Index

A Ambient light sensors (ALS) Absolute scotoma, 763 basic operation, 612–618 Access Point (AP) 2, 684 CCD imaging sensors as, 630–632 Accommodation, 759 commissioning, 624–629 Acidification, 939, 944 control algorithms, 622–624 Acoustic impedance, 509 daylight responsive dimming systems, AC ripple, affecting light sensor, 526 609–611 AC transformer, 24 maintenance control strategy, 611–612 Action spectrum, 831 reaction of occupants, 629 Activation energy, 187 spatial response, 618–620 Activators spectral response, 620 3d–3d transitions of TM ions, 189–190 Analog dimming, 450 4f–4f transitions of RE ions, 190–193 Analog dimming ballasts, 591 4f–5d transition of RE ions, 193–197 Analog to digital converter, 523 Actuation model, 539 Angle of arrival (AOA), 672–675 Adaptive control Angular CCT deviation (ACCTD), 284 commercial building , 586–590 Anode dissolution, 233 dimming, 590–594 Aqueous humor, 759 energy savings potential, 604 Architecture for control networks (ACN), energy savings strategies, 594–599 566–567 technology trends, 585 Arctube seals, 1128–1132 Adaptive sampling, 542–546 Art conservation, 731, 734 Adhesives, 259–260 Artificial light at night (ALAN) Age-related macular degeneration arthropods, 967–971 (ARMD), 871 birds and reptiles, 973–976 Aging population fish and amphibians, 971–973 daylight, 853–856 human perception, 959–963 lighting design for, 851–853 mammals, 977–979 senior care facilities, 856–861 plants, 964–967 vision, 849 uses, 958 AlGaAs heterojunctions, 46 Artificial lighting AlInGaP alloy, 48 economical impact, 927–932 Alternate thermal transfer methods, 424–426 energetic impact, 922–926 Alternate vapor deposition methods, environmental impact, 926–927 421–424 Artificial polarization, 962 Alzheimer’s disease, 858 Astronauts, 841 Ambient light, 852 Asymmetric traffic distribution, 686 measurement, 517 Atmospheric pressure -organic chemical sensor architecture, 523–524 vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD), 96

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 1173 R. Karlicek et al. (eds.), Handbook of Advanced Lighting Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0 1174 Index

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 76, 108 Cellular networks, 686 Autoionization, 204 Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services Automotive lamps, 1047 (CMS), 857 Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), 540 Ceramic arctube, 1126, 1128, 1134 Ceramic metal halide lamps, 1132, 1137 CFL’s. See Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL’s), B Channelizing photodiode, 520 Backhaul network, 693–695 Charge generation layer (CGL), 336 Ballast, 25, 27, 31, 1071 Chemical dose, 1143 Bamboo fibers, 12 , 183 Barry’s room model, 640 Chinese association of lighting industry Base Station (BS), 2, 684 (CALI), 931 Biological effects, 836–838 Chip-on-board (COB) package, 259 Bioluminescence, 183 Chromaticity, 789–791, 912, 914 Bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl) diagram, 1002 oxalate, 183 CIE chromaticity chart, 452 Black body radiation, 470–471 Circadian Blackbody, 1017–1018 clock, 998 Blue, 839 light intensity, 834–836 Blue light effective radiance dose, 874 light wave length, 830–832 Blue light exposure data, 889–891 neural pathways, 832–834 Blue light hazard, 872–876 phototransduction, 832 limitations, 888–889 rhythm support, 858–860 radiance, 878 Clocking, 631 Blue light hazard efficacy Closed loop definition, 883 algorithms, 625 luminous radiation, 883 daylight responsive functions, 529 Blue-light weighted radiance, 873 mode, 536 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), 667 CMH lamps. See Ceramic metal halide lamps Bonding wire, 226, 232–233 Color appearance models (CAMs), 791 Bottom-emitting OLEDs, 366 Color discrimination, 840 Bragg-mirror, 127, 129, 134, 137 Color discrimination index, 804 Bragg scattering, 375 Colored filters, 901 Bright light, 839 Color fidelity scale, 812 Brightness, 993, 1000, 1002 Color harmony rendering index (HRI), 809 Bright white light, 838 Colorimetric properties, 1002 Broca-Sulzer effect, 775 Colorimetry, 777, 791, 793 Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 978 Color matching functions (CMFs), 787, 792 Building automation and control networks Color metrics, 794–795 (BACnet), 567–569 Color psychophysics, 776–780 Color quality scale (CQS), 810–812 Color rendering, 792–794 C Color-rendering capacity (CRC), 805 Camera coordinate, 674 (CRI), 281–284, 323, Capacitively coupled excilamps, 1168–1169 793, 795, 801–803 Carbon-filament lamps, 18 Color rendition metrics Carotenoids, 705 beyond color fidelity, 803–806 Cataphoresis, 1069 color rendition vectors (CRVs), 814 , 184 CQS, 810–812 CCD imaging sensors, 630–632 CRI, 801–803 Ce-doped lutetium yttrium aluminum drawbacks, 806, 808 garnet, 185 , 816–821 Ceiling sensor pattern, 478 Color rendition vectors (CRVs), 813–816 Index 1175

Color sensing, light sensor, 521 DC bus, 462 Color shift, 452, 744, 1133, 1136 DC power distribution, 462 Color spread, 1133 Decree, 997, 999, 1004 , 1000, 1002, 1003 Delamination, 230, 231 Commercial IRC lamps, 1054–1056 Delayed handover, 697 Commision Internationale de l’Éclairage, 993 Delay-spread model accuracy, 657 Communications infrastructure, 463 Demand response, 595–596 Communications protocol, 458, 459 Dementia, 858 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL’s), 8, 35 Device description language (DDL), 567 Composite buffer layer structure (CBLS), 105, DeVries Rose law, 771 106, 108, 110 Dexter energy transfer, 297 Conducted interference/terminal disturbance Die attach, 226, 229–230 voltage (TDV), 1144–1145 Dieke’s diagram, 190, 191 Conduction shape factor, 244–246 Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) lamps, 1142, Cones, 832 1160–1164 Configurational coordinate model, 186–188 Digital addressible lighting interface (DALI), Conservation, 998 564, 593–594 Contrast ratio, 449, 450, 458 Digital control, 593 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF), 773 Digital signage, 677 Control, 447, 449, 458 Dimming, 590–594, 1136–1137 Controlled laboratory study, 903 0–10 V, 459–460 Control network protocol (CNP), 569 analogO, 452–454 Cortisol pattern, 903 control technique, 617–618 Covalency, 185 decision flow chart, 454–455 Crack, 232 importance, 447 Crew quarters, 840 LED, 447–451 Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), 774–776 PLC, 455–458 Cross-relaxation process, 4f–4f transition, 191 PWMO, 452–454 Cryptochrome, 705 switched, 448 Cryptochrome photosystem, 705 system integrator, 454–455 Cultural heritage, 723–724, 729 1,2-Dioxetanedione decomposition, 184 Curfew hour, 997, 998 Diphenyl oxalate oxidation, 184 Current efficiency (CE), 327 Directional wireless, 687–688 Cyclometalated iridium (III) complex, 303 Direct linear transformation, 673, 674, 679 Disability , 867 Discharge properties, 1146–1147 D Distributed sensor networks (DSN), 540 Damp location, 747 Distribution, 937, 938 Danner machine, 20 DMX512, 565 Darkness, 992, 994, 998, 1006 Doppler effect, 505 Dark-Sky Association, 996 Doppler shift, 504–506 Data backhaul, 463 Drive current, 225, 230, 235 Dawn simulator, 838 Driver, 448, 451, 459, 462, 590 Daylight, 898 Dumet wire, 13 and artificial lighting, 899 Duv value, 909 harvesting, 527 Dye relaxation, 184 and lighting distribution, 903 Dynamic multi-scale adaptive sampling and man, 899 (DMSAS) approach, 545 responsive dimming system, 609–611 responsive luminaire block diagram, 529–531 responsive luminaire components, 528 E responsive luminaire integration, 529 Ecological, 993, 1004 0–10 V DC, 563–564 Edisonian research procedure, 14 1176 Index

3+ Educational lighting Emission and excitation spectra, Y3Al5O12, Ce , adverse effects of lighting, 901 197–201 ambient lighting and horizontal illuminance Empire Machine Company, 19 levels, 900 Enclosed fixture rating, 747 colored filters, 901 End-of-life, 937, 944, 951 color temperature, 900 End of life mechanisms, 1137 daylight, 898 (see also Daylight) Energy consumption, 940, 941, 945, 948, electrical lighting, 900 950, 951 empirical studies, 898 Energy efficiency, environmental impact, full-spectrum lamps, 901 714–717 man and daylight, 899 Energy levels, organic molecule, 296 non-visual effects, 899 Energy use. See Energy consumption pre-programmed schemes, 902 Engineering tool software (ETS), 572 vertical illuminance levels, 902 EnOcean technology, 578 visual perception, 900 Environmental impact EDX analysis, 163 categories, 944 Effective field of view (FOV) of light, 945 angle, 873 Environmental zones, 994 Eight-dimensional matrix model-based Environment stability, 205 approach, 550 Equivalent noise model, 488, 489 Electrical lamp market, 31–38 Euclidian distance, 791 Electrical lighting, 900 European Home Systems Protocol Electroded fluorescent lamps. See Fluorescent (EHS), 570 lamps (FL) Eutrophication, 944 ® Electrodeless excilamps, 1164–1169 Everlight , 1151 Electrodeless fluorescent lamps Excilamps, 1164–1169 benefits, 1148–1149 Exhibition lighting, 721–735 development of, 1148 Exposure limit values (ELV), 876 physics of, 1149–1150 External quantum efficiency (EQE), 79, 80, Electrodeless high frequency HID lamps, 104, 203, 327 benefits, 1153–1154 Eye, 837 Electrodeless lamps, 1067 Electrodeless radio frequency (RF) lamps, 1142, 1143 F electromagnetic interference (EMI) and Fabrication (of LED die), 947 safety, 1143–1144 Favorable color (Bikou-shoku) classification, 1146 Duv value, 909 , 43, 297–299 feeling of contrast index (FCI), 911 in GaP, 45 general spectral radiation distribution, 908 in SiC, 44 LED spectral radiation distribution, ZnS, 45 912–916 Electromagnetic induction, 6 preference index of skin color, 909 Electron blocking layers (EBLs) Fechner’s law, 771 and MQWs (see Multiple quantum wells Feeling of contrast index (FCI), 911 (MQWs)) Femtocell, 687 QSLs-EBL, 105, 110, 114, 116 Field emission displays (FEDs), 184 Electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps, Filter circuits, 29 587–588 Finite element analysis (FEA), 262, 265 Electronic configurations of trivalent RE Finned heat sinks, 260–261 ions, 188 FlashcubeTM,9 Electronic control, 1143 Flicker, 447, 448, 450, 458, 460 Elenbaas-Heller equation, 8 Flip-chip architecture (FCLED), 54 Embedded-contact VTF (EC-VTF), 54 Flip-FlashTM,9 Index 1177

Fluorescent lamps (FL), 6, 20, 33, 38, 840 Genura®, 1151 descriptions, 1069 German Osram, 930 energy balance, 1071–1075 Glare control, 738 fabrication technology, 1073–1074 Glare phenomena, 867 material limitations, 1073 Global lighting market segmentation, 928 products, 1074–1075 Global Positioning System (GPS ), 668 radiation mechanism, 1070–1071 Global warming, 939, 944 Fluorescent materials, 300–302 Goal and scope definition, 938–939 /phosphorescence hybrid white Graded-composition electron blocking layer OLEDs, 346–352 (GEBL), 91–95 Fluorescence white OLEDs Graded-composition multiple quantum barriers EL spectrum, 337 (GQB), 86–91 energy level diagram, 334 Graded-thickness multiple quantum wells PIN structure, 332 (GQWs), 81–86 two-stack tandem, 336 Grassman’s laws, 777, 778 Footcandles, 747 Grating acuity, 773 FÖrster energy transfer, 297 Greenhouses, 1004 Forward phase dimming, 456 Growth demand, 927 Forward voltage method, 172 Guidelines, 993 Four integral module LED sources, 742 Foveola, 761 Franck Condon principle, 190 H Frenkel exciton, 325 Habitat conservation, 993 Free-standing GaN (FS-GaN) substrate, 96–105 Halogen lighting, 742, 744, 746 Fresnel lens, 476 Handover, 696–698 Full cut off luminaires, 997, 1003 Handshaking, 695 Full width at half maximum (FWHM), 82, 97, Hard-scape landscape, 738 104, 109, 116 Heat capacity, 244 Functional unit, 938, 939, 941, 953 Heat dissipation, 241 Heat transfer, 240 Heterogeneous network (HetNet), G 688–689 GaAs, 45 Hg lamps, 1106, 1112 GaAsP LEDs, 47 Hierarchical radial basis functions Gallium nitride (GaN) (HRBF), 544 FS-GaN, 96–105 High intensity discharge (HID), 1004 MQWs (see Multiple quantum wells High-pressure vapor lamp, 8 (MQWs)) basic working principle, 1080 Si substrate, 105–116 energy balance, 1091 Galvanic cell, 233 future research, 1093 GaN light-emitting diodes historical overview, 1080 conventional GaN/sapphire LEDs, ignition and breakdown phase, 1085 153–154, 158 Lamptech website, 1093 MOCVD-grown LED, 152–153 optically thick radiation, vertical n-side-up GaN/mirror/Si LEDs, 1089–1091 154–157 optically thin plasma radiation, 1089 wafer transfer application in, 150–151 quartz technology, 1084 GaN/AlInGaN materials and devices, 49–52 radiation properties, 1087–1089 Ganglion cell layer, 762 stationary operation phase, 1085–1087 Gas fill, 1024–1027 technological aspects, 1081 General electric lighting (GEL), 930 types of, 1080, 1082 General lighting service (GLS) lamp, UHP lamps, 1092–1093 1033–1037 warm-up phase, 1085 1178 Index

High-pressure sodium-vapor lamps, 9, 16, 28, labelling information and guidance, 880–881 36, 713, 1000, 1002, 1004 maximum permissible risk group of electrical and thermal conductivities, products, 882 1100–1101 IEC TR 62778, 882–888 electrode phenomena, 1101 IEEE 802.15.7, 681 gas used for street lighting, 1103 IESNA. See Illuminating Engineering Society historical overview, 1098 of North America (IESNA) with improved color rendering, 1102 Illuminance, 518, 834, 839, 994 LEDs penetration in outdoor-illumination Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), 794 market, 1103 Illuminating Engineering Society of North photography of, 1098 America (IESNA), 234, 996 power balance, 1101 Image sensor, 672–675, 678, 680, 681 principle, 1099 Immediate handover, 697 pulsed current waveform, 1101 Impact assessment, 939 radiation properties, 1099–1100 Incandescent lamps, 6, 32 technological aspects, 1099 and energy levels, solid state, 1016 types, 1098–1099 blackbody, 1017–1018 High-pressure xenon incandescent electronic properties and spectral emissivity, lamps, 1056 1018–1020 High-pressure xenon lamps, 1108 filament coiling and thermal management, High reflection mirror, 152 1027–1028 HomePlug, 573 history, 1015 Horizontal handover, 696 light bulb, 6 Horizontal illuminance level, 900 gas fill atmosphere, 1024–1027 Horticultural lighting, 704 general lighting applications, 1033–1037 quantification and characterization, improvements in, 1053–1056 707–710 life expectancy, 1057–1061 sources, 710–714 optical emission and energy balance, HPS lamps. See High-pressure sodium-vapor 1028–1030 lamps operation, 1023 Human vision and perception radiative properties, 1018–1023 absolute sensitivity, 768–770 sources, 1020–1021 color psychophysics, 776–780 tungsten characteristics, thermal radiation discrimination thresholds, 770–772 source, 1021–1023 photoreceptor density and spectral tungsten metallurgy and filament sensitivity, 764–766 production, 1030–1033 receptive field organization, 766–768 special applications, 1045–1053 spatial vision, 772–774 technology, 13 spectral sensitivities, 766 Incremental deployment algorithm, 542 temporal vision/critical flicker frequency, Indium tin oxide (ITO), 128, 140 774–776 Individual fixture dimming, 750 visual system, anatomy of, 758–764 Indoor localization Humidity, 224, 225, 230, 231, 233 applications of, 675–680 Hygro-mechanical stress, 230, 232 technologies, 666–667 Hypothalamus, 832 using visible light communication, 667–675 Indoor navigation using visible light communication, 675–676 I for visually impaired, 675–677 ® ® ICETRON (ENDURA ), 1152 Inductively coupled discharges (ICDs), 1148 IECC 2012 sensor requirements, 468 Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), 106 IEC TR 62417–2 Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) hazard-related risk group labeling of lamp bands, 1144 systems, 879–880 radiators, 1049–1051 Index 1179

InGaN, 124, 139 Lamp efficacy, 1143 Inside-out model, 687 Lamp life, 1142 Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP), Lamps with outer coils, 1151 994, 995 Landfill, 944, 946, 952 Integral reset algorithms, 625 Landscape lighting Intelligent lighting, 456, 460–464 glare control, 738 Intelligent control systems, 998 hardscape, 738 Interelectronic repulsion parameters, 195 LED (see Light emitting diode (LED)) Interface roughness (IRN), 99 power distribution, 739–741 Intergeniculate leaflets, 833 soft-scape, 738 Interlayer, 135–137 Langevin type recombination, 325 Internal quantum efficiency (IQE), 55 induced thermal imaging (LITI), 425 Internal scattering layer, 369–371 Laser lift-off (LLO) process, 151 International Commission on Illumination Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 763 (CIE), 787–795 Lateral inhibition, 767 International Dark Sky Places, 998 LCA. See Life cycle assessment (LCA) International Electrotechnical Commission LCC. See Life cycle costing (LCC) (IEC), 681 Lead-peak ballasts, 27 International Historical Mechanical LED. See Light emitting diode (LED) Engineering Landmark, 19 Legislation, 1004 International Space Station, 840 Lens, 226, 230–232, 236, 837 Internet, 599 Life cycle assessment (LCA) Interpretation, 939 economic input output (EIOLCA), 938 Inter-symbol interference (ISI), 650 hybrid, 938 Intraocular pressure (IOP), 759 process, 938 Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion social, 940 cells, 832 Life cycle cost (LCC), 940 Inventory analysis, 939, 947 Life cycle, stages IR filtering, light sensor, 519 distribution, 937 Irradiance, 834, 835 end-of-life, 951–952 measurement, 886 manufacturing, 937 Irreversible degradation, 205 raw material acquisition, 937 ITO. See Indium tin oxide (ITO) use, 937 Lifetime prediction, 234 Light, 830 J decay, 255–256 JEITA CP-1221, CP-1222, CP-1223, 680, 681 dome, 1001 Judd’s flattery index, 804 extraction, 126–131, 137, 140, 141 Junction heating effect, 172 pollution, 991–1007 Junction temperature, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, quality (light spectrum), 706 231, 234, 235 sensor architecture, 523–524 sensor energy savings, 527 sensor, field of view, 525 K sensor networking, 531 Kalman filter, 545 sensor optical path, 525 Kirkendall void, 232 sensor selection considerations, 524–525 KNX, 570–572 shelf, 854 Kriging technique, 547 therapy, 838–841 Light emitting diode (LED), 12, 17, 23, 31, 38, 42, 246, 269, 447, 834, 861, 1000 L backlight, 677 Lambertian distribution, LED, 744 chromatic performance, 281–285 Lamp design, 1143 components cost, 42 1180 Index

Light emitting diode (LED) (cont.) Low-index grids (LIG), 371–372 drivers, 591–593 6LoWPAN, 576–577 efficacy, 449, 451 Low pressure discharge (LPD) lamps, 1066 encapsulation lens, 285–287 Low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor evolution, 43 deposition (LP-MOCVD), 74, 75 filters, 1000 Low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps, 1001, first products of, 47 1003, 1075 flexibility, 42 Low vision, 849 four integral module sources, 741 Low voltage AC, 458–459 fundamentals, 447 Low wattage HID lamps, 1126 gallium nitride related materials LucaloxTM,16 (see Gallium nitride (GaN)) maintenance, 1142 heat sources, 247–251 Luminaire(s), 994, 997, 1004, 1006 lamp selection, 743–746 Luminaire level lighting controls (LLLC) light extraction efficiency, 270–275 commissioning, 598 lighting technology, 714 definition, 597 modules with landscape lighting fixtures, demonstrations, 600–602 749–752 second generation, 599 optical modeling, phosphors, 279–281 Luminance, 993, 1001 packaging, 60–65 values, 886 performance, continual improvement, efficiency, 188 52–65 Luminous practical implementations of, 45 efficacy, 1000 rapid adoption, 42 flux, 999, 1003 replacement lamps, 746–749 intensity model, 550 silicone, 255 Lutron sensor, 490, 494, 497, 498 source modeling, 275–279 Lux, 834 temperature-dependent properties, 252 thermal management, 256–261 thermal resistance, 261–266 M transient behavior, 256 Macrocells, 687 visible III-V technology evolution, 46–49 Macula, 761 Lighting, 183, 830, 836, 838 MagicubeTM,9 applications, 837 Magnetoreception, 974 design, 836 Manufacturing, 943, 946, 947, 949, 950, 953 Lighting energy use intensity (EUI), 601 Mass flow controller (MFC), 76 Lighting-related greenhouse gas (GHG) Master–slave/token-passing (MS/TP) emissions, 927 protocol, 567 biological effects, 836–838 Measurements, 999, 1001 intensity, 834–836 light, 841–843 measurement, 841–843 Melanopsin, 832, 963 therapy, 838–841 Melatonin, 830, 834, 840 Light-sensitive species, 998 suppression, 840 Linear combination of atomic orbitals Mercury, 941, 951 (LCAO), 294 Mercury-free high-pressure lamps, 1120 Line-of-sight, 666, 669 Mercury-free illumination, 208 Lambertian transmission, 641 Mesopic, 1000 Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) growth, 46 vision, 834 LM-80, 234, 235 Metal core-printed circuit board, 258 Local thermal equilibrium (LTE), 1108 Metal halide (MH) lamps, 9, 10, 16, 744, Location-based advertising, 676–677 1000, 1004 LonWorks, 569–570 resonant cavity lamps, 1159 Louvers, 994 technology, 11, 16 Index 1181

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition Neon lamps, 7 (MOCVD), 76, 88, 91, 93, 95, 108 Nephelauxetic effect, 185, 194 Metal sources, 433–435 Networked lighting systems, 596 MH lamps. See Silica metal-halide lamps Neurobehavioral regulation Microcontroller, 450, 451, 456, 460, light intensity, 834–836 462, 463 light wave length, 830–832 Microlens approach, 367 phototransduction, 832 Microphonic noise, 489 Neuroendocrine system, 831 and high frequency resonant cavity light intensity, 834–836 (“Plasma”) lamps, 1154–1160 phototransduction, 832 Microwave discharge excilamps, 1169 Night-lights, 852 Milky Way, 992 Nocturnal melatonin. See Melatonin Mirror, 127, 141 Noise equivalent power (NEP), 488 MOCVD-grown LED, 152 Non-phonon transition, 191 Model accuracy analyses, 651–652 Non-radiative electron–hole Modulation transfer function (MTF), 773 recombination, 254 Molecular orbital model, 294–295 Normalized indices, 867 Monochromatic light, 837 Notch effect, 774 Moonlight, 999, 1006 Novak lamp, 10 Multimodal function, 536 Nursing homes, 856 Multipath propagation, 511 Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) model, 641–644 O Multiple quantum barriers (MQBs), 86 Obtrusive light, 993, 994, 997, 1004 Multiple quantum wells (MQWs), 128, Occupancy sensor, 468, 600 131, 140 Ohmic contact, 152 GEBL, 91–95 OLED. See Organic light-emitting diode GQB, 86–91 (OLED) GQWs, 81–86 Open automated demand response, p-type MQWs, 74 595–596 wider InGaN quantum well, 76–81 Open-loop mode, 536 Multi-scale adaptive sampling algorithm Open protocol, 562 (MSAS), 544 Opsins, 962 Multi-scale surrogate model, 543 Optically inert anions, 185 Munsell color space, 786 Optimal light source configurations, Munsell color system, 911 548–551 Museum lighting, 722 Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) artworks storage area, 734–735 device performance, 418 characteristics of, 723 displays, 418 conservation and restoration manufacturing process lighting panels, workshops, 734 389–393 LEDs, 727 panel design considerations, 386–389 maintenance workshop, 734 process challenges for white, 403–410 Myopia, 900 white device configurations, 393–403 yield and reliability, 410–411 Organic semiconductors, 296–299 N Organic source configurations, Nano-silver paste, 230 429–433 N,N-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N-diphenyl-1,1- Original equipment manufacturer, 37 biphenyl-4,4-diamine, 300 Oscillator, 832 National Electric Lamp Company, 32 OSRAM, 931 Natural lithography method, 158 Outdoor rating, 747 Negative color mixing, 787 Ozone depletion, 939, 945 1182 Index

P Phytochrome, 705, 962 Pacific gas and electric (PG&E) emerging photosystem, 705 technology, 599 Pioneer commercialized the first passive-matrix Passive infrared sensing, 469–470 OLED (PMOLED) displays, 385 Performance, 840 Planar homography, 673 Personal exposure to artificial optical Planckian locus, 1002 radiation, 876 Planckian radiator, 201, 202 Perspective-n-Point, 673 Plant growth and development, influence of Phase-control, 28 light, 704–707 Phase difference of arrival (PDOA), 670–671 Point spread function (PSF), 761 Phase dimming, 459 Popcorn noise, 469, 486, 487 Phase shift, 834 Pose estimation, 673, 674 Philips lighting, 930 Pot-flyer machine, 22 Phosphorescence white OLEDs, 337–346 Power cycling, 230 Phosphors, 15 Power distribution plan, 739–741 activator, 189–197 Power efficiency (PE), 327 applications, 207–208 Power line communications, 455–458, 462 classification for pc-WLEDs, 205–207 Preferred chromaticities, 804 configurational coordinate model, Presbyopia, 760 186–188 Presence detection sensors, 998 coating, 226, 228, 229 Primaries, 777, 778, 787 conversion quantum efficiency, 254 Product category rules (PCR), 938 definition, 182 Proprietary protocol, 562 host lattice, 185 Purkinje shift, 1000 luminescence phenomena, 183–185 Pulse dual slope modulation (PDSM), 638 packaging technology, 213–217 Pulse width modulation (PWM), 447, 448, 450 position, 236 Pyroelectric detector, 481 red-emitting nitridoaluminate, 209–213 Pyroelectric sensors, 480 requirements for LED-used, 197–205 selection rule, 188–189 terminology, 182–183 Q ® Photobiological safety QL lamp, 1150 definition, 866 Quality lighting, 850 SSL products, 867–868 Quantification and characterization, standard assessmen, 877–888 horticultural lighting, 707–710 Photocell, 516 Quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE), 84, 99 Photochemical ozone creation, 945 Quantum dot (QD) structures, 101 Photochemical retinal damage, 870–872 Quantum efficiency, 201 Photochromatic interval, 770 Quartz technology, 1084 Photodiode, energy absorbtion, 520 Quasi experimental field studies, 902 Photometric SI units, 518 Quaternary superlattices electron-blocking Photopic, 999, 1001 layers (QSLs-EBL), 105, 110, 114, 116 illuminance values, light sensor, 521 response, 517 Photonic crystals (PCs), 128, 137, 374 R Photopsin, 962 Radiated electromagnetic Photoreception, 843 (EM) disturbance, 1144 Photoreceptor, 762, 836, 841 Radiation, 224, 230, 234, 235 Photosensitive syndroms, 869 pattern, 503 Photosynthesis action spectrum, 1005 Radiation induced sublimation transfer Photosynthetic system, 705 (RIST), 425 Photosystems, 705 Radioactivity, 184 Physical layer, 463 Rapid start system, 26 Index 1183

Raw material acquisition, 944 infrared radiation, 478–480 Rayleigh scattering, 1001 integration times, 524 Reabsorption phenomenon, 201 lenses, 474–478 Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), lux steps, 523 667, 669, 670 material behavior, 471–474 Recreation, 1006 node network, 541 Recursive simulation method, 647 noise, 483–489 Recycling, 950, 952 occupancy sensor, 467 Red-emitting nitridoaluminate phosphor passive infrared (PIR) motion, 469 crystal structure, 209 propagation parameters, 506–507 electroluminescent spectra, 212 reflection coefficient, 509 excitation and emission spectra, 210 responsivity, 480–481 in HF solution, 211 system response, 491–495 Re-entrant cavity lamps, 1150–1151 temperature effects, 489–491 Reflector lamps, tungsten halogen, 1044 testing, 492, 495–497 Regulator ballasts, 27 ultrasonic occupancy sensing, 470 Relative scotoma, 763 Series resistance, 139 Remote device management (RDM), 565 Series switched PWM dimming, 452–454 Remote-phosphor product, 213 SiC, electroluminescence in, 44 Residential lighting, 924 Silica metal-halide lamps, 1120 Resonant cavity lamps, 1154–1160 physical principles, 1120 Resource depletion, 945 technological aspects, 1115–1116 Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), types and applications, 1112–1114 761–762, 870 Silicone, 255 Retinohypothalamic tract, 832 encapsulant, 226, 228, 230–232 Retinotopic organization, 763 Silicon and photopic response, compared, 518 Reuse, 937, 950, 952 Silicon photosensor, 518 Reverse phase dimming, 456 Single input single output (SISO) model, Rhodopsin, 962 640–641 Robot control, 675, 678–681 Single lenslet, 478 Root layer protocol (RLP), 566 Single view geometry, 674 Rotary-indexing machines, 21 Sintered-tungsten-filament lamps, 13 RSSI. See Received Signal Strength Indicator Skyglow, 965 (RSSI) Smart space testbed, 551 Smoke-coating machine, 22 SNVT_lux, 570 S Social life cycle assessment, 940 Sand-blasting, 369 Soda-lime glass, 13 Scattering, 510 Sodium line, 967 Sealing glass, 1128 Soft-scape landscape, 738 Seasonal affective disorder, 838 Solder, 230 Selection rule, 188–189 Solid-state HID ballasts, 30 Self-deployment methods, 541 Space flight, 839 Self-heating, 235 Spatial CCT uniformity, 284–285 Semiconductor , 61 Spatial summation, 772 Sensitive population, 888 Speciated parameter adaptive differential Sensor(s) evolution (SPADE) algorithm, 550 amplification stages, 481–483 Spectral power distribution (SPD), 792 application, 497–501 Spectrum control technology, 916 black body radiation, 470–471 Spectrum fidelity, 450, 452, 456 diffraction, 507–509 Specular reflection, 509 driven luminaire schematic, 531 Spherical semivariogram model, 547 IECC 2012 requirements, 468 SSL sources, maximum luminous efficacy, 59 1184 Index

Stage and studio lamps, 1047–1049 Total sustainability assessment, 940 Standardized protocols, 563 Toxicity, 939, 945 Standard reflector lamps, 1036–1037 Traffic distribution, 695–696 Stark-Einstein law, 708 Translucent polycrystalline alumina, 16 Step-up transformer, 26 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 100 Steven’s power law, 772 Transmissivity, 473, 474 Stokes shift, 187 TRIAC dimming, 456 Strain engineering, 132–139 Triboluminescence, 183 Substrate, production, 947 Tungsten filament lamps, Physics and Sulfur lamp, 713, 1159 technology, 1023–1033 Surface of carborundum (SiC), 43 Tungsten halogen (TH) lamps, 10, 1037–1045 electroluminescence, 43 Tungsten metallurgy and filament production, Surface plasmon (SP) mode, 373 1030–1033 Sustainability, 940 Two-phosphor PiG color converter, 214 Sustainability assessment, total. See Total Two-way spreading loss, 504 sustainability assessment Switching technique, 617 System noise model, 485 U Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) lamp, 1092–1093 Ultrasonic field patterns, 502–504 T Ultrasonic sensing, 470, 501–502 Talbot brightness, 775 Ultrasonic source, 510 TALQ, 578–579 Ultrasonic wave incident, 511 Tanabe-Sugano energy level diagrams, 190 Ultrasound positioning, 667 Tandem white OLEDs, 352–356 Ultrasound wave diffraction, 508 , 852–853 Ultra-violet ozone (UVO) treatment, 364 Temperature, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, Unified glare rating (UGR), 867 233, 234 Uniform sampling, 542 gradient, 225, 226, 231, 235 Up-conversion mechanism, 326 Temporal summation, 772 User Device (UD) 2., 684 Thermal degradation (TD) effect, 204 Utility function, 697 Thermal energy UV filtering, light sensor, 519 generation, 240 Ultra wide band (UWB), 667 and temperature, 240 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic molecule, 308–312 V Thermally-induced luminescence, 183–185 Vacancy sensor, 468 Thermal quenching, 203–205 Vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE), 418–421 Thermal resistance, 229, 234, 235, 241–244 equipment configurations, 426–429 Thermo-mechanical stress, 230, 232 equipment maintenance, 438–439 Thin-film-flip-chip architecture (TFFC), 54 equipment productivity, 435–438 Thin film LED, 129, 133, 141–143 Vanity lighting, 852 Threading dislocation density (TDD), 74, 110, Variable lighting scenarios, 902 115, 116 Varshni parameters, 253 Three-band phosphor system, 15 Veiling phenomenon, 867 Threshold versus intensity function (TVI Vello machine, 20 function), 771 Vertical handover, 696 Time difference of arrival (TDOA), 671–672 Vertical lights, 853 TM-21, 234, 235 Vertical n-side-up nitride-based LEDs Tokamak principle, 1148 characteristics of, 169–175 Top-emitting OLEDs, 366 design of mirror structure for, 165 Toroidal lamps, 1151–1153 surface texturing for, 165–169 Total light reflective effect, 157 Vibronic transitions, 190 Index 1185

Visible III-V LED technology, 46–49 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) Visible light beacon system, 681 techniques, 689 Visible light communication (VLC), 562, Wavelength shift, 225 689–690 Weber’s law, 771 indoor optical wireless model, 640–645 White light-emitting polymer, 312 LED, 636 Window comparator, 484 model error analyses and calibration, optical Wireless home link (WHL), 636 model, 646–655 Wireless load controllers, 594 vs. radio frequency wireless Wireless local area networks (WLANs), 686 communication, 636, 638 Wireless network system, 596 Vision, 834 Works with Soraa program, 747 Visual clarity, 805 World coordinate, 674, 675 Visual ergonomics, 730–731 Visually comfortable luminaire, 867 Visual semiotics, 732 X Vitamin D3, 860–861 X10, 572–573 Vitreous humor, 759 Xenon lamps, 1108 Vivid color, 916

Y W Yellowing, 231, 232 Wafer, manufacturing, 948 Wall box sensor, 496 Wall lens, 477 Z Waste, 945, 952 ZigBee, 574–576 Water use, 945–946 Z-Wave, 577