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ISSN 2380-8187 the Journal of Interreligious Studies A The Journal of Interreligious Studies Issue 23, May 2018| http://www.irstudies.org ISSN 2380-8187 The Journal of Interreligious Studies A Collaboration Between Hebrew College and Boston University School of Theology Special Issue: The Color of God: Race, Faith, and Interreligious Dialogue Issue 23 May 2018 _________________________________________________________________________ From the Managing Editor 1 Axel Marc Oaks Takács From the Guest Editor: Introduction to the Special Issue 4 Funlayo E. Wood A Road Less Traveled: An African American Ifa Priestess’ Journey 10 Navigating Joys and Struggles in Interfaith Spaces DeShannon Barnes-Bowens The Voodoo Cult of Detroit: Race, Human Sacrifice, and 17 the Nation of Islam from the 1930s to the 1970s Danielle N. Boaz Blood on the Stones: Race, Epidemiology, and Theology 31 Khytie Brown Dancing Between Two Realms: Sacred Resistance and 46 Remembrance in African American Culture Kokahvah Zauditu-Selassie Audre and Africa: Reconsidering Lorde’s Rites/Rights 68 Meredith F. Coleman-Tobias Lords Above Us and Within Us: Exploring Race, Spirituality, 75 and Hip Hop Based Education Moira E. Pirsch The Journal of Interreligious Studies 23 (May 2018) ___________________________________________________________________________ Whiteness in the Ancestral Waters: Race, Religion, and Conversion 90 within North American Buddhism and Haitian Vodou Kyrah Malika Daniels Oyinbo Ọmọ Aṣogun Dere: 103 An Analysis of Racial Injustice, Gun Violence, and Sexual Assault in America through a Traditional Yoruba Religious Perspective Ayodeji Ogunnaike The Journal of Interreligious Studies Issue 23, May 2018| http://www.irstudies.org ISSN 2380-8187 The Journal of Interreligious Studies A Collaboration Between Hebrew College and Boston University School of Theology Special Issue: The Color of God: Race, Faith, and Interreligious Dialogue Issue 23 April 2018 Managing Editor Axel M. Oaks Takács Associate Managing Editor Silvia P. Glick Guest Editor Funlayo E. Wood Administrative Director Soren M. Hessler Publishers Mary Elizabeth Moore, Boston University School of Theology Or Rose, Hebrew College The views, opinions, and positions expressed in all articles published by the Journal of Interreligious Studies (JIRS) are the authors’ own and do not reflect or represent those of the JIRS staff, the JIRS Board of Advisors, the JIRS Board of Reviewers, Boston University, or Hebrew College. The Journal of Interreligious Studies 23 (May 2018) The following are members of both the Board of Advisors and the Board of Reviewers: Justus Baird David Lawrence Thomas Cattoi Aimee Upjohn Light Leah Weiss Ekstrom Jennifer Howe Peace Adam Hearlson Christy Lohr Sapp Bud Heckman Joshua M. Z. Stanton Robert A. Hunt Stephanie Varnon-Hughes John Kampen J. Abraham Vélez de Cea Nancy Fuchs Kreimer Burton L. Visotzky Sheryl A. Kujawa-Holbrook Madhuri M. Yadlapati Kristin Johnston Largen Homayra Ziad Our peer reviewers include the following Board members: Akintunde E. Akinade Zarina Nalla Kemal Argon A. Rashied Omar Y. Alp Aslandogan Jon Pahl Alan Brill Shanta Premawardhana Tarunjit Singh Butalia Monica M. Ringer Margaret Chan Munir A. Shaikh Joan DeArtemis Deepak Shimkhada Marianne Farina Robert Stockman Reuven Firestone Swami Tyagananda Fatimah Husein Venerable Yifa Timothy Light Amos Yong Greg Martin We remain grateful for the following Members Emeriti who served as Founding Members of our Board of Scholars and Practitioners, and remain within the Board of Advisors: Reginald Broadnax Martin Ramstedt Burhan Erdem Varun Soni David Gray Paul Sorrentino Barry Harrison Siti Syamsiyatun Yahya Hendi Sayyid M. Syeed Edward Kessler Matthew C. Weiner Eboo Patel Barney Zwartz The views, opinions, and positions expressed in all articles published by the Journal of Interreligious Studies (JIRS) are the authors’ own and do not reflect or represent those of the JIRS staff, the JIRS Board of Advisors, the JIRS Board of Reviewers, Boston University, or Hebrew College. The Journal of Interreligious Studies Issue 23, May 2018| http://www.irstudies.org From the Managing Editor Occasionally, the Journal of Interreligious Studies invites a guest editor to create a special issue on a theme of urgent import either in academia or to the public, or both. I am delighted to have worked with Funlayo E. Wood, PhD, a scholar at the intersection of the Study of Religion and African and African American Studies, in bringing forth this special issue. Funlayo researches Yoruba religious concepts and practices and philosophical, theological, and semiotic aspects of the Ifá-Òrìsà tradition as manifested on both sides of the Atlantic. She is also the founding director of the African and Diasporic Religious Studies Association. In addition to her academic work, and in keeping with the mission of the JIRS to bridge the gap between academia and (inter)religious communities, Funlayo is also a practitioner, serving as an Òrìsà priestess and spiritual counselor. Funlayo invited scholars and practitioners to pen articles for this issue, which is entitled “The Color of God: Race, Faith, and Interreligious Dialogue.” In her introduction to the issue, Funlayo frames these articles within the history of Christian interaction with, and scholarly analysis of, non-Christian religious traditions. The nefarious effects of this exclusivist, expansionist, colonial, Orientalist, and violent history of subjugation and enslavement perdures in academic, public, and socio-political discourse today; these effects sustain an asymmetrical relationship of power in which non-Western and non-Christian intellectual and spiritual practices and traditions remain subordinated to Western, Christian—and white—religio-cultural discourse. Funlayo notes that the racial-religious hierarchy continues to exist today, and that this has ongoing detrimental effects on people of color and their religious communities. In her opening piece, Funlayo introduces this issue and all of the articles with a clear, cogent, and concise history of the codification and conflation of race and religion. I only wish to add that interreligious discourse has yet to extricate itself wholly from the inherited ideology of white, Christian supremacy. Publications such as this one are far from sufficient, but they do transform the discourse, and this transformation can have positive effects on the social imaginaries of both the public and academia. As a reminder, a social imaginary is “the creative and symbolic dimension of the social world, the dimension through which human beings create their ways of living together and their ways of representing their collective life.”1 Social imaginaries produce ideologies that serve in “altering, undermining or reinforcing our relations with others and with the world.”2 An ideology is not merely a collection of invisible ideas without material, physical, and economic impact on the lives of human bodies; it is not “a pale image of the social world,” but “a creative and constitutive element of our social lives.”3 Ideology, and thus discourse, produce material, physical, and economic effects in the visible world, in local and global communities, and in society, politics, and culture. It is my humble hope that publications such as this one play a small part in subverting the hegemony of white, Christian discourse both in the field of interreligious 1 John B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984), 6. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., 5–6. 1 1 The Journal of Interreligious Studies 23 (May 2018) studies particularly, and generally in the socio-political ideology of white supremacy, which is on the rise of late according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.4 I am eminently grateful to Funlayo E. Wood for bringing together an excellent collection of authors and their pieces for this special issue. My gratitude also extends to Silvia Glick for her matchless copyediting abilities. Axel M. Oaks Takács Managing Editor 4 Joe Heim, “Hate Groups in the U.S. Remain on the Rise, According to New Study,” Washington Post, 21 February 2018, http://wapo.st/2EZsQxe. See also the “Hate Map,” Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), accessed 7 May 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map; and “White Nationalist,” SPLC, accessed 7 May 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/white-nationalist. 2 The Journal of Interreligious Studies Issue 23, May 2018| http://www.irstudies.org The Color of God: Race, Faith, and Interreligious Dialogue “Fè – Faith” — Anse-à-Foleur, Haiti (2015) (Credit: Régine Romain) This photograph was taken during a Vodou ceremony for the deity/lwa of Saint Anne and is part of “Brooklyn to Benin: A Vodou Pilgrimage,” a mixed-media project documenting the survival, beauty, and power of Vodou in the Americas to Africa. www.RegineRomain.com 3 3 The Journal of Interreligious Studies 23 (May 2018) From the Guest Editor: Introduction to the Special Issue Funlayo E. Wood Guest Editor Race and religion have been strange bedfellows since the beginning of contact between diverse peoples. While religion is culturally and racially bound, with each group of people traditionally having its own way of conceptualizing and worshiping the Divine, the post- Enlightenment tendency to theorize religion as an unbounded sui generis entity has frequently denied these boundaries—this despite the fact that racism and theories of racial difference have historically been expressed in distinctly religious terms. The purported racial inferiority of peoples of African, Indigenous American, and
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