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William Raoul's Manipulation of Masculinities in the New South, 1872-1918

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William Raoul's Manipulation of Masculinities in the New South, 1872-1918 Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History 4-24-2007 Reconfiguring Memories of Honor: William Raoul's Manipulation of Masculinities in the New South, 1872-1918 Steve Ray Blankenship Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Blankenship, Steve Ray, "Reconfiguring Memories of Honor: William Raoul's Manipulation of Masculinities in the New South, 1872-1918." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/3 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECONFIGURING MEMORIES OF HONOR: WILLIAM RAOUL’S MANIPULATION OF MASCULINITIES IN THE NEW SOUTH, 1872-1918 by STEVEN R. BLANKENSHIP Under the Direction of Jared Poley ABSTRACT This dissertation examines how honor was fashioned in the New South by examining the masculine roles performed by William Greene Raoul, Jr. Raoul wrote his autobiography in the mid-1930s and in it he reflected on his life on the New South’s frontier at the turn of the century as change came to the region in all aspects of life: politically, economically, socially, sexually, and racially. Raoul was an elite son of the New South whose memoirs, “The Proletarian Aristocrat,” reveals a man of multiple masculinities, each with particular ways of retrieving his past(s). The paradox of his title suggests the parallel organization of Raoul’s recollections. The “aristocrat” framed the events of a lifetime through a lens of honor, sustained by southern gentlemen who restrained masculine impulses on the one hand and avoided dependency on the other. Raoul the “proletarian” cast honor through an ideological retrospective whereby traumatic memories of disappointment and failure were re-fashioned through a distinctly politicized view constructed rather than recalled. Raoul’s business failures led him to re-conceptualize masculine honor as a quality possessed more by the emerging working class than the rising commercial class. Memory operates in this project as more than mere methodology as assumptions about access to the past through memory are subordinated to an examination of the meaning of the memories rehearsed by Raoul. Raoul wrote his autobiography at a bittersweet moment in his life. While his personal fortune had been nearly wiped out by the stock market crash of October 1929, he clearly looked back on his career in the New South as a committed radical with delight as the Great Depression called into question the legitimacy of the capitalist system that he had long held responsible for his own professional failures in a variety of endeavors, from the cotton- mill industry to box-car building and from saw manufacturing to a practicing accountant. Raoul converted to Socialism in part to join what he regarded as society’s most progressive and virile force. It is these two voices, the proletarian and the aristocrat, that are under examination here. INDEX WORDS: Atlanta, New South, Gender, Class, Race, Honor, Masculinities, Socialism, Labor, Cotton Mill, History of the Self, Plantation, Unions, Greenwich Village, Central of Georgia Railroad, Memory Construction, Business, Sharecroppers, Lynching, Prostitution, Contraception, Textual Analysis, Failure, Epistemology, Autobiography, Narrative, Modernity RECONFIGURING MEMORIES OF HONOR: WILLIAM RAOUL’S MANIPULATION OF MASCULINITIES IN THE NEW SOUTH, 1872-1918 by STEVEN R. BLANKENSHIP A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2007 Copyright by Steven R. Blankenship 2007 RECONFIGURING MEMORIES OF HONOR: WILLIAM RAOUL’S MANIPULATION OF MASCULINITIES IN THE NEW SOUTH, 1872-1918 By STEVEN R. BLANKENSHIP Major Professor: Jared Poley Committee: Glenn Eskew Alecia Long Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2007 iv Dedicated to the memory of my Mother Joan Blankenship and the encouragement of my Father Ray Blankenship v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not be possible without the generous advice, guidance, and suggestions given by the following people: at Georgia State University – Prof. Glenn Eskew and Prof. Alecia Long for their careful reading and constructive suggestions, Prof. Joe Perry, Prof. John Matthews (retired), Prof. Steve Rapp, Prof. Charles Steffen, and Prof. Clifford Kuhn. At Emory University – the Special Collections staff at the Woodruff Library, especially Kathy Shoemaker and Naomi L. Nelson; at Georgia Highlands College a special thanks to Larry Stephens, Susan Vines and Bill Vinson. John Russell of the University of Oregon Libraries and Lyndele von Schill of the University of Virginia have shortened this task by locating hard to find information. Thanks also to Jennifer Dickey, Curator of Oak Hill and the Martha Berry Museum, for information on Berry College and its founder. I would also like to thank the staff of the Lily Library at Indiana University and the Georgia Archives for their research assistance. Thanks go to Prof. Robert C. McMath, Jr. at the Georgia Institute of Technology for providing this author a copy of “The Proletarian Aristocrat.” I am in the debt of Warren Clark of Clark Associates in Huntsville, Alabama for a copy of the Diaries of Sarah Lois Wadley, 1856-1920. I should thank the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for photographs and archival materials. For City Directories, I’d like to thank the Roswell, Georgia Historical Society, the East Point, Georgia Historical Society, the Cleveland Public Library, the Butte-Silver Bow Public Library and the Chattanooga Public Library. For assistance other than academic, I owe Paul McHale and Jon Strudthoff a debt of thanks. I will always appreciate the patience and support of my wife Helene who encouraged me to pursue this path. vi My greatest debts of gratitude go to my original and current advisors. Prof. Krystyn Moon was present at the origins of this dissertation and skillfully guided its progress until her professional life took her to new opportunities. Generously offering to assume the duties of advisor was Prof. Jared Poley, without whom this project could not have been completed. Prof. Poley brought critical reading, a sympathetic ear, attention to detail, much needed organizational skills, and a perfect temperament for the challenges and pressure of completing a dissertation. For this, I will always be grateful. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………… v Introduction: Masculine Façades…………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Fin-de-siècle Atlanta……………………………………………………. 33 Chapter 2: Lost Honor: Requiem for a Failed Businessman………………………. 65 Chapter 3: Intimate Honor: Practicing Sex and Gender…………………………… 115 Chapter 4: Honor Denied: Reconstructing Race and Class……………………… 154 Chapter 5: Alternative Honor: Socialism and a New World……………………….. 177 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………… 218 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………. 230 1 INTRODUCTION MASCULINE FAÇADES For William Greene Raoul, Jr., masculinities were not exclusive. The presence of one did not indicate the absence of another. While in Birmingham, Alabama in 1910, Raoul rejoiced after receiving his first union card that confirmed his new working-class manhood. An upper- class Atlantan, Raoul’s conversion to Socialism may have changed his political affiliation but not his taste for haute cuisine as he would happily change into more appropriate attire for dinner with Birmingham’s elite. In Butte, Montana, in 1911, Raoul would sweep streets by day and swap gossip with the city’s Socialist mayor by night. Filling in for an absent headliner at a Socialist party rally in Cleveland in 1912, Raoul presumably confused his audience by declaring his financial independence due to the railroad bonds on his person while simultaneously attacking the injustices of capitalism. As a dedicated Socialist, Raoul admired hoboes as society’s most progressive element while he refused to fraternize with fellow African-American radicals. The reason behind this myriad display of masculine behaviors lay in Raoul’s elusive search for honor in a society which judged masculine success by criteria he invariably failed. Although alarmingly candid, Raoul’s memoir is not a transparent document finally revealing of an essential self. Its opaqueness invites interpretation of what it meant to be an American man at the turn of the twentieth century. And for a man of the South, like Raoul, issues of masculinity were inextricably intertwined with ideals of honor. This dissertation proposes “to restore honor” to the New South by examining how honor is rendered through the memories of William Raoul. Raoul was an elite son of the New South whose memoir, “The Proletarian Aristocrat,” reveals a man of multiple masculinities, each with 2 particular ways of reconfiguring the past(s).1 The paradox of his title suggests the parallel organization of Raoul’s recollections. The “aristocrat” framed the events of a lifetime through a lens of honor, sustained by southern gentlemen who restrained masculine impulses on the one hand and avoided dependency
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