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The Many Variants of Psoriasis Helm, MD; Elizabeth V Karl T. Clebak, MD, FAAFP; Leesha Helm, MD, MPH; Matthew F. The many variants of psoriasis Helm, MD; Elizabeth V. Seiverling, MD Penn State College of Erythema, skin thickening, and scales typify most cases, Medicine, Department of Family and Community but other patterns exist. Tx choices may differ, depending Medicine, Hershey (Drs. Clebak and L. Helm); on how much body surface area is covered. Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology (Dr. M. Helm); Maine Medical Center, he “heartbreak of psoriasis,” coined by an advertiser in Department of PRACTICE Dermatology, Portland (Dr. the 1960s, conveyed the notion that this disease was a Seiverling). RECOMMENDATIONS cosmetic disorder mainly limited to skin involvement. ❯ Consider guttate psoriasis if T John Updike’s article in the September 1985 issue of The New kclebak@ small (often < 1 cm) pink scaly Yorker, “At War With My Skin,” detailed Mr. Updike’s feelings of pennstatehealth.psu.edu papules appear suddenly, isolation and stress related to his condition, helping to reframe The authors reported no particularly in a child who 1 potential conflict of interest has an upper respiratory the popular concept of psoriasis. Updike’s eloquent account relevant to this article. tract infection. C describing his struggles to find effective treatment increased public awareness about psoriasis, which in fact affects other ❯ Document extent of disease body systems as well. using a tool such as the Psoriasis Area and Severity The overall prevalence of psoriasis is 1.5% to 3.1% in the 2,3 Index, which calculates United States and United Kingdom. More than 6.5 million 3 a score based on the area adults in the United States > 20 years of age are affected. The (extent) of involvement most commonly affected demographic group is non- Hispanic surrounding 4 major Caucasians. anatomical regions. C ❯ Consider prescribing UV light treatment or a Our expanding knowledge combination of alcitretin and of pathogenesis topical corticosteroid if Studies of genetic linkage have identified genes and single > 10% of the body surface area nucleotide polymorphisms associated with psoriasis.4 The is involved but joints are not interaction between environmental triggers and the innate affected. C and adaptive immune systems leads to keratinocyte hyperp- Strength of recommendation (SOR) roliferation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 23, A Good-quality patient-oriented and IL-17 are important cytokines associated with psoriatic evidence inflammation.4 There are common pathways of inflammation B Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence in both psoriasis and cardiovascular disease resulting in oxida- 4 C Consensus, usual practice, tive stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Ninety percent of opinion, disease-oriented evidence, case series early-onset psoriasis is associated with human leukocyte anti- gen (HLA)-Cw6.4 And alterations in the microbiome of the skin may contribute, as reduced microbial diversity has been found in psoriatic lesions.5 Comorbidities are common Psoriasis is an independent risk factor for diabetes and major adverse cardiovascular events.6 Hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammatory bowel disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease, and lymphoma (particularly cutane- 192 THE JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE | MAY 2020 | VOL 69, NO 4 ous T-cell lymphoma) are also associated FIGURE 1 with psoriasis.6 Psoriatic arthritis is frequent- Psoriasis appearing ly encountered with cutaneous psoriasis; however, it is often not recognized until late on traumatized tissue PHOTOS COURTESY OF JEFFREY J. MILLER, MD, MBA, PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, AND BRYAN E. ANDERSON, MD, PENN E. ANDERSON, MD, PENN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, AND BRYAN OF JEFFREY J. MILLER, MD, MBA, PENN STATE PHOTOS COURTESY in the disease course. There also appears to be an associa- tion among psoriasis, dietary factors, and celiac disease.7-9 Positive testing for IgA anti-endomysial antibodies and IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies should prompt consideration of starting a gluten-free diet, which has been shown to improve psoriatic lesions.9 In addition to its impact on physi- cal health, cutaneous psoriasis often affects mental health. Increased anxiety, depres- sion, and sleep disorders are commonly en- PA OF DERMATOLOGY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT STATE countered, revealing the far-reaching effects of psoriasis. The persistent associated itch of psoriasis is often distressing and negatively impacts the patient’s quality of life. The different types of psoriasis The classic presentation of psoriasis involves stubborn plaques with silvery scale on exten- sor surfaces such as the elbows and knees. The severity of the disease corresponds with the amount of body surface area affected. While plaque-type psoriasis is the most com- mon form, other patterns exist. Individuals Koebner phenomenon refers to psoriatic lesions that may exhibit 1 dominant pattern or multiple may occur in an area of trauma. Lesions may also have psoriatic variants simultaneously. Most types a linear streak-like appearance (around shirt and leg of psoriasis have 3 characteristic features: er- of tattoo). ythema, skin thickening, and scales. Certain history and physical clues can ❚ Guttate psoriasis (FIGURE 3) features aid in diagnosing psoriasis; these include the small (often < 1 cm) pink scaly papules that Koebner phenomenon, the Auspitz sign, and appear suddenly. It is more commonly seen the Woronoff ring. The Koebner phenomenon in children and is usually preceded by an refers to the development of psoriatic lesions upper respiratory tract infection, often with in an area of trauma (FIGURE 1), frequently re- Streptococcus.10 If strep testing is positive, sulting in a linear streak-like appearance. The guttate psoriasis may improve after appropri- Auspitz sign describes the pinpoint bleeding ate antibiotic treatment. that may be encountered with the removal of ❚ Erythrodermic psoriasis (FIGURES 4A a psoriatic plaque. The Woronoff ring is a pale and 4B) involves at least 75% of the body with blanching ring that may surround a psoriatic erythema and scaling.11 Erythroderma can lesion. be caused by many other conditions such as ❚ Chronic plaque-type psoriasis atopic dermatitis, a drug reaction, Sezary syn- (FIGURES 2A and 2B), the most common vari- drome, seborrheic dermatitis, and pityriasis ant, is characterized by sharply demarcated rubra pilaris. Treatments for other conditions pink papules and plaques with a silvery scale in the differential diagnosis can potentially in a symmetric distribution on the extensor make psoriasis worse. Unfortunately, find- surfaces, scalp, trunk, and lumbosacral areas. ings on a skin biopsy are often nonspecific, MDEDGE.COM/FAMILYMEDICINE VOL 69, NO 4 | MAY 2020 | THE JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE 193 FIGURE 2 Plaque psoriasis A B Sharply demarcated pink plaques with silvery scales are commonly seen on the extensor surfaces (A), the scalp (B), trunk, and lumbosacral area. FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Guttate psoriasis Erythrodermic psoriasis A The small, pink scaly papules of guttate psoriasis appear suddenly, and usually in children who have an B upper respiratory tract infection. making careful clinical observation crucial to arriving at an accurate diagnosis. ❚ Pustular psoriasis is characterized by bright erythema and sterile pustules. Pustu- lar psoriasis can be triggered by pregnancy, sudden tapering of corticosteroids, hypo- calcemia, and infection. Involvement of the palms and soles with severe desquamation can drastically impact daily functioning and quality of life. ❚ Inverse or flexural psoriasis (FIGURES 5A and 5B) is characterized by shiny, pink-to-red sharply demarcated plaques involving inter- triginous areas, typically the groin, inguinal crease, axilla, inframammary regions, and This form of psoriasis involves at least 75% of the body with erythema and scaling, and can be difficult intergluteal cleft. to differentiate from such conditions as atopic or ❚ Geographic tongue describes psoria- seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis rubra pilaris. 194 THE JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE | MAY 2020 | VOL 69, NO 4 PSORIASIS FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 Inverse psoriasis Nail psoriasis A B Nail psoriasis is often quite distressing for patients and can be difficult to treat. Pitting of the nails with psoriasis. Onycholysis and subungual hyperkeratosis may also occur. tous scaling lesions or involve thickening and scale without associated erythema. ❚ Psoriatic arthritis can cause significant joint damage and disability. Most affected Shiny, pink-to-red sharply demarcated plaques individuals with psoriatic arthritis have a involve intertriginous areas such as the groin (A) and history of preceding skin disease.12 There are intergluteal cleft (B). no specific lab tests for psoriasis; radiologic studies can show bulky syndesmophytes, sis of the tongue. The mucosa of the tongue central and marginal erosions, and periosti- has white plaques with a geographic border. tis. Patterns of joint involvement are variable. Instead of scale, the moisture on the tongue Psoriatic arthritis is more likely to affect the causes areas of hyperkeratosis that appear distal interphalangeal joints than rheumatoid white. arthritis and is more likely to affect the meta- ❚ Nail psoriasis can manifest as nail pit- carpophalangeal joints than osteoarthritis.13 ting (FIGURE 6), oil staining, onycholysis (distal Psoriatic arthritis often progresses insid- lifting of the nail), and subungual hyperkerato- iously and is commonly
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