Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Chiranjib Bhattacharya Suggala V. Satyanarayana S. Varadarajan Editors

Emerging Technologies for Valorization and Environmental Protection Emerging Technologies for Waste Valorization and Environmental Protection Sadhan Kumar Ghosh • Chiranjib Bhattacharya • Suggala V. Satyanarayana • S. Varadarajan Editors

Emerging Technologies for Waste Valorization and Environmental Protection

123 Editors Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Chiranjib Bhattacharya Department of Mechanical Engineering Pro-Vice Chancellor Jadavpur University Jadavpur University Kolkata, West Bengal, India Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Suggala V. Satyanarayana S. Varadarajan Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Electronics Jawaharlal Nehru Technological and Communication Engineering University Anantapur S. V. University Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ISBN 978-981-15-5735-4 ISBN 978-981-15-5736-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5736-1

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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface

Waste valorization aims of waste, favourable disposal, storage, sorting and in some cases synthesis of valuable products. The depletion of raw materials, the demand for eco safe green products and socioeconomic concerns have promoted the technologies for direct recycling of and residues. Waste valorisation also accredits the use of renewable energy, elimination and use of toxic chemicals and development of bio-benign products, to allow return and reuse to the biosphere, and elimination of waste through the superior design of materials, products systems and business models. Various valorization techniques are currently showing pro- mise in meeting industrial demands. Due to resource scarcity, increasing green- house emissions energy crisis and awareness of the need for in terms of safely reusing waste and biomass, the transformation of waste/biomass to valuable materials and energy is emerging as a promising trend. The search of more sustainable ways to live is emphasized on the cutting of waste production and waste recycling. In our society, widespread feeling of “environment in danger” has nucleated a general realization of minimizing waste production in our daily lives and has boosted many methods to achieve sustainable development, with improved leading to the production of industrially important materials, chemicals and fuels, in essence, valuable end products from the waste. Driven by technological advances or by changes in social–economic circumstances, the technologies showing steady growth in interest and applications, in both research and industry, are called “novel” or “emergent” technologies which hold the potential to change the paradigm and revolutionize the bioprocessing industry. Various valorization techniques are currently showing promise in meeting industrial demands. Scientists and engineers are working on prototype technologies that can begin this job. Waste valorization is one of the current research areas that have attracted a great deal of attention over the past few years as a potential alternative to the disposal of a wide range of residues in landfill sites. In particular, the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process such waste is an area of increasing importance in our current society. There are numerous strategies for waste recycling or processing such as composting,

v vi Preface regenerated animal feed and bedding, anaerobic digestion and so on. There are numerous strategies for waste recycling or processing such as composting, regen- erated animal feed and bedding, anaerobic digestion and so on. Lignin biomass conversion into fine chemicals using designer photocatalytic nanomaterial has become a promising technology. Some of these techniques have been successful in making their way to commercialization. The agro-food industries generate huge quantities of biodegradable solid or liquid wastes and consist of organic residues of the processed raw materials, and hence, various technological developments are emerging based on food industries to convert biomass into renewable fuels (biomethane, bioalcohol, biohydrogen, bio-oil/biochar). Recovery of value-added components from agro-waste using various emerging techniques like ultrasonication, microwave-based techniques, pulsed electric field, bioreactors, membrane bioreactor, enzyme membrane reactors is gaining importance globally. Synthesis of biopolymers, production of biofertil- izers, isolation of single-cell protein, organic acids of speciality application, development of bio-adsorbents are also some innovative approaches emerging from agro-wastes. Technological developments for waste management to control plastic and the synthesis of bio-based plastics are appearing as the most important issues in the circular economy era. The multi-valorization of underused bio- resources such as agro-food wastes, forestry surplus, seaweeds or microalgae is a desirable approach to meet the bio-economy challenges, hence using biomass as a sustainable renewable feedstock in bio-refinery systems is crucial for the transition from a non-biodegradable fossil carbon-based economy to a bio-based economy. Since the strategies replying on single conventional treatment technologies do not lead to optimal utilization of the valuable resources in the waste, “cascading approaches”, viz. coupling the generation of product and by-product processing to high value product emerging to address the challenge technological feasibility issue. This editorial volume is covering various aspects of waste management and control with technological developments of novel recycling approaches to provide a comprehensive global perspective of waste recycling, value addition to waste and circular process economy aspects of emerging technologies. The 8th IconSWM 2018 received 380 abstracts and 320 full papers from 30 countries. Three hundred accepted full papers have been presented in November 2018 at Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. After a thorough review by experts and required revisions, the board has finally selected thirteen chapters in this book Emerging Technologies for Waste Valorization and Environmental Protection. The IconSWM movement was initiated focusing better waste management, resource circulation and environmental protection since the year 2009. It helps generating awareness and bringing all the stakeholders together from all over the world under the aegis of the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW). It established a few research projects across the world involving the CST at Indian Institute of Science, Jadavpur University, and a few other institutions in India and experts from more than 30 countries in the research project on the circular economy. Consortium of Researchers in International Preface vii

Collaboration (CRIC) and many other organizations across the world are helping the IconSWM movement. IconSWM has become one of the biggest platforms in India for knowledge sharing and awareness generation among the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), government departments, researchers, industries, NGOs, commu- nities and other stakeholders in the area of waste management. The primary agenda of this conference is to reduce the waste generation encouraging the implementation of 5Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing and Repair) concept. The conference provided holistic pathways to waste management and resource circu- lation conforming to urban mining and circular economy. The success of the 8th IconSWM is the result of effective contribution of the government of Andhra Pradesh, several industry associations, chamber of com- merce and industries and the AP higher education council, various organizations and individuals in India and abroad. Support of the UNEP, UNIDO, UNCRD, delegation from the European Union and other foreign organizations was signifi- cant. The 8th IconSWM 2018 was attended by nearly 823 delegates from 22 countries. The 9th IconSWM 2019 was held at KIIT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, during 27–30 November 2019, with nearly 900 participants from 30 countries. This book will be helpful for the educational and research institutes, policy makers, government, implementers, ULBs and NGOs. Hope to see you all in 10th IconSWM-CE 2020 in December 2020.

Kolkata, India Prof. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh April 2020 Prof. Chiranjib Bhattacharya Prof. S. Varadarajan Prof. Suggala V. Satyanarayana Editors Acknowledgements

We thank Hon’ble Chief Minister and Hon’ble Minister of MA&UD for taking personal interest in this conference. We are indebted to Shri. R. Valavan Karikal, IAS, Dr. C. L. Venkata Rao, Shri. B. S. S. Prasad, IFS (Retd.), Prof. S. Vijaya Raju and Prof. A. Rajendra Prasad, VC, ANU, for their unconditional support and guidance for preparing the platform for the successful 8th IconSWM at Guntur, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. We must express our gratitude to Mr. Vinod Kumar Jindal, ICoAS, Shri. D. Muralidhar Reddy, IAS, Shri. K. Kanna Babu, IAS, Mr. Vivek Jadav, IAS, Mr. Anjum Parwez, IAS, Mr. Bala Kishore, Prof. S. Varadarajan, Mr. K. Vinayakam, Prof. Shinichi Sakai, Kyoto University, JSMCWM, Prof. Y. C. Seo and Prof. S. W. Rhee of KSWM, Shri. C. R. C. Mohanty of UNCRD, members of Industry Associations in Andhra Pradesh, Prof. P. Agamuthu, WM&R, Prof. M. Nelles, Rostock University, Dr. Rene Van Berkel of UNIDO, Ms. Kakuko Nagatani-Yoshida and Mr. Atul Bagai of UNEP and UN Delegation of India for their active support. IconSWM-ISWMAW committee acknowledges the contribution and interest of all the sponsors, industry partners, industries, co-organizers, organizing partners around the world, the government of Andhra Pradesh, Swachh Andhra Corporation as the principal collaborator, the vice chancellor and all the professors and academic community at Acharaya Nagarjuna University (ANU), the chairman, vice chairman, Secretary and other officers of Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education, for involving all the universities in the state, the chairman, member Secretary and the officers of the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, the director of factories, the director of boilers, director of mines and officers of different ports in Andhra Pradesh and the delegates and service providers, for making the 8th IconSWM a successful event. We must specially mention the support and guidance by each of the members of the international scientific committee, CRIC members, the core group members and the local organizing committee members of the 8th IconSWM who are the pillars for the success of the programme. The editorial board members including the

ix x Acknowledgements reviewers, authors and speakers and Mr. Aninda Bose and Ms. Kamiya Khatter of M/s. Springer India Pvt. Ltd. deserve thanks who were very enthusiastic in giving me inputs to bring this book. We must mention the active participation of all the team members in IconSWM Secretariat across the country with special mention of Prof. H. N. Chanakya and his team in IISc, Bangalore, Ms. Sheetal Singh and Dr. Sandhya Jaykumar and their her team in CMAK and BBMP, Mr. Saikesh Paruchuri, Mr. Anjaneyulu, Ms. Senophiah Mary, Mr. Rahul Baidya, Ms. Ipsita Saha, Mr. Suresh Mondal, Mr. Bisweswar Ghosh, Mr. Gobinda Debnath, Mr. Soumen Chatterjee, Ms. Ritasree Chatterjee and the research team members in the mechanical engi- neering dept. and ISWMAW, Kolkata HQ, for various activities for the success of the 8th IconSWM 2018. Special thanks to Sannidhya Kumar Ghosh, for being the governing body member of ISWMAW supported the activities from the USA. I am indebted to Mrs. Pranati Ghosh who gave me guidance and moral support in achieving the success of the event. Once again the IconSWM and ISWMAW express gratitude to all the stakeholders, delegates and speakers who are the part of the success of the 8th IconSWM 2018.

Prof. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Contents

Bird Diversity in the Mining Area of Bellary-Hospet Region, Karnataka, India ...... 1 J. P. Kotangale, Arindam Ghosh, and Amit Kumar Ghosh IoT-Based Waste Management System Through Cloud Computing and WSN ...... 9 M. Humera Khanam, V. Yamini, C. Sucharitha, Samia Anjum, and Y. C. Thejaswini A Study on Selection of the Biofilm for the Hybrid Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) Reactor Using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis ...... 19 R. Loganath, J. Senophiyah-Mary, and Teema Thomas

Experimental Investigations on the Combined Effect of TiO2 Nanoadditive and EGR on Engine Performance by Using Mimusops Elangi Biodiesel Blend ...... 29 R. L. Krupakaran, B. Dhinesh, B. Sachuthananthan, and N. Manigandan Production and Application of Chitosanases in Valorization of Crustacean Waste to Wealth—A Review ...... 49 P. Jeevana Lakshmi, Y. Hepsiba, and Ch. M. Kumari Chitturi

Capture of CO2 from Automobile Exhaust by Using Physical Adsorption Technique ...... 59 S. Mohankumar, B. Dhinesh, Muhammad Usman Kaisan, and P. Mohamed Shameer Chemical Characterization and Environmental Implications of Recycled Sewage Sludge in the Proximity Soil of Treatment Plant ...... 69 P. Balaganesh, M. Vasudevan, S. M. Suneethkumar, and N. Natarajan

xi xii Contents

Novel Techniques of Synthesis of Nanocellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse and Its Applications in Dye Removal ...... 79 Shubhalakshmi Sengupta, Megha Srivastava, Uttariya Roy, Papita Das, Siddhartha Datta, and Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay Assessment of Greenhouse Gases and Perception of Communities on Emissions from the Largest Dumpsite in Africa ...... 87 Michael A. Ahove, Olasunkanmi M. Ojowuro, and Chinenye L. Okafor Performance Analysis of Treatment of Distillery Spent Wash Using EGSB Reactor with Addition of Iron and Manganese ...... 101 G. M. Hiremath and Veena S. Soraganvi Recent Trends in Valorization of Non-metallic Ingredients of Waste Printed Circuit Board: A Review ...... 113 Debnil Bose, Sourav Barman, and Rajat Chakraborty Paper Mill Lime Sludge Valorization as Partial Substitution of Cement in Mortar ...... 127 Prabhat Vashistha and Vivek Kumar Wealth from Poultry Waste ...... 135 V. V. Lakshmi, D. Aruna Devi, and K. P. Jhansi Rani About the Editors

Prof. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh is a Professor in Mechanical Engineering and Chief Coordinator of Centre for Sustainable Development and Resource Efficiency Management at Jadavpur University. He is the former Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology & Ex-Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Jadavpur University, India. He is well known interna- tional experts in the fields of waste management, circular economy, SME sustainability, green manufacturing, ISO Standards and TQM. He served as the Director, CBWE, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India and L&T Ltd. Prof. Ghosh is the Founder and Chairman of the IconSWM-CE and the President of the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW), as well as the chairman of the “Indian Congress on Quality, Environment, Energy and Safety Management Systems (ICQESMS)”. He was awarded a Distinguished Visiting Fellowship by the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK, to work on “Energy Recovery from MSW” and working as PI at JU for Horizon 2020 project, “INDIA H20”. He received several national and international awards. He is involved in collaborative research with experts from more than 30 countries and in a few national committees. He has three patents, more than 200 publications.

xiii xiv About the Editors

Prof. Chiranjib Bhattacharya is the Pro Vice- Chancellor of Jadavpur University. He is a Professor and former Head in Chemical Engineering. He works as the Dean of Faculty of Engineering and Technology & Registrar at Jadavpur University. He completed his M.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (1991), and Ph.D. from Jadavpur University (1998) in Chemical Engineering. His areas of research interests include mass transfer studies in ultrafiltration, simulation of ultrafiltration process; other membrane separation processes like emulsion liquid membrane; wastewater treatment with specific emphasis on the membrane route; bioremediation; bioprocess engineering. He has more than 11 years of research and teaching experience. He has published many papers in international journals and conferences. He has also supervised 15 Ph.D. students and 34 M.Tech. Students.

Prof. Suggala V. Satyanarayana is Dean and Professor, Chemical Engineering, JNTU, Andhra Pradesh, India. He was the President of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineering. He completed his B.Tech. from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; M.Tech. and Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, in Chemical Engineering. He has 20+ years of teaching experience. He has supervised 20 Ph.D. students. He has published more than 100 papers in international/national journals and conferences.

Prof. S. Varadarajan is a professor at S.V. University and former Secretary, AP State Council of Higher Education, Andhra Pradesh, India. He completed his B.Tech. from S.V. University; M.Tech. from National Institute of Technology, Warangal, and Ph.D. from S.V. University in Radar Signal Processing. He has 10 years of teaching experience. He has published 04 books—“Embedded Real-Time Systems” with Narosa Publisher; “Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines” with Alpha Science International Ltd.; “Signals and Systems” with I.K. International Publishing House; “Electronic Devices and Circuits” in press with Lambert Publishers. He has supervised 18 Ph.D. students and 29 M.Tech. students. He is a fellow of IETE, Member of IEEE and Life Member of ISTE. Bird Diversity in the Mining Area of Bellary-Hospet Region, Karnataka, India

J. P. Kotangale, Arindam Ghosh, and Amit Kumar Ghosh

Abstract Bird survey was conducted in Bellary-Hospet region which has intensive iron ore mining activities. A total of 77 species of birds were observed of which 15 were aquatic/semi-aquatic. House crow was the most dominant species with 14.32% followed by laughing dove (11.85%) and house sparrow (10.32%). Species diversity index was calculated as 9.98. The birds were found to avoid core zone of iron ore mines, whereas no such finding occurred away from mining areas.

Keywords Bird diversity · Bellary-Hospet region · Iron ore mining

1 Introduction

Bellary-Hospet region in India’s southern state of Karnataka lies between 75° 42 to 77° 10 E and 14° 33 to 15° 50 N (longitude and latitude, respectively). Total study area is 3745.48 km2 with Hospet taluk having 904.17 km2, Bellary taluk with 1688.59 km2, and Sandur taluk with 1152.42 km2. Geographically, the landscape comprises parts of Bellary Forest Division which consists of two distinct regions namely eastern region and the western region separated by Sandur Hills. The forests of Bellary Forest Division vary from mixed dry deciduous type to thorny scrub type. The region is rich in biological resources particularly in the terrestrial flora which are mostly confined to the hill ranges. The good forest is present only in part of Sandur taluk viz. Kumaraswamy range, while other hill ranges are covered by poor forest cover with scrub vegetation and rocky barren land. Fabaceae is the most widely represented family with 9 genera and 17 species. Anogeissus latifolia and Hardwickia binata are major species in terms of value and distribution. Common trees include Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, and bamboo occurring as understory in Sandur. Common shrubs are Adhatoda zeylanica,

J. P. Kotangale (B) · A. Ghosh CSIR-NEERI, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India e-mail: [email protected] A. K. Ghosh FTBE Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1 S. K. Ghosh et al. (eds.), Emerging Technologies for Waste Valorizationand Environmental Protection, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5736-1_1 2 J. P. Kotangale et al.

Calotropis procera, and Lantana camara. About 0.5% of total species include Emblica officinalis, Haldina cordifolia, Diospyros montana, Pterocarpus marsupium, Ficus bengalensis, Madhuca indica, Terminalia bellirica, Albizia lebbeck, Terminalia chebula, Bridelia retusa, Limonia elephantum, and Elaeodendron glaucum. About 120 medicinal species are available in the region. The mining activities in Sandur and Bellary regions are among the biggest mining operations in Karnataka. Due to higher percentage of iron content (65%) in the ore, the demand for iron ore from this region is very high. Mining involves various processes such as drilling, blasting, excavation, transportation, dumping, and stocking which lead to the dust pollution. The dense forest in the study region is very less as compared to open forest in the area. The density and diversity of the vegetation in the study region is very less. The forests in the whole region are extremely poor having stunted branching and growth. In this context, it was decided to study the birds in this region and delineate birds’ population and diversity.

2 Materials and Methods

Field observations were made during morning and evening when the birds were most active. The study was conducted continuously for a week. The birds were studied by direct observations with a 7 ×−15 × 35 “Optima Zenith” binocular and were identified with standard literature (Ali 1996; Ali and Ripley 1983, 1987). A distance of 3–5 km was travelled at each site in which designated areas occurred. The odometer of motor vehicle was used to measure the stretch of each study site. The field data were collected by walking through the study region and listing taxonomic position of each species encountered (Clarke 1986; Richter and Sondgerath 1990; Bibby et al. 2000). The data were subjected to detailed analysis, and different indices like dominance index, species diversity index, and encounter rate were derived from the collected data (Kotangale and Ghosh 2002; Gopi Sundar et al. 2000; Hellawell 1978). The study was conducted at 56 sites given in Table 1.

3 Results and Discussion

The study revealed the presence of 77 species of birds (Table 2) during the walk through survey, of which 15 species were aquatic/semi-aquatic. They were found along or near the water bodies. House crow emerged as the most dominant species with dominance index value of 14.32%, followed by laughing dove (11.85%) and house sparrow (10.32%). Other common birds found in the study region were cattle egret, little egret, red-wattled lapwing, rock pigeon, rose-ringed parakeet, little green bee-eater, black drongo, Indian myna, jungle crow, red-vented bulbul, jungle babbler, and Indian robin (Table 2). These birds were found in close association with human beings and cattle. Majority of them were omnivorous preferring insects, worms, etc.,