Migration As Decolonization

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Migration As Decolonization Stanford Law Review Volume 71 June 2019 ARTICLE Migration as Decolonization E. Tendayi Achiume* Abstract. International migration is a defining problem of our time, and central to this problem are the ethical intuitions that dominate thinking on migration and its governance. This Article challenges existing approaches to one particularly contentious form of international migration, as an important first step toward a novel and more ethical way of approaching problems of the movement of people across national borders. The prevailing doctrine of state sovereignty under international law today is that it entails the right to exclude nonnationals, with only limited exceptions. Whatever the scope of these exceptions, so-called economic migrants—those whose movement is motivated primarily by a desire for a better life—are typically beyond them. Whereas international refugee law and international human rights law impose restrictions on states’ right to exclude nonnationals whose lives are endangered by the risk of certain forms of persecution in their countries of origin, no similar protections exist for economic migrants. International legal theorists have not fundamentally challenged this formulation of state sovereignty, which justifies the assertion of a largely unfettered right to exclude economic migrants. * Assistant Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law. I would like to thank the following individuals for their valuable insights on earlier drafts: Amna Akbar, José Alvarez, Asli Bâli, Laurie Benton, Gabriella Blum, Devon Carbado, Justin Desautels-Stein, Laurel Fletcher, Gabriel Greenberg, Oona Hathaway, Loren Landau, Itamar Mann, Emmanuel Mauleón, Jon Michaels, Saira Mohamed, Hiroshi Motomura, Sam Moyn, K-Sue Park, Matiangai Sirleaf, and Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò. Just as instrumental were participants in the following workshops: the American Society of International Law’s Migration Law Interest Group Bellagio Workshop (especially Jaya Ramji-Nogales and Peter Spiro for creating an intellectual environment conducive to radical reimagining), the Berkeley International and Comparative Law Colloquium, the Duke and Stanford Culp Colloquium, the Southern California International Law Scholars Workshop, the UCLA Political Sociology and the Global South Working Group, the UCLA Law School Summer Faculty Colloquium, the UCLA Law School Junior Faculty Colloquium, the Spring 2018 UCLA Advanced Critical Race Theory Seminar, the Vanderbilt International Legal Studies Program Works-in-Progress Roundtable, the Women in International Law Workshop, and the Yale-Stanford-Harvard Junior Faculty Forum. I thank the following individuals for outstanding research assistance and fruitful intellectual provocation: Rebecca Fordon, Erin French, Zachary Heinselman, Marc Jacome, Kabita Parajuli, and the stellar UCLA Law reference librarian team. And finally, I am grateful to the Hellman Fellows Fund at UCLA for its research support. All mistakes are my own. 1509 Migration as Decolonization 71 STAN. L. REV. 1509 (2019) This Article looks to the history and legacy of the European colonial project to challenge this status quo. It argues for a different theory of sovereignty that makes clear why, in fact, economic migrants of a certain kind have compelling claims to national admission and inclusion in countries that today unethically insist on a right to exclude them. European colonialism entailed the emigration of tens of millions of Europeans and the flow of natural and human resources across the globe, for the benefit of Europe and Europeans. This Article details how global interconnection and political subordination, initiated over the course of this history, generate a theory of sovereignty that obligates former colonial powers to open their borders to former colonial subjects. Insofar as certain forms of international migration today are responsive to political subordination rooted in colonial and neocolonial structures, a different conceptualization of such migration is necessary: one that treats economic migrants as political agents exercising equality rights when they engage in “decolonial” migration. 1510 Migration as Decolonization 71 STAN. L. REV. 1509 (2019) Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1512 I. The Territorial Sovereign Nation-State and Its Right to Exclude Political Strangers ....................................................................................................................................................... 1523 A. The Sovereign Nation-State and Its Right to Exclude ............................................. 1523 B. The Right to Exclude in Practice ......................................................................................... 1529 C. Political Stranger Exceptionalism ....................................................................................... 1531 II. What Political Strangers? ................................................................................................................... 1533 A. Colonial Imperialism .................................................................................................................. 1533 B. Neocolonial Imperialism .......................................................................................................... 1539 III. Revisiting the Right to Exclude ...................................................................................................... 1547 A. De Facto Co-Sovereigns and the Right to Exclude .................................................... 1547 B. The Right to Admission and Inclusion: Migration as Decolonization ........... 1551 C. Rethinking Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Decolonization ................ 1566 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 1573 1511 Migration as Decolonization 71 STAN. L. REV. 1509 (2019) Introduction The term “economic migrant” has become a moniker for a category of international migrant that national populations across the world view generally with suspicion, occasionally with pity, and increasingly with hostility.1 Europe’s response to African migrants offers an example. Between 2014 and 2018, over 1.8 million refugees and migrants risked their lives in journeys across the Mediterranean Sea attempting to reach Europe, and at least 17,000 of them paid with their lives.2 The response of European states, especially to those international migrants falling outside of the “refugee” definition,3 has been a righteous assertion of their sovereign right to exclude non-nationals. The June 2018 Aquarius search-and-rescue sea mission illustrates this phenomenon. The Aquarius—jointly operated by two international nongovernmental organizations—rescued 629 African refugees and migrants off the coast of Libya.4 It was denied permission to dock by Italy and Malta, the two closest countries.5 The Italian Interior Minister, whose party’s successful election platform was strongly anti-immigrant (and even xenophobic),6 defended his country’s decision as a justified response to 1. Anti-immigrant, and even xenophobic, rhetoric and policy are again commonplace in the United States. See, e.g., Alvaro Huerta, Policy Brief, The “War on Immigrants”: Policies in the Trump Era, MIGRATION & CITIZENSHIP (Organized Section on Migration & Citizenship, Am. Political Sci. Ass’n, Wash., D.C.), Summer 2017, at 57, 57-60, https://perma.cc/UPY3-3M9W; Khaled A. Beydoun, Opinion, The Cost of Xenophobia in Trump’s America, AL JAZEERA (Aug. 3, 2018), https://perma.cc/BC5B-9F7E. For a summary of the long history of xenophobic nativism in the United States, see Kevin R. Johnson, Race, the Immigration Laws, and Domestic Race Relations: A “Magic Mirror” into the Heart of Darkness, 73 IND. L.J. 1111, 1119-47 (1998); and Teresa A. Miller, Blurring the Boundaries Between Immigration and Crime Control After September 11th, 25 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 81, 83-95 (2005). 2. See Mediterranean Situation, UNHCR OPERATIONAL PORTAL, https://perma.cc/3BKD -J7BU (archived Apr. 21, 2019); see also Latest Global Figures, MISSING MIGRANTS PROJECT, https://perma.cc/C86M-TPGC (last updated Apr. 18, 2019). 3. Under international law, a “refugee” is a person who is outside her country of nationality owing to a “well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” and who, due to that fear, will not avail herself of her country’s protection. See Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees art. 1, ¶ A(2), July 28, 1951, 19 U.S.T. 6259, 189 U.N.T.S. 150 [hereinafter 1951 Refugee Convention]. 4. See Aryn Baker, How One Migrant Ship Became a Symptom of a Sick Europe, TIME (June 12, 2018), https://perma.cc/JHX7-3NSF. 5. See id. 6. See Loes Witschge, What’s Next for Italy’s Immigrants Under the Populist Government?, AL JAZEERA (June 3, 2018), https://perma.cc/L3BH-GVCV; see also Aaron Robertson, Argument, Xenophobia Meets Reality in Italy, FOREIGN POL’Y (June 13, 2018, 9:18 AM), https://perma.cc/R8YP-A3UG. 1512 Migration as Decolonization 71 STAN. L. REV. 1509 (2019) illegal immigration.7 The French President publicly criticized Italy’s rejection of the Aquarius refugees and migrants,8 but this criticism belied the similarly aggressive anti-immigrant policies which even more centrist European nations
Recommended publications
  • Budget Support, Conditionality and Poverty
    This is a repository copy of Budget support, conditionality and poverty. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/9922/ Monograph: Mosley, P. and Suleiman, A. (2005) Budget support, conditionality and poverty. Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of Sheffield ISSN 1749-8368 Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series 2005012 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series SERP Number: 2005012 Paul Mosley and Suleiman Abrar Budget support, conditionality and poverty. June 2005 Department of Economics University of Sheffield 9 Mappin Street Sheffield S1 4DT United Kingdom www.shef.ac.uk/economics Abstract. This paper examines the effectiveness of budget support aid as an anti-poverty instrument. We argue that a major determinant of this effectiveness is the element of trust – or ‘social capital’, as it may be seen – which builds up between representatives of the donor and recipient.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Conditionality and Selectivity in Constraining
    Institute for International Law and Justice Emerging Scholars Papers IILJ Emerging Scholars Paper 12 (2008) (A sub series of IILJ Working Papers) "Financing Development" Project A NEW APPROACH TO FOREIGN AID: A CASE STUDY OF THE MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE ACCOUNT MARGARET DENNIS New York University School of Law Faculty Director: Benedict Kingsbury "Financing Development" Project Co-Directors: Philip Alston, Robert Howse and J.H.H. Weiler Director: Kevin Davis Program Director: Angelina Fisher Institute for International Law and Justice Faculty Advisory Committee: New York University School of Law Philip Alston, Kevin Davis, David Golove, Robert Howse, 40 Washington Square South, VH 314 Benedict Kingsbury, Martti Koskenniemi, Mattias Kumm, New York, NY 10012 Linda Silberman, Richard Stewart, J.H.H. Weiler, Website: www.iilj.org Katrina Wyman All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author. ISSN: 1552-6275 © MARGARET DENNIS Emerging Scholars Papers are issued at the responsibility of their authors, and do not reflect views of NYU, the IILJ, or associated personnel. New York University School of Law New York, NY 10012 U.S.A. Cite as: IILJ Emerging Scholars Paper 12 (2008) (A Sub series of IILJ Working Papers) "Financing Development" Project Finalized 9/18/2008 A NEW APPROACH TO FOREIGN AID: A CASE STUDY OF THE MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE ACCOUNT Margaret Dennis Abstract Established in 2002, the Millennium Challenge Account was created to address a distressing paradox in foreign aid – that despite 50 years and many trillions of dollars in support to developing countries, these efforts appear to have provided few or no benefits to the intended aid recipients, but have generously lined the pockets of corrupt government officials.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Aid Conditionality Consistent with National Sovereignty?
    Overseas Development Institute Library Overseas Development Institute FOR REFERENCE ONLY IS AID CONDITIONALITY CONSISTENT WITH NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY? Douglas Zormelo Library Overseas Development Institute 1 7. FEB 97 Portland House St ig Place Loikion 5WIC 5DP Tel 0 393 160() Working ]|aper Results of ODI research presented in preliminary form for discussion and critical comment ODI Working Papers 37: Judging Success; Evaluating NGO Income-Generating Projects, Roger Riddell, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 133 8 38: ACP Export Diversiflcation: Non-Traditional Exports from Zimbabwe, Roger Riddell, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 134 6 39: Monetary Policy in Kenya, 1967-«8, Tony Killick and P.M. Mwega, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 135 4 41: ACP Export Diversification: The Case of Mauritius, Matthew McQueen, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 137 0 42: An Econometric Study of Selected Monetary Policy Issues in Kenya, F.M. Mwega, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 142 7 53: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Environmental Profile, edited by Michael Mortimore, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 163 X 54: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Population Profile, Mary Tiffen, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 164 8 55: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Production Profile, edited by Mary Tiffen, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 166 4 56: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Conservation Profile, F.N. Cichuki, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 167 2 57: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Technological Change, edited by Michael Mortimore, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 174 5 58: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Land Use Profile, R.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Aid, Conditionality, and War Economies
    DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Working Paper Aid, Conditionality, and War Economies James K. Boyce Working Paper 2004-05 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Aid, Conditionality, and War Economies James K. Boyce ∗ November 2003 Abstract: When natural resource revenues provide an important motive and/or means for armed conflict, the transition from war peace faces three challenges: (i) ensuring that the benefits and costs of natural resource exploitation are distributed so as to ease rather than exacerbate social tensions; (ii) channeling revenues to peaceful and productive purposes; and (iii) promoting accountability and transparency in natural resource management. Aid conditionality can help to address these challenges provided that three prerequisites are met: (i) there are domestic parties with sufficient authority and legitimacy to strike and implement aid-for-peace bargains; (ii) donor governments and agencies make peace their top priority, putting this ahead of other geopolitical, commercial, and institutional goals; and (iii) the aid ‘carrot’ is substantial enough to provide an incentive for pro-peace policies. Case studies of Cambodia, Angola, and Afghanistan illustrate both the scope and limitations of peace conditionality in such settings. Keywords: war; natural resources; foreign aid; conditionality JEL classifications: F35, O13, O19 ∗ Paper prepared for the International Peace Academy’s project on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. 2 1. Introduction Official development assistance (ODA) usually comes with strings attached. Multilateral and bilateral donors use conditionality to advance a variety of goals, some noble, others not so noble. The conditions sometimes are spelled out in formal performance criteria, as in the economic policy targets in International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan agreements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strategic Politics of Imf Conditionality
    THE STRATEGIC POLITICS OF IMF CONDITIONALITY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Byungwon Woo, B.A./M.A. Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Daniel Verdier, Advisor Irfan Nooruddin Alexander Thompson c Copyright by Byungwon Woo 2010 ABSTRACT The dissertation theorizes how domestic politics in a borrowing country influences the design of IMF conditionality, a set of policy reform measures included in an International Monetary Fund program. Considering the ways in which domestic politics can shape the outcome of negotiation between the IMF and a government, there are two alternative logics that can play out: the government can either tie its hands to the IMF to force reforms to domestic interests or tie its hands to domestic interests to extract a better deal from the IMF. Using a game theoretic model, I demonstrate that the effect of domestic politics on the IMF program design hinges on the interaction of three parameters and suggest the following propositions: a government that is more sensitive to vote losses or less reform-minded is more likely to extract more lenient conditions from the IMF; a government free from electoral pressure receives more conditions; for those governments that are electorally less constrained, the severity of conditionality is limited only when there exist strong domestic interests that can hinder proper implementation of reform conditions. To test the hypotheses, I constructed an original dataset of IMF conditionality by coding all 263 letters of intent agreed in between 1994 and 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • To Condition Or Not – Is That the Question?
    To condition or not – is that the question? An analysis of the effectiveness of ex-ante and ex-post conditionality in social cash transfer programs DISSERTATION To obtain the degree of Doctor at the Maastricht University, on the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. G.P.M.F. Mols, in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on Thursday 5 July 2012, at 16:00 hours By Esther Schüring Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Thomas Dohmen Dr. Franziska Gassmann Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Joan Muysken (chairman) Prof. Dr. Armando Barrientos Prof. Dr. Chris de Neubourg Dr. Stephen Devereux ISBN 978 90 8666 264 7 Published by Boekenplan, Maastricht The picture on the cover, taken by the author, depicts a scene from the allocation and conditionality experiment which was conducted in 2009 in Monze district in Zambia. Acknowledgements Looking back at the PhD years, there are many people who deserve a big thank you for their guidance, support, encouragement and love. You made this time special, helped me greatly with multi-tasking and you deserve credit for the final product! First of all, I was blessed in working with two supervisors, Franziska Gassmann and Thomas Dohmen, who provided a perfect balance between letting me realize my own ideas and granting me the necessary freedom whilst giving me the necessary support at the right time. I want to thank you for your commitment to this PhD project despite me often being thousands of kilometers away, for your valuable advice and your efforts to help me finish the dissertation before my next ‘project’ was due.
    [Show full text]
  • The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Could Help Build a Stronger, Fairer and Cleaner Global Economic Growth
    THE G8 L’AQUILA SUMMIT TUAC EVALUATION July 2009 Summit Overview 1. The G8 L’Aquila Summit took place amidst fears of an escalating global jobs crisis, despite reports of economic ‘green shoots’. Whilst the figures released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the eve of the Summit forecast a weak recovery in 2010, they also signal that “unemployment rates will reach double digits in some countries, holding back wages and household spending and presenting significant policy challenges”1. Earlier forecasts published by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) predicted increases in unemployment of up to 59 million worldwide by the end of 20092. 2. The G8 sessions at the Summit were followed by meetings of the G13/G14, as well as a session of the Major Economies Forum (MEF) on climate change. Over 40 countries3 and international organisations4 took part in the Summit, including the Director-General of the ILO. The Summit issued a 40-page economic statement, ‘Responsible Leadership for a Sustainable Future’ made up of the following sections: Economic and financial crisis: the way to recovery (§7-59); Sustainable use of natural resources; climate change, clean energy and technology (§60-93); and development and Africa (§94-134). Statements on water and food and agricultural security were also issued, together with a joint declaration by the G13 on “Promoting the Global Agenda” and by the MEF on Climate Change. 3. A union delegation comprising the three Italian trade union confederations and TUAC (also representing the ITUC) attended the Summit and met with the Brazilian President Mr Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and the ILO Director-General, Mr Juan Somavía, on the margins of the meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Related Material in Democracy
    RELATED MATERIAL IN DEMOCRACY Abizadeh, A. “Border Coercion and Democratic Legitimacy.” Territory and Justice network: repository of pre-publication papers. Presented at October 2009 workshop in Novi Vinodolski, Croatia. Accessed: 15/11/10. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1644290. ———. “Democratic Legitimacy and State Coercion: A Reply to David Miller.” Political Theory (Forthcoming). ———. “Democratic Theory and Border Coercion: No Right to Unilaterally Control Your Own Borders.” Political Theory 35, no. 1 (2008): 37-65. ———. “Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Agruments.” American Political Science Review 96 (2002): 495-509. Acemoglu, D., J. Robinson, and T. Verdier. “Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule.” MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 03-39. Beran, H. The Consent Theory of Political Obligation. New York: Croom Helm, 1987. ———. “The Place of Secession in Liberal Democratic Theory.” In Nations, Cultures and Markets, edited by P. Gilbert and P. Gregory, 47-66. Ashgate: Aldershot, 1994. Buchanan, A. “Political Legitimacy and Democracy.” Ethics 112 (July 2002): 689-719. Christiano, T. “Democracy, Territory, and Global Institutions.” Journal of Social Philosophy 37, no. 1 (2006). ———. The Constitution of Equality: Democratic Authority and its Limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Copp, D. “Democracy and Communal Self‐Determination.” In The Morality of Nationalism, edited by R. McKim and J. McMahan, 277-300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Dietrich, F. “Plebiscites and the Justification of Territorial Claims.” Territory and Justice network: repository of pre-publication papers. Presented at October 2009 workshop in Novi Vinodolski, Croatia. Accessed: 15/11/10. http://eis.bris.ac.uk/~plcdib/territory/papers/Dietrich_Plebiscites.pdf.
    [Show full text]
  • Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Debt Crisis
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, Volume 1: The International Financial System Volume Author/Editor: Jeffrey D. Sachs, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-73332-7 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/sach89-1 Conference Date: September 21-23, 1987 Publication Date: 1989 Chapter Title: Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Debt Crisis Chapter Author: Jeffrey D. Sachs Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8992 Chapter pages in book: (p. 255 - 296) 6 Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Debt Crisis Jeffrey D. Sachs 6.1 Introduction This chapter examines the role of high-conditionality lending by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as a part of the overall management of the debt crisis. High-conditionality lending re- fers to the process in which the international institutions make loans based on the promise of the borrowing countries to pursue a specified set of policies. High-conditionality lending by both institutions has played a key role in the management of the crisis since 1982, though the results of such lending have rarely lived up to the advertised hopes. One major theme of this chapter is that the role for high-conditionality lending is more restricted than generally believed, since the efficacy of conditionality is inherently limited. A related theme is that many programs involving high-conditionality lending could be made more effective by including commercial bank debt relief as a component of such programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnerships for Poverty Reduction: Rethinking Conditionality
    Partnerships for poverty reduction: rethinking conditionality A UK policy paper March 2005 Partnerships for poverty reduction: rethinking conditionality A UK policy paper March 2005 Foreword Five years ago, the world agreed an ambitious plan for development in the 21st century – the Millennium Development Goals. It called for a new sort of relationship between donors and developing country partners based on a shared commitment to common goals, and to joint action to achieve them. There is, rightly, much debate about how this shared commitment should work in practice. President Mkapa of Tanzania has said: ‘Development cannot be imposed. It can only be facilitated. It requires ownership, participation and empowerment, not harangues and dictates.’ I agree, but our thinking and practice on conditionality has not kept pace with this new approach. That’s why the UK Government has reviewed its policy; and is calling on the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other donors to do the same. This paper shows how donors can support policy leadership by developing countries without imposing our own views. It also sets out our clear responsibility to parliament and people to ensure that aid is not used corruptly and is well spent for the purpose for which it was intended. The right kind of partnership must have reducing poverty at its heart, alongside upholding human rights and strong financial management. The paper also highlights the importance of good economic and social policies, and of strong commitment to transparency, accountability and good governance. In this new approach, agreed benchmarks for measuring progress on the reduction of poverty, rather than policy conditions set by donors, will be the basis for both partners to be accountable to their citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance-Related Conditionalities of the International Financial Institutions
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNITED NATIONS HARVARD UNIVERSITY G-24 Discussion Paper Series Governance-related Conditionalities of the International Financial Institutions Devesh Kapur and Richard Webb No. 6, August 2000 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT HARVARD UNIVERSITY G-24 Discussion Paper Series Research papers for the Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, August 2000 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. * ** The views expressed in this Series are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * ** Material in this publication may be freely quoted; acknowl- edgement, however, is requested (including reference to the document number). It would be appreciated if a copy of the publication containing the quotation were sent to the Editorial Assistant, Macroeconomic and Development Policies Branch, Division on Globalization and Development Strategies, UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10. UNCTAD/GDS/MDPB/G24/6 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Copyright © United Nations, 2000 All rights reserved Governance-related Conditionalities of the International Financial Institutions iii PREFACE The G-24 Discussion Paper Series is a collection of research papers prepared under the UNCTAD Project of Technical Support to the Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs (G-24).
    [Show full text]
  • Fichte's Contribution to Higher Education in Germany and the Foundation of the University of Berlin, 1810
    Seeking Originality: Fichte’s Contribution to Higher Education in Germany and the Foundation of the University of Berlin, 1810 By Laura Eakes Utrecht University Department of History W.W. Mijnhardt, Ph.D. Adviser Leen Dorsman, Ph.D. Second Reader 2015 Abstract Seeking Originality: Fichte’s Contribution to Higher Education in Germany and the Foundation of the University of Berlin, 1810 By Laura Eakes Under the crisis of the failing university system and subsequent Napoleonic war, a number of German thinkers formulated a new idea of the university that spawned the modern concept of the research university. Among these thinkers, one man distinguished himself as a pedagogical giant in his own right due to the complexity and thoroughness of his plan. Yet, in history, his contributions are widely overlooked, in large part because his ideas were not implemented by his contemporary, Wilhelm von Humboldt. That man’s name was J.G. Fichte—a thinker perhaps best known for his extremist tendencies and his overwhelming desire to unite all existence under his philosophical system, the Wissenschaftlehre. This thesis is devoted to uncovering Fichte’s originality as an educational thinker, utilizing a methodology inspired by Quentin Skinner, so as to locate Fichte’s intentions within the intellectual matrix in which he found himself in 1807-1808. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…………..……………4 2. Problems and Solutions……………………………………………………….…………...……………22 3. Fichte’s Contribution……………………………………………………...….………………………….48 4. Seeking Fichte’s Originality…………………………………………………………..………………..71 5. Epilogue……………………………………………………………………………………………………….90 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………96 3 Introduction Around the turn of the nineteenth century, a number of civic-minded members of the German professoriate took it upon themselves to find a solution to the problems posed by a failing German education system, against the backdrop of the disappearance of the university as an institution all across Europe.
    [Show full text]