World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers © All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Review Article

An overview of Retusa Linn.

Rupali B. Dhawale1, Narayan N. Pawar1 and Yuvraj D. Adsul 2

P.G. Department of Chemistry1, P.G. Department of Biotechnology2., S.S.V.P.’S.L.K. Dr. P.R. Ghogrey Science College, Deopur, Dhule- 424005(M.S.)

Received: 31-12-2015 / Revised: 14-01-2016 / Accepted: 19-01-2016 / Published: 30-01-2016

ABSTRACT

Bridelia retusa belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae commonly known as asan or aghan found up to the altitude of 1000 M except in very dry region. The present in warmer part of India and whole plant useful in traditional system of medicines to cure different type of diseases. The bark of plant is tribal people used in treatment of rheumatism, antiviral, in snake bite and to produce sterility. The leaves, bark, roots and fruit contain different type of phytochemicals belongs to classes steroids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. The leaves are containing isoflavone having antifungal and antibacterial activities support use of leaves in ayurveda to treatment of wound and urinary tract infections. Chitosan flavonoid is isolated from leaves which showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study reported traditional properties, phytochemical pharmacognostic properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatry activities of plant Bridelia retusa.

Key Words - Phytochemicals, Pharmacogonatic, Analgesic, Bridelia retusa.

INTRODUCTION and no side effects. Bridelia worldwide 50 species distributed in Tropical , ranging plays vital role for the existence of life on from India and , Australia and 10 species in the earth and use of plants as medicine is as old as (Alekya Kilarual et., 2011) hotter part of humanity. Medicinal plants have been used for world. centuries as remedies for human diseases because they contain components of therapeutic value. The Objective of the study: In the present review, we interest in the study of medicinal plants as a source have carried out an- in depth literature survey on of pharmacologically active compounds has the plant Bridelia retusa, reports on increased worldwide. The Materia medica of India phytochemicals and ethno-pharmacological provides a great deal of information on folklore application of plant. practices and traditional aspects of therapeutically important natural products. Indian traditional Habit and Habitat medicine is based on various systems including ayurveda, sindha, unani and homeopathy. The discovery of these drugs is primarily based on phytochemical, pharmacological and allied approaches including various instrumental techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy and others. According to world health organization (W.H.O.) four billion people, which is near about 80% of the world population use herbal drugs for some aspects of preliminary health care. In ruler part of India medicinal plants are easily available and local tribal people have great information. In India due to diversity in climate and soil hence availability of large number of plant easily. These Bridelia retusa spreng. Syn. Bridelia airy- shawii herbal drugs are safety, more potency, low in cost from Family Euphorbiaceae (Sanskrit - Asan,

*Corresponding Author Address: Rupali B. Dhawale, P.G. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dhule, India; E-mail: [email protected] Rupali et al., World J Pharm Sci 2016; 4(2): 199-203 Hindi - Khaja) is small to moderate size deciduous steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenols, fats, and tree found throughout the warmer part of India minerals. Minerals like Calcium, Copper, Iron, except in very dry region up to the altitude 1000 M. Manganese, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Zink are Bark blackish – brown in color and irregularly reported in plant. [2, 3] Triterpene Ketone [4 - fissured leaves 4.5-10x2.7-11.5 cm elliptic - desmethyl eupha 7, 24(28) - diene - 3 - one], oblong, sometimes ovate, obtuse or sub-acute stigmasterol (1) and dehydrositosterol was isolated entire, slightly crenulated tormentos beneath. and reported. A literature survey showed presence Flowers are creamy – white in terminal panicles of of Benzoic acid derivatives like 4-[R-6-methyl-4- erect and fruits are greenish when ripe purple in oxohept - 5en - 2yl] benzoic acid (2), (-) color. Flowering and fruiting in month of July - isochaminic acid (3), (+) - sesamin (4), 5-allyl - 1, December.[1] 2, 3 trimethoxy benzene (5) and 4-[(R)-6-methyl - 4 - oxoheptan-2-yl] benzoic acid, gallic acid and Morphological Character ellagic acid are also isolated and having therapeutic Bark - The bark is externally blackish-brown, value.[4] internally yellowish-brown, taste is astringent, Leaves - Isoflavone was isolated from leaves its odorless and rough to touch. structure characterized by IR and NMR Leaves - Leaves 4.5-10x2.7-11.5 cm elliptic- spectroscopy which shows antibacterial activity. oblong sometimes a ovate, obtuse or sub-acute Chitosan flavonoids (6) are isolated from the leaves entire. which exhibiting analgesic and anti-inflammatory Flowers - Flowers creamy-white in terminal properties.[5] panicles of erect or drooping spikes. Fruits and Seeds - The chemical components Fruits - Smooth on the enclosed perianth. Ripe found in fruit pulp and seeds are -sitosterol (7), fruits are wrinkled and greenish purple in colour. ellagic acid (8) and gallic acid (9).[6] This compounds showed antibacterial, antifungal Chemical Composition activities. The ellagic acid and gallic acid exhibited Bark -The variety of phytochemicals are reported antioxidant properties. in bark of plant Bridelia retusa which are biologically active belongs to different classes like

HO Stigmasterol 1

COOH

O

H

H HOOC 2 3

200

Rupali et al., World J Pharm Sci 2016; 4(2): 199-203 O

O H

O O

H O

O 4 CH H3CO 2

H3CO

OCH3 5 CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH OH O O O O O OH OH OH

NH2 NH2 NH2 n Chitosan 6

HO β-sitosterol 7

HO O HO OH HO

Gallic acid 8

201

Rupali et al., World J Pharm Sci 2016; 4(2): 199-203 O

HO O

OH HO

O OH

O Ellagic acid 9

Traditional uses: The plant is great important and oil of castor, coconut applied externally to cure native people of southern India use of bark for wounds (Ayyonar and Ignacimuthu 2005). Leaves treatment of rheumatism and astringent agent also cure urinary tracts infection (Jain et al 2004). (Jayasinghe et al., 2003). An ethno medicinal Bridelia retusa leaves are used as fodder and said survey revealed that bark is given orally to women to free intestinal worms of cattle. In traditional to develop sterility, as contraceptive, useful in system of medicines as antibacterial.[7] Root of ‘vata’ lumbago, hemiplegia. (Jain et al 2004). In plant is purgative, astringent and remedy for herbal medicine for treatment of dysentery and gonorrhea. One or two drops of fruit extract diarrhea the bark is used. Bark of Bridella retusa poured in ear to cure earache and ripen fruits are also exhibited antiviral, hypoglycemic and eaten.[8] The plant also used in traditional system hypotensive properties. The paste of Bridelia of medicine to cure dysentery and diarrhea.[9, 10] retusa leaves and leaves of Curculigo orchioides, Bark juice taken internally in case of snake bite.[5]

Table showing Phytochemicals present in different plant part Plant part Phytochemical isolated Ethno medicinal uses Bark Triterpene ketone, benzoic Make sterility in women, as contraceptives, acid derivatives, ellagic acid, treatment of rheumatism, hypoglycemic and sitosterol and anti-viral. Antidote for snake bite dehydrositosterol. Leaves Isoflavone and chitosan Treatment of wound, urinary tract infection, flavonoids. dysentery and diarrhea. Fruit and seeds β-Sitosterol, ellagic acid and Cure earache, gallic acid Roots - Remedy for gonorrhea, astringent and purgative.

Pharmacological properties paw edema and chronic model showed potent anti- Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory: Ethanol inflammatory activity. [5, 11] Extract of leaves Bridelia retusa showed Chitosan Anti-microbial activity: The acetone and ethanol flavonoid. Chitosan flavonoid screened for anti- extracts of bark Bridelia retusa were active against inflammatory and analgesic activity in Gram negative strains Klebsiella pneumoniae, experimental animal models. The anti- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. inflammatory activity was determined by formalin Acetone and ethanol extracts shows activity against tail flick method and hot plate latency method by fugal strain Candida albicans.[12] The methanolic using external standard indomethacin and chitosan. and ethanolic extracts of leaves Bridelia retusa Chitosan significantly exhibited anti-inflammatory active against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and analgesic activity at a dose 250 mg/ Kg.[5]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. typhimurium. At Bark of plant Bridelia retusa extracted in conc. 15 mg/ml.[13, 14] petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water Hypoglycemic activity: Bridelia retusa bark by soxhlet extractor. The literature study revealed extract studied for hypoglycemic activity. that petroleum ether extract in the acute Methanol extract fractionated in petroleum ether inflammation model was carrageenan- induced rat and n-butanol Bridelia retusa did not show any

202

Rupali et al., World J Pharm Sci 2016; 4(2): 199-203 hypoglycemic effect in normal glycemic rats on mediated immunity and no effect on normal fasting condition on other hand, the hypoglycemic immunity.[16] effect of the extracts in the glucose fed rat by an intestinal glucose absorption and the stimulation of CONCLUSION the glucagon like peptide. The literature survey The above literature finding the tannins rich revealed that Bridelia retusa extracts produced fraction showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant hypoglycemic effect due to polysterols and activities. Presence of sterol and triterpenoids triterpenoids.[15] responsible for anti-inflammatory activity support Anti-oxidant Activity: Bridelia retusa bark the use of bark in traditional system of herbal extracted in acetone: water (70:30) to get tannins medicine in rheumatism. The bark of plant also rich fraction of bark. Tannin rich fraction has exhibited antimicrobial, hypoglycemic and strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH, immunomodulatory activities. The plant Bridelia ALP reducing power, hydroxyl radical and retusa leaves and bark extracts exhibit antibacterial hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging and antifungal activities support the leaves used in when compared with standard.[11,12, 17-18] herbal medicine in treatment of wound and urinary Immunomodulatry Activity: Bridelia retusa tract infections. In study ethanolic extract of leaves leaves extracted in methanol. Methanol extract showed presence of chitosan having analgesic and contain precence of alkaloids, glycosides anti-inflammatory activities. The leaves also flavonoids, tannins, phenolic substances and exhibit immunomodulatory activity. The present saponin. Bridelia retusa significantly potentiated study showed that pharmacological and the cellular immunity by facilitating the foot pad phytochemical properties of various bioactive thickness responses to the sheep RBC’s in compounds present in the Bridelia retusa. Further sensitized rats. The study stated that Bridelia investigation conducted to isolate and characterize retusa shows a significant stimulation of the cell the phytoconstituents from various leaves extracts.

REFERENCES 1. Patil DA, Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar District (Maharashtra), Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh publications Dehra dun. India; 2003: pp 529. 2. Panday SB, Osti NP, Serchand L, Degen AA, Benjamin RW. Rejuvenation of forest with fodder tree and shrub to sustain goat production in the hills of , Annual report 2002,2003 Animal Nutrition Division Khumaltar, Latitpur, Nepal, 2003. 3. Panday SB. Tiwari MR. fodders resources and pastoral system in Nepal, in proceedings of the 5th meeting of the temperate Asia pasture and fodder network. Bhutan; 2003: 71-78. 4. Ngueyem TA et al. The genus Bridelia: A Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review. J. of Ethnopharmacology. June 2009; 124: 339-349. 5. Alekya Kilaru et al. Isolation of chitosan from Bridelia retusa for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Research J. of pharma biological and chemical. July-Sept. 2011; 2(3): 349. 6. Joshi SG. Medicinal plants Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; 2006: 177. 7. Annonymous - The wealth of India,. Publication and Information Directorate. 1988; 2(B): 295-97. 8. Jain A et al. Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata Wildlife sanctuary Rajashtan, India. J. of Ethanopharmacology 2005; 102: 143- 157. 9. Pawar S, Patil DA. Observation on folkloric medicinal plants of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra. Indian J of Traditional knowledge, 2004; 3(4): 437-442. 10. Raju SV, Reddy KN. Ethanomedicine for dysentery and diarrhea from Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. of Traditional knowledge 2005; 4(4): 443-447. 11. Tatiya AU et al. Evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of stem bark of Bridelia airy-shawii in rats. J. of Natural Remedies. 2008; 8(1): 18-23. 12. Tatiya AU, Suluja AK. Evalution of phytochemical standards and In -vitro antioxidant activity of tannins rich fraction of stem bark of Bridelia retusa (Li). International J. of pharma.tech research. 2010; 2(1): 649-655. 13. Khan NA. et al. Antimicrobial activities of Bridelia retusa (L) spreng-belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Intrnational J. of pharmacy and life science. Aug. 2013; 4: 2860-2863. 14. Jayasinghe L et al. Antifungal constituent of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa. phytochemistry, 2003; 62(4):637-641. 15. Tatiya AU. et al. Hypoglycemic potential of Bridelia retusa bark in albino rats,Asian J. Bio. Sci. 2011; 4(1): 84-89. 16. Chakraborthy GS. Immunomodulatory activity of Bridelia retusa. Pharmacology online 2011; 2: 204-207. 17. Banerjee SK, Bande CG. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extract of Bridelia retusa spreng. bark: Impact of dielectric constant and geographical location. J. Med plants Res. 2011, 5(5), 817-822. 18. Kurdekar RR. et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of Bridelia retusa (Linn.) spreng. Asclepias curassavica Linn. Indian J. of Natural product and resources. 2o12; 3(4): 589-593. 19. Tatiya AU. et al. Effect of solvents on total phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Bridellia retusa spreng. Stem bark, Indian J. Nat. prod. Resour. 2011; (4): 442-447. 20. Cordeiro MC, Kaliwal BB. Protective role of bark extract of Bridelia retusa spreng. on CCl4 induced histological toxicity in mice. J. of pharmacognosy and photochemistry. 2013; 2(4): 142-148. 21. Cordeiro MC, Kaliwal BB. Atioxidant activity of bark extract of Bridelia retusa spreng. On DMBA induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague dawley rats. J pharmacognosy 2011; 2(1): 14-20 22. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 1999; 3: 2212-14 23. Chopra RN, Nayer SL Glossary of Indian medicinal Plants. 1992; 162. 24. Agarkar SP. Medicinal plants of Bombay presidency. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur; 1991. 31 and 44. 25. Joshi SG. Medicinal plants. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi: 2003; 62, 63 and 177.

203