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Bibliothèques, Tags Et Folksonomies L'indexation Des Bibliothèques À L'ère Sociale

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Bibliothèques, Tags Et Folksonomies L'indexation Des Bibliothèques À L'ère Sociale Diplôme de conservateur de bibliothèque Bibliothèques, tags et folksonomies L'indexation des bibliothèques à l'ère sociale Mémoire d'étude / mars 2008 Claire LEBRETON Sous la direction de Nicolas MORIN Département des ressources documentaires, ENSSIB école nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques Remerciements Je remercie ici mon directeur de mémoire, Nicolas Morin, pour m'avoir suggéré des pistes précieuses pour la définition des orientations de ce mémoire, et également pour les articles enrichissants publiés sur son blog. Je remercie également mon responsable de stage Dominique Filippi, directeur de la bibliothèque Malesherbes (SCD Paris-IV Sorbonne), responsable de la Bibliothèque numérique du SCD, et pionnier sur del.icio.us, pour m'avoir apporté une vision pratique, variée, humaine et critique du fonctionnement d'une bibliothèque universitaire et avoir inspiré bien des aspects de ce mémoire. Je remercie aussi l'équipe de la bibliothèque Malesherbes, pour m'avoir très bien accueillie et m'avoir permis d'apprécier dans la pratique les tâches accomplies au jour le jour dans une bibliothèque universitaire. Je suis enfin reconnaissante aux membres de mon entourage qui ont pu m'opposer des points de vue extérieurs aux bibliothèques et m'apporter leur aide pour les questions informatiques, et à tous les veilleurs et biblioblogueurs français et étrangers dont j'ai abondamment lu la prose éclairée et passionnée au long de ce mémoire, et également à tous les utilisateurs de del.icio.us qui, grâce au système des souscriptions sur des tags précis, m'ont permis de découvrir des ressources intéressantes pour ce mémoire. Toute reproduction sans accord exprès de l’auteur à des fins autres que strictement personnelles est prohibée. LEBRETON Claire | DCB 16 | Mémoire d'étude | Mars 2008 2 Droits d’auteur réservés. Résumé : La montée des sites collaboratifs sur Internet relevant du mouvement participatif que l'on désigne souvent du nom de « Web 2.0 » a permis la naissance de nouvelles formes d'indexations des contenus du Web créées librement par les usagers et partagées au sein de réseaux sociaux, qui ont été baptisées du nom de folksonomies. Celles-ci, malgré leurs défauts, intéressent les bibliothèques à double titre : d'une part, parce qu'elles représentent un nouveau genre d'indexation à fort potentiel pour des institutions qui se sont toujours préoccupées de faire évoluer leurs habitudes de classement afin de permettre l'accès le plus pertinent possible à l'information, et d'autre part parce que la dimension participative et sociale des folksonomies rejoint la volonté de nombreuses bibliothèques d'offrir à leurs usagers les services les plus personnalisés possibles et même de les impliquer dans leur fonctionnement, dans l'optique du mouvement désigné par le nom de « Bibliothèques 2.0 ». Descripteurs : Bibliothèques et Internet Bibliothéconomie -- Innovations Indexation (documentation) Catalogues de bibliothèques en ligne Bibliothèques -- Publics Bibliothèques -- Services aux utilisateurs Communautés virtuelles Internautes Web 2.0 Réseaux sociaux Internet -- Aspect social -- 1990-… Médias -- Aspect social -- 1990-… Tag Cloud créé avec <http://www.tagcrowd.com/> [création le 09/03/2008]. LEBRETON Claire | DCB 16 | Mémoire d'étude | Mars 2008 3 Droits d’auteur réservés. Abstract : The rise of collaborative sites on the Internet as part of the participatory movement commonly referred to as « Web 2.0 » has enabled the birth of new ways to index Web resources, the free and shared within social networks indexations called folksonomies. Despite their flaws, folksonomies are of interest to libraries for two main reasons : on the one hand, because they represent a new kind of indexation with considerable potential for these institutions always careful to change their habits in order to provide access to the most relevant information, and on the other hand, because the social and participative dimension of folksonomies joins the will of many libraries to offer their patrons the most personalized services and to involve them in their organisation, following the movement often called « Libraries 2.0 ». Keywords : Libraries and the Internet Library science -- Technological innovations Public services (Libraries) Library use studies Indexing Online library catalogs Electronic villages (Computer networks) Internet users Web 2.0 Social networks Internet -- Social aspects Mass media -- Social aspects Tag Cloud créé avec <http://www.tagcrowd.com/> [création le 09/03/2008]. LEBRETON Claire | DCB 16 | Mémoire d'étude | Mars 2008 4 Droits d’auteur réservés. Sommaire INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................7 PARTIE 1 : CONTEXTE DE L'INDEXATION EN BIBLIOTHÈQUE À L'HEURE DES FOLKSONOMIES ET DU WEB 2.0..........................................................................9 1. L' INDEXATION EN BIBLIOTHÈQUE, HISTOIRE ET FONCTIONS........................................9 1.1. La place de l'indexation en bibliothèque..........................................................10 1.1.1. L'histoire longue de l'indexation en bibliothèque....................................10 1.1.2. Fonctions de l'indexation en bibliothèque................................................13 1.2. L'indexation des bibliothèques aujourd'hui : quelles remises en cause, quels usages ? ...........................................................................................................................14 1.2.1. Nécessaires évolutions ...............................................................................14 1.2.1.1. Les défauts des classifications et des vedettes-matière......................15 1.2.1.2. L'indexation des documents numériques et les bibliothèques ...........16 1.2.1.3. Sur le Web, la concurrence des moteurs..............................................20 1.2.1.4. La mort du catalogage ? Débats internes .............................................21 1.2.2. Améliorer les usages...................................................................................22 1.2.2.1. Préalable : comment cherchent les usagers ? Comment cherchent-ils à la bibliothèque ?...................................................................................................22 1.2.2.2. Améliorer les usages du libre accès .....................................................25 1.2.2.3. Améliorer les usages des catalogues et des ressources signalées en ligne sur le site........................................................................................................28 1.3. Indexer les liens : Des collections organisées de liens en bibliothèque au dépôt légal d'Internet......................................................................................................34 2. LE MONDE DE L'INDEXATION SOCIALE, PREMIÈRE APPROCHE...................................38 2.1. Origine des mouvements d'indexation sociale, éléments de définitions.......38 2.1.1. Cadrage sur le Web 2.0 et les réseaux sociaux ........................................38 2.1.2. Quelques mots sur les folksonomies.........................................................41 2.1.2.1. Définition et origine des tags et des folksonomies.............................41 2.1.2.2. Un élément indissociable des folksonomies : le Tag Cloud ..............43 2.2. Quelques exemples de folksonomie appliquée.................................................45 LEBRETON Claire | DCB 16 | Mémoire d'étude | Mars 2008 5 Droits d’auteur réservés. PARTIE 2 : S'OUVRIR À L'INDEXATION WEB 2.0 : EXPÉRIENCES EN BIBLIOTHÈQUE..................................................................................................................54 1. BIBLIOTHÈQUE 2.0 HORS LES MURS : UTILISATION D'OUTILS ET INTÉGRATION DANS DES RÉSEAUX SOCIAUX EXISTANT EN LIGNE.......................................................................54 1.1. Partage de signets et bibliothèques ..................................................................54 1.1.1.1. Délicieuses bibliothèques......................................................................54 1.1.1.2. Quelques exemples de gestionnaires de signets intégrés ...................57 1.2. «Mon ami Flickr» : des bibliothèques en images aux images des collections des bibliothèques sur les sites de réseaux sociaux ......................................................59 1.3. Librarything, ou la rencontre des bibliophiles et des bibliothécaires...........61 2. L' INTÉGRATION DE L'INDEXATION SOCIALE AU CŒUR DE LA BIBLIOTHÈQUE...........64 PARTIE 3 : ENJEUX DES FOLKSONOMIES POUR LES BIBLIOTHÈQUES .....67 1. FOLKSONOMIES : UN TYPE D'INDEXATION NOUVEAU EN COMPLÉMENT DES LANGAGES CONTRÔLÉS ...........................................................................................................................67 1.1. L'existant : taxonomies et ontologies................................................................67 1.2. L'émergeant : les folksonomies .........................................................................68 1.3. Perspectives d'avenir des folksonomies au regard du Web sémantique........70 1.4. Analyse comparée pour bibliothèques ..............................................................70 2. FOLKSONOMIES : UN FONCTIONNEMENT COLLABORATIF ............................................72 2.1. La collaboration des folksonomies....................................................................72 2.2. Pour plus de collaboration entre bibliothécaires............................................72
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