Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station

United States Department of Agriculture Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station

Forest Pacific Northwest Third and Fourth Quarters, Service Research Station 2019 Available Online! Downloadable portable document format (PDF) versions of Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station can be found at https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/page/quarterly-list-recent-publications.

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This is the last printed issue of Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Re- search Station. This quarterly report will continue to be published online, and we will e-mail each issue to our digital subscribers. To enjoy this service, please subscribe here: https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/webform/publications-subscription. All our publications and the latest news from the Pacific Northwest Research Station can be found on our website: https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/.

Introduction

Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station is a quarterly report of all works published by this station and its scientists. Both station series and journal articles along with other types of publications published between July 1 and September 30, 2019 are listed by major topics of interest. A limited number of station series are available in hardcopy; links to electronic copies are provided for all in this publication. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station is one of seven research units in the USDA Forest Service. The research units collectively conduct the most extensive and productive program of integrated forestry research in the world. PNW Research Station was established in 1925. The station has its headquarters in Portland, Oregon; 11 research laboratories and centers in Alaska, Oregon, and Washington; and 12 active experimental areas (watershed, range, and experimental forests). The station also conducts research in more than 20 research natural areas. Our mission is to generate and communicate impartial scientific knowledge to help people understand and make informed choices about natural resource management and sustainability.

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Locate USDA Forest Service Research Publications online at https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/

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Treesearch is an online system for locating and delivering all publications by Research and Development scientists in the USDA Forest Service. Publications in the collection include research science series published by the agency as well as papers written by our scientists but published by other organizations in their journals, conference proceedings, or books. Research results behind these publications have been peer reviewed to ensure the best quality of science.

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2 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2019

Station Publications Third Quarter These publications are available for download at the website listed under each abstract. To order a printed station publication, circle its five-digit number on the inside back cover, cut out the order form, place in an envelope, and send it to the address indicated. Please do not remove the label containing your name and address. It is used to send your publications. If there is no label, please fill in your name and address. We now offer an online version of our Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station. This Web page allows you to preview our quarterly publications before ordering and instantly request printed copies of station publications. This resource can be found at https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/page/ quarterly-list-recent-publications.

Climate Change ecological disturbances (flooding, wildfire, insect outbreaks) increase. 18-020S Distribution and abundance of cold-water fish ► Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, David L.; species are expected to decrease in response to Ho, Joanne J., eds. 2019. higher water temperature, although effects will vary as a function of local habitat and competition with Climate change vulnerability and adaptation nonnative fish. Higher air temperature, through in south-central Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- its influence on soil moisture, is expected to cause GTR-974. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of gradual changes in the distribution and abundance Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest of plant species, with drought-tolerant species Research Station. 473 p. becoming more dominant. Increased frequency The South-Central Oregon Adaptation Partnership and extent of wildfire and insect outbreaks will (SCOAP) was developed to identify climate change be the primary facilitator of vegetation change, issues relevant for resource management on federal in some cases leading to altered structure and lands in south-central Oregon (Deschutes National function of ecosystems (e.g., more forest area in Forest, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Ochoco younger age classes). Vegetation change will alter National Forest, Crooked River National Grassland, wildlife habitat, with both positive and negative Crater Lake National Park). This science-man- effects depending on animal species and ecosystem. agement partnership assessed the vulnerability of Animal species with a narrow range of preferred natural resources to climate change and developed habitats (e.g., sagebrush, riparian, old forest) will adaptation options that minimize negative impacts be the most vulnerable to large-scale species shifts of climate change and facilitate transition of diverse and more disturbance. ecosystems to a warmer climate. The vulnerability The effects of climate change on recreation assessment focused on water resources and infra- activities are more difficult to project, although structure, fisheries and aquatic organisms, vegeta- warmer temperatures are expected to create more tion, wildlife, recreation, and ecosystem services. opportunities for warm-weather activities (e.g., The vulnerability assessment shows that the effects hiking, camping) and fewer opportunities for of climate change on hydrology in south-central snow-based activities (e.g., skiing, snowmobiling). Oregon will be highly significant. Decreased Recreationists modify their activities according to snowpack and earlier snowmelt will shift the timing current conditions, but recreation management by and magnitude of streamflow; peak flows will federal agencies has generally not been so flexible. be higher, and summer low flows will be lower. Of the ecosystem services considered in the assess- Projected changes in climate and hydrology will ment, timber supply and carbon sequestration may have far-reaching effects on aquatic and terrestrial be affected by increasing frequency and extent of ecosystems, especially as frequency of extreme disturbances, and native pollinators may be affected climate events (drought, low snowpack) and 3 PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION

by altered vegetation distribution and phenological Some ranchers are interested in the ability of BDAs mismatches between insects and plants. to restore incised streams and prolong streamflow, Keywords: Adaptation, aquatic ecosystems, climate and are starting to use BDAs to improve the health change, ecosystem services, fire, fish, forest of riparian areas. Beaver population recovery may ecosystems, hydrology, infrastructure, recreation, occur after the installation of BDAs on agricultural roads, science-management partnership, south-central lands, and the idea of intentionally encouraging Oregon, terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation, wildlife. beavers to return is met with skepticism by some landowners. Understanding and addressing ranchers’ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58688 concerns can help pave the way for this tool to be more widely used in rangeland ecosystems Ecology/Ecosystems/Environment Keywords: Bridge Creek, beaver dam analogue, 18-018S BDA, ranchers, watershed restoration. ► Davee, Rachael; Gosnell, Hannah; https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58234 Charnley, Susan. 2019. Using beaver dam analogues for fish and wildlife recovery on public and private rangelands in 19-024M eastern Oregon. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-612. Portland, ► Mazza, Rhonda; Freibott, Alexandra. 2019. OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 2018 Science highlights report of the Pacific Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 29 p. Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR: U.S. This case study was developed as part of a larger, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific interdisciplinary research project to assess the Northwest Research Station. 67 p. Online only. social, hydrological, and ecological effects of This report highlights significant research findings beaver-related watershed restoration approaches in and accomplishments of the Pacific Northwest rangeland streams of the Western United States. Research Station during fiscal year 2018. It is one of five case studies being undertaken to investigate the social context of beaver- (Castor Keywords: Research highlights, climate change, canadensis) related restoration in western range- fire, inventory and monitoring, disturbance, lands. Research in the Bridge Creek watershed of wildlife, communities, science-accomplishments. the John Day River basin has found that beaver https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58902 dam analogues (BDAs) improved habitat for fish listed under the Endangered Species Act, garnering interest from private landowners and public land 19-027M managers seeking to mitigate anthropogenic habitat ► Watts, Andrea; Grant, Gordon; Major, Jon. 2019. loss for sensitive and threatened species. The Spirit Lake dilemma: engineering a solution Researchers who published the studies on BDAs for a lake with a problematic outlet. Science in Bridge Creek are providing technical advice Findings 218. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of to stakeholders through workshops and guidance Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest documents. Regulating BDAs is a complex process Research Station. 5 p. because permitting rules are not well defined, and dams carry a stigma owing to a long history of water The Mount St. Helens eruption on May 18, 1980, diversion for irrigation and cattle that can impede fundamentally transformed the surrounding fish passage and alter water delivery. Soil and water landscape. The eruption triggered geophysical conservation districts and watershed councils act processes that are still unfolding. A debris ava- as intermediaries to help landowners navigate the lanche caused by the eruption, for example, blocked BDA permitting and installation process. Funding the outlet from Spirit Lake. To prevent the rising agencies that support restoration work are beginning lake level from breaching the blockage and poten- to grant financial support to BDA projects, citing tially flooding communities downstream, the U.S. results from the ongoing Bridge Creek research. Army Corps of Engineers built an outlet tunnel to

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maintain safe lake levels. However, the tunnel must species like elk respond to four types of recreation. be periodically closed for repairs, during which Real-time data recorded by telemetry units worn by time the lake can rise precariously high. people and elk alike allowed scientists to establish a In 2015, the Gifford Pinchot National Forest com- cause-effect relationship between human movements missioned a study to assess risks associated with and activities and elk responses. Scientists found alternative outlet options. A team consisting of that elk avoided areas where humans were recreat- researchers from the U.S. Forest Service Pacific ing. This avoidance resulted in habitat compression. Northwest Research Station, the U.S. Geological All-terrain vehicle use was most disruptive to elk, Survey, and Oregon State University authored the followed by mountain biking, hiking, and horseback study. At the team’s request, the U.S. Army Corps of riding. When exposed to these activities, elk spent Engineers conducted a dam safety risk-assessment of more time moving rather than feeding and resting. long-term solutions: maintaining the existing tunnel, Land managers can use this information to assess rehabilitating the tunnel, creating an open channel tradeoffs between multiple, and often competing, across the blockage, or installing a buried conduit land uses. When combined with planning efforts across the blockage. The assessment determined that that include stakeholder engagement, it may offer a there is no risk-free way to remove water from Spirit clearer path forward. Lake, but the likelihood is generally low that these Keywords: Recreation, elk, wildlife, roads, ATV, solutions will fail. With this information, the Forest off-highway vehicle, hiking, mountain biking, horse. Service is moving forward with developing a long- term solution to managing the Spirit Lake outlet. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58484 Keywords: Spirit Lake, tunnel, Mount St. Helens, risk assessment, flood, volcano, lahar. Inventory/Monitoring/Analysis https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58403 19-034S ► Marcot, Bruce G.; Reynolds, Keith M. 2019. Environment/People EMDS has a GeNIe with a SMILE. Res. Note 19-031M PNW-RN-581. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest ► Kantor, Sylvia; Wisdom, Michael; Research Station. 4 p. Online only. Johnson, Bruce. 2019. The Ecosystem Management Decision Support Seeking ground less traveled: elk responses to (EMDS) system has been further enhanced with an recreation. Science Findings 219. Portland, OR: analytical engine—BayesFusion’s SMILE (Struc- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, tural Modeling, Inference, and Learning Engine) Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p. that comes with the GeNIe (Graphical Network Recreating on public land is increasingly popular Interface) software—for creating Bayesian network in the Pacific Northwest. Recreation management models. Bayesian networks are graphical networks requires balancing opportunities for people to of variables linked by probabilities, that have enjoy the outdoors with mitigating the effects on proven useful in decision-aiding for risk analysis wildlife and other natural resources. Recreation and risk management. and wildlife managers grappling with these issues Keywords: Ecosystem Management Decision asked Forest Service scientists to quantify the Support, EMDS, Bayesian network models, impacts of motorized and nonmotorized recreation probability networks, decision analysis. on elk. Elk are highly valued for hunting and viewing by the public, and as large herbivores, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58510 they play a critical role in many ecosystems of the Intermountain West. A large fenced area within the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in eastern Oregon provided a unique setting for assessing how a wide-ranging 5 PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION

Journals and Other Publications Third Quarter The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, although the work was supported by the station. These publications may be viewed online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch website listed under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this website. For more information about Treesearch, see page 2 of this report. You may also obtain hard copies through university libraries or from the publisher; some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the journals in which PNW authors publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are: Valley Library Natural Sciences Library Oregon State University Box 352900 Corvallis, OR 97331 University of Washington (Visit or request article from Seattle, WA 98195-2900 the Interlibrary Loan section) (To visit only)

Interlibrary Borrowing Services University of Alaska Library Suzzallo Library, FM 25 3211 Providence Drive University of Washington Anchorage, AK 99508 Seattle, WA 98195 (Visit or request article from the (To request article only) Interlibrary Loan section)

► ►Halofsky, Joshua S.; Conklin, David R.; Donato, Climate Change Daniel C.; Halofsky, Jessica E.; Kim, John B. 2018. ► ►Adelfio, Luca A.; Wondzell, Steven M.; Mantua, Climate change, wildfire, and vegetation shifts Nathan J.; Reeves, Gordon H. 2019. in a high-inertia forest landscape: Western Warm winters reduce landscape-scale variability Washington, U.S.A. PLoS ONE. 13(12): e0209490. in the duration of egg incubation for coho salmon Keywords: Climate change, MC2 dynamic global (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Copper River vegetation model, inertia. Delta, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 76(8): 1362–1375. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58513 Keywords: Coho salmon, Pacific salmon, egg incubation, water temperature. ► ►Jiang, Yueyang; Kim, John B.; Trugman, Anna T.; https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58964 Kim, Youngil; Still, Christopher J. 2019. Linking tree physiological constraints with predictions of carbon and water fluxes at an old‐ ► ►Assmann, Jakob J.; Myers‐Smith, Isla H.; Phillimore, growth coniferous forest. Ecosphere. 10(4): e02692. Albert B.; Bjorkman, Anne D.; Ennos, Richard E.; Prevéy, Janet S.; Henry, Greg H.R.; Schmidt, Niels Keywords: Carbon flux, cohort-based model, old- M.; Hollister, Robert D. 2019. growth coniferous forest, physiological constraint, tree physiology, water flux. Local snow melt and temperature—but not regional sea ice—explain variation in spring https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58515 phenology in coastal Arctic tundra. Global Change Biology. 25(7): 2258–2274. ► Johnson, Adelaide C.; Noel, James; Gregovich, Keywords: Arctic tundra, climate change, phenology, David P.; Kruger, Linda E.; Buma, Brian. 2019. sea ice, snow melt, spring, temperature, vegetation. Impacts of submerging and emerging shorelines https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58514 6 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2019

on various biota and indigenous Alaskan Keyword: Basal area, carbon isotope discrimination, harvesting patterns. Journal of Coastal Research. CO2, drought resistance, fire suppression, ponderosa 35(4): 765–775. pine, stand density, stomatal conductance. Keywords: Climate change, coastal resilience and https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59101 vulnerability, landform, isostatic rebound, sea level rise, adaptation. ► Wenninger, Alexandria; Hollingsworth, Teresa; https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58255 Wagner, Diane. 2019. Predatory hymenopteran assemblages in boreal ► Ma, Wu; Zhou, Xiaoping; Liang, Jingjing; Zhou, Alaska: associations with forest composition Mo. 2019. and post-fire succession. Écoscience. 26(3): Coastal Alaska forests under climate 205–220. change: What to expect? Forest Ecology and Keywords: Aspen, ant, parasitoid wasp, Management. 448: 432–444. succession, trophic interactions, extrafloral nectar. Keywords: Matrix growth model, climate change, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58850 forest dynamics, disturbances, temperate rainforest. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58517 Ecology/Ecosystems/Environment

► Clark, Christopher M.; Simkin, Samuel M.; Allen, ► Newman, Erica A. 2019. Edith B.; Bowman, William D.; Belnap, Jayne; Brooks, Matthew L.; Collins, Scott L.; Geiser, Disturbance ecology in the Anthropocene. Linda H.; Gilliam, Frank S.; Jovan, Sarah E.; Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: 75. Pardo, Linda H.; Schulz, Bethany K.; Stevens, Keywords: Anthropogenic change, disturbance Carly J.; Suding, Katharine N.; Throop, Heather ecology, disturbance regimes, landscape ecology, L.; Waller, Donald M. 2019. natural disturbances, wildfire. Potential vulnerability of 348 herbaceous https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59089 species to atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the United States. Nature Plants. 5(7): 697–705. ► Rastogi, Bharat; Berkelhammer, Max; Wharton, Sonia; Whelan, Mary E.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Keywords: Plants, critical loads, diversity, soil pH, Noone, David; Still, Christopher J. 2018. functional traits, climate, acid deposition, nutrient nitrogen. Ecosystem fluxes of carbonyl sulfide in an old-growth forest: temporal dynamics and https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58903 responses to diffuse radiation and heat waves. Biogeosciences. 15(23): 7127–7139. ► DeBruler, Daniel G.; Schoenholtz, Stephen H.; Keywords: Canopy photosynthesis, canopy Slesak, Robert A.; Strahm, Brian D.; Harrington, conductance, heat waves, tracer gases. Timothy B. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58584 Soil phosphorus fractions vary with harvest intensity and vegetation control at two contrasting Douglas-fir sites in the Pacific ► Voelker, Steven L.; Merschel, Andrew G.; Northwest. Geoderma. 350: 73–83. Meinzer, Frederick C.; Ulrich, Danielle E.M.; Spies, Thomas A.; Still, Christopher J. 2019. Keywords: Site-specific response, Scotch broom, long-term soil productivity, phosphorus, selective Fire deficits have increased drought sensitivity dissolution extraction. in dry conifer forests: fire frequency and tree‐ ring carbon isotope evidence from Central https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59091 Oregon. Global Change Biology. 25(4): 1247–1262. 7 PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION

► Flitcroft, Rebecca; Lewis, Sarah; Arismendi, Ivan; Keywords: Abscisic acid, ABA, asymmetric Davis, Chante; Giannico, Guillermo; Penaluna, stomatal response, dynamic irradiance, ferns, light Brooke; Santelmann, Mary; Safeeq, Mohammad; flecks, stomata, stomatal evolution, water deficit. Snyder, Jeff. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58805 Using expressed behaviour of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to evaluate the vulnerability of upriver migrants under ► Grulke, Nancy E.; Heath, R.L. 2019. future hydrological regimes: management Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems. implications and conservation planning. Aquatic Plant Biology. 28(S1): 765–791. Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Keywords: Case studies, conifers, ecological 29(7): 1083–1094. setting, genetics, hardwoods, ozone exposure. Keywords: Behavior, fish, hydrological regime, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58851 hydropower, native species, phenology, river. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58569 ► Martens, Kyle D.; Devine, Warren D.; Minkova, Teodora V.; Foster, Alex D. 2019. ► Fu, Xiaoli; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2018. Stream conditions after 18 years of Metrics and proxies for stringency of regulation passive riparian restoration in small fish- of plant water status (iso/anisohydry): a global bearing watersheds. Environmental Management. data set reveals coordination and trade-offs 63(5): 673–690. . Tree Physiology. among water transport traits Keywords: Forest recovery, riparian, Olympic 39(1): 122–134. Peninsula, second-growth forests, passive Keywords: Anisohydry, drought tolerance, hydraulic restoration, active restoration. architecture, hydraulic safety margin, isohydry, leaf https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58582 osmotic potential, plant functional traits, stomata, wood density, xylem embolism resistance. ► McCaskill, George L.; Jose, Shibu; Ogram, Andrew https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58961 V. 2019. Low-dose herbicide effects on tree establishment ► Geiser, Linda H.; Nelson, Peter R.; Jovan, Sarah and soil nitrogen biogeochemistry within E.; Root, Heather T.; Clark, Christopher M. 2019. pine savannas. Soil Science Society of America Assessing ecological risks from atmospheric Journal. 83: S153–S160. deposition of nitrogen and sulfur to US forests Keywords: Restoration, herbicides, nitrogen using epiphytic macrolichens. Diversity. 11(6): 87. mineralization, microbial biomass, ergosterol. Keywords: Critical load, lichen, air pollution, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59060 environmental assessment, quantile regression, ecological risk, climate, biodiversity, conservation, land management, CMAQ, PRISM. ► Ratzmann, Gregor; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Tietjen, Britta. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58907 Iso/anisohydry: still a useful concept. Trends in Plant Science. 24(3): 191–194. ► Grantz, David A.; Linscheid, Brandon S.; Grulke, Keywords: Anisohydry, isohydry, plant water Nancy E. 2019. status, leaf water potential, leaf turgor, stomatal Differential responses of stomatal kinetics and conductance. steady‐state conductance to abscisic acid in a https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59102 fern: comparison with a gymnosperm and an angiosperm. New Phytologist. 222(4): 1883–1892.

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Environment/People Keywords: Fire ecology, fire effects, forest carbon stocks, forest succession, mixed-severity fire ► Donovan, Geoffrey H.; Gatziolis, Demetrios; regimes, total aboveground biomass. Douwes, Jeroen. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58854 Relationship between exposure to the natural environment and recovery from hip or knee ► Miller, Colton; O’Neill, Susan; Rorig, Miriam; arthroplasty: a New Zealand retrospective Alvarado, Ernesto. 2019. cohort study. BMJ Open. 9(9): e029522. Keywords: Normalized difference vegetation Air-quality challenges of prescribed fire in the index, natural environment, surgical recovery, complex terrain and wildland urban interface Atmosphere. 10(9): 515. orthopedic. surrounding Bend, Oregon. Keywords: Prescribed fire, particle matter smaller https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58968 than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), smoke, dispersion modeling, RAWS. ► Spies, Thomas A.; Long, Jonathan W.; Charnley, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59107 Susan; Hessburg, Paul F.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Reeves, Gordon H.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Reilly, Matthew J.; Cerveny, Lee K.; Stine, Peter A.; Raphael, Martin ► Peterson, Kate F.; Eskelson, Bianca N.I.; Monleon, G. 2019. Vicente J.; Daniels, Lori D. 2019. Twenty‐five years of the Northwest Forest Plan: Surface fuel loads following a coastal– What have we learned? Frontiers in Ecology and transitional fire of unprecedented severity: the Environment. 35: 1319. Boulder Creek fire case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 49(8): 925–932. Keywords: Old growth forests, Northwest Forest Plan, social-ecological systems, monitoring, forest planning. Keywords: Wildfire, forest carbon, fire severity, forest floor, surface fuels. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59103 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58909

► Steen-Adams, Michelle M.; Charnley, Susan; Forest Products McLain, Rebecca J.; Adams, Mark D.O.; Wendel, ► Petitmermet, Joshua H.; Fried, Jeremy S.; Kendra L. 2019. Sessions, John. 2019. Traditional knowledge of fire use by the Estimating biomass availability and cost when Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs in the implementing forest restoration with tethered eastside Cascades of Oregon. Forest Ecology and harvest systems. Journal of Forestry. 117(4): 323–339. Management. 450: 117405. Keywords: Fire resistance, fuel treatment Keywords: Traditional ecological knowledge, Indian feasibility, BioSum, Forest Inventory and Analysis, burning, moist mixed conifer forest, huckleberry Forest Vegetation Simulator. restoration. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59098 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59061

Fire ► Sessions, John; Smith, David; Trippe, Kristin M.; Fried, Jeremy S.; Bailey, John D.; Petitmermet, ► Kauffman, J. Boone; Ellsworth, Lisa M.; Bell, Joshua H.; Hollamon, William; Phillips, Claire L.; David M.; Acker, Steve; Kertis, Jane. 2019. Campbell, John D. 2019. Forest structure and biomass reflects the variable Can biochar link forest restoration with effects of fire and land use 15 and 29 years commercial agriculture? Biomass and Bioenergy.

following fire in the western Cascades, Oregon. 123: 175–185. Forest Ecology and Management. 453: 117570.

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Keywords: Biochar production and costs, forest Keywords: LiDAR, individual tree detection, resilience, food security. forest landscape management, Yosemite National https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58483 Park, Sierra National Forest. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59063 Inventory/Monitoring/Analysis

► Bell, David M.; Gregory, Matthew J.; Kane, Van; ► Long, Jonathan; Gray, Andrew; Lake, Frank. 2018. Kane, Jonathan; Kennedy, Robert E.; Roberts, Recent trends in large hardwoods in the Pacific Heather M.; Yang, Zhiqiang. 2018. Northwest, USA. Forests. 9(10): 651–674. Multiscale divergence between Landsat- and Keywords: Forest restoration, wildfire, biological lidar-based biomass mapping is related to regional diversity, cultural diversity, ecosystem services, variation in canopy cover and composition. Carbon monitoring, indicators, inventory, Native Balance and Management. 13(1): art 15: 2–14. Americans, nontimber forest products. Keywords: Aboveground live biomass, forest, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58482 Landsat, LiDAR, prediction, aggregation.

https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58368 ► Marcot, Bruce G.; Penman, Trent D. 2019. Advances in Bayesian network modelling: ► Fankhauser, Kathryn; Strigul, Nikolay; Gatziolis, integration of modelling technologies. Demetrios. 2018. Environmental Modelling & Software. 111: Augmentation of traditional forest inventory 386–393. and airborne laser scanning with unmanned Keywords: Bayesian networks, decision models, aerial systems and photogrammetry for forest model integration, machine learning, model monitoring. Remote Sensing. 10(10): 1562-. validation. Keywords: Remote sensing, point cloud, unmanned https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58773 aerial system (UAS), structure from motion (SfM), forest 3D models, oblique imagery. ► Mauro, Francisco; Frank, Bryce; Monleon, Vicente https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58969 J.; Temesgen, Hailemariam; Ford, Kevin R. 2019. Prediction of diameter distributions and tree- ► Hobart, Brendan K.; Jones, Gavin M.; Roberts, lists in southwestern Oregon using LiDAR and Kevin N.; Dotters, Brian P.; Whitmore, Sheila A.; stand-level auxiliary information. Canadian Berigan, William J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Keane, Journal of Forest Research. 49(7): 775–787. John J.; Gutiérrez, R.J.; Peery, M. Zachariah. 2019. Keywords: Tree-lists, diameter distributions, Trophic interactions mediate the response k-NN, Reynolds index, LiDAR. of predator populations to habitat change. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58492 Biological Conservation. 238: 108217. Keywords: Ecological mechanisms, foraging, forest management, predator conservation, spotted owl, ► Packalen, Petteri; Strunk, Jacob; Packalen, Tuula; stable isotope analysis. Maltamo, Matti; Mehtätalo, Lauri. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58967 Resolution dependence in an area-based approach to forest inventory with airborne laser scanning. Remote Sensing of Environment. 224: ► Jeronimo, Sean M.A.; Kane, Van R.; Churchill, Derek 192–201. J.; McGaughey, Robert J.; Franklin, Jerry F. 2018. Keywords: Scale dependence, resolution Applying LiDAR individual tree detection invariance, airborne laser scanning, forest to management of structurally diverse forest inventory, LiDAR. landscapes. Journal of Forestry. 116(4): 336–346. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58493

10 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2019

► Poudel, Krishna P.; Temesgen, Hailemariam; Gray, Gatziolis, Demetrios; Maki, Caleb; Andersen, Andrew N. 2018. Hans-Erik; McGaughey, Robert J. 2019. Estimating upper stem diameters and volume Large area forest yield estimation with of Douglas-fir and western hemlock trees in the pushbroom Digital Aerial Photogrammetry. Pacific Northwest. Forest Ecosystems. 5: 16. Forests. 10(5): 397. Keywords: Pacific Northwest, biomass equations, Keywords: Forest inventory, remote sensing, FIA, utilization standards, diameter inside bark. DAP, LiDAR, post-stratification. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58491 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58905

► Turner, Sabrina B.; Turner, David P.; Gray, ► Poudel, Krishna P.; Temesgen, Hailemariam; Andrew N.; Fellers, Will. 2019. Radtke, Philip J.; Gray, Andrew N. 2019. An approach to estimating forest biomass Estimating individual-tree aboveground change over a coniferous forest landscape biomass of tree species in the Western U.S.A. based on tree-level analysis from repeated lidar Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 49(6): surveys. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 701–714. 40(7): 2558–2575. Keywords: Biomass, Western United States, Keywords: Lidar, tree biomass, growth. Dirichlet imputation, component ratio method, carbon. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59062 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58853 Natural Resource Management/Use

► Probst, Alexandra; Gatziolis, Demetrios; Lienard, ► Flitcroft, Rebecca; Cooperman, Michael S.; Harrison, Jean; Strigul, Nikolay. 2018. Ian J.; Juffe‐Bignoli, Diego; Boon, Philip J. 2019. Intercomparison of photogrammetry software Theory and practice to conserve freshwater for three-dimensional vegetation modelling. biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Aquatic Royal Society Open Science. 5(7): 172192. Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Keywords: Remote sensing, photogrammetry, 29(7): 1013–1021. forest modelling, simulation, vegetation three- Keywords: Anthropocene, ecosystem function, dimensional reconstructions, tree crown geometry. freshwater conservation, freshwater management. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58970 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58568

► Smith, Robert J.; Gray, Andrew N. 2019. ► Kennedy, Maureen C.; Johnson, Morris C.; Fallon, Combining potentially incompatible community Kendra; Mayer, Deborah. 2019. datasets when harmonizing forest inventories How big is enough? Vegetation structure in subarctic Alaska, USA. Journal of Vegetation impacts effective fuel treatment width and Science. 30(1): 18–29. forest resiliency. Ecosphere. 10(2): e02573. Keywords: Beta-diversity, bootstrapped ordination, Keywords: Defensible fuel profile zone, fuel treat- boreal forests, community compositions, cross ment effectiveness, fuelbreaks, spatial patterns. validation, forest ecology, interior Alaska, national https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59090 forest inventory, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, procrustes analysis, species abundance distributions, species pools. ► Wilk, Randall J. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58490 Effects of variable-retention treatments on numbers of singing small passerine birds in Pacific Northwest forests. Northwestern ► Strunk, Jacob; Packalen, Petteri; Gould, Peter; Naturalist. 100(1): 60–70.

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Keywords: Bird communities, brown creeper, Site occupancy and reproductive dynamics of cavity nest, chestnut-backed chickadee, dark-eyed California spotted owls in a mixed-ownership junco, DEMO, Douglas-fir, forest management, landscape. Forest Ecology and Management. 437: hermit warbler, Oregon, Pacific wren,Pseudotsuga 188–200. menziesii, Townsend’s warbler, Washington. Keywords: California spotted owl, mixed- https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58849 ownership landscapes, multistate, occupancy modeling, private land, public land, Sierra Nevada. Wildlife https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58583

► Emel, Sarah L.; Olson, Deanna H.; Knowles, L. Lacey; Storfer, Andrew. 2019. ► Lorenz, Teresa J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Bloxton, Comparative landscape genetics of two endemic Thomas D. 2019. torrent salamander species, Rhyacotriton Nesting behavior of marbled murrelets kezeri and R. variegatus: implications for Brachyramphus marmoratus in Washington and forest management and species conservation. British Columbia. Marine Ornithology. 47(2): Conservation Genetics. 20(4): 801–815. 157–166. Keywords: Amphibian, land cover, MLPE, Pacific Keywords: Brachyramphus marmoratus, video Northwest, Rhyacotriton kezeri, Rhyacotriton surveillance, radio telemetry, nest predator, nest variegatus. provisioning, nest success. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58367 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58516

► Forsman, Eric D.; Swingle, James K.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Marks-Fife, Chad A.; Linnell, Mark A. ► Penaluna, Brooke E.; Arismendi, Ivan. 2018. 2019. Unraveling the hidden lives of warm-water fish A tale of two voles: a response to Rosenberg communities. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2019. Forest Ecology and Management. 451: 117258. 101(11): 1639–1640. Keywords: Red tree vole, western red-backed Keyword: Resilience, recovery, reference vole, Northwest Forest Plan, survey and manage, conditions, diversity, freshwater. density estimates. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59099 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58971 ► Yackulic, Charles B.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Dugger, Katie M.; Davis, Raymond J.; Franklin, Alan B.; ► Henderson, Emilie B.; Bell, David M.; Gregory, Forsman, Eric D.; Ackers, Steven H.; Andrews, Matthew J. 2019. Lawrence S.; Diller, Lowell V.; Gremel, Scott A.; Vegetation mapping to support greater sage‐ Hamm, Keith A.; Herter, Dale R.; Higley, J. Mark; grouse habitat monitoring and management: Horn, Rob B.; McCafferty, Christopher; Reid, Janice multi‐ or univariate approach? Ecosphere. A.; Rockweit, Jeremy T.; Sovern, Stan G. 2019. 10(8): 967. The past and future roles of competition Keywords: Greater sage-grouse, habitat mapping, and habitat in the range‐wide occupancy nearest neighbor imputation, random forest, sage dynamics of northern spotted owls. Ecological steppe, southeast Oregon. Applications. 29(3): e01861. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58906 Keywords: Competitive exclusion, ecological fore- casting, geographic range dynamics, late-successional habitat, old-growth forest, temporal scaling. ► Hobart, Brendan K.; Roberts, Kevin N.; Dotters, Brian P.; Berigan, William J.; Whitmore, Sheila https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58852 A.; Raphael, Martin G.; Keane, John J.; Gutiérrez, R.J.; Peery, M. Zachariah. 2019. 12 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fourth Quarter, 2019

Station Publications Fourth Quarter These publications are available for download at the website listed under each abstract. To order a printed station publication, circle its five-digit number on the inside back cover, cut out the order form, place in an envelope, and send it to the address indicated. Please do not remove the label containing your name and address. It is used to send your publications. If there is no label, please fill in your name and address. We now offer an online version of our Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station. This Web page allows you to preview our quarterly publications before ordering and instantly request printed copies of station publications. This resource can be found at https://www. fs.usda.gov/pnw/page/quarterly-list-recent-publications.

Climate Change Higher air temperature, through its influence on soil moisture, is expected to cause gradual changes in 18-031S the distribution and abundance of plant species, with drought-tolerant species becoming more dominant. ► Hudec, Jessica L.; Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, Increased frequency and extent of wildfire will David L.; Ho, Joanne J., eds. 2019. facilitate vegetation change, in some cases leading Climate change vulnerability and adaptation to altered structure and function of ecosystems (e.g., in southwest Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. more forest area in younger age classes). Special PNW-GTR-977. Portland, OR: U.S. Department habitats such as riparian areas and wetlands are of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest expected to be particularly sensitive to altered soil Research Station. 249 p. moisture, especially as drought frequency increases. The Southwest Washington Adaptation Partnership Warmer temperatures are expected to create more (SWAP) was developed to identify climate change opportunities for warm-weather recreation activities issues relevant for resource management in south- (e.g., hiking, camping) and fewer opportunities for west Washington, specifically on Gifford Pinchot snow-based activities (e.g., skiing, snowmobiling). National Forest. This science-management partner- Recreationists modify their activities according to ship assessed the vulnerability of natural resources current conditions, but recreation management by to climate change and developed adaptation options federal agencies has generally not been so flexible. that minimize negative impacts of climate change Timber supply and carbon sequestration may be on resources of concern and facilitate transition affected by increasing frequency and extent of of diverse ecosystems to a warmer climate. The disturbances. Native pollinators may be affected vulnerability assessment focuses on fish and aquatic by altered vegetation distribution and phenological habitat, vegetation, special habitats, recreation, and mismatches between insects and plants. ecosystem services. Resource managers convened at a SWAP workshop Projected changes in climate and hydrology will and developed adaptation options in response have far-reaching effects on aquatic and terrestrial to the vulnerabilities identified in each resource ecosystems, especially as frequency of extreme area, including both high-level strategies and on- climatic events (drought, low snowpack) and the-ground tactics. Many adaptation options are ecological disturbances (flooding, wildfire, insect intended to increase the resilience of terrestrial outbreaks) increases. Distribution and abundance and aquatic ecosystems, and to reduce the effects of coldwater fish species are expected to decrease of existing stressors (e.g., removal of nonnative in response to higher water temperature, although species). In terrestrial systems, a dominant theme of effects will differ as a function of local habitat and adaptation in southwest Washington is to accelerate competition with nonnative fish. restoration, particularly in drier forest types, to

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reduce the undesirable effects of extreme events is projected for rocky, steep-gradient shorelines and high-severity disturbances (wildfire, insects). associated with seaweed and kelp. In aquatic systems, a dominant theme is to restore Elders in the communities reported harvesting more the structure and function of streams to retain than 100 species and spent, on average, 45 days per cold water for fish and other aquatic organisms. year doing so. Ten percent reported harvesting on Many existing management practices are already more than 100 days per year. Shoreline projections “climate-informed” or require minor adjustment to help identify areas that are most vulnerable to make them so. Long-term monitoring is needed to physical and biological changes and their effects on detect climate change effects on natural resources subsistence foods. of concern and to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation options that are implemented. Keywords: Climate change, subsistence, sea level Keywords: Adaptation, aquatic ecosystems, climate rise, isotastic rebound, adaptation. change, fire, climate-informed management, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59064 ecosystem services, fisheries, recreation, science- management partnership, southwest Washington, terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation. 19-029M https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59057 ► White, Rachel; Prevéy, Janet; Hollingsworth, Teresa; Andersen, Hans. 2019. Warming in the cold North. Science Update 26. 19-035M Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ► McDaniel, Josh; Johnson, Adelaide; Kruger, Linda. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 2019. 15 p. Sea levels rise and glaciers retreat: changing The Arctic and boreal regions are warming more subsistence lifestyles in southeast Alaska. Science than twice as rapidly as the rest of the world. The Findings 221. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of timing of plants’ flowering and fruiting is changing, Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest with implications for insects, wildlife, and people Research Station. 5 p. who rely on these resources for food and livelihoods The shoreline in southeast Alaska is changing. in Alaska. Alaska’s boreal forest will undergo In many places, the shoreline is rising as glaciers significant functional and structural changes within melt and the land rebounds; elsewhere, rising sea the next few decades that are unprecedented in the levels are submerging the current shoreline. These past 6,000 years. The Bonanza Creek Long-Term changes are altering coastal habitats and subsistence Ecological Research program is critical to Forest resources on which many rural Alaska Native Service research because it is the only Forest communities rely in southeast Alaska. Service outpost in the boreal forest, which is the big- gest forest in the world. Pacific Northwest Research Forest Service scientists Adelaide Johnson and Linda Station scientists are contributing groundbreaking Kruger modeled the relationships between physical climate research in Alaska, with global implications. shoreline features and biological communities to project future shorelines and the distribution of Keywords: Climate vulnerability assessment, food resources. They also engaged high school boreal ecology, permafrost, plant phenology, remote students from the study communities to document sensing. the knowledge and perspectives of elders about food https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59190 gathering. They project that shorelines in southeast Alaska will change by nearly 6 feet of land emergence to 0.65 feet of land submergence in the next 100 years. Protected, low-slope-gradient bays and estuaries associated with eelgrass and clam habitat will be most affected. Less change in subsistence resources 14 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fourth Quarter, 2019

Ecology/Ecosystems/Environment not the only vegetation claiming the open ground. Invasive plant species, such as Scotch broom and 19-006S sweet vernalgrass, can also colonize the site and compete with the seedlings for water, nutrients, and ► Nemens, Deborah G.; Varner, J. Morgan; Johnson, light. Morris C. 2019. Eradicating Scotch broom requires repeated Environmental effects of postfire logging: herbicide applications, but even this approach might an updated literature review and annotated not fully control the infestation. Tim Harrington bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-975. and David Peter, both researchers with the U.S. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. conducted a 5-year study near Matlock, Washington, 35 p. to test if logging debris, in combination with herbi- The practice of removing fire-killed trees from cide applications, could reduce the spread of Scotch burned forests (known as “postfire salvage log- broom and other invasive plants; thereby improving ging”) has sparked public controversy and scientific regeneration of Douglas-fir. debate when conducted on public lands in the United States. This review synthesizes the current They found that leaving logging debris reduced scientific literature on the subject, providing an the spread of invasive plants and encouraged update to a 2000 literature review (PNW-GTR-486) the development of the native plant community. and subsequent synthesis (PNW-GTR-776). Forty- Douglas-fir seedlings on these sites also grew three published studies are reviewed, summarizing faster and had higher survival rates than ecological effects on wildlife, vegetation, fuels, seedlings on sites where logging debris was soils, and other environmental variables. Several removed. These results suggest that retaining key themes emerge from the review and specific logging debris offers a potentially cost-effective research topics for future study are suggested. An and beneficial long-term solution for managing annotated bibliography is provided at the conclusion invasive plants. of the document. Keywords: Logging debris, retention, invasive Keywords: Ecological effects, fire, fuel dynamics, species, nonnative plants, scotch broom, Douglas-fir. wildlife, salvage, soil erosion, wildfire. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58900 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59238 Inventory/Monitoring/Analysis Forest/Plant Health 17-082S 19-033M ► Lazaro, Michelle K.; Kuegler, Olaf; Stanton, ► Watts, Andrea; Harrington, Tim; Peter, Dave; Sharon M.; Lehman, Ashley D.; Taufete’e, Mary L.; Slesak, Robert. 2019. Yatskov, Mikhail A. 2019. Managing competing vegetation in Douglas-fir American Samoa’s forest resources: Forest plantations: the benefits of forest floor complexity. Inventory and Analysis, 2012. Resour. Bull. Science Findings 220. Portland, OR: U.S. PNW-RB-269. Portland, OR: U.S. Department Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Northwest Research Station. 5 p. Research Station. 51 p. In the Pacific Northwest, clearcutting is the preferred method for harvesting wood products This report highlights key findings from 2012 data from Douglas-fir plantations because it’s economical collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis and mimics a large-scale disturbance. Following program across all forested land on four islands in a clearcut, Douglas-fir seedlings are planted American Samoa, updating previously published throughout the recovering native plant community. findings from data collected in 2001. We summarize Yet the newly planted seedlings and native plants are and interpret basic resource information such as estimates of forest area, stem volume, biomass,

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numbers of trees, damages to trees, and tree size Because of the pilot project’s success, Congress distribution as well as overstory and understory provided funding to implement the FIA inventory vegetation cover and information on invasive plant in all of interior Alaska. The team is conducting species presence and cover. Detailed tables and inventories as part of a 10-year collaboration graphical highlights are included to help inform jointly funded by the Forest Service and NASA. resource managers and policymakers, as well as The Tanana Inventory Unit, one of five units, was educate the public regarding the status and trends of completed in 2018; also in 2018, the Susitna-Copper their local natural resources. The appendices provide Inventory Unit was surveyed with G-LiHT, details on inventory methods and design and include and FIA ground plot measurements will be summary tables of data, with statistical error, for the completed in 2020. wide variety of forest characteristics inventoried. Keywords: Interior Alaska, Tanana Valley, Forest Keywords: American Samoa, biomass, carbon, Inventory and Analysis, FIA, G-LiHT, LiDAR. damage, forest land, inventory, vegetation, invasive https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59147 plants. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58512

20-001M ► Watts, Andrea; Andersen, Hans-Erik; Cook, Bruce; Alonzo, Mike. 2019. Innovation in the interior: How state-of-the-art remote sensing is helping to inventory Alaska’s last frontier. Science Findings 222. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p. Since the 1930s, the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program has inventoried the nation’s forests to produce “the Nation’s Forest Census.” This census provides valuable snapshots of forests in the lower 48 states, Hawaii, southeast Alaska, and the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Although select areas of interior Alaska have been inventoried, a systematic inventory has not been conducted because of the interior’s remote- ness and correspondingly higher inventory costs. A team composed of researchers with the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, American University, and Michigan State University developed a remote-sensing and ground-based solution to inventory interior Alaska. In 2014, a pilot project conducted in the Tanana Valley demonstrated that the combination of Goddard’s LiDAR Hyperspectral and Thermal airborne imager (G-LiHT), field-based plots, and a modified sampling protocol produced a dataset that managers could use with a high confidence in its accuracy.

16 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fourth Quarter, 2019

Journals and Other Publications Fourth Quarter The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, although the work was supported by the station. These publications may be viewed online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch website listed under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this website. For more information about Treesearch, see page 2 of this report. You may also obtain hard copies through university libraries or from the publisher; some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the journals in which PNW authors publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are: Valley Library Natural Sciences Library Oregon State University Box 352900 Corvallis, OR 97331 University of Washington (Visit or request article from Seattle, WA 98195-2900 the Interlibrary Loan section) (To visit only)

► Wondzell, Steven M.; Diabat, Mousa; Haggerty, Climate Change Roy. 2018. ► Underwood, Emma C.; Hollander, Allan D.; Safford, What matters most: Are future stream Hugh D.; Kim, John B.; Srivastava, Lorie; Drapek, temperatures more sensitive to changing air Ray J. 2019. temperatures, discharge, or riparian vegetation? The impacts of climate change on ecosystem Journal of the American Water Resources services in southern California. Ecosystem Association. 55(1): 116–132. Services. 39: 101008. Keywords: Climate change, global change, stream Keywords: Biodiversity, carbon storage, recharge, temperature, riparian forest, shade, riparian resource management, runoff, sediment export. restoration, native salmon and trout, riparian management. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59322 https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59326

► Ulrich, Danielle E.M.; Still, Christopher; Brooks, J. Renée; Kim, Youngil; Meinzer, Fredrick C. 2019. Investigating old‐growth ponderosa pine physiology using tree‐rings, δ 13 C, δ 18 O, and a process‐based model. Ecology. 140: e02656. Keywords: Carbon isotope ratios, effective path length, oxygen isotope ratios, physiological principles in predicting growth, process‐based modeling, tree rings. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59321

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► Spitz, Derek B.; Clark, Darren A.; Wisdom, Michael Ecology/Ecosystems/Environment J.; Rowland, Mary M.; Johnson, Bruce K.; Long, ► Bellmore, J. Ryan; Pess, George R.; Duda, Jeffrey Ryan A.; Levi, Taal. 2018. J.; O’Connor, Jim E.; East, Amy E.; Foley, Melissa Fire history influences large-herbivore behavior M.; Wilcox, Andrew C.; Major, Jon J.; Shafroth, at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales. Patrick B.; Morley, Sarah A.; Magirl, Christopher Ecological Applications. 28(8): 2082–2091. S.; Anderson, Chauncey W.; Evans, James E.; Keywords: Behavioral plasticity, Cervus canadensis, Torgersen, Christian E.; Craig, Laura S. 2019. commuting behavior, discrete choice, large herbivores, Conceptualizing ecological responses to dam resource selection, temporal scale, ungulates. removal: If you remove it, what’s to come? https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59215 BioScience. 69(1): 26–39. Keywords: Dam removal, river restoration, Environment/People disturbance, conceptual models, ecological modeling. ► Kreye, Melissa M.; Adams, Damian C.; Kline, Jeffrey D. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59069 Gaining voter support for watershed protection. Land Use Policy. 89: 104227. ► Hauck, Laura L.; Weitemier, Kevin A.; Penaluna, Keywords: Watershed protection, ballot referendums Brooke E.; Garcia, Tiffany S.; Cronn, Richard. 2019. and referenda, ecosystem services, nudge, voter Casting a broader net: using microfluidic behavior. metagenomics to capture aquatic biodiversity https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59131 data from diverse taxonomic targets. Environmental DNA. 1(3): 251–267. Keywords: Aquatic community, biodiversity, ► Wiens, J. David; Dilione, Krista E.; Eagles-Smith, environmental DNA, metabarcoding, microfluidic. Collin A.; Herring, Garth; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Gabriel, Mourad W.; Wengert, Greta M.; Simon, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59138 David C. 2019. Anticoagulant rodenticides in Strix owls indicate ► Linnell, Mark A.; Lesmeister, Damon B. 2019. widespread exposure in west coast forests. Landscape connectivity and conservation Biological Conservation. 238: 108238-. prioritization for an old forest species with Keywords: Anticoagulant rodenticide, barred owl, limited vagility. Animal Conservation. 22(6): brodifacoum, northern spotted owl, Strix varia, 568–578. Strix occidentalis caurina. Keywords: Arboreal rodent, Arborimus longicaudus, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59298 endangered species, forest patch mosaic, habitat network, red tree vole, multi-generation Natural Resource Management/Use connectivity, landscape connectivity. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59261 ► Marto, Marco; Reynolds, Keith M.; Borges, Jose G.; Bushenkov, Vladimir A.; Marques, Susete; Marques, Marlene; Barreiro, Susana; Botequim, Brigite; Tomé, Margarida. 2019. Web-based forest resources management decision support system. Forests. 10(12): 1079. Keywords: Web-based architecture, decision support system, forest management planning, multi-criteria methods, tradeoff analysis. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59325 18 Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fourth Quarter, 2019

Wildlife ► Sundar, K.S. Gopi; Koju, Roshila; Maharjan, Bijay; Marcot, Bruce G.; Kittur, Swati; Gosai, Kamal Raj. ► Bradley, Paul W.; Brawner, Michael D.; Raffel, 2019. Thomas R.; Rohr, Jason R.; Olson, Deanna H.; First assessment of factors affecting breeding Blaustein, Andrew R. 2019. success of storks in lowland Nepal using Bayesian Shifts in temperature influence how network models. Wildfowl. 69: 45–69. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infects Keywords: Agricultural biodiversity, Asian openbill, amphibian larvae. PLoS ONE. 14(9): e0222237. Bayesian network modeling, lesser adjutant. Keywords: Chytrid, toads, frogs, pathogen, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59230 amphibian disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. ► Weldy, Matthew J.; Wilson, Todd M.; Lesmeister, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59132 Damon B.; Epps, Clinton W. 2019. Effects of trapping effort and trap placement ► Jenkins, Julianna M.A.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; on estimating abundance of Humboldt’s flying Forsman, Eric D.; Dugger, Katie M.; Ackers, Steven squirrels. PeerJ. 7: e7783-. H.; Andrews, L. Steven; McCafferty, Chris E.; Keywords: Oregon, mark-recapture, Glaucomys Pruett, M. Shane; Reid, Janice A.; Sovern, Stan G.; oregonensis, Humboldt’s flying squirrel, live Horn, Rob B.; Gremel, Scott A.; Wiens, J. David; trapping, trap placement, trapping effort. Yang, Zhiqiang. 2019. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59320 Social status, forest disturbance, and barred owls shape long-term trends in breeding dispersal distance of northern spotted owls. The Condor: Ornithological Applications. 94: 45–62. Keywords: Barred owl, breeding dispersal, forest disturbance, northern spotted owl, Strix occidentalis caurina, Strix varia. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59297

► Spitz, Derek B.; Rowland, Mary M.; Clark, Darren A.; Wisdom, Michael J.; Smith, Joshua B.; Brown, Casey L.; Levi, Taal. 2019. Behavioral changes and nutritional consequences to elk (Cervus canadensis) avoiding perceived risk from human hunters. Ecosphere. 10(9): 1–17. Keywords: Anti-predator behavior, Cervus canadensis, nonconsumptive effects, nonlethal effects, predation risk, predator-prey interaction, resource selection, risk allocation hypothesis, risk effects, security area, ungulate hunting. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59216

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