Oldenburger Beiträge Zur Geschlechterforschung Band 15

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Oldenburger Beiträge Zur Geschlechterforschung Band 15 Oldenburger Beiträge zur Geschlechterforschung Band 15 Die Schriftenreihe „Oldenburger Beiträge zur Geschlechterforschung“ wird seit September 2004 vom Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (ZFG) herausgegeben. In variablen Abständen erschei- nen Bände von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus dem Kreis des ZFG zu aktuellen Fragestellungen, neueren Untersuchungen und innovativen wissenschaftlichen Projekten der Frauen- und Ge- schlechterforschung. Vor allem für Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftler bietet die Schriftenreihe die Möglichkeit, Projekt- berichte, Diplomarbeiten oder Dissertationen zu veröffentlichen. Herausgegeben vom Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (ZFG) Transfer und Interaktion Wissenschaft und Aktivismus an den Grenzen heteronormativer Zweigeschlechtlichkeit Josch Hoenes Michael_a Koch (Hrsg.) BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Diese Publikation worde gefördert durch das Niedersächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur Coverbild: Ronja Korfe Oldenburg, 2017 Verlag / Druck / Vertrieb BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2541 26015 Oldenburg E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bis-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-8142-2347-6 Inhalt Josch Hoenes und Michael_a Koch Einleitung Wissenschaftspolitik an den Grenzen heteronormativer Zweigeschlechtlichkeit 7 Robin Bauer Donna Haraways Konzept der Situierten Wissen Wissensproduktion als verkörpert und verortet am Beispiel von Trans*Forschung 23 Uta Schirmer Identitätskritik und Positionierungen Überlegungen zu Verortungen im Kontext zweigeschlechtlichkeitskritischer Forschung 43 Josch Hoenes Teilnehmende Lektüre Überlegungen zur Objektivierung des Forschersubjekts 61 Lena Eckert Neo_koloniale Wissensgenerierung über Inter* 87 Tamás Jules Fütty Normalized violence – normative und intersektionale Gewalt gegen Trans*Menschen im Kontext von Biopolitik 107 Mascha Körner Diskriminierung von Trans*Personen – Subjektive Theorien zu Erklärungsansätzen 121 René_ Hornstein Trans*verbündetenschaft – oder: How to be a good ally to trans* people 139 Erik Meyer Trans*beratung zwischen Selbsthilfe und Professionalisierung 163 Adrian de Silva Trans und sozialer Wandel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 175 Elaine Lauwaert Zwischen Identitätspolitik und Aufgehen in Zweigeschlechtlichkeit Betrachtungen von politischen Strategien von Trans*-Bewegungen in Deutschland in den 1980er Jahren 187 Yv E. Nay Affektiver Trans*Aktivismus Community als Atmosphäre des Unbehagens 203 Emil*ia Cremer und René_ Hornstein (Un)zusammenhängende Wörter – privilège oblige? Eine Performance mit Musik und Sprache 223 Anthony Clair Wagner Wieder-Aneignung des Monsters: ein Potential für perverse Gefüge 241 Robin K. Saalfeld Ambivalente (Un-)Sichtbarkeiten von Transgeschlechtlichkeit im zeitgenössischen Erzählfilm 265 Michael_a Koch Niemand will's gewesen sein: Strategien autobiographischen Schreibens und literaturwissenschaftlicher Forschung zu Intergeschlechtlichkeit am Beispiel von N. O. Bodys Aus eines Mannes Mädchenjahren 291 Angelika Baier Intergeschlechtlichkeit Lesen Das ethische Potential von Literatur am Beispiel einer Lektüre von Amanda Curtins Roman The Sinkings 305 Autor_innen 325 6 Josch Hoenes und Michael_a Koch Einleitung Wissenschaftspolitik an den Grenzen heteronormativer Zweigeschlechtlichkeit Gilles Deleuze: »Meines Erachtens waren Sie der erste, der uns etwas ganz Entscheidendes beigebracht hat [...]: wie entwürdigend es ist, für die anderen zu sprechen. Ich meine: Die Repräsenta- tion war ein alter Hut für uns; wir wußten, daß es damit aus ist; aber wir zogen nicht die Konsequenzen aus dieser ›the- oretischen‹ Konversion, daß nämlich die Theorie forderte, die Betroffenen müßten endlich praktisch für sich selbst reden.« Michel Foucault: »Und als die Gefangenen das Wort ergriffen, da hatten sie selber eine Theorie über das Gefängnis, über den Straf- vollzug, über die Justiz. Dieser Diskurs gegen die Gewalt, dieser Gegen-Diskurs, der von den Gefangenen oder den sogenannten Delinquenten gehalten wird, der ist das Ent- scheidende, und nicht eine Theorie über die Delinquenz«1 In diesem Ausschnitt aus einem Gespräch, das die zwei französischen Philosophen Gilles Deleuze und Michel Foucault zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre führten, wird ein Problem angesprochen, das auch innerhalb gegenwärtiger intellektueller und politischer Bewegungen immer wieder auftritt: Wer kann und darf in welchen Zusammenhängen sprechen? Wer verfügt über welche 1 Gespräch zwischen Michel Foucault und Gilles Deleuze. Die Intellektuellen und die Macht (1974). In: Michel Foucault (Hg.): Von der Subversion des Wissens. München: C. Hanser (Reihe Hanser, 150), S. 128–140, hier S.132. 7 Formen des Wissens und der Deutungsmacht? In welcher Weise formieren und determinieren Theorien das, was gesagt und gesehen werden kann, und wie strukturieren und determinieren sie Bedeutungsproduktion? Wer wird gehört und von wem? Welche Rolle kommt Intellektuellen, Wissenschaft- ler_innen und Aktivist_innen in gesellschaftspolitischen Auseinandersetzun- gen zu?2 Und welche Funktionen oder Aufgaben sollen, können oder wollen diese übernehmen? Fragen wie diese, sind jüngst auch in Bezug auf Inter- und Transgeschlecht- lichkeit virulent geworden.3 Denn während Trans- und Intersexualität lange Zeit unter der Deutungsmacht von Medizin und Sexualwissenschaft standen, formieren sich seit Beginn der 2000er Jahre zunehmend Zusammenhänge von inter- und transgeschlechtlichen Menschen, die sich nicht länger medika- lisieren und pathologisieren lassen wollen und beginnen, eigene Perspektiven und politische Forderungen zu artikulieren. In diesem Zusammenhang ent- standen auch erste wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, die sich aus geistes- und sozial- wissenschaftlichen Perspektiven mit Trans- und Intergeschlechtlichkeit aus- einandersetzen und häufig in enger Verbindung mit aktivistischen Trans*- und Inter*-Bewegungen stehen oder zumindest für sich beanspruchen, aus nicht pathologisierender und medikalisierender Perspektive zu Inter- und 2 Wir verwenden den auch als »Gender Gap« bekannten Unterstrich (»_«), um Geschlechtern und Identitäten jenseits von Mann oder Frau eine linguistische Repräsentation zu ermög- lichen. Damit soll ein Raum für nicht-binäre, queere Positionierungen geöffnet und ein Bewusstsein für diese hergestellt werden. Vgl. Steffen Kitty Herrmann (alias S_he): »Perfoming the Gap – Queere Gestalten und geschlechtliche Aneignung.« in: Arranca! 28 (2003), S. 22–26. 3 Wir verwenden die Begriffe Transgeschlechtlichkeit und Intergeschlechtlichkeit, sowie inter- und transgeschlechtliche Menschen, um ein breites Spektrum von Geschlechtern zu bezeichnen, die nicht in die normative binäre Geschlechterordnung passen. Sowohl die Vielzahl der damit angesprochenen Geschlechtsoptionen als auch kulturelle, historische, gesellschaftliche und politische Positionen, die damit in den Blick geraten, erweitern und transformieren die engen medizinischen Begriffe der Transsexualität und Intersexualität. Die medizinischen Begriffe Transsexualität und Intersexualität verwenden wir nur in Bezug auf genau diese medizinischen Kategorien. Darüber hinaus verwenden wir die Schreibweise Inter* und Trans*, wobei der Asterisk als Platzhalter, das Spektrum von Transsexuellen, Transgender, Transfrauen und Transmännern weiter öffnet und nicht nur verschiedene Formen von genderqueeren, nicht-binären und genderfluiden Positionen umfasst, sondern auch auf eine möglicherweise tiefere Bedeutung verweist, die noch zu erforschen ist (vgl. Tomkins, Avery: Asterisk. Keywords, in: TSQ – Transgender Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1, 1–2 (2014), S. 26–27). 8 Transgeschlechtlichkeit zu forschen.4 Allerdings existieren bislang im deutsch- sprachigen Raum kaum Forschungszusammenhänge in diesem Bereich und Forschungsergebnisse werden an sehr verstreuten, häufig schwer auffindba- ren Orten publiziert.5 Um dem entgegenzuwirken und zudem den Austausch mit Trans*- und Inter*-Aktivist_innen zu stärken, gründete sich 2005 ein ers- tes loses Netzwerk von Menschen, die aus nichtpathologisierenden und nicht-medikalisierenden Perspektiven zu Trans* und Inter* forschen. Die Ta- gung »Wissen(schaft)spolitik an den Grenzen heteronormativer Zweige- schlechtlichkeit« (Universität Oldenburg, 2015)6 ist aus diesem Netzwerk hervorgegangen und hatte das Ziel, eine Plattform für inhaltliche Diskussio- nen der Forschungsergebnisse zu schaffen sowie die Vernetzungsstrukturen sowohl innerhalb der Wissenschaft als auch zwischen Wissenschaft und Aktivismus auszubauen. Ausgangspunkt für die inhaltliche Konzeption der Tagung bildeten die Kritiken von Trans*- und Inter*-Aktivist_innen an patho- logisierenden und medikalisierenden Formen wissenschaftlicher Wissenspro- duktion, sowie der drängende gesellschaftspolitische Handlungsbedarf in Be- zug auf Neuregelungen des medizinischen, juristischen und gesellschaft- lichen Umgangs mit inter* und trans* Menschen, der inzwischen auch auf Ebene der Bundespolitik nicht mehr zu übersehen ist. So ist das Transsexuel- lengesetz (TSG) durch Urteile des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in vielen Tei- len außer Kraft gesetzt. Die Stellungnahme des Deutschen Ethikrats zu Inter- sexualität empfiehlt neben der Eintragung »weiblich« und »männlich« auch die Eintragung »anders« im Personenstandsregister zu ermöglichen und be- zeichnet »irreversible medizinische Maßnahmen zur Geschlechtszuordnung«
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