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Hacer Negocios Con El EFTA

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Hacer Negocios Con El EFTA Acceso al mercado Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA 1 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA Hacer negocios con el EFTA La Asociación Europea de Libre Cambio (AELC) o Acuerdo Europeo de Libre Comercio (también conocida por sus siglas en inglés EFTA, European Free Trade Association) es un bloque comercial creado el 4 de enero de 1960 por la Convención de Estocolmo como alternativa a la Comunidad Económica Europea (1957). Inicialmente estuvo integrada por Austria, Dinamarca, Reino Unido, Noruega, Portugal, Suecia y Suiza. Entró en vigor en junio de 1960. En 1961 entró Finlandia, en 1970 Islandia y en 1991 Liechtenstein. Su objetivo consiste en lograr la expansión económica y la estabilidad financiera de todos sus miembros. Tras el abandono de la AELC y entrada en la CEE del Reino Unido y Dinamarca en 1973, Portugal en 1986, Austria, Suecia y Finlandia en 1995, el papel de la AELC ha disminuido notablemente. Actualmente sus miembros son Liechtenstein, Suiza, Noruega e Islandia. 2 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA El mercado del EFTA En total, estos países tienen 12 millones de consumidores y el encanto de este grupo comercial está en el alto poder adquisitivo que tienen sus consumidores. PBI NOMINAL PBI PER CÁPITA2 POBLACIÓN3 (MILLONES DE USD)1 NORUEGA USD 427.041 USD 75.065 5.381.000 SUIZA USD 707.570 USD 63.379 8.647.000 ISLANDIA USD 24.544 USD 54.121 367.000 LIECHSTENSTEIN USD 6.289 USD 165.028 39.000 USD 1.165.444 USD 89.398 14.434.000 promedio Sectores productivos Agricultura y alimentación La proporción del producto nacional bruto que la agricultura ocupa en las economías de la EFTA ha disminuido a medida que éstas han alcanzado su alto nivel de desarrollo. Sin embargo, los gobiernos de Noruega, Suiza e Islandia se caracterizan por tener los más altos niveles de apoyo y protección a la agricultura 1 Datos del FMI 2019 2 Datos del FMI 2018 3 Datos de CIA Factbook 2020 3 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA dentro de los países desarrollados, los cuales justifican por el aporte que ésta hace a la protección del paisaje, la seguridad alimentaria, el turismo y la generación de puestos de trabajo estables en todas las regiones. La relativa debilidad de la agricultura primaria en la EFTA contrasta con la fortaleza del sector de alimentos procesados: la empresa multinacional Nestlé, cuya sede principal se encuentra en la ciudad suiza de Vevey, es el líder global de la industria agroalimentaria. Los países de la EFTA, por otra parte, han fomentado el desarrollo de la agricultura orgánica, y mantienen controles estrictos respecto del uso de abonos y pesticidas. El mercado suizo de frutas y hortalizas orgánicas ha cobrado un gran dinamismo, con una demanda promovida principalmente por las cadenas de supermercados. Los países en desarrollo pueden acceder a este mercado sujeto a ciertas normativas sobre equivalencia, y a restricciones al transporte aéreo que hacen particularmente atractivo el ingreso de productos como las frutas secas y las nueces. Liechtenstein La economía de Liechtenstein, a pesar del pequeño tamaño y la escasez de recursos naturales del país, está altamente industrializada, orientada hacia la libre empresa y posee la tercera renta per cápita más alta del mundo, después de Catar y Luxemburgo. La economía del país está altamente diversificada, con un gran número de pequeñas empresas. 4 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA Se concentra predominantemente en el sector secundario (industria), que representa alrededor del 40 % del PIB, y en el terciario (servicios), con alrededor del 55 %. Los servicios financieros suponen alrededor del 24 % del PIB, cerca de la mitad del sector terciario, mientras que el sector primario (agricultura) representa aproximadamente el 8 %. Listado de empresas en este país: Name Industry Headquarters Notes Hilcona Consumer Schaan Convenience food goods Hilti Consumer Schaan Power tools goods Ivoclar Vivadent Health care Schaan Dental technology Jehle Consumer Schaan Sports cars goods LGT Group Financials Vaduz Fully owned by the private foundation of the prince Liechtenstein Bus Industrials Schaan Bus company Liechtensteinische Post Industrials Schaan Postal service Medixsysteme Health care Ruggell Aesthetic medicine National Bank of Financials Vaduz Majority of all shares are Liechtenstein state-owned Neutrik Industrials Schaan Connectors NTi Audio Industrials Schaan Acoustic test instruments Oerlikon Balzers Industrials Balzers Surface technologies Orca Engineering Consumer Schaan Sports cars goods VP Bank Financials Vaduz Important activity in investment funds Noruega En el caso de Noruega, uno de sus principales motores económicos ha sido tradicionalmente la exportación. El país es rico en recursos naturales y entre sus principales actividades destacan la exploración y producción de petróleo y gas, la pesca y la construcción de presas para el aprovechamiento del potencial hidroeléctrico. La climatología del país es determinante para la agricultura. Existen algo más de 10 000 km² cultivables sobre una superficie de 385 156 km². Esta situación, en una tierra que no ofrece suelo suficiente, ha sido siempre un problema al que enfrentarse. Actualmente la industria petrolera es fundamental en la economía noruega, con crecimientos sostenidos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 del 80 % del PIB. En el 5 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA año 2000 Noruega alcanzó el segundo lugar del mundo en exportaciones petrolíferas. El resto de la actividad industrial, además de la asociada al tratamiento de productos petrolíferos, se sigue basando en la explotación y tratamiento de los recursos naturales tales como la madera, la energía hidráulica y la pesca. En la industria tradicional se encuentra la metalurgia que, aunque ha perdido peso en el conjunto de la economía en el siglo XXI, sigue siendo una actividad exportadora significativa. Destacan igualmente la construcción de plataformas petrolíferas y productos electrónicos. Localización de las industrias en Noruega Islandia La economía de Islandia es pequeña —la más pequeña de la OCDE— y de gran 6 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA volatilidad. Islandia tiene una economía mixta, con altos niveles de librecambismo e intervencionismo, aunque este último es más bajo que en otros países nórdicos. La energía geotérmica es la principal fuente de energía doméstica e industrial del país. Islandia es el primer país del mundo en producción de energía eléctrica per cápita con 53 MWh, duplicando a Noruega, que se encuentra en segundo lugar con 26 MWh. En 2014, toda la energía eléctrica anual fue producida mediante energía hidroeléctrica (71 %) y energía geotérmica (29 %), por lo que el país es completamente autosuficiente y renovable. La abundancia de electricidad ha facilitado el crecimiento del sector de la fabricación. La fundición del aluminio —el proceso de extraer el aluminio de su mineral, la alúmina, generalmente mediante el proceso Hall-Héroult— es la industria más importante dentro del sector del uso intensivo de la energía. Existen tres fábricas en el país, con una capacidad total de 840 000 toneladas al año y una producción real de 810 000, situando a Islandia en el puesto número 11 del mundo. La pesca y sus sectores relacionados son la parte más importante de la economía islandesa y suponen aproximadamente un 45 % del volumen de exportaciones y alrededor de un 25 % de los ingresos por exportaciones. Aunque esta cifra ha ido descendiendo, su contribución al PIB se ha mantenido más o menos constante desde entonces, con alrededor de un 10 % sobre el total. Listado de empresas islandesas: Name Industry Headquarters Notes 365 Consumer services Reykjavík Broadcaster Advania Technology Reykjavík Information technology Air Iceland Consumer services Reykjavík Airline Arctic Trucks Industrials Reykjavík Exploration and commercial vehicles ÁTVR Consumer services Reykjavík Alcohol/tobacco state monopoly Bónus Consumer services Reykjavík No-frills supermarket Carbon Recycling Oil & gas Reykjavík Renewable methanol International (CRI) CCP Games Technology Reykjavík Video game developer Dagsbrún Conglomerates Reykjavík Telecommunications, media, security deCODE genetics Health care Reykjavík Gene research Egill Skallagrímsson Consumer goods Reykjavík Brewery Brewery Eimskipafélag Íslands Industrials Reykjavík Nasdaq Iceland: HFEIM, The Icelandic Steamship Company FRISK Software Technology Reykjavík Antivirus software International Hagar Consumer goods Reykjavík Food holding, includes Hagkaup and Bónus 7 Informe de mercado – Hacer negocios con el EFTA Hagkaup Consumer services Reykjavík Hypermarket chain HB Grandi Consumer goods Reykjavík Fishing Icelandair Consumer services Reykjavík Airline Icelandair Group Consumer services Reykjavík Travel and tourism group Íslandsbanki Financials Reykjavík State-owned bank Íslandspóstur Industrials Reykjavík Postal services/shipping Landsbanki Financials Reykjavík Defunct 2008 Landsbankinn Financials Reykjavík State-owned bank Mannvit Engineering Industrials Reykjavík Engineering and consulting Marel Industrials Garðabær Nasdaq Iceland: MARL Marorka Technology Reykjavík Energy management software and research MP Bank Financials Reykjavík Investment/commercial bank Nói Síríus Consumer goods Reykjavík Chocolates Nyherji Technology Reykjavík Computer services, software consulting Ossur Health care Reykjavík Nasdaq Iceland: OSSR Promens Industrials Kópavogur Packaging, plastics RÚV Consumer services Reykjavík The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service
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