. At the Empire: An Iroquoian People in an indications of human presence in Conference, the Hendricks Award Imperial Era. This will be the this location dating back throughout was awarded to Deborah Hamer for sequel to his earlier book The the Paleolithic. her 2014 dissertation “Creating an Evolution of the Onondaga Orderly Society: The Regulation of Iroquois: Accommodating Change, At the time of initial contacts with Marriage and Sex in the Dutch 1500- 1655 (1987). Jim is also the Rome, this was the home of Iron Atlantic World, 1621–1674.” And author of Before Albany: An Age Celtic people known as the the Clague and Carol Van Slyke Archaeology of Native-Dutch Cavare. Although Roman settlement Article Prize was awarded to Jeroen Relations in the Capital Region, was restricted to an area further DeWulf for his 2015 article “‘A 1600-1664. The following article south along the Mediterranean, they Strong Barbaric Accent?’ was inspired by a recent visit to would have known about this America’s Dutch-Speaking Black .] strategic location halfway up the Community from Seventeenth- Rhone towards the Alps. In fact How the Dutch became Century New Netherland to there is evidence that the Cavare Nineteenth-Century New York and Orange allied with Rome to oppose New Jersey.” American Speech, 90 Few words are more closely Hannibal’s invasion in 218 BCE. (May, 2015) 131–153. associated with Dutch history than Two decades later, it was a different Orange. Yet the small independent story when the Cavare, along with *** principality of Orange was located the Cimbri and other Celto-Ligurian allies, defeated an attempted Roman As part of our fundraising efforts, hundreds of kilometers south of the invasion near Arausio in 105 BCE. the New Netherland Institute Dutch Republic in , offered an excellent opportunity for France. Orange was also tiny, a Over the next fifty years, however, a week’s stay on the beautiful triangular-shaped territory in the the Cavare began to adopt Roman island of Saba, in a raffle which Rhone River valley only 12 km (7.5 practices and the name Arausio netted over $6,500. A longstanding miles) long and extending roughly appears to have come into common 25 km (15.5 miles) east to usage. By 35 BCE the situation had De Nieu Nederlanse Marcurius 4 changed again. After his successful by Guillaume au Cornet (Little Crusade (1209 to 1229), a 20-year conquest of southern Gaul, Julius Horn), Count d’Orange, that the military campaign initiated by Caesar disbanded several of his town began to rebuild. The name Pope Innocent III to eliminate legions, resettling the troops into Orange, and the sovereign Catharism on the west side of the new communities. Officially, the Carolingian counts who used it, Rhone in Languedoc. Even more new town was known as Colonia appear to have had their origin significant was the Julia Firma Secundanorum during this period. The name Papacy (1309 to 1377) during Arausio, “the Julian colony of Orange may have been a corrupted which seven successive popes Arausio established by the soldiers version of Arausio, a conflation of resided in Avignon rather than in of the second legion”, or Arausio Gallo-Latin and archaic French. Rome. This situation arose from for short. As home to military Orange was not part of France. the conflict between the Papacy veterans who were now Roman There was no France, as we think of and the French crown. Between citizens, the town’s focus of it today, until centuries later. Instead 1378 to 1417, there were rival settlement shifted from the hill to it was a jurisdiction under the claimants to the title of pope, a the land on the north side where a kingdom of , vassals of the period referred to as the “Western formal town was laid out. Here under the Schism” when parties within the Arausio enjoyed several centuries Counts of Toulouse. Through the Roman Church were divided in of peace and propriety as evidenced first of a series of transfers of their allegiance among the various by its grand civic monuments, ownership through inheritance, claimants. The Council of especially the large amphitheater Orange passed from the Count of Constance finally resolved the and triumphal arch that survive to Rambaud to the Counts of Baux, controversy in 1417 when all sides this day. Yet, even with its strategic and became fully independent with accepted the election of Pope location and impressive the breakup of the Kingdom of Martin V. monuments, Arausio never became Arles after 1033. In 1178, Orange During this period, Orange as important a Roman town as was raised to a principality by remained a small principality Arles, Nîmes, or even nearby Frederick Barbarossa and became an surrounded by the Comtat Vaison-la-Romaine. independent fiefdom of the Holy Venaissin, the Papal lands on the By the fourth century AD, what had Roman Empire. This included the east side of the Rhone established in been an advantageous location on right to coin money, have its own 1274. As a Papal State, inhabitants the river plain became a vulnerable university, and to act as a sovereign of the Comtat did not pay taxes and one. The Visigoths invaded in 412 entity subject only to the Holy were not subject to military service. and destroyed much of the town. Roman Emperor. Although Orange This made life in the Comtat What survived was centered would remain a small principality considerably more attractive than between the old Celtic hill fort under the Counts of Baux until under the French Crown. It also renamed for an early bishop, Saint 1393, and then as part of the house became a haven for Jews, who Eutrope, and a new Christian of Châlon in Burgundy until 1544, received better treatment under basilica built for the synod of 529. this right of sovereignty would have papal rule than in the rest of France. With additional waves of conquest, profound consequences. The synagogue in Carpentras, built especially the Saracens during the During the 13th and 14th centuries, in the 14th century, is the oldest in 8th century, the town was largely Orange remained one of many France. Although successive French abandoned as most people moved small entities around which larger Kings attempted to annex this to more defensible locations in the events took place, and while territory, it remained under Papal nearby hills. It was not until the Orange was too small to play a control until 1791. Saracens had been driven out in 793 significant role, its neighbors did. (to be continued) Among these were the Albigensian