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Reprinted by nc-chap.org with the permission of the copyright owner A TOWN AMONG C ITIES: NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE, 1780-1840 By Constance Jean Cooper A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. June, 1983 Copyright Constance Jean Cooper 1983 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A TOWN AMONG C ITIES NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE, 1780-1840 By Constance Jean Cooper Approved: C 7 ________________________________ George ^ Frick, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: i id S i/V i Richard L. Bushman, Chairman of the Department of History Approved: R. B. Murray, Ph. University Coordi or for Gradxiate Studies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE Today, in the early 1980s, New Castle, Delaware is a quiet yet distinctive suburb of Wilmington. An hour's drive from Philadelphia and within easy reach of New York, Balti­ more, and Washington, D. C., New Castle is now, and almost always has been, a town among cities. The town has actively • preserved its late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century architectural heritage, much to the delight of those seeking refuge from the metropolis. Charming and soothing as they are, however, the buildings speak not of gentler days but of busier and more ambitious times wlien New Castle tried to be more than a town among cities. Although founded in 1651, New Castle first developed a sustained sense of its economic and civic identity and potential in the prosperous days that closed the eighteenth century and opened the nineteenth. Optimistic and confident, New Castle seemed to be well on its way to becoming a small city that would rival Wilmington in importance. Between around 1808 and the late 1820s, New Castle worked with tenacious energy to fulfill its dreams. Economic, civic, and religious accomplishments did not come easily; realism and experience tempered earlier optimism, and aspiration and iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. frustration were in a creative balance. The balance tipped towards frustration in the 1830s as New Castle lost its hold on one major component of its economy and fought desperately with Wilmington to retain the county seat. Inertia and divisiveness assailed the town's churches, government, and organizations. The 1830s were a strenuous test of New Castle's economic and community life; by 1840, the town had discovered its limitations. This segment of New Castle's history sheds light on several important themes in the history of the Middle At­ lantic region and the early national period. The town's strategic location made it a living laboratory of the transportation revolution, affected by every new development. The same fact of location also placed New Castle in the midst of a regional urban network. New Castle did not exist in isolation; other places, particularly Wilmington, had a decisive effect on its fortunes. Within the town, the main emphasis is on community development and the complementary nature of religious, civic, and economic activities. Finally, this is the story of an old town that finds its limits in a new and apparently limitless nation. The source material for this period of New Castle's history is impressive for both quality and quantity. Letters, newspapers, tax assessments, manuscript censuses, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V petitions to the legislature, records of the town's churches, governments, and organizations, and even federal documents all help to tell the story. The town itself is a magnifi­ cent document. New Castle's people speak for themselves, with a little help from the author. Capitalization and punctuation in quotations have occasionally been changed to make them easier to read. New Castle Hundred's county tax assessments for 1798, 1816, and 1828; New Castle town assessments for 1798, 1804, 1810, 1815, 1820, and 1825; and federal manuscript censuses between 1800 and 1840 were all analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences on the University of Delaware computer. Many organizations and individuals have aided me in the pursuit of this study. Within the town of New Castle, the Trustees of the Common, the city government, Immanuel Episcopal Church, the New Castle Presbyterian Church, and the New Castle Methodist Church allowed me to use their records. Although they do not have records from my period, Bethany U. A. M. E. Church and Saint Peter's Roman Catholic Church were helpful. I did a great deal of research at the University of Delaware Library, the University of Delaware Computing Center, the Historical Society of Delaware, the Delaware State Archives, and the Eleutherian Mills Histor­ ical Library. The University of Delaware and the Colonial Dames provided financial support that made this study Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. v i possible. The members of my advisory committee, Dr. George F. Frick, Dr. David F. Allmendinger, Jr., Dr. John A. Munroe, and Dr. Carol E. Hoffecker, gave me unfailing sup­ port and sound advice. Finally, Donald Banks, Barbara Benson, the Reverend Myles Edwards, Betsy McMullen, Marie Perrone, Jack Robinson, Carolyn Stallings, and Vicky Uminowicz helped in many ways to make this finished dissertation a reality. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS Page Preface'................................................ Table of Contents ....................................... vii List of T a b l e s ........................................ viii Abbreviations used in Notes .......................... x 1. Fort Casimir Becomes New Castle .................. 1 2. A State of Churning Stagnation .................. 57 3. An Economy Shaped in the Urban W e b ................ 105 4. The Rise of Civic Consciousness.....................184 5. Faith and Frustration ....................... 235 6. The Organized Community ............................. 285 Bibliography ....................... 325 Appendix: Maps ................................. 340 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Population of New Castle Hundred 1800-1840 ....................................... • 59 2. Population Distribution According to R a c e ................................... 61 3. Percentage of Population Change According to R a c e ................................... 61 4. Persistence of Town Taxables ...................... 64 5. Median Size of White Households....................71 6. Percentage of Households of Various Sizes .... 72 7. Percentage of Whites in Each Age Category .... 74 8. Children in New Castle Hundred ....................76 9. Number of Children Aged 0-9 per Woman Aged 1 5 - 4 4 ............................... 76 10. Percentage of White Households with Black Members ................................. 81 11. Status of Blacks ................................... 90 12. Percentage of Blacks Living in Black Households .............................. 90 13. Median Size of Black Households ................... 91 14. Percentage of Blacks in Each Age Category .... 94 15. Distribution of the Black Population by Sex . .......................................... 96 16. Property Ownership Among Townspeople .......... 110 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. i x 17. Comparison Between Town Tenants and Non-tenants, 1 8 1 6 ............................. .111 18. Property Ownership Among Rural People .......... 113 19. Livestock Owning in Rural New Castle Hundred . 115 20. Economic Characteristics of Supporters and Opponents of Proposed Changes in Government, 1 8 0 0 .............................. 198 21. Town Commissioner Elections, 1799-1804 200 22. Size of Town Electorate ........................... 222 23. Property Owning Among New Castle's M a l e Citizens, 1798 295 24. Differences between Propertied Signers and Propertied Non-signers, 1796 295 25. Property Owning Among New Castle's Citizens, 1814-16 ................... 305 26. Economic Characteristics According to Political Persuasion ..............................318 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES Common Minutes of the Trustees of the New Castle Common Dover Delaware State Archives, Dover, Delaware EMHL Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, Wilmington, Delaware HSD Historical Society of Delaware Wilmington, Delaware Town Commissioners Minutes of the Commissioners of the Town of New Castle Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C H A P T E R 1 FORT CASIMIR BECOMES NEW CASTLE We will observe before leaving Sand-hoek that it has always been the principal place on the South River, as well in the time of the English as of the Dutch. It is now called Newcastle by the English. It is situated on the west side of the river upon a point which extends out with a sandy beach, affording a good landing place, better than is to be found elsewhere on that account. It lies a little
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