16 April 2013 Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley

Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry

BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A Landscape and Visual Matters

On behalf of David Wilson Homes North West and A C Surveyors & Valuers Volume 2: Appendices, Plans & Photographs

Planning Inspectorate ref: APP/T2350/A/12/2188887

Planning Authority ref: 3/2012/0637/P

Report Number: 1490/R02b_JB_RW

Author: Jonathan Berry CMLI Volume 1: Text

Contents

Section 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………1 Section 2: Landscape Character and Context of the Appeal Site …………………………….7 Section 3: Visual Context of the Appeal Site ………………………………………………….19 Section 4: Review of Relevant Policy, Consultation Responses and Landscape Response to Reasons for Refusal …………………………………………………………………………33 Section 5: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………41

Volume 2: Appendices, Plans & Photographs

Appendix 1: Extract of the RVPBC Rule 6 Statement of Case Appendix 2: Pre-Application Meeting Minutes dated 28th March 2012. Appendix 3: Pre-Application email Letter from RVBC dated 15th November 2011. Appendix 4: Extract of the Landscape Character Assessment – Guidance for England and Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage and The Countryside Agency, 2002 (known as SNH guidance). Appendix 5: Extract from the Countryside Agency, Character Area 35 Description. Appendix 6: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Landscape and Heritage Joint Core Strategy Adopted SPD (July 2006). Appendix 7: Extract of the Lancashire County Council with English Heritage – Lancashire Historic Characterisation Programme (December 2002). Appendix 8: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Landscape Strategy for Lancashire - Landscape Character Assessment (December 2000). Appendix 9: Extract of the Forest of Bowland AONB - Landscape Character Assessment (September 2009). Appendix 10: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Lancashire Historic Town Survey – Whalley (2006). Appendix 11: Whalley Conservation Area Townscape Appraisal Map. Appendix 12: LVIA Assessment Criteria Tables (Sensitivity, Magnitude of Change and Significance of Effect). Appendix 13: Photomontage Methodology. Appendix 14: Pre-Application email from RVBC dated 20th April 2012. Appendix 15: Penny Bennett Landscape and Visual Assessment (January 2013).

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Plans

Plan 1: Topography & First Sieve GIS Visual Analysis (1490/01 03/12 JB/MP)

Plan 2: Photoviewpoint Locations (1490/02b 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 3: Verified Visual Envelope (1490/03a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 4: Landscape Planning Context & Public Rights of Way (1490/04a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 5: Landscape Character (1490/05a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 6: Landscape Strategy (1490/06a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 7: Indicative Planting Strategy (1490/21 06/12 JB/JJ)

Photoviewpoints 1 – 24 (1490/07a to 20a 06/12 JB/JJ)

Photomontages 1 – 11 (1490/18a 05/12 JB/MP)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 1: Extract of the RVPBC Rule 6 Statement of Case

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Landscape/Visual Impact Considerations

4.7 The Council will demonstrate that there will be a loss of visual amenity experienced by residents and visitors to Whalley as a result of the appeal proposals which willbe of an adverse permanent nature, some of which will be considered significant in terms of the EIA regulations.

4.8 By reason of extending development beyond the village boundary and into open countryside, the proposals will result in a permanent adverse change on the character of this high sensitivity settlement edge river corridor landscape, introducing urban elements besides the new homes themselves, which will include lighting and other infrastructure.

4.9 The Council will show that the open river corridor landscape within which the site is located forms the immediate rural setting to the conservation area as well as a number of important heritage features which are an intrinsic part of Whalley’s identity as a village. It is also important as this open landscape is also associated with the former historic gateway to the village, and which is reinforced in the iconic design of the railway viaduct piers at this location. The Council will show that if the proposals were to proceed this important landscape and amenity asset would be permanently lost. This would result in the extension of the village beyond its historic edge in to the open rural landscape and thereby having a detrimental impact on the townscape character and amenity of the conservation area and associated heritage features.

4.10 The Council will conclude that the proposals will harm landscape and townscape character and visual amenity and will be contrary to Policy G1 and ENV3 of the Districtwide Local Plan, Policies DMG1, EN2 and DME2 of the Regulation 22 Submission Draft Core Strategy and the requirements of NPPF.

Planning Considerations

4.11 The Council will demonstrate that the appeal proposal is outside the present settlement boundary and is an urban extension to Whalley. As an urban extension the Council will show that there is need to consider as part of the planning balance whether there is a need for additional housing that outweighs the identified harm to the loss of open countryside and related harm to landscape visual impact and amenity, the Conservation Area and identified heritage assets as an unsympathetic

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Appendix 2: Pre-Application Meeting Minutes dated 28th March 2012.

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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MEETING NOTE 1 New York Street Manchester M1 4HD T: 0161 233 7676 F: 0161 233 7677 www.turleyassociates.co.uk

Client: David Wilson Homes

Project: Land at Broad Lane, Whalley

File Ref: BARM2006

Meeting Date: 28/03/2012

Venue: Ribble Valley Borough Council Offices, Clitheroe

Present: John Macholc RVBC Head of Planning Dave Hewitt RVBC Countryside Officer Sarah Westwood RVBC Planning Gareth Fort RVBC Planning Adrian Dowd RVBC Conservation & Design Colin Hirst RVBC Regeneration & Housing Andrew Taylor David Wilson Homes Phil Livesley David Wilson Homes Jon Berry Tyler Grange Graham Love Turley Associates Katy Lightbody Turley Associates Laurie Lane Turley Associates

Notes Action

GL confirmed the last pre-application meeting was in September, with advice issued in December. The objective of this meeting is to address remaining issues of design, heritage & landscape

GL said that since the last meeting, the NPPF has been published and various appeal decisions have been made. At the moment, we are not aware of any reason why an application cannot come forward. GL reviewed the previous advice and provided an up-to-date position, prior to discussing the 3 key issues for the meeting.

GL confirmed the scheme will accommodate 30% affordable housing. SW said RVBC requires a split of affordable rent and shared ownership. The requirement cab include the 15% elderly provision.

BELFAST | BIRMINGHAM | BRISTOL | CARDIFF | EDINBURGH | GLASGOW | LEEDS | LONDON | MANCHESTER | SOUTHAMPTON

Srtv†‡r rq v @tyhq Uˆ yr’ 6††‚pvh‡r† Gv€v‡rq ‚ !!"$"'& GL confirmed we are reviewing how best to deliver the elderly provision. Potentially this may include standard bungalows or a specialist extra-care facility. CH confirmed that as long as they’re lifetime homes, the type of building does not actually matter.

GL referred to the recent application at Accrington Road, Whalley which is a market scheme for the over 55’s. JM said Members always raise the issue there are no bungalows and therefore the application may be pitched to satisfy this view.

GL confirmed ecology and tree reports have been prepared and there are no issues for the development. GL confirmed a tree constraints plan will be included in the application.

GL said that for Highways, surveys are being progressed and discussions are ongoing.

AT asked whether the renewable energy policy was specific in terms of how provision is delivered. SW confirmed normally 10% and RVBC expect it being provided across site with at least some visible measures, such as solar PV.

GL said we have consulted LCC as local education authority and spoken with Lynn MacDonald. We have confirmed the approach and that there is no objection, subject to financial contribution.

GL said that we are still in discussion with the EA & UU on drainage. AT added that we’re conscious anything approved will come off 222 unit capacity; however, he pointed out there is the potential to provide further measures if required.

GL confirmed flood risk is not a problem and a land quality assessment is being prepared. A Phase I geo-technical will be submitted with the application. JM confirmed the site will not comprise high grade agricultural land.

CH provided an update on planning policy. The Reg 27 Core Strategy is soon to be submitted. It still requires additional housing in Whalley. Subject to Members’ approval, consultation on this document will be held in April.

RVBC is accelerating the timetable to bring the Core Strategy forward as soon as possible, but Members are concerned about development pre-empting the Core Strategy before it is adopted. Members may want to adopt the Core Strategy for DC purposes before full adoption.

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GL asked how the 3.3 years’ supply was calculated in the Clitheroe appeal?

CH said it was based on RSS. Inspector thought RSS was the key consideration and CH said they want to use this until consultation is undertaken on the revised figure.

GL asked whether there is still political pressure to resist the figure of 4,000 dwellings over the plan period?

CH said they took advice from NLP. The working group went for the middle requirement. There may well be pressure, but CH said that forms RVBC evidence. They have reserved the right to undertake early Core Strategy review though. (unsound approach – GL)

AT gave a summary of the public exhibition. This was well attended and well publicised. Lots of useful and reasonable debate was had with many people (e.g. parking on Milton Road). However, many are forcefully against the development. There was still a lot of useful information obtained to inform the layout.

SW said she had not looked at the masterplan detail. SW referred to the previous letter of pre-application advice, which confirms that the Judge Walmsley Mill should be taken as a guideline and if following this potential build line across the site, that it would provide for development reaching up to the rears of No. 7 or No. 9 Mitton Road. SW said that if the LVIA has since been undertaken and impacts on the viaduct have been assessed since this, it may have informed the choices for the masterplan and the increased level of development shown on the illustrative masterplan.

JB outlined his initial LVIA analysis in detail. He has been out on site and checked 20 viewpoints. With the exception of views from Nab, it is difficult to actually pick out the site. The site is contained. No landscape protection has been applied. Conservation Area documents confirm there are no designated views from the Nab. He looked at views to and from Conservation Area. There is no inter-visibility between the two. He considers development can be accommodated on the site without a problem.

AT confirmed that at the exhibition we expressed it was the concept plan. We will work on draft layout.

DH asked that RPAs of trees are taken into account and AT confirmed they would

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be. DH highlighted the visual amenity value of trees will be considered.

CH said he saw the A59 as a defensible boundary and potentially that the railway line and viaduct do the same?

JB said the viaduct is not seen as the edge to settlement. Milton Road and Nethertown are clearly seen beyond it.

SW said they will review JBs findings, digest & respond.

GL questioned whether heritage and LVIA are indivisible?

AD said they are divisible to an extent.

KL – Went through the methodology for the Heritage Statement. She confirmed this had been updated in line with NPPF.

AD confirmed the structure and methodology is comprehensive. He requested that we also consider “Seeing the History in the View” by English Heritage. He also requested that we take into consideration the potential listing of the Alms Houses on Station Road.

AD said they are looking beyond just architecture. They want to look at how other aspects impact on the Conservation Area. He raised the issue that the character area of the conservation area most loosely related to the application site. The site has little traffic and new development may impact its tranquillity.

AT said how we develop next to the viaduct has been subject to debate. It is subjective and we would like an opinion on this.

AT said he wants to consider designs today. How about reflecting the rhythm of the arches?

KL said that there is an opportunity for the scheme to reflect the rhythm of viaduct. This had been successful with existing rows of terraces further south.

AD said he is not yet at the point of considering the design and is yet to consider

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whether the principle of development is acceptable.

AT asked AD to hypothesise and required a view on the scale of development next to the viaduct?

PL said we don’t want to challenge the viaduct. The principle of design is roof ridges at 90 degrees to the viaduct.

AD said he sees the viaduct as a natural break to the settlement. By building on the site it will compromise the character of the viaduct. KL commented that the viaduct has an extensive setting characterised by both urban and rural land. Existing development (perhaps with the exception of the individual complex) has not undermined or challenged the significance of the viaduct. KL said looking at the wider setting of the viaduct, the existing development has not diminished its setting or significance.

PL said Broad Lane is lacking over-looking. Frontage development will provide that.

AD said the area adjacent in the Conservation Area is tranquil. Development should therefore be tranquil and low density if possible.

GL asked if AD’s objection about additional development close to the viaduct or loss of rural setting.

AD confirmed building anything there would affect setting. AD said he would seek to advise on the parts of the site that can be developed.

CH said we may now be in a position of revising settlement boundaries and open countryside that was not required at the time of preparing the Local Plan.

JM said it’s all a balancing exercise. The first step is for AD to advise on heritage.

PL went through key features/indicators for influencing design. Key views afforded through the site, tree belts. He highlighted the draft house types reflecting character areas in the Conservation Area.

AD said the question is of imitating existing architecture or delivering modern architecture.

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AT said they don’t want the scheme to be pastiche. PM said we can take just a hint of what’s there.

AD said something contemporary would be acceptable.

PM said Members will want something reflective and not copies

AT confirmed the application will be submitted in full and not outline.

GL said we want to submit in mid – late April. Emphasis on delivery

AT confirmed he saw the meeting as the only pre-application meeting. We would appreciate as much detail as possible.

JM said he took that on board and would seek to get comments back to meet that timeframe.

LL/CJ/120329

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Appendix 3: Pre-Application email Letter from RVBC dated 15th November 2011.

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 4: Extract of the Landscape Character Assessment – Guidance for England and Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage and The Countryside Agency, 2002 (known as SNH guidance)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 5: Extract from the Countryside Agency, Character Area 35 Description.

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Character Area 35 Lancashire Valleys

Key Characteristics This is a visually contained landscape which would have once shared many characteristics with the rural valley of the ● The broad valley of the river Calder and its river Ribble in the north. However, the development of tributaries running northeast/southwest between industry and settlements has created a landscape with an natural backdrops of Pendle Hill and the Southern intensely urban character. The remnants of agricultural land Pennines. are now fragmented by industry and scattered development which severely disrupt the continuity of the field pattern. ● Intensely urban character derived from main towns Field boundaries on the urban fringe are hedgerows that are of Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley which have generally degraded with an overall absence of hedgerow developed rapidly since the industrial revolution. trees. At higher elevations, the field boundaries are stone ● A strong industrial heritage, associated with cotton walls and post and wire fences many of which are weaving and textile industries. Redundant or under- ineffective and in poor condition. utilised mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds. The main towns in the area are Blackburn, Accrington, ● Profusion of communication routes along the valley Burnley, Nelson and Colne which have developed rapidly bottom including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the since the industrial revolution. The expansion of these Preston-Colne rail link and M65 motorway. towns has also been aided by the dense transport network which lines the valley bottoms. These include the Leeds and ● Victorian stone buildings well-integrated into the Liverpool Canal, the Preston-Colne rail link and the M65 landscape. motorway. The buildings are predominantly Victorian stone ● Numerous large country houses with associated terraces generally in good condition. There are substantial parklands particularly on northern valley sides away areas of contemporary industrial development which have from major urban areas. replaced the traditional textile industries. However, there are numerous examples of industrial heritage which remain. ● Remnants of agricultural land fragmented by These act as reminders of the historical importance of local industry and scattered development. industrial development to the character of the landscape. ● Field boundaries, regular to the west and irregular to the east are degraded around the urban areas, formed of hedges with few hedgerow trees and, at higher elevations, of stone walls and post and wire fences.

● Small woodlands are limited to cloughs on valley sides.

Landscape Character

This area is located mainly in the east of Lancashire. It is bounded in the north-west by the rural valley of the river Ribble and the Millstone Grit outcrop of Pendle Hill in the

Bowland Fringe. The southern boundary is formed by the COLLECTIONS/SAM WALSH Southern Pennines. The Lancashire Valleys are concentrated Developments in industry, housing and communication in a broad trough which runs north-eastwards from Mellor routes give the valleys a strongly urban character, as seen Brook just outside Blackburn. here at Huncoat near Accrington.

101 The extensive surface exposure of bedrock has given rise to occupy a broad trough underlain by Coal Measures. The many extractive industries in the area, including stone presence of the coal accounts for the early industrialisation of quarrying and coal mining. These areas are now generally the area. Coal has been worked at depth and by open-casting well-vegetated and grazed by sheep. Most of the more at the surface. The bottom of the trough is covered in glacial conspicuous dereliction has undergone land reclamation deposits, mostly till. In the Feniscowles/Pleasington area, schemes with some reclamation by domestic waste landfill. west of Blackburn, extensive sand deposits impart a special landscape character. Bedrock resources have been quarried The surrounding fells of Pendle and the South Pennines are an where the draft cover is thin. The main materials extracted important natural backdrop which dwarf the settlements in the were sandstone, worked on a small scale for local building, valley bottom. The moorland tops are linked to the valleys by and mudstone, worked for brick-making in large pits at small wooded cloughs which extend up the steep slopes. Accrington. The Millstone Grit outcrop of Pendle Hill forms Physical Influences part of the northern boundary to this area and, when combined with the fells of the South Pennines, creates The character of the Lancashire Valleys is dominated by the enclosure and serves as an important backdrop which dwarfs key towns of Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley, which the scale of the settlement in the valley bottom.

Character Area 35: NORTH Lancashire Valleys YORKSHIRE 21

Area 35 boundary A65 Adjacent Area 3 l A59 o o p SKIPTON er A Road iv 5 L & A56 s Elslack ed Canal B Road Le Barnoldswick Railway and Station Earby Craven District Ribble Valley County boundary District A682 33 Kelbrook Unitary Authority boundary LANCASHIRE Foulridge District boundary Colne 4 Hurst Trawden Longridge Green A6068 Nelson Pendle District Whalley River Ribble Brierfield Ribchester Read R. Calder Great M6 Harwood BURNLEY Preston Padiham District A59 Hyndburn Burnley District District Clayton-le- A646 A677 Mellor Rishton Moors 3 South Ribble Accrington SD District A56 Higher BLACKBURN 9 Walton 32 Oswaldtwistle A677 8 M65 A666

Whittle- M61 A675 le-Woods A674 36 Canal Haslingden Leeds & Liverpool Darwen 1200-1400' M6 Wheelton 2 1000-1200' A581 Euxton BLACKBURN Chorley UA 800-1000' District 600-800' Charnock A6 400-600' Richard Chorley 7 200-400' Adlington 0-200'

Coppull height above sea- level in feet

0 10km 6 56

102 The main river is the Calder which cuts out of the trough Scattered settlements on valley sides are comprised of older through a gorge in the gritstone ridge at Whalley. It joins stone buildings, often of the Longhouse type, and isolated the river Ribble at the edge of the area to the north-west blocks of stone terraced houses perched at precarious angles of the town. on the steep slopes. There are also several large country houses along the Calder valley including those at Read Park, Huntroyde Demesne and Gawthorpe, Dunkenhalgh and Towneley Halls.

Land Cover

This is predominantly an area of built-up land with major towns such as Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley spreading across the valley bottom. In addition to these urban developments the remaining land cover is a mix of pasture with areas of acid and neutral grassland and areas of semi- natural woodland/scrub. The field boundaries in this area are hedgerows with few hedgerow trees which give way to COLLECTIONS/SAM WALSH stone walls and fencing on higher ground. Field boundaries The hills of the Southern Pennines and the Forest of adjacent to urban/industrialised areas are frequently Bowland provide a scenic backdrop to the valley bottoms. Woodland in the area is scarce, but some clough degraded indicating low economic viability. woodlands have been retained on the valley sides. Woodland is limited to small woods with areas of grassland flushes and wetland comprising of oak, alder and sycamore Historical and Cultural Influences which extend along steep-sided narrow cloughs, such as Prior to the expansion of settlement and industry during Priestly Clough, Accrington; Spurn Clough, Burnley; and the 19th century, this area would have been used Darwen Valley. There are also small areas of predominantly for agriculture and would have had a similar woodland/scrub associated with abandoned industrial land. rural character to that of the river Ribble further north. There are several areas of parkland connected to large The development which lines these valleys began as a country houses. This area also bears the scars of extractive cottage industry during the 16th century and was industries. Some of the quarries have undergone land predominantly an area of weaving rather than spinning. reclamation schemes by domestic waste landfill such as Traditionally wool came from the South Pennine hillsides Rowley and Brandwood and at Accrington Whinney Hill. and flax from the low-lying country of the Lancashire and Amounderness Plain around Rufford and Croston. By 1700 each district was specialising in the production of one type of cloth. Blackburn was a centre for fustians and most woollens and worsteds were manufactured in Burnley and Colne. The textile industry grew rapidly and, with new machines, the domestic system was replaced by factory systems which further accelerated the growth of these weaving communities. The proliferation of mills and associated residential development has created a fragmented landscape with a heavily industrialised character. Since the 1920s the textile industry has been in steady decline with many mills becoming derelict or converted to other uses. WILD IMAGES WOODFALL/WOODFALL DAVID A neglected mill close to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Buildings and Settlement Brierfield illustrates the area’s historic associations with the cotton weaving and textile industries. Settlement within the Lancashire Valleys is extensive. There is a high proportion of built up land which includes the The Changing Countryside towns of Blackburn, Darwen, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson ● Development pressures in the valley bottom particularly and Colne. Buildings are predominantly constructed from associated with junctions on the M65. stone and are generally in good repair. There is substantial new industry in the area as well as many artefacts of the ● Rationalising farming operations leading to the conversion area’s industrial heritage. of traditional farm buildings to alternative uses. 103 ● Pressures on remnant farmland adjoining urban areas causing degradation of field boundaries and alternative uses such as golf courses.

● Loss of hay meadows and reduction in biodiversity.

● Loss of industrial heritage features along the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.

Shaping the Future

● The restoration of field boundaries especially those adjacent to urban areas needs to be addressed.

● The conservation of remaining hay meadows is important as wildlife and landscape features.

● Opportunities are available for areas of new woodland especially on degraded farmland and derelict industrial

sites surplus to current needs. MIKE WILLIAMS/COUNTRYSIDE COMMISSION

● Semi-natural woodland, improved grassland and hedgerows The retention of valuable, industrial, heritage features are characteristic of the more rural Ribble valley landscape. should be considered especially along Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Selected References

Bagley. J J, (1976), A History of Lancashire, Phillimore and Co, London. Kenyon. D (1991), The Origins of Lancashire, Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. Lancashire County Council (1993), Lancashire Structure Plan 1991-2006. Report 17: Landscape Evaluation. Lancashire County Council (c 1990), Lancashire A Green Audit. Trueman. A E (1972), Geology and Scenery in England and Wales, Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex. GROUNDWORK EAST LANCASHIRE GROUNDWORK The river Calder running through agricultural land at Whittow. J (1992), Geology and Scenery in Britain, Chapman Padiham. In the valleys, grazing land – commonly with and Hall, London. poorly maintained field boundaries – is found on the fringes of the urban areas. Glossary

cloughs: ravines; steep valleys

104

Appendix 6: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Landscape and Heritage Joint Core Strategy Adopted SPD (July 2006)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 7: Extract of the Lancashire County Council with English Heritage – Lancashire Historic Characterisation Programme (December 2002)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas PART III: LANCASHIRE’S HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

Page 33 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

PART III: LANCASHIRE’S HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 4. INTRODUCTION

4.1 HLC TYPES IN LANCASHIRE

The first stage of the HLC programme was to identify landscape attributes used to define the HLC types and to map them digitally.

The attributes that were mapped in the project have been analysed in such a way as to provide an entry-level map showing the broad historic

Page 34 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

landscape character of Lancashire. These HLC types are an amalgamation of unchanged attribute designations based upon current and historic landuse, such as Settlement, Enclosure or Industry and an interpretation of date, such as Ancient, Post- Medieval or Modern.

The date categories have been divided into up to three broad spans. For enclosures, Ancient Enclosure includes all those areas enclosed prior to AD1600 (i.e. given a value of 1 or 2 within the characterisation database). Post-Medieval Enclosure includes either land newly enclosed or anciently enclosed land that had been substantially reorganised between AD1600-1850 (i.e. date values of 3, 6 or 7 within the database). Modern Enclosure includes either land newly enclosed or the substantial reorganisation of earlier enclosed land since 1850 (i.e. with date value of 4 within the database). In each case the date refers to the broad historic character of an area, and hence there will be pockets of more recent enclosure within the ancient and vice versa. Similarly the date reflects the surviving character of the present day landscape – the project’s primary aim is not to produce a map of medieval or 17th century Lancashire (although much may be inferred through the database), but instead to produce a map of Lancashire showing where the medieval or 17th century landscape survives today. It is a map of Lancashire showing the time depth resonant within the modern landscape and, as such, has considerable appeal for the application of policy and landscape management techniques, compared with studies that reconstruct past landscapes which no longer survive.

Ancient & Post-Medieval Woodland includes all woodland which predates the 1st edition six-inch O.S. mapping (i.e. given a value of 1, 2, 3, 6 or, more usually, 7 within the characterisation database), whilst Modern Woodland includes woodland which exists today but was not on the 1st edition maps (i.e. given a value of 4 within the database). Settlement, Industry and Ornamental are similarly divided. Military, Communications and Recreation are modern types with no historical precedent for the purposes of the study.

4.2 FORMAT AND CONTENT OF THE HLC DESCRIPTIONS The information outlined under each HLC description comes in a number of forms: firstly, a description is included of the archaeological background and principal processes associated with each type. This is followed by a summary of the typical sites of archaeological interest, or components, to be found. A number of tables are included for each type that describe the relationship between the HLC area and the (predominantly) point information held in the Lancashire SMR (as of September 2000). The first table comprises a list of the most frequently occurring SMR site types (SMR Type 1, Lancashire County Council 1997) in the HLC type. Up to twenty-one entries are shown, including a figure for total sites in the SMR. The data is listed in five columns, which include:

TYPE1. The site type categories in the SMR (e.g. ‘Quarry’, ‘DMV’ or ‘Mill’). Tot. Type1 in county. The total number of site types in the SMR in the county (e.g. there are 776 ‘Quarry’ sites recorded in the SMR for Lancashire). Tot. Type1 in HLC area. The total number of site types in the specific HLC area (e.g. there are 179 ‘Quarry’ sites recorded in the SMR in the Ancient Enclosure HLC type). Ha./site in HLC area. The area of each HLC type (in hectares) divided by the total number of any given site type to give an average area to site ratio for the type (e.g. there are 179 ‘Quarry’ sites in the Ancient Enclosure HLC type, which covers

Page 35 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

79,476 ha. of Lancashire, giving an average of one quarry for every 444ha. in the type). % of Type1 in HLC area. The total percentage of a site type to found within the specific HLC type (e.g. 23% of all ‘Quarry’ sites in the Lancashire SMR are found within the Ancient Enclosure HLC type.). Percentages less than 1% are not listed.

Where sufficient information is available a second table is included to show those sites that may not be listed in the twenty most frequently occurring SMR site types, but where the HLC type contains a significant percentage of the site type within the whole SMR. For example, there are 31 Moats in the SMR, 27 (87%) of which fall within the Ancient Enclosure HLC Type. Up to twenty-one entries for such data is only included if the percentage of a particular site type falling within the HLC type is more than 10%. There will, of course, be some duplication – for example, there are 78 crosses shown occurring in the first table of the Ancient Enclosure HLC type, making them the fourth most frequently occurring site type in the HLC type. 32% of crosses in Lancashire fall within the Ancient Enclosure HLC type, a large enough percentage to rank equal sixteenth in the type’s second table.

Two further bar graphs are included, one outlining the proportion of SMR sites by Form located within the HLC type, the other outlining the proportion of SMR sites by Period within the HLC Type.

Finally, each HLC Type is described in terms of its similarity with other HLC Types, with particular reference to distinguishing criteria, and an indication is made of the type’s overall rarity across the whole of Lancashire.

It should be noted that only Type1 SMR data was used – Type2 data (and additional type information held within the SMR) was not included due to constraints of time, complexity and the desire to provide a rapid snapshot, rather than a detailed analysis. As a result the figures given are likely to be skewed towards the more obvious and securely identified site types, or the earlier site. For example, ‘Moated Site’ might appear as Type1, with ‘Manor House’ as Type2, the existing building more likely to be later in date. Occasionally, however, ‘Moated Site’ might be recorded under Type2, and would not be included within the snapshot provided within the text.

Page 36 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

5. AN OVERVIEW OF HLC RESULTS FOR LANCASHIRE: BROAD CHARACTER TYPES

5.1 BROAD HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPES Enclosed Land accounts for well over half the land area of Lancashire (62% or 201,905 hectares; see figure above). Moorland (11%), Modern Settlement (8%) and Sand and Mudflats (5%) make up the other main land cover types within the county, which together with Enclosed Land account for 86%. Woodland covers just over 3% or approximately 11,000 hectares, Water (mainly reservoirs) and Saltmarsh both just under 4,000 hectares and Ornamental and Ancient settlement 2,000 hectares. Built-up areas, including Settlement, Industry, Recreation and Communications account for over 12% of the land area and tend to be broadly concentrated along the coast and river valleys and in East Lancashire.

Page 37 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

Examination of the historical background to these broad subdivisions adds depth to the understanding of Lancashire’s landscape and its evolution through time. For instance 40% of today’s enclosed land still comprises elements that have remained unchanged for hundreds of years, indicating a medieval or earlier origin (Ancient Enclosure). Here, field boundaries (hedges or walls), routeways and the field pattern are still visible and continue in use. Conversely approximately half the enclosed land shows elements from more recent times indicating enclosure perhaps two to three hundred years ago (Post-Medieval Enclosure). A smaller amount of land has been enclosed from a previously unenclosed landscape (Moorland or Mossland for instance), or has been radically changed within the last one hundred and fifty years (Modern Enclosure). The distribution of these HLC types within Lancashire may well serve to explain other features of the county such as the distribution and origins of elements of the built heritage, or the distribution of sites important for wildlife. Such information may also be used in conjunction with landuse data as a predictive tool – where certain types of archaeological site, historic building or wildlife interest may be predicted for instance.

5.2 PHASES OF LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

Lancashire Phases of Landscape Development

Through the dating field within the dataset it is possible to produce a generalised picture of the main periods of development of the Lancashire landscape which survive today regardless of specific landuse. Here much of the countryside is ‘Ancient’ in character, that is it predates AD1600. County boundary Post 1850 AD Such countryside is well distributed 1750-1850 AD 1600-1850 AD across Lancashire, often surviving in Pre-1600 AD Undated moorland and sand/mudflat small areas, with a concentration in the 0612Kilometers middle of the county and running south from this. Ancient landscape is to be found in a quarter of Lancashire. It tends to consist of small fields with wavy boundaries (hedges or walls) set in an irregular pattern. Patches of woodland, winding roads and trackways are complemented by isolated farmhouses, hamlets or villages. Occasionally, small nucleated settlements exist, particularly in the river valleys and in strategic positions, later to develop into modern towns.

Page 38 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

One third of Lancashire today preserves the historic landscape character of the post- medieval period. Such areas tend to occur north of the Ribble in large swathes of land and are concentrated around the modern moorland fringe and within areas of former mossland. Fields here tend to be larger, up to 16 hectares, with straighter boundaries of walls, hedges or fences. Settlement is again dispersed with some hamlets and villages. Routeways tend to be straighter and possibly wider. Although industry was important within Lancashire, particularly in the 18th-19th centuries, its impact has not been fully represented through the mapping. This is largely because much of the industry was site specific and of a scale too small to be picked up within the resolution of the project.

Modern landscape is mainly represented by urban areas particularly in the Settlement, Recreation and Communication HLC types. In addition there are areas of enclosure, particularly in southwest Lancashire, which have been altered considerably with much boundary loss, and on occasion even undergoing a complete reorganisation.

In order to see more clearly the presence of the different phases of landscape within Lancashire the following two maps show the presence of 1) AD1600 and earlier HLC types, and 2) post-medieval and earlier HLC types. The gaps in the latter map represent those areas that have either substantially changed or have developed since 1850 into the landscape of today.

Lancashire Ancient Landscape Pre 1600 AD

County boundary Ancient Enclosure Moss and Grassland/Scrub Ancient and Post-Medieval Woodland Moorland Saltmarsh Dunes Sand and mudflats 0612Kilometers

Page 39 Lancashire Historic Landscape Characterisation Programme Lancashire, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool Areas

Ancient and Post-Medieval Woodland has been included on this map. Much of this woodland is ancient but some post-dates AD1600, particularly the large plantations at Aighton, Bailey and Chaigley.

The pre-AD1850 map below shows that most of the elements of today’s landscape existed by 1850, although there may have been small changes such as limited loss of boundaries since then. Some of the landscape showing a post-medieval pattern is likely to have been enclosed earlier, in the medieval or earlier periods, but was refashioned in this later period, probably in the spirit of improvement. However, some of this post-medieval landscape will represent areas that became enclosed for the first time in this period (especially enclosed land on former upland moor and lowland moss).

Lancashire Ancient and Post-Medieval Landscape Pre 1850 AD

County boundary Ancient and Post-Medieval Ornamental Moss and Grassland/Scrub Post-Medieval Enclosure Ancient Enclosure Ancient and Post-Medieval Woodland Ancient and Post-Medieval Settlement Ancient and Post-Medieval Industry Moorland Saltmarsh Dunes 036912Kilometers Sand and mudflats

Page 40

Appendix 8: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Landscape Strategy for Lancashire - Landscape Character Assessment (December 2000)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 9: Extract of the Forest of Bowland AONB - Landscape Character Assessment (September 2009)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 10: Extract of the Lancashire County Council - Lancashire Historic Town Survey – Whalley (2006)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 11: Whalley Conservation Area Townscape Appraisal Map

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 12: LVIA Assessment Criteria Tables (Sensitivity, Magnitude of Change and Significance of Effect)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 13: Photomontage Methodology

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 14: Pre-Application email from RVBC dated 20th April 2012

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Appendix 15: Penny Bennett Landscape and Visual Assessment (January 2013)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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Plans

Plan 1: Topography & First Sieve GIS Visual Analysis (1490/01 03/12 JB/MP)

Plan 2: Photoviewpoint Locations (1490/02b 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 3: Verified Visual Envelope (1490/03a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 4: Landscape Planning Context & Public Rights of Way (1490/04a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 5: Landscape Character (1490/05a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 6: Landscape Strategy (1490/06a 05/12 JB/JJ)

Plan 7: Indicative Planting Strategy (1490/21 06/12 JB/JJ)

Photoviewpoints 1 – 24 (1490/07a to 20a 06/12 JB/JJ)

Photomontages 1 – 11 (1490/18a 05/12 JB/MP)

Land to the South of Mitton Road, Whalley Proof of Evidence for Jonathan Berry BA (Hons), Dip LA, AIEMA, CMLI, M.Arbor.A

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