DOCSLIB.ORG

Master's Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Master's Thesis Evaluation of Privacy Enhancing Technologies Master of Science Thesis in Networks and Distributed Systems Elpidoforos Arapantonis Chalmers University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering G¨oteborg, Sweden 2014 The Author grants to Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothen- burg the non-exclusive right to publish the Work electronically and in a non- commercial purpose make it accessible on the Internet. The Author warrants that he/she is the author to the Work, and warrants that the Work does not contain text, pictures or other material that violates copyright law. The Author shall, when transferring the rights of the Work to a third party (for example a publisher or a company), acknowledge the third party about this agree- ment. If the Author has signed a copyright agreement with a third party regarding the Work, the Author warrants hereby that he/she has obtained any necessary permission from this third party to let Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg store the Work electronically and make it accessible on the Internet. Evaluation of Privacy Enhancing Technologies Elpidoforos Arapantonis c Elpidoforos Arapantonis, January 2014. Examiner: Erland Jonsson Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Department of Computer Science and Engineering SE-412 96 G¨oteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 [Cover: The idea for the image was taken by the [1] and has been re-created in image processing software] Department of Computer Science and Engineering G¨oteborg, Sweden January 2014 Abstract Anonymity, Privacy and Privacy Enhincing Technologies (PET) are the terms which are going to be discussed during the course of this project. The breakdown of the formal terminology and the theory will help the readers to follow the anal- ysis of the existing implementations. The evaluation on the PETs will give some useful results that will be discussed in the conclusion. The primary goal of this project is the in depth study of existing PET imple- mentations. This will help not only to understand their main functionalities, but also to classify them in categories. A further elaboration on the classification mod- els will help the readers to understand the present and future needs, concerning the additional features that the PETs need to cover. To assess the effectiveness of an implementation, a series of tests will be con- ducted with the help of an existing web application as well as with a custom made test (fingerprinting). The web application will check the implementation's behav- ior by conducting tests in various potential vulnerable parts and the fingerprinting will test the user's uniqueness regarding to the traces, which are left behind. The results from the evaluation are going to be an essential guide for the users and will help them understand which implementation is suitable to their needs. Finally, the conclusion will give a broader point of view regarding the preser- vation of the user's anonymity. It is clear that there are anonymity systems which are not included in this project. This presents a good opportunity for a future research either in a wider perspective or by focusing on specific implementations. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep regards to my supervisor Erland Jonsson for his patience and guidance throughout the course of this thesis. I would also like to thank my parents and my friends for their great support and their constant encouragement without which this assignement would not be possible. G¨oteborg 4/12/2013 Contents 1 Introduction2 1.1 Motivation on Privacy Enhancing Technologies............2 1.2 The Goal................................3 1.3 Definitions................................3 1.4 Background...............................4 1.4.1 Cryptography..........................5 1.4.2 Mix Nets............................ 12 1.4.3 Onion Routing......................... 12 2 Review of Existing Implementations 14 2.1 Anonymity and pseudonimity tools for emails............ 14 2.1.1 Type-0 remailers........................ 14 2.1.2 Type-I remailers........................ 15 2.1.3 Type-II remailers........................ 15 2.1.4 Type-III remailers....................... 15 2.2 Anonymity and pseudonimity systems................. 15 2.2.1 Anonymous Proxy Servers................... 16 2.2.2 Java Anonymous Proxy (JAP)................. 17 2.2.3 Tor................................ 19 2.2.4 Crowds............................. 25 2.2.5 Freenet.............................. 26 2.3 Encryption Tools............................ 27 2.3.1 TrueCrypt............................ 27 2.3.2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP).................. 28 3 Taxonomy and Modeling 32 3.1 Historical Overview........................... 32 3.2 Existing Classification Models..................... 32 i CONTENTS 4 Evaluation of Privacy Enhancing Technologies 38 4.1 The safe-surf option........................... 39 4.2 Test in ip-check.info with default options in web browser...... 40 4.3 Test with the custom made test.................... 42 4.4 Test the Implementations....................... 43 5 Results of Evaluation 46 5.1 Safe-Surf Option in ip-check.info.................... 46 5.1.1 Low Anonymity Java/Flash activated vs. Java/Flash non activated............................. 46 5.1.2 Medium Anonymity Java/Flash activated vs. Java/Flash non activated............................ 47 5.1.3 Medium Anonymity Java/Flash activated vs. Java/Flash non activated............................ 47 5.2 Java Anonymous Proxy with Mozilla Firefox default user profile vs. JonDoFox user profile......................... 48 5.3 Tor.................................... 49 5.3.1 Mozilla Firefox in Tor bundle................. 49 5.3.2 Mozilla Firefox with default user profile............ 49 5.3.3 Mozilla Firefox with JonDoFox user Profile.......... 49 5.4 Java Anonymous Proxy vs. Tor.................... 49 5.5 Results from Custom Test in anonymity systems........... 49 5.6 Vulnerabilities in TrueCrypt and PGP................ 51 5.6.1 Brute Force Attack....................... 52 5.6.2 Side Channel Attack...................... 52 6 Conclusion 54 Bibliography 59 A Appendix 60 A.1 TheTest.html { Extract Java version................. 60 A.2 Thelog.php { Keep Log records.................... 61 A.3 Stringcomp.php { Compare the Logs and return the % of similarity 65 ii List of Abbreviations PET Privacy Enhancing Technologies PII Personally Identifiable Information IOI Items of Interest DES Data Encryption Standard AES Advanced Encryption Standard EFF Electronic Frontier Foundation NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology ECB Electronic Codebook Mode CBC Cipher Block Chaining CTR Counter mode RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman, a public-key cryptosystem ECC Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem MAC Message Authentication Code MITM Man in the Middle DH Diffie-Hellman OR Onion Router JAP Java Anonymous Proxy AN.ON Anonymitat Online TCP Transmission Control Protocol SOCKS Socket Secure, an Internet Protocol TC Tor Client PGP Pretty Good Privacy HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTML HyperText Markup Language NAT Network Address Translation CSS Cascading Style Sheets SSL Secure Sockets Layer TLS Transport Layer Security FTP File Transfer Protocol PHP Hypertext Preprocessor OS Operating System WDE Whole Disk Encryption iii 1 Introduction "The quieter you become, the more you can hear." -Ram Dass 1.1 Motivation on Privacy Enhancing Technolo- gies Nowadays the vast growth of Internet has resulted on putting at risk the personal privacy. It is difficult for new users to realize that their online activity might cause them to reveal their personal information. Security issues are dangerous for the users and as a countermeasure a set of tools and technologies/mechanisms can be used to help them protect their identity. The term PETs (Privacy Enhancing Technologies) is referring to these technologies and can be defined as: "Privacy-Enhancing Technologies is a system of ICT measures protecting in- formational privacy by eliminating or minimizing personal data leakage thereby preventing unnecessary or unwanted processing of personal data, without the loss of the functionality of the information system" [2]. During the design and the operation of modern computers systems, the need to protect the users' privacy is identified. Hence, the protection of personal informa- tion, i.e. Personally Identifiable Information (PII), must be cared for. More and more applications are using personal data to provide new experience to the user. The ease of use of these applications tends to create a false impression of trust to the user. At the same time new threats are coming up continuously and increase the major problem of privacy when the user exchanges information with an on- 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION line environment. The comprehension of the main terminology such as anonymity, identity management and privacy will help to better understand the whole concept of the Privacy Enhancing Technologies. 1.2 The Goal The main aim for this master thesis is to research and document the available PET technologies according to recent studies. The results from the documentation- analysis will be evaluated with the help of a test environment. 1.3 Definitions This section will be a reference to the terminology, which is used in the report. This will make it easier for the reader to understand the basics of each topic before dive into more details. Privacy: an attempt to define privacy is knotty. One of the best definitions is by Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MASTERCLASS GNUPG MASTERCLASS You Wouldn’T Want Other People Opening Your Letters and BEN EVERARD Your Data Is No Different
    MASTERCLASS GNUPG MASTERCLASS You wouldn’t want other people opening your letters and BEN EVERARD your data is no different. Encrypt it today! SECURE EMAIL WITH GNUPG AND ENIGMAIL Send encrypted emails from your favourite email client. our typical email is about as secure as a The first thing that you need to do is create a key to JOHN LANE postcard, which is good news if you’re a represent your identity in the OpenPGP world. You’d Ygovernment agency. But you wouldn’t use a typically create one key per identity that you have. postcard for most things sent in the post; you’d use a Most people would have one identity, being sealed envelope. Email is no different; you just need themselves as a person. However, some may find an envelope – and it’s called “Encryption”. having separate personal and professional identities Since the early 1990s, the main way to encrypt useful. It’s a personal choice, but starting with a single email has been PGP, which stands for “Pretty Good key will help while you’re learning. Privacy”. It’s a protocol for the secure encryption of Launch Seahorse and click on the large plus-sign email that has since evolved into an open standard icon that’s just below the menu. Select ‘PGP Key’ and called OpenPGP. work your way through the screens that follow to supply your name and email address and then My lovely horse generate the key. The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG), is a free, GPL-licensed You can, optionally, use the Advanced Key Options implementation of the OpenPGP standard (there are to add a comment that can help others identify your other implementations, both free and commercial – key and to select the cipher, its strength and set when the PGP name now refers to a commercial product the key should expire.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Applications of Formal Language Theory
    Dartmouth College Dartmouth Digital Commons Computer Science Technical Reports Computer Science 11-25-2011 Security Applications of Formal Language Theory Len Sassaman Dartmouth College Meredith L. Patterson Dartmouth College Sergey Bratus Dartmouth College Michael E. Locasto Dartmouth College Anna Shubina Dartmouth College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/cs_tr Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Dartmouth Digital Commons Citation Sassaman, Len; Patterson, Meredith L.; Bratus, Sergey; Locasto, Michael E.; and Shubina, Anna, "Security Applications of Formal Language Theory" (2011). Computer Science Technical Report TR2011-709. https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/cs_tr/335 This Technical Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at Dartmouth Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Dartmouth Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Security Applications of Formal Language Theory Dartmouth Computer Science Technical Report TR2011-709 Len Sassaman, Meredith L. Patterson, Sergey Bratus, Michael E. Locasto, Anna Shubina November 25, 2011 Abstract We present an approach to improving the security of complex, composed systems based on formal language theory, and show how this approach leads to advances in input validation, security modeling, attack surface reduction, and ultimately, software design and programming methodology. We cite examples based on real-world security flaws in common protocols representing different classes of protocol complexity. We also introduce a formalization of an exploit development technique, the parse tree differential attack, made possible by our conception of the role of formal grammars in security. These insights make possible future advances in software auditing techniques applicable to static and dynamic binary analysis, fuzzing, and general reverse-engineering and exploit development.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Anonymizing 1 Your Activities In our daily lives we like to have a certain level of privacy. We have curtains on our win- dows, doors for our offices, and even special screen protectors for computers to keep out prying eyes. This idea of wanting privacy also extends to the use of the Internet. We do not want people knowing what we typed in Google, what we said in our Instant Message conversations, or what websites we visited. Unfortunately, your private information is largely available if someone is watching. When doing any number of things on the Internet, there are plenty of reasons you might want to go incognito. However, that does not mean you’re doing anything wrong or illegal. he justification for anonymity when researching malware and bad guys is pretty Tstraightforward. You do not want information to show up in logs and other records that might tie back to you or your organization. For example, let’s say you work at a finan- cial firm and you recently detected that a banking trojan infected several of your systems. You collected malicious domain names, IP addresses, and other data related to the malware. The next steps you take in your research may lead you to websites owned by the criminals. As a result, if you are not taking precautions to stay anonymous, your IP address will show up in various logs and be visible to miscreants. If the criminals can identify you or the organization from which you conduct your research, they may COPYRIGHTEDchange tactics or go into hiding, MATERIAL thus spoiling your investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Securing Email Through Online Social Networks
    SECURING EMAIL THROUGH ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS Atieh Saberi Pirouz A thesis in The Department of Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering (CIISE) Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Applied Science (Information Systems Security) at Concordia University Montreal,´ Quebec,´ Canada August 2013 © Atieh Saberi Pirouz, 2013 Concordia University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Atieh Saberi Pirouz Entitled: Securing Email Through Online Social Networks and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science (Information Systems Security) complies with the regulations of this University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining commitee: Dr. Benjamin C. M. Fung Chair Dr. Lingyu Wang Examiner Dr. Zhenhua Zhu Examiner Dr. Mohammad Mannan Supervisor Approved Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director 20 Dr. Christopher Trueman, Dean Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Abstract Securing Email Through Online Social Networks Atieh Saberi Pirouz Despite being one of the most basic and popular Internet applications, email still largely lacks user-to-user cryptographic protections. From a research perspective, designing privacy preserving techniques for email services is complicated by the re- quirement of balancing security and ease-of-use needs of everyday users. For example, users cannot be expected to manage long-term keys (e.g., PGP key-pair), or under- stand crypto primitives. To enable intuitive email protections for a large number of users, we design Friend- lyMail by leveraging existing pre-authenticated relationships between a sender and receiver on an Online Social Networking (OSN) site, so that users can send secure emails without requiring direct key exchange with the receiver in advance.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Cgi Proxy Script
    Free cgi proxy script click here to download There have been many other proxy software scripts in the past, such as Glype, PHProxy, CGIProxy, Surrogafier, ASProxy, Zelune but all have either perished. This CGI script (or other) acts as an HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP proxy. Here's a demo (username "free", password "speech"), that lets you browse. Surf the web with phpMyProxy. phpMyProxy is a free, light and powerful php proxy script programed by www.doorway.ru If you use this template, keep the link to Free CSS Templates intact. cgi proxy script free download. Guacamole Install Script The script installs dependencies and configure the OS automatically for you in order to obtain. FREE CGI Web Proxy List contains list of cgi/php proxies that are publicly accessed at the moment. Public CGI (Web, PHP) anonymous proxy free list. WEB/WWW servers) servers running a proxy in the form of a CGI script/program (Common. Are you looking to start your own PHP/CGI/Perl web proxy site? We have created an up-to-date list of free and working web-based proxy scripts available for. Proxy website with hosted proxy bypass scripts. Proxy scripts (also known as CGI proxies) work by modifiying the content of the requested page to send subsequent requests back to All are powerful, easily customizable and free. Download CGIProxy. This CGI script (or other) acts as an HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP proxy. Through it, you can retrieve any resource that is accessible from the. start your proxy site with these 3 great free proxy scripts.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook for Bloggers and Cyber-Dissidents
    HANDBOOK FOR BLOGGERS AND CYBER-DISSIDENTS REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS MARCH 2008 Файл загружен с http://www.ifap.ru HANDBOOK FOR BLOGGERS AND CYBER-DISSIDENTS CONTENTS © 2008 Reporters Without Borders 04 BLOGGERS, A NEW SOURCE OF NEWS Clothilde Le Coz 07 WHAT’S A BLOG ? LeMondedublog.com 08 THE LANGUAGE OF BLOGGING LeMondedublog.com 10 CHOOSING THE BEST TOOL Cyril Fiévet, Marc-Olivier Peyer and LeMondedublog.com 16 HOW TO SET UP AND RUN A BLOG The Wordpress system 22 WHAT ETHICS SHOULD BLOGUEURS HAVE ? Dan Gillmor 26 GETTING YOUR BLOG PICKED UP BY SEARCH-ENGINES Olivier Andrieu 32 WHAT REALLY MAKES A BLOG SHINE ? Mark Glaser 36 P ERSONAL ACCOUNTS • SWITZERLAND: “” Picidae 40 • EGYPT: “When the line between journalist and activist disappears” Wael Abbas 43 • THAILAND : “The Web was not designed for bloggers” Jotman 46 HOW TO BLOG ANONYMOUSLY WITH WORDPRESS AND TOR Ethan Zuckerman 54 TECHNICAL WAYS TO GET ROUND CENSORSHIP Nart Villeneuve 71 ENS URING YOUR E-MAIL IS TRULY PRIVATE Ludovic Pierrat 75 TH E 2008 GOLDEN SCISSORS OF CYBER-CENSORSHIP Clothilde Le Coz 3 I REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS INTRODUCTION BLOGGERS, A NEW SOURCE OF NEWS By Clothilde Le Coz B loggers cause anxiety. Governments are wary of these men and women, who are posting news, without being professional journalists. Worse, bloggers sometimes raise sensitive issues which the media, now known as "tradition- al", do not dare cover. Blogs have in some countries become a source of news in their own right. Nearly 120,000 blogs are created every day. Certainly the blogosphere is not just adorned by gems of courage and truth.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
    State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing.
    [Show full text]
  • 20141228-Spiegel-Overview on Internet Anonymization Services On
    (C//REL) Internet Anonymity 2011 TOP SECRET//COMINT REL TO USA,FVEY Jt * (C//REL) What is Internet Anonymity? (U) Many Possible Meanings/Interpretations (S//REL) Simply Not Using Real Name for Email (S//REL) Private Forum with Unadvertised Existence (S//REL) Unbeatable Endpoint on Internet (S//REL) This Talk Concerns Endpoint Location (S//REL) The Network Address (IP Address) is Crucial (S//REL) It is Not Always Sufficient, However • (S//REL) Dynamic IP Address • (S//REL) Mobile Device TOP SECRET//COMINT REL TO USA,FVEY FT ^I^hHHPPI^^B äim f (C//REL) What is Internet Anonymity? (S//REL) Anonymity Is Not Simply Encryption (S//REL) Encryption Can Simply Hide Content (S//REL) Anonymity Masks the MetaData and hence association with user (S//SI//REL) Importance of MetaData to SIGINT post-2001 can not be overstated (S//REL) There is also anonymity specifically for publishing information (S//REL) Beyond the Scope of this Talk! (U) Anonymity is the antithesis of most business transactions (but encryption may be crucial) (U) Authentication for monetary exchange (U) Marketing wants to know customer well (U) The same goes for Taxing Authorities :-) TOP SECRET//COMINT REL TO USA,FVEY 3 A j. • " * (C//REL) Who Wants Internet ity2 Vm k m j®- * k (U) All Technology is Dual-Use - (U) Nuclear Weapon to Plug Oil Well - (U) Homicide by Hammer (U) Internet Anonymity for Good T - (U) Anonymous Surveys (Ex: Diseases) - (U) Human Rights Bloggers - (U) HUMINT Sources TOP SECRET//COMINT REL TO USA,FVEY 4 , A - Jt (C//REL) Who Wants Internet m •A w (U) Internet
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Security for Activists
    Training the Motivated: Digital Security for Activists Glencora Borradaile Kelsy Kretschmer Abstract School of Electrical Engineering School of Public Policy The state of global surveillance and the political and Computer Science Sociology Program environment has many activists caring more about their Oregon State University Oregon State University online security culture. We report on the initiation of a Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Digital Security for Activists program and a pilot study of an [email protected] [email protected] introductory seminar. Pre- and post-surveys of the seminar will form an initial assessment of what kind of intervention might increase the security practices of activists and to inform the design of program offerings. We report on the pre-surveys from three offerings of the seminar. Introduction In collaboration with the Civil Liberties Defense Center (CLDC), the first author had been offering informal digital security trainings for activists and their lawyers. After the fall elections in the U.S., requests for these trainings increased dramatically and shortly thereafter we launched a Digital Security for Activists (DSA) program. The DSA program’s intent is to align with the CLDC mission (“to defend and uphold civil liberties through education, outreach, litigation, legal support, and assistance”) and enable citizen activists to assert their constitutional rights while organizing online. Copyright is held by the author/owner. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee. Poster In order to provide trainings that are useful and effective, we presented at the 13th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for the Internet
    Privacy-enhancing technologies for the Internet Ian Goldberg David Wagner Eric Brewer University of California, Berkeley iang,daw,brewer ¡ @cs.berkeley.edu Abstract ing privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet pri- The increased use of the Internet for everyday activi- vacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 ties is bringing new threats to personal privacy. This pa- describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains per gives an overview of existing and potential privacy- today’s technology, and Section 6 explores the technology enhancing technologies for the Internet, as well as moti- of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. vation and challenges for future work in this field. 2. Motivation 1. Introduction The threats to one’s privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. years later. You might not realize that your personal infor- This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic mation has been monitored, logged, and subsequently dis- research towards new-found mainstream acceptance and in- closed; those who would compromise your privacy have no creased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet incentive to warn you. this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the po- The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure tential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. of personal information is especially acute on the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Blockchain and The
    NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX Notes Introduction 1. The manifesto dates back to 1988. See Timothy May, “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto” (1992), https:// www . activism . net / cypherpunk / crypto - anarchy . html. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Timothy May, “Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities” (1994), http:// groups . csail . mit . edu / mac / classes / 6 . 805 / articles / crypto / cypherpunks / may - virtual - comm . html. 7. Ibid. 8. For example, as we wi ll describe in more detail in Chapter 1, the Bitcoin blockchain is currently stored on over 6,000 computers in eighty- nine jurisdictions. See “Global Bitcoin Node Distribution,” Bitnodes, 21 . co, https:// bitnodes . 21 . co / . Another large blockchain- based network, Ethereum, has over 12,000 nodes, also scattered across the globe. See Ethernodes, https:// www . ethernodes . org / network / 1. 9. See note 8. 10. Some blockchains are not publicly accessible (for more on this, see Chapter 1). These blockchains are referred to as “private blockchains” and are not the focus of this book. 11. See Chapter 1. 12. The Eu ro pean Securities and Market Authority, “Discussion Paper: The Dis- tributed Ledger Technology Applied to Securities Markets,” ESMA / 2016 / 773, June 2, 2016: at 17, https:// www . esma . europa . eu / sites / default / files / library / 2016 - 773 _ dp _ dlt . pdf. 213 214 NOTES TO PAGES 5–13 13. The phenomena of order without law also has been described in other con- texts, most notably by Robert Ellickson in his seminal work Order without Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 14. Joel Reidenberg has used the term “lex informatica” to describe rules imple- mented by centralized operators online.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf-Fulltext (142
    IRIE International Review of Information Ethics Vol. XY (MM/YYYY) Breilla Zanon: Transparency for institutions, privacy for individuals: the globalized citi- zen and power relations in a postmodern democracy Abstract: The aim of this article is to observe how technologies of communication, especially the Internet - allow extensive and intensive connections between several global territories and how they begin to influence the formation of demands and the organization and participation of individuals/citizens around local and global causes. For this, the below article uses Wikileaks and the cypherpunk philosophy to exemplify how information can be both used and abused in the common space of the internet, allowing new citizenship developments as well as government control strategies. Agenda: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 56 An information paradox ................................................................................................................ 56 Wikileaks and the lesson of transparency ............................................................................................. 57 Free and controlled information: a philosophical reflection on the conduction of practices ....................... 58 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Author: Breilla Zanon: Federal University of Uberlândia, João Naves
    [Show full text]