The NATIONAL HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

JULY · · · · 1927 The American Horticultural Society A Union oj The National Horticultural Society and The American Horticultural Society, at Tf/ashington, D. C. Devoted to the popularizing oj all phases oj Horticulture: Ornamental Gardening, including Landscape Gardening and Amateur Flower Gardening; Projessional Flower Gardening or Floriculture; Vegetable Gardening; Fruit Growing and all activities allied with Horticulture

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS March 1, 1927

OFFICERS President, F. L. Mulford, 2552 Tunlaw Road, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mrs. Fannie Mahood Heath, Grand Forks, N. D. Second Vice-President, H. A. Fiebing, Milwaukee, Wis. Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road N. W., Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Otto Bauer, 1216 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C.

DIRECTORS TERM EXPIRING IN 1928 Mrs. Pearl Frazer, Grand Forks, N. D. David L~mStien, Battery Park, Bethesda, Md. J. Marion Shull, 207 Raymond Street, Chevy Chase, Md. Hamilton Traub, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. A. L. Truax, Crosby, N. D.

TERM EXPIRING IN 1929 G. E. Anderson, Twin Oaks, Woodley Road, Washington, D. C. Mrs. L. H. Fowler, Kenilworth, D. C. V ~ ' E. Grotlisch, Woodside Park, Silver Spring, Md. . Joseph J. Lane, 19 W. 44th Street, New York City. O. H. Schroeder, F;uibault, Minn.

COPYRIGHT, 1927, BY THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

E ntered as second-class matter March 22, 1927, at the Post Office at Washington, D . C., u nder the Act of August 24, 1912. The NATIONAL HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

VOL. 6, No.3 JULY, 1927

Issued quarterly by The American HOI·ticultuml Society, a Union of The National Horti­ cultural Society and The American H01·ticultuml Society, at Washington, D. C. Devoted to the popularizing of all phases of Horticulture: Ornamental Gardening, including Landscape Gardening and Amateur Flower Gardening; Professional Flower Gardening or Floriculture; Vegetable Gardening; Fruit G'rowing and all activities allied with Horticulture.

Some Annuals for Rock Gardens and Edges

By SYDNEY B. MITCHELL The gardener who hopes to be some­ So much for my apology for annuals. thing more than a horticulturist is gen­ During the last few years while my erally willing enough in his strivings gardening has been in central Cali­ to be an artist to submit himself to fornia I have tried out a large number some principles of design and to sub­ which are certainly not very commonly scribe to what is commonly accepted grown in this country, though they as good taste in the use of color. Pe­ are apparently more common in Eng­ culiarly enough, some of our craft seem lish gardens, and it was from the Eng­ so anxious to make it difficult that lish seedsmen such as Thompson & they impose wholly arbitrary rules Morgan, of Ipswich, Sutton's, of Read­ which have not even the sanction of ing, and Barr's of Covent Garden, nature. One of these is a refusal to London, that I obtained their seed. a~w annuals any part in the rock Some of the more enterprising Ameri­ garden or in what is called the hardy can seedsmen offer quite a list of the herbaceous border. Many years of less common annuals, but it is a hunt gardening in California might change to find them. I do not propose, how­ their viewpoint. They would soon ever, to discuss now annuals in general, learn that the rigid distinction between but merely those of dwarf stature annuals and perennials does not exist which can be used either to fill in gaps in all climates, for the petunias, ver­ in the rock garden caused by the de­ benas, stocks, and California poppies cease of unexpectedly tender peren­ are at least biennials in California, and nials or for sowing among bulbous some of them are shortlived perennials. plants to conceal fading foliage and Again, if they are now lying awake at provide continuity of interest and night trying to keep a hardy herba­ color. Most alpines and rock garden ceous border beautiful for five months, plants are naturally spring blooming in would they stick to their determination our gardens. Without the use of a to exclude annuals from a flower border few annuals for summer flowers it is which their visitors would expect to difficult to keep the rock garden at­ find attractive eleven months of the tractive as it arrives at summer and year? fall. 66 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

From the many dwarf and in some wallflower, Cheiranthus Allionii, which cases delicate and slender growing will give you a bit of the brightest annuals I have selected about twenty­ orange as well as delighting with its five for mention, and as they do not sweet wallflower smell. It is really a fall into allied groups I shall simply biennial, but flowers the first year if discuss them in alphabetical order. started early as you would snap­ This brings us first to Alonsoa War­ dragons. Cheiranthus linifolius is of scewiczii, which is very much better similar habit, but its flowers are of a than its name. It is a half-hardy an­ soft mauve color, not unlike some of nual, rather slow growing, with attract­ the aubrietias. For several years I ive small dark green leaves from which, grew Diascia Barberae in my Cali­ rather late in the season, spring slender fornia garden as a perennial, not know­ erect wiry stems, perhaps as high as ing that this is generally listed as a eighteen inches, decorated with small half-hardy annual. Its flowers, of a flowers of a lovely salmon-scarlet, in lovely chamois rose shaped like the shape like tiny single roses. It is al­ blossoms of N emesia, are persistently ways compact and refined in growth, produced all summer. A slightly taller never weedy. In California it is a and more spreading South African is short-lived perennial. Alyssum mari­ Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, of brilliant timum nanum Lilac Queen is less well glistening orange, opening only in the known than the white Tom Thumb sunshine. Of it there are also avail­ variety, and has the advantage of giv­ able hybrids in a mixture of softer ing color, albeit not very pure or strik­ colors, chiefly creams, buffs, and sal­ ing. The large flowered pimpernels mons. The first of the Californians from southern Europe are half-hardy on our list is Gilia tricolor, a neat little annuals of spreading growth, with rela­ hardy annual with pale purple flowers tively large and bright flowers . The on nine-inch stems. Gypsophila elegans red variety is the Italian pimpernel, is quite well known, as it is grown by Anagallis Monelli, while the deep blue florists, particularly in the white va­ one is Anagallis Phillipsi, but don't riety, for mixing with other flowers. worry over names, as some lists merely There is also a carmine rose selection. offer these by color. Both should be Both these hardy annuals may be kept in sunny places. The Arctotis most fairly dwarf if not too WE'll fed or too commonly found in American gardens much watered. The Leptosiphons are is A. grandis, too large and weedy a dwarf indeed, their jewel-like flowers on grower for this purpose. I hope soon slender stems appearing before they to try A. breviscapa, only a foot high are six inches high. There are va­ and of bright orange color, a South rieties L. aureus and L. roseus, respect­ African half-hardy annual which also ively orange yellow and deep rose, as wants a sunny exposure. The Swan well as lilac and white forms of L. River Daisy, Brachycome iberidifolia, androsaceus. There is little to dis­ certainly has every claim to rock gar­ tinguish them in general character from den use, as it makes comparatively little such rock plants as the mossy saxi­ foliage, is dainty in growth, and bears frages, excepting their absence of its lovely little flowers of blue, rose, or bright green permanent foliage. Mix­ white in great abundance. Most of tures of many colors are most common­ the annual Calliopsis are too rangy and ly available. Leptosyne Stillmanni is vigorous for these restricted surround­ a hardy annual from California, rather ings, but the dwarf variety Tiger Star, like a dwarf yellow Calliopsis, but both in its growth and the form of the flowering much more quickly from flowers seems appropriate. Its bronzed seed. I doubt if any of these unusual and yellow mottled blooms give an annuals has had anything like the ad­ unusual color note among rock plants. miration that the annual Linarias have Even more brilliant in color is the wild been given in my garden. These rela- July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 67 tives of the garden snapdragons resem­ phila insignis, which he calls Baby ble them both in the shape of the plant BIue-eyes. As its name suggests) it and peculiar flower, but they are very is fond of shade, and is happiest when much like wildlings in their slender sown in the fall to bloom in spring. It growth and miniature blooms borne on is very dwarf, practically trailing, and slender stems about a foot in height. its blue cup-shaped flowers with white The garden strains are generally listed centers look right up at you. The under L. maroccana, and mixtures run­ white, purple-spotted Nemophila ato­ ning chiefly to shades of lilac pink are maria is much less attractive in color. offered, but it is also possible to obtain Because it edged a path in a picture separately seed of white, yellow, red of my iris garden published some years and purple, and pink selections. It ago, I have had innumerable inquiries is, however, where the different colors regarding the grey-leaved hardy annual have been crossed by bees that you with spikes of pure white flowers which find among the self-sown seedlings the was at that time called Omphalodes astonishing variation of color which liniJolia but which is now sometimes just about parallels the range found in listed as Cynoglossum liniJolia. You the bearded irises. Carefully raised in may also find it listed under the name seedflats and transplanted out a foot Venus's Navelwort, a term derived apart in well fertilized garden soil, each from the shape of the seed. It is a plant is capable of developing to a size lovely thing, and though it goes to which will produce dozens of spikes, seed rather quickly is well worth grow­ but in poor or dry soil where they have ing for itself or among bulbs, never sprung up thickly by themselves the getting rank or weedy. If there is a plants will be relatively short and thin, more beautiful blue annual suitable but incomparably more fairylike than for rock gardens than the Californian their wellfed brethren. I have found Phacelia campanularia, I have yet to them very useful for sowing among meet it. It is a brilliant deep shade spring flowering bulbs. The Malcolm­ sometimes referred to as Madonna blue. ias are very much better known by In distinct color contrast to this is the their common name of Virginian little relative of the poppies which in Stocks. These little hardy annuals its native State of California bears the produce quantities of white or crim­ name Cream Cups. The botanists call son flowers a few inches from the it Platystemon caliJomicus. The hairy ground, and as the red forms fade leaves are almost on the ground, it is lighter one gets the effect of a multi­ so dwarf) and the pale flowers rise only tude of little enamelled blossoms of a few inches from the center of the tuft. varying shades of pink and rose. Of Far more rampant and bolder in its the N emesias there are two quite dis­ deep rose color is the hardy annual tinct strains, the Suttoni type, large Saponaria calabrica. Sedum C(J3ruleum flowered and best suited for bedding, I must confess I have not yet grown, and the compacta strains, of which but I have had such reports of it that examples are Blue Gem, Fire King, it is going on my next list for trial. A Orange Prince, and the bicolor Aurora. hardy annual with small blue flowers These delightful half-hardy annuals which can be used for carpeting rather are particularly happy in a cool gar­ dry pockets of small dormant bulbs can den, and, being not over nine inches not be neglected. If another dwarf high, may be used where a flower of salmon-pink, red, or rosy purple filler more garden type would be unsuitable. is required, the annual Silene pendula) Mixed seed is also available, but for only six inches high, is worthy of con­ rock garden use a single color such as sideration. Blue Gem makes a more effective Very different to the above is Tagetes patch. Another hardy annual dear signata pumila, a very dwarf and small to the Californian is the native N emo- marigold which I first saw at the 68 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

Panama-Pacific Exposition at San with them there has been from fall Francisco in 1915. Venidium calen­ sowing where they are to bloom, this dulaceum is another of the dwarf showy being the natural way in which Cali­ orange annuals from South Africa. fornia annuals germinate and grow. For the first time this year I have seen Where the climate will permit of fall it in an American catalogue. Last sowing of hardy annuals, this should on this list comes the Viscaria, an be tried, but of course with the half­ annual member of the Dianthus family, hardy annuals and in gardens where of very slender grasslike growth and fall sowing is unsuccessful there re­ small flowers, ranging from those of mains the possibility of starting the bluish and rosy purple shades to car­ seed in frames or of sowing in the open mine and blood red. ground as early in spring as this is The list I have given does not ex­ safe. After they have germinated and haust the small annuals available, but are well under way it is highly unde­ I have assumed that most gardeners sirable to water or feed the plants very know the dwarf morning-glory, Con­ much. It will doubtless have been volvulus minor, the miniature forms of noted that most of the annuals men­ nasturtiums, the dwarf annual candy­ tioned are from California, South Af­ tufts, Chinese and Indian pinks, lobe­ rica, or the Mediterranean region, lias, portulacas, dwarf verbenas, and where germination takes place during the forms of Viola COTnuta . There is the rainy season and towards its close even a very small form of the Cali­ the annuals bloom. After the long fornia poppy, recently selected. dry season sets in they ripen their seeds As my experiments with dwarf an­ and scatter them for the next year. nuals have been almost altogether in Of course, some attention to watering my California garden, I can only say and removal of seed-pods will extend that, for the most part, the best success the blooming season .

... A dainty and handsome lily that bids glow is another handsome break in fair to rival the old time tiger for gar­ the Darwin class, showing yellow color­ den popularity is Miss Willmott's ing. Old Times is a fine breeder of lily, Lilium Willmottiae. It is as blended coloring. Scarlet Emperor easy to raise from seed as any of the which has come into catalogues only garden perennials and blooms the in recent years is one of the most second year with reasonably good gorgeous reds on the list. culture and soil, being much more certain to produce bloom its second season than L. regale. It is a minia­ ture tiger in coloring but a much more A handsome form of the South graceful and airy plant. It does not African daisy, Dimorphotheca, comes seem to be as fussy about its fare and to us to add a new white daisy to the situation as many of the other lilies. list of handsome cut-flower material. This is D. Ecklonis, white with blue In many of our large cities or in trimmings, somewhat suggestive of their suburbs there are display gar­ some forms of arctotis. The dimor­ dens of May flowering tulips. They phothecas in their varying shades of are well worth visiting and studying burnt . orange are becoming more with a view to selecting varieties for popular as acquaintance increases. the fall order. Some of the newer A friend of mine calls them "patent varieties worth noting are a handsome leather" daisies because of their glossy pink Darwin, Chant de Cygne. After- texture. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 69

The History of the Pleas Peonies

By SARAH A. PLEAS PART ONE This part, with some OlUlSSlOns, is expecting a prize winner. In this way reprinted from a former issue of the you may have the pleasure of growing magazine in order that the present and naming a few floral children of membership may have the complete your own that will not voluntarily ever paper in one issue.-Ed. leave your home, but may in time be freely given to your friends to brighten "Our deeds shall follow us from afar." their homes also . I have named more Although I was highly pleased to re­ than 100 peonies, everyone a credit ceive a request from Secretary Traub to its type, but so many were so nearly to write a brief history of the Pleas alike that the largest and best only peonies, I was reluctant to undertake were offered to florists. Most others the task, for it would have been far were given to friends, or sold to those easier to have written a book than a who came to admire them. magazine article. The history of EI­ Labels are short lived, and names wooel Pleas (syn. lost Treasure), or not of interest to others are soon for­ Nellie Pleas (Syn. Multiflora) could gotten. Fortunately, my annual rec­ easily take up the space of an entire ord of sales, including the name, num­ article even if all thrills, all frills and ber and date have been preserved. remarks were omitted. The request These are now my source for such is equivalent. to being asked to relate, names as have been long forgotten. at the breakfast table, the long sweet Naturally, when these records are now romance of my second youth occupied gone over, I am able to recall the loca­ in raising these floral children. Under tion of the plants in the garden, the the limitations, I have done my best, character of bloom-double, single or and I herewith greet myoId and new Japanese. Since this history is not friends, the Fellows of the National written primarily for the commercial Horticultural Society, without further grower, but is to be an intimate record apology. No greater honor could have for the amateur and a contribution to .come to me than a request to write garden lore, I have spent many days this history of how my peonies were in overhauling old records searching raised, their parentage, names and out data that may not have any imme­ synonyms, my estimate as to favorites diate value in dollars and cents. In together with such other facts that will the long run, however, the enthusiasm interest the Fellows of the Society. of the amateur will become the basis I am often asked which of all my of the demand for the products of the treasures-all so beautiful, and many commercial grower. nearly alike-are my favorites. It is Having recently written, by request no longer a secret that I christened my for horticultural magazines, full details favorite Elwood Pleas, the name I loved for stratifying and planting peony seed, best. By whatever name a child is together with cultural directions, and called, that name becomes endeared to k.nowing that those interested in grow­ the fond mother. Likewise, a peony ing peonies may find additional infor­ which has received the name of a dear mation on this subject in trade catalogs, one becomes doubly a subject for ad­ I shall not repeat such details here. miration and attachment. I strongly In 1855, I first saw a peony plant urge every peony enthusiast, who has bearing seeds. I at once suggested the space, to plant a few seeds without to the florist, whom I considered a 70 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927 cyclopedia, that it might be interest­ fore any other peony in my garden. ing to plant these. I was at once as­ This may account for the fact that all sured that they would "all come up the offspring produce flowers in clus­ single, small, of poor color and of no ters, and many bloom early. Many of value." This put a damper on my the originations were much larger and enthusiasm for many years. I no­ far more beautiful than the parent. I ticed little seedlings near the Queen, had great confidence in the constancy but these were merely tolerated much of heredity, and I decided that in plant­ as volunteer perennials are, until they ing peony seeds the Queen should be must give way to better plants. Some the chosen parent. On account of in­ of these chance seedlings came up sufficient room, I made the mistake of among rose bushes and other larger planting the seeds too thickly, which plants where they escaped the hoe. made it necessary to engage in constant These slowly gained in ~ize, but with thinning and replanting as long as I the garden full of really beautifuHhings remained in my Indiana home, "The they were of no particular interest to Pleasance." When seedlings are given me for the time berng. While strolling sufficient room they reach the bloom­ leisurely ad own the walk with little ing stage sooner, and will increase Nellie, a bloom half-concealed was rapidly as a rule. A far greater mis­ seen among the bushes. My surprise take was committed in stratifying the and delight were so manifest that N el­ seeds in the open ground in the full sun. lie, with the winsome assurance of the This required that the seeds be planted household pet, exultantly reached out very early in the spring. A late frost her dimpled hand, gleefully exclaiming, came along and killed every seedling "Nellie's pitty flower," thus uncon­ peeping above the ground. Had the sciously christening, whilst receiving freeze come a few days earlier, proba­ it, the Nellie Pleas. By whatever syn­ bly few or none would have been above onyms it may be burdened with here­ the ground to be cut down by the frost. after, it will be known in my home only A still later frost might have caught as Nellie Pleas. When removed to a and killed practically all the seedlings bed cut in'tthe sod on the lawn, it de­ -" On what slender threads hang ever­ veloped the largest blooms borne in the lasting things." After the cold wave largest clusters I have ever known. had passed, with the first warm days, The first division was sold to J. T. the tardy ones came up, totaling less Lovett for $25.00 with exclusive right than 1,200 in all . Out of this com­ to sell it. Susanna, of a more pro­ paratively small number of seedlings nounced shade of pink, full double, came every type, form and color yet soon made its debut. Lurena and Vir­ produced from White Swan to Opal and ginia G. Cory, which bloomed a 'year Jubilee; from Wild Rose to Lady Iris or two later, were good double blooms. and Elwood Pleas; from Redbird to Gem These were sold and listed by H. A. and Gypsy Queen, Black Beauty, and Terry. Ernest L. Pleas, a full double, Black Prince; from Altar Candles to deep rose, unique in having many Dr. Pleas and Novelty; and the large petals edged with bright crimson, was family of the most aristocratic little sold for $40.00 and never heard from Japs filling the garden with their sweet agam. fragrance. Admitting that there are Nellie Pleas and her royal sisters ap­ good, better and best peonies, there is peared upon the scene many years no one who will deny that any of these before I began to plant seeds. The peonies growing wild would have Queen should be considered the mother thrilled the heart of a Burbank or a of these, as well as the later origina­ John Burroughs as never before. Why tions. The Queen, with its great clus­ then should the majority be disturbed ters of golden-hearted blooms, was not even if the seedlings are not all prize hybridized since its blooms opened be- winners? July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 71

We turn now to the story of Nellie earlier, larger and silkier than any Pleas, synonyms Multiflora, Admiral other peony borne in large clust.ers, Dewey. General Lawton. Noticing that and that their habit of bearing flowers Nellie Pleas was listed by Mr. Lovett in clusters enabled them to bloom for at 50 cents, I bought it with others to four weeks. My offer was accepted. restore my right to sell the same. When the plants were dug and the tips When these bloomed, "Nellie Pleas" removed, the difficult task of cutting was late, small, with no resemblance the divisions had to be met. In mak­ to my production, except a similar ing up the order, one extra was given color. Since I had ordered and paid with each dozen. Before all were dug·, for Nellie Pleas, I was entitled to sell I feared that the stock would run short it, but if this undesirable variety was on account of the large divisions and being disseminated as the true variety, the extras. To make up the number I did not wish to offer my variety by ordered, I substituted from an un­ the same name. M ultiftora appeared named plant which I labeled Admiral to me a very descriptive name, and Dewey, with the hope that this popular attractive to patrons, and I unhesitat­ name would attract patrons, and with­ ingly offered it under that name with­ out a thought that this substitution out a thought of ever being called to would interest or affect anyone else­ confessional for so doing. It never ap­ "0 wad some power the giftie gie us, peared to me that it might make to see ourselves as ithers see us, it wad trouble for florists. Cutting a large from many a blunder frae us, and fool­ clump into six divisions, two were left ish notion." I explained my dilemma in the garden, the others were planted to my patron, mentioning the possible on the lawn with other divisions. 18 substitution. I am of the opinion that inches apart. There they remaiiled, the unnamed variety above referred to receiving no care, until they became a as Admiral Dewey is the only genuine compact hedge of blooms so crowded General Lawton. that all had not room to open. They attracted the admiration of all who saw them. Persons on the highway stopped PART TWO to gaze at the floral display. I realized The writer being called from home that these plants would be greatly when the peonies were in bloom in benefitted by division and replanting. 1896, my husband being in delicate Having duplicates of all, I decided to health, remaining at home, staked and sel.l those on the lawn so as to give me labeled each with number, color and room to thin out and transplant from name of any as they came into bloom, the garden where the pe~ies were recording "444 as the best." When equally crowded. Before offering Mul­ filling Mr. Harison's order in Septem­ tiflora, I must know approximately how ber for three pounds of seed Wild Rose, many divisions the four clumps would Whitecap, Dr. Edgar Pleas and Os­ make. Each clump was found to have trich Plume, 50 divisions of the best from 30 to 35 bloom stems. Each stem kinds that had yet bloomed, were each averaged 8 to 10 blooms, the largest labeled same as the plants from which measuring 7 to 9 inches with not a it was taken, No. 444 being small, but stamen showing. The petals of the one eye with a 3-inch root was sent. smaller blooms were beautifully inter­ When labeled, fearing it might be over­ mingled with golden stamens depend­ looked, wrapping it elaborately, it was ing upon the size of the bloom, greatly labeled 444; when received Mr. Harison enhancing their attractiveness. These writes, "The labels are so badly mil­ were offered to a florist. I described dewed mOBt of them are illegible, it them as best I could. I admitted that will require great care to straighten they were not of as delicate a color as things out." Although he had seen others, but that the blooms were prize winners at the Peony Shows in 72 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

Boston, Massachusetts, and was al­ I at once wrote Mr. .Harison , explain­ ready stocked up by Mr. Ros~nfield ing that I wished to sell but could not, with" the best kinds on the market," unless he would return all the 444 to he was very enthusiastic over these, my safe keeping or agree to hold it till writing me of their" glorious blooms," released. He replied, "I will hold it the first season. With the second if I know which it is and I think I do." blooming he became profuse with Now accepting Mr. Ward's offer, on Classic eulogy of the peony when writ­ lifting the entire plant, one of the 7 ing to the Chicago Florists Weekly stems was removed with a fine root Review, as the most laudable of all leaving but an inch scar. This being hardy garden flowers, incidentally re­ set back as usual had two bloom stalks marking, " Mrs. Sarah A. Pleas of in the spring each with its six typical Dunreith, Indiana, is listing 200 kinds." blooms as if never disturbed. I was This letter proved a far better induce­ not surprised not seeing it listed the ment than all I had personally written first year, but after the second bloom­ to every florist I could find the address ing, becoming impatient to hear his of, in my unsuccessful effort to dispose rhapsody over it, I eagerly inquired of some of my surplus divisions. why he was not listing it. With Within a fortnight I had gone to my neither complaint nor apology he sim­ winter home in Florida and letters were ply replied, "It is not so fine as I had being forwarded to me from Dunreith hoped, and I do not care to list it," from florists who otherwise could not thus deliberately breaking my cher­ have known of my plants; as well as ished idol, as well as my fondest hopes, from most of those to whom I had ap­ leaving me no redress. pealed, everyone requesting my price The late J. M. Good was the first list, each interested only in the best. florist to accept one dozen on trial, Mr. C. W. Ward accepted nearly $500 "If I was willing to give out the secret worth with his first order, and all listed of increasing and growing them suc­ it later, when I admitted having cessfully." He proved a very apt "named JV.y best, largest, seashell pink student; I shall always cherish his for my late husband, who had admired memory as a Floral Friend. Mean­ it most, yet so small I am unwilling while, having sold my small supply of to divide; yet I believe it should be such divisions as had bloomed best, put on the market. If you wish to Mr. Harison, with his additional se­ test it, and will pay a fancy price for a lected stock, with all his enthusiasm, piece so small that it will not check had sold $20 worth of Walter Morgan, its blooming, I will send you a one­ transmitting me $10. The five years eye division." Mr. Ward replied, "If having elapsed, Mr. Harison writes, I get it I will wish to put it on the " I am now ready to send half the market as soon as possible. * * * peonies to you." I will pay you $150 for the entire plant Since that was no part of the bar­ and allow you to keep off one good gain, I wrote him I was far more strong plant, if you will agree not to crowded than when sending them. sell or allow any part of it to leave Copying his voluntary contract, mail­ your garden. I will pay you $100 ing him the original, he at once replied, down and the balance any time you making no allusion to having reduced will send it to me. * * * " Al­ the number of Walter Morgan: "I though I prized it more highly than will make you a give or take offer. I all others, knowing a "good strong will keep all the Walter Morgan and ' plant" would double its size annually send you all the 444, and will give or and soon be as large, I could not de­ take $100 for the balance." This offer cline his generous offer, the more espe­ being gladly accepted, I soon received cially as I was equally anxious to put the post-office money order with the it on the market as soon as possible. finest peony roots I have ever seen. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HOR.TICULTURAL MAGAZINE 73

They would easily have made 100 one­ in that salubrious climate annually. eye divisions. Not having room for So long as I am in the home all goes so many they were cut into 16 uniform on like clock work. No longer having divisions and set in old fence row, fences around garden, lawn, or the where one dozen of Hollis best were public highway, with all kinds of stock, already growing as near the wire fence is sufficient excuse for my writing to as one would wish them. Mr. Ward, "The Elwood Pleas is un­ Dissatisfied with Mr. Ward's report surpassed, simply perfect; its 26 stems and with Mr. Harison's utter failure gave a total of 146 immense blooms to recognize the merits of Elwood with never 1 stamen. You are losing Pleas, still uncertain of the identity of much pleasure and time delaying its those from Nebraska, I resolved to division. I anticipate spending the appeal to a higher tribunal by sending winter months in Florida with my one to the " Trial Grounds" at Ithaca sons and leaving all kinds of stock in and have it officially clescribed and care of renters, with no fence around rated. Mr. Ward being president of garden or lawn. It seems like tempt­ the society, fearing its recognition ing the fates not to secure its safety might prejudice the judges, I labeled it by sending it to you before leaving. Lost Treasure, with no thought of its My timely reply was courteously being sold * * * with their rapid brief. "* * * Not listing it, I increase when given room, they be­ have all the stock I shall need. * * * came more crowded annually, ne cessi~ I am on the eve of starting to Europe tating division and replanting. Now, on one of my frequent collecting expe­ having a great surplus, with no market ditions in search of new rare plants for for the equally pretty single, semi­ my patrons." This being no part of double, and the dainty little Japs, I my program was a great surprise. Al ~ gave these freely to my friends so long lowing time for him to get safely en as they had room for them. I now route, copying his voluntary contract persuaded them to join with me in verbatim, retaining the copy, I wrote utilizing such as are destroyed by most practically a duplicate letter of my growers, by planting them as orna­ first, addressing it to his foreman left mental borders and hedges, between in charge, offering to ship at once. I yard and garden, between lawn and received a $50 money order with thanks meadow, along the car track, from by return mail. I lost I10 time in ship~ street to garage, along the railroad, the ping this King of Peonies and the pride public highway, supplanting weeds in of my garden to its unknown destiny, all fence corners, inside and out, since when I, too, was soon on my way to the no stock will eat them, and when once Land of Sunshine and the Longleaf established they remain as long as per­ Pine. Seeing Lost Treasure for sale mitted; and seeding freely, I here pre­ as an additional variety, I lost no time dict that from this example the time in writing to the secretary of the so­ will come when their seedlings scat­ ciety, explaining the situation, request­ tered along the highways will gladden ing they should adhere to their own the weary traveler with as fine kinds "ruling that all peonies shall hereafter as are now left in the garden at The be listed only by the name first sold Pleasance. by," and since Elwood Pleas had been Now having a large surplus of El­ sold to Mr. Ward only for $150, I de­ wood Pleas, dearly as I have become sired the restoration of its name. This . attached to the original, I can well he readily accorded and so published spare it to Mr. Ward and set one of in his bulletin. "My heart shall reap these in its place. Having two sons what it has sown. Nor near nor far, living in Florida, with a good renter nor high nor deep, shall keep my own and his wife in my spare rooms, I have away from me." Having given Mr. enjoyed spending the six cold months Ward, my benefactor, time to recover 74 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927 his normal courtesy, not yet having pecting it may be Gem unless I have liberty to dispose of any part of my given it away before it bloomed. surplus from Nebraska, and since "he "Walter Morgan was in f~ll bloom on did not care to list it," my local sales the day 0f that young man's funeral. would in no way affect him, writing All visitors thinking it the prettiest full explanation of the transaction to one of all, we decided to name it for C. S. Harison, I appealed to him to be him, when everyone present com­ permitted to sell these plants from memorated the day by leaving an Nebraska, to which he graciously ac­ order for the plant." * * * "The corded without demur, and I shall one you call Dr. Pleas is very fragrant, al ways honor the memory of my floral a glorious peony, its petals white and friend, C. W. Ward. gold, the older plants sport white The following brief extracts from plumes on the curved golden petals. Mr. Harison's letters, covering several It is first class." And inquiry later, years, will explain some of the diffi­ "If I know Elwood Pleas, No. 444, culties encountered by the amateur; and I think I do, it has never yet had and how 'they may be avoided. These a bloom worth anything. Gen. Law­ being but 50 out of the 1200, since he ton from Peterson has no bloom. never bought others, except to re­ There are some very good ones, and peatedly order all the White Cap, Dr. some I shall mark 0, but the others Edgar Pleas, and Ostrich Plume I will more than make up for it. My could spare. Having listed him Golden sales have been heavy, nearly $2,000, 'Wedding, he writes, "I believe I know this fall. No. 90 is splendid, there is Golden Wedding. I am calling the something in it. One I call Maiden best yellow that. It is the best yellow has single blooms, with heliotrope I have ever seen." I twice bought Gol­ fragrance, petals satiny, pink edged den Wedding and Walter Morgan of him white, with heart of gold. Dainty is to be sure which of my blooms he was semi-double, the only really variegated calling by these names, but was never peony I ever saw, petals pink striped able to duplicate them in my garden. yellow in the center around the sta­ Since he R,rized Shabona so highly I mens. This is entirely unique and asked, "Why so ugly a name?" He sweetly beautiful. Many come to replied, "I'm naming the darkest for admire it." (This is the one I called Indian chiefs. Shabona is the tallest Golden Wedding and killed by over­ among our 400, a chief among all feeding.) "Another year I shall have others." Having but Gem, a brilliant something worth while to show. I red, and Gypsy Queen, a deep garnet, have many hundred blooms from each equally tall, that could by any spring planting of these." Sincerely, stretch of the imagination be Shabona, C. H. Harison. (Since no one but I desire to know which, if either, it Mr. Harison listed Shabona, it was could be, but was never able to: find thought to be his peony; instead, it is out, fearing to weary :Mr. Harison sus- a mate to Elwood Pleas.

PART THREE Complete List of Peonies Originated by Mrs. Sarah A. Pleas* Airy Fairy Lilian. A sweet little Jap., pink guards, petaloids white, thread-like of uneven length. 6.9. Alpha and Omega. Japanese. 6.7. Altar Candles. Clusters of dainty waxen candles ablaze without extinguishing. Anna C. Griffin. Loosely double pure white, revealing a few golden stamens. 7.8.

*Figure& In italics, ratings of American Peony Society; others by Mrs. Pleas.

'- July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 75

Anna Louise. Full double white, having pink guards, with all petals narrow. 8.0. Anna Teas. Full double snow white with calendula shaped, rounded petals. 7.9. Aurora. So call ed because of its varied similar colors, a charming flower. 6.9. Benj. S. Parker. No darker bright red, full double, named for the Indian poet laureate. 7.9. Black Beauty. A good semi-double bloom, darkest one ever known. 5.0. Black Prince. Semi-double, fimbriated petals, appropriately named. 5.0. Bouquet de Flora. Deep rose, light center, largest pointed buds, no two alike, semi-double, 7 blooms in cluster. 6.9. Buttercups. Semi-double Japanese, very fragrant, name descriptive. 5.9. Caroline. A .very odd, loosely double, lightish rosy pink. 6.5. Charles Earl Pleas. Full double, loose petals, large clusters, good size, sturdy stem. 7.0. Clustered Rose. Semi-double deep rose, or light red, with golden stamens. 6.0. Crimson Cluster. Loosely double, clusters of brightest crimson, blooms small. 7.6. Damask Rose. Rose type, size. and color of the Damask rose of our grand­ mothers. 8.0. . Deborah Teas. No better full double pure white, not as large as some, good clusters. 7.9. . Dolly Teas. This is one of the many fragrant little Japs, reminding me of Dolly. 6.0. Dr. Edgar Pleas. Syn. White Cap. My favorite of all the fragrant Japs, guards pink, center canary, fading white. 6.8. Editha. Full double, Prince Albert rose color, no stamens, one of the first named. 6.0. Elviretta. An odd mixture of silvery rose petals intermingled with stamens. 6.0. Elwood Pleas. Syn. Lost Treasure. Cluster of 6 to 9 largest size, shell pink, no better annual bloomer. 7.8-8.7. Emily Griffin. One among the daintest lovely doubles, light pink with stamens showing. 7.9. Emily Virginia. Medium size lovely double tricolor, rosy pink, canary and white. 7.0. Emogene. Medium size, loosely double, pink with stamens intermingled. 5.9. Ernest L. Pleas. Full double deep rose, some petals with a crimson thread. 6.9. Eva Coffin. No prettier, daintier, pinkish single white, demanding this name. 7.9. E. Y. Teas. I thought grand because of its oddity, but E. Y. left it for me to abandon. 6.9. Fair Acres. Large, full double, pearled rose, named by W. W. Willen of Indian­ apolis for his park given to the city. 5.0. Fairy Frills. This was a fair duplicate to Jubilee, except all petals were fim­ briated. 6.0. Full Moon. One of the best, largest single whites, with best golden cushion. 7.9. Gem (The Gem). The brightest, best of the full double red Pleas peonies, and the tallest. 8.5. Gen. Lawton. Syn. Nellie Pleas, Multiflora. A misnomer, with best point the color. Should be left out. 7.9. Golden Nugget. The deepest orange, tricolor, very fragrant little Jap. 7.8. Golden Treasure. Full double, guards pink, narrow petals gold banded, fim­ briated, tightly coiled globe. 76 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

Golden Wedding. Full double bright canary, said by Harison to be « as yet the best yellow." 5.9. Gypsy Queen. The tallest, most double, color of garnet, small clusters of but four blooms. 8.5. Helen's Babies. Full double, dainty pink, blooming in couples. 8.9. Ida Pleas. Large, clustered, delicate pink single, speckled with bright rose. 6.0. Indiana. Large full double rosy pink, well worth the name given. 9.0. Isabella. Full double white, fragrant, no one prettier or more dainty. Not one stamen. 8.9. Ivanhoe. Syn.? T. B. Terry. Never could tell the color, full double, no stamens, one of my best doubles. 8.9. Joseph C. Teas. The tallest, the smallest, the brightest and most sure to please. 7.8. . Joseph Griffin. Tall double rosy pink as fitting the Quaker Lady as the oak the clinging vine. 7.8. Jubilee. .syn. Lost Treasure. Full double white, won highest honor where La Cygne with 20,000 best from all the country were shown. 8.9. King Edward. Full double, globular, compact, creamy pink flecked crimson. 8.0. Lady Iris. Syn. Iris Pleas. Light rose, a favorite foundling, no stamens. 7.9. Lady Emily. Loosely double, a lovely mixture of rosy pink white with shades of canary. 8.9. . Last Rose of Summer. A very beautiful bright full double rose, last to open its bloom. 8.9. Laura E. Pleas. Loosely double broad petals, bright midrib, broadly margined white. No one is prettier from all sides. 9.0. Laura Ward. Semi-double silvery rose pink, beautifully intermingled with stamens. 6.9. Lillie C. Pleas. Jap. One of the sweetest where all are sweet, guards pink, cen tel' canary. 7.9. Little ArisJ;ocrat. The earliest of all the full double, snow white, very small, clustered. 8.0. Little Nell. The daintiest in size and color, pinkish guards, petals narrow canary, fading white,' Jap. 7.0. Louese. Loosely double, white, pink guards, very many stamens beautifully intermingled. 7.9. Lurena. Loosely double cerise, a twin sister to Nellie Pleas, lacking the earli­ ness. 7.9. Madam Pleas. Crown type, the aristocrat of the peony garden, lilac, flesh, rose, yellow and white. 6.6. Maiden Lady. Very delicate single pink, named by her. Large cluster. 5.9. Mary. Guards broad, largest in bud, giving the central ball a saucer for its dainty clear pink bloom. 9.0. Mary B. Becket. Semi-double, guards deep rose, petaloids silvery pink, stamens intermingled. 7.4. Mary B. Clark. The fairest of the fair pink Japs., yellow stamens fading white. 7.8. Mary Evans. Small rose type of marvellous beauty, compact globular blooms. 6.9. Mary Jane. Full double, the smallest peony to bloom, clusters of bright rose. 7.9. Mattie Charles. Lovely, loosely double, cerise intermingled with stamens. 5.9. Midsummer Night's Dream. Full double ivory white, center pale yellow prim­ rose color. 8.9. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 77

Minnehaha. The brightest and latest ingle peony with good golden cushion. 6.0. Minnie Pleas. Rose type. One of the earliest and prettiest, rosy pink. 8.0. Miss Lucy. One day later, a trifle deeper shade, equally large and pretty. (Comparison to Minnie Pleas.-Ed.) 8.0. Mrs. Barrett. Semi-rose, guards deep rose, petaloids silvery rose, stamens beau­ t.ifully intermingled. 6.0. Mrs. Cook. Semi-rose, guards bright rose, crownecl with canary fading white. 6.0. Multiflora. Syn. Nellie Pleas. Largest size loosely double, earliest silvery pink, 7 to 13 blooms, largest in bloom. 7.4. Nettie Elliott. A rather large Jap. of typical color and fragrance. 7.9. Nosegay. Another sweet little Jap., guards pink, petals narrow creamy fading to white. 6.0. Novelty. Very early, rose, pink, white and cream, very fragrant, long in bloom. 7.0. Opal. Syn. Jewel. Full double, strong upright stems, large clusters of opales­ cent pink, no stamens. 8.7. Ostrich Plume. Pink guards, bright canary petals, tipped, curved snow white plumes. 8.0. Orange Prince. The deepest orange color, intermingled with rose and yellow stamens, Jap. 6.0. Orpha. Full double light pink, fragrant strong upright grower. 6.0. Passiflora. A Jap. that anyone will see resembles the passiflora in form and color. 7.9. Pearled Rose. Loosely double, bright rose broadly pearled pure white. 7.5. Pleas' Favorite. Very fragrant little Jap., guards rosy, petals threadlike. 7.0. Pleas' Perfection. Rose type, blush white intermingled with golden stamens. 7.9. Pleas' Pride of Dunreith. Semi-rose type, stems strong upright, rosy pink, very floriferous. 7.0. Pleas' Queen. Single white with dark carpels, having broad red lips, clusters 7 to 13 on a stem. 6.0. Pleas' Surprise. Clusters of creamy rose blooms. 7.0. Pleasii. Large loosely double, very light pink representing the ideal Pleas peony. 8.9. Pocahontas. Large bright cerise, single, large golden cushion, good clusters. 6.8. Pres. McKinley. Rose type, very strong, upright, beautiful cleep pink, darker base. 7.8. Pres. Roosevelt. Very large sturdy stems, very upright, full double, deep rose edged crimson. 7.6. Quaker Lady. Syn. Rebecca Griffin. Rose type, the cleanest possible white suffused with lake, lovely. 8.9. Queen Alexandra. Rose type, globular, graceful clusters of creamy white blooms. 7.9. Queen of Pleasance. Anemone type, long pointed buds, guards bright rose, center salmon fading white. 6.3. Ragged Robin. Single dark red, petaloids deeply fimbriated, very distinct. 5.0. Ralph. Flowers finest light pink, measuring 9 to 9Y2 inches, late, rather flat, rose type. 7.6. Rebecca Joie. No more dainty loosely double, white tinted crimson, a beauty. 7.9. Red Bird. Very large semi-double, red with unusual size golden cushion. 5.9. Red Ridinghood. Loosely double deep red, with golden stamens intermingled. 6.5. 78 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

Robert J. Pleas. The brightest deep single red in my · collection, fine golden center. 7.0. RosaJind. Single good stem, very floriferous, delicate pink, large golden cushion. 7.9. Sarah. Loosely double, blush white, very pretty, the only one having ruffled foliage. 8.2. Sarah A. Pleas. Delicate pink guards, fimbriated and unique, crumpled, white yellow stripes. 9.0. Seven Sisters. Small, loosely double, light pink, intermingled with stamens, clusters of seven. 6.0. Shabona. Developed by Mr. Harison. Named for an Indian chief, among my best. Four feet. 6.8. Solingus. My one tree peony, a marvel of delicate fimbriated petals and peta­ loids. My final creation. Spiceland's Queen. Semi-rose silvery pink, strong upright, large clusters, ele­ gant. 7.9. Sudie Baily. Full double, large solid ball of rosy pink. Selected to name. 7.9. Sunbeam. Semi-double, early, shades of rosy pink, creamy white with yellow stamens. 7.0. Sunrise. A descriptive name, bright rose, yellowish, impossible to describe. 6.9. Surpasse Humei. Large full double. Early, surpassing Humei, in more pleas­ ing color. 8.0. Susanna. Rose type, very pretty, silvery pink, large clustered blooms, no stamens. 8.0. T. B. Terry. Rose type, loosely double with large broad petals, shining satiny creamy white. 8.8. Tricolor. Rose, with distinct shades of red and cerise pink, with stamens. 6.9. Walter Morgan. Rose type, guards pink, center canary. Mr. Harison's favor­ ite . ..,8.0. Water Lily. Large single, pure white, a charming prototype of the WaterWy. 6.9. White Swan. Single snow white, carpels light shiny green broadly tipped white, nestled in a yellow cushion. 8.0. Wild Rose. The largest, 9Yz-inch bloom, with three-inch golden cushion con­ cealing the stamens, a prize winner. 7.7. Yellow Rose. A little J ap. as sweet and pretty as the genuine yellow rose. 6.8. (In addition to the article, Mrs. Pleas gives two lists of varieties of her origi­ nations which she calls " The Jubilee Collection" and "The Jubilee Collection of Clustered Peonies," respectively. As their ratings and descriptions appear elsewhere, only the names are given here.-Ed.)

THE JUBILEE COLLECTION . Elwood Pleas Rosy Dawn Anna Teas Sarah Charles Earl Pleas Gem Isabella Golden Wedding Jubilee Quaker Lady Lady Emily Wild Rose Lady Iris White Swan Mary Lillie C. Pleas Midsummer Night's Dream Novelty . Madam Pleas Altar Candles July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 79

Opal Dr. Edgar Pleas Opal Iris Joseph Griffin Ralph Nellie Pleas

(The above, with the exception of Anna Teas and Golden Wedding, Mrs. Pleas would select the remainder, "if they excluded every other peony equally pretty."-Ed.)

THE JUBILEE COLLECTION OF CLUSTERED PEONIES Altar Candles Midsummer Night's Dream. Anna Teas Nellie Pleas C. E. Pleas Novelty Dr. Edgar Pleas Opal Elwood Pleas Quaker Lady Gem Queen of Pleasance Gypsy Queen Ralph Isabella Sarah Jubilee Susanna Last Rose of Summer Rosy Dawn Lady Emily White Swan Laura E. Pleas Wild Rose Mary Solingus Madam Pleas

(This group, which differs very little from the other; was chosen by the author to give her favorites among the clustered type, i. e., the stalk in which the terminal flower is surrounded by the lateral blooms which open at the same time.-Ed.)

Orchid Growing in Colorado

By WILLIAM BART BERGER. In the March, 1927, number of culture of orchids. For our atmos­ The Orchid Review, London, there is phere is so clear that we approach a very interesting article by B. N. closer to the brilliant light that the Ghose of Darjeeling, India, on the . more direct vertical rays of the tropics effect of sunlight on orchids. In this produces. This enables us to e;ive article he points out that the intensity our orchids a great abundance of of light is greater in the Torrid Zone light, and we believe, in consequence, because the sun's rays come more we get a healthier growth and a greater vertically through the atmosphere inflorescence. A short time ago a than they do at higher latitudes. representative of one of the great Perhaps there may be some con­ English firms of orchid growers was nection between this and the fact here and expressed great astonishment that we are beginning to believe here at a plant of a certain hybrid variety in Colorado that we have a splendid bearing three fine blooms, for in place for the successful greenhouse England it had not been known to 80 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927 have ever borne more than one bloom that of one of our dealers here who took at a time. · In fact, our trouble is two hundred carnation blooms to a not that we can not give enough light, Boston show and placed them in vases b~t that we do not give too much. on the exhibit tables, where, as he This of course does not worry the pro­ says, "they seemed to just drink in the fessional grower so much, for he is moisture from the atmosphere and always on hand to adjust the shades; looked after two days' time as though but it is indeed a problem to the ama­ they were going to last indefinitely, teur who does his own growing, to and only six out of the whole two which class the writer belongs. hundred had gone to sleep." With our advantage in the many But while these instances may prove sunshiny days and clear atmosphere we have very good blooms when we comes what at first seemed a great get them, still we must have humidity disadvantage. For our atmosphere is to grow them and this means a con­ appreciably drier and orchids certainly stant struggle to keep our orchid do not like this, and they must have a houses damp. This, like the shading, certain humidity. But this handi­ isn 't so bad for the professional grower cap is proving to have its good points who can damp down the floors and too. For some years Colorado grown staging as many times during the day greenhouse plants and flowers have as he wishes; but for the poor ama­ been shipped to further and further teur who has other things to attend to points and in increasing quantities, it means all sorts of devices to produce and have found a ready market largely humidity. For years I could not get because of their remarkable keeping my Cypripediums to amount to any­ qualities. Colorado grown orchid blooms thing. Finally I built a sort of foun­ shipped to Chicago actually last longer tain which has a constant thin sheet before fading than those grown in the of water on the brick walls of the immediate vicinity. Perhaps the rea­ structure and is filled with saturated son for this is just because, being coke. On a staging over this the grown in '=>ur high, drier air, when Cypripediums were placed and now they reach a more humid atmosphere, they flourish and bloom. it gives them a new life. Our elevation, a mile above sea - I had a very interesting object les­ level, may have its effects. Undoubted­ son in this at the tin1e of the first ly Cattleyas and Laelias, whose native American Orchid Society show in habitat is at somewhat the same or Boston. Two plants had bloomed in higher elevation, are easier to handle my orchid house several days before than the Oncidiums, Phalaenopsis and the time came to leave Denver for other species growing nearer sea level. Boston. It seemed foolish to try to This does not hold true, however, for take them on the long railroad journey the Odontoglossums; for even although and expect them to make any showing they grow naturally at much higher at all. But thinking there was no elevations than this, they are of all harm in trying, we took them with us, kinds the most difficult for us to and to our astonishment, as we left the handle, probably because no matter dry air of Colorado and traveled east­ how hard one tries, it is impossible to ward, instead of fading they stayed as keep the house cool and moist enough fresh as ever ; and when they got to on a hot, dry summer day. Boston, where it had been raining for Taken altogether, our conditions a week, they actually seemed to get make the growing of orchids here a fresher, and at the end of a four-day most interesting problem, and per­ show were less faded than the blooms haps even a more .fascinating pursuit on their neighboring plants which had than it is when carried on in possibly only come a few miles. more favored localities. Another very similar experience was July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 81

THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Issued quarterly by The Ammican HO?·ticultuml Society, a Union of The National Horticultuml Society and The Ame?ican Horticultural Society, at Washington, D. C. Editorial Committee, B. Y. Morrison, Chairman; Sherman R Duffy, V. E. Grot­ lisch, P. L. Ricker, J. Marion Shull, John P. Schumacher, Hamilton Traub. All me7f1,bers are cO?'dially u7'ged to send in papers and notes for publication to the chairman, at 116 Chestnut St., Takoma Park, D. C.

FLOWER SHOWS particular plant, which every amateur should read. If it were possible also At this time of year those of us who to set forth an estimate of the time have labored with the flower shows and labor that goes into the produc­ that are held in our several localities tion of any novelty; if it were possible look back with rather mixed feelings to make an even sharper differentia­ toward the efforts, indeed the labors, tion between the standard lists and the that have been put into them. Even specialists' lists, I believe the amateur in our most dubious moments, how­ would be still more patient of the ever, I am sure we have no real doubt apparent excessive activity of the as to the value of the shows. There originators. It is not reasonable to is no question that a love and knowl­ expect every plant introduced 'to re­ edge of the flowers is spread to many main a standard variety. This has people who would have no other oppor­ never been the hi story of horticultural tunity of knowing what is going on in varieties. There are some individual the horticultural world. This inevi­ plants which do remain standards of tably brings business to those engaged perfection for great lengths of time, in selling such plants and a greater the length of time usually showing a store of beauty to the world as well as close relation to the length of time enrichment to the lives of the new taken in developing the pl ant and a gardeners. The most genuine doubt commercial stock of it and the length that arises is that which appears when of time required for it to reach ma­ one overhears the comments of less turity in the purchaser's garden. successful exhibitors who speak scorn­ The essential thing is a rather fully of new plants which can appear sporting attitude on the part of the only in the exhibits of those who can amateur. 'Vhen he buys from a pay for novelties at novelty prices, and specialist , he should realize that what again when one hears originators who is presented, even if he does not value speak with poorly concealed pride in it, represents t he judgment of the in­ their own work to the exclusion of all troducer who has selected the plant else. This sort of conflict is most from hundreds, perhaps thousands of frequent, is most likely to occur at its kind. If the purchaser does not iris, gladiolus, and dahlia shows, as buy on this basis, he should buy t hese flowers are most often the plants only from the standard lists that which amateurs hybridize and show are advanced by large growers which as their own creations. Plants like represent the current mean of de­ roses and peonies which come more velopment, and bring his flo wers to slowly into maturity after breeding are shows with the knowledge that they less often shown by amateurs who will must compare perhaps unfavorably not devote their efforts to such tedious with the latest creations. There have work. been fashions in dress, in architecture, In Bulletin No. 23 of The Ameri­ in styles of gardening. Why should can Iris Society, Mr. Sydney B. Mit­ each new horticultural variety have chell gives a very thoughtful discus­ to be a milestone in development which sion of the matter of novelties in this will not soon be past. 82 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

1927 Spring Flower Exhibition The Fourth Annual Spring Flower Exhibition of the Society was again held in the Hall of Nations of the Hotel Washington, Washington, D. C., June 1 and 2. The exhibition was formally opened by Mrs. W. M. Jardine, wife of the Secretary of Agriculture. At the opening the invited guests of the Society included the Diplomatic Corps and other persons of prominence in Washington. Mrs. Coolidge was not able to be present at the opening this year due to another engagement.

The consensus of opinion was that the exhibition was a decid~d improve­ ment over the successful show of last year both from the ensemble effect and from the quality of the individual exhibits. The number of exhibitors was larger than at any show held previously and competition was keen in many of the classes. The attendance this year was not up to normal but plans are already under way by which more effective advertising will be used for the 1928 exhibition.

PATRONESSES FOR THE EXHIBITION

Mrs. W. lVI. Jardine Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee Mrs. Avery Coonley Mrs. Charles H. Stout Mrs. Louis A. Frothingham Miss Grace Sturtevant Mrs. Francis King Mrs. Mary V. Walcott Mrs. Frederic A. Parkhurst Mrs. William M. Weaver Mrs. George Ellery Wood

GUARANTORS FOR THE EXHIBITION Battery Park Garden Club, Bethesda, Md. Mrs. Frank B. Noyes, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Charles J. Bell, Washington, D . C. Mrs. Frederic A. Parkhurst, Bethesda, Md. Mr. Louis Burk, Philadelphia, Pa. S. S. Pennock Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Capitol View Citizens Ass'n., Capitol View, Mr. George Peyton, Rapidan, Va. Md. Princeton Nurseries, Princeton, N. J. Mrs. Avery Coonley, Washington, D. C. Mr. Thomas Roland, Nahant, Mass. Mr. Edwin Earle, Ridgewood, N. J. Mr. J. Marion Shull, Chevy Chase, Md. Georgetown Garden Club, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Charles H. Stout, Short Hills, N. J. Mr. Samuel H . Gowans, Washington, D. C. Mr. and Mrs. Chester Wells, Chevy Cha.se, C. Keur & Sons, New York City. Md. William H. Lutton Co., Jersey City, N. J. Mrs. M. V. Walcott, Wa.shington, D. C. F. L. Mulford, Washington, D. C. Mrs. W. M. Weaver, vVashington, D. C. B. Y. Morrison, Takoma Park, Md. Mrs. George Ellery \~T ood, Bethesda, Md.

DONORS OF PREMIUMS American Rose Society, 'West Grove, Pa. J. H. Kesecker (Woodridge Gardens) Wash- Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford). N. J. ington, D. C. Lee R. Bonnewitz, Van Wert, uhio. David Lumsden, Bethesda, Md. Fred A. Danker, Albany, N. Y. B. Y. Morrison, Takoma Park, Md. Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia, Pa. Henry F. Mitchell, Phila.delphia, Pa. MISS Isabel Freeland, Riverdale, Md. Ralph B. Piper, Beltsville, Md. Garden Supply Co., Ballston, Va. Mrs. W. Parker Reinohl. Riverdale, Md. Chas. E. F. Gersdorff, Washington, D. C. F. Rynveld & Sons, New'York City. Mrs. John Harlan, Riverdal~ Md. Charles Siegwart, Baltimore, Md. C. Keur & Sons, New York Gity. H. P. Simpson, Rosslyn, Va. July 1921 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 83

EXHIBITION COMMITTEE David Lumsden, Chairman G. E . Anderson William F. Gude I. N. Anderson B. Y. Morrison B. W. Anspon W. A. Orton Otto Bauer Earl W. Sheets Paul Bauer J. Marion Shull V. E. Grotlisch H. P. Simpson Axel Sommer Mrs. Che, ter A. Well , Sub-chairma;n Mrs. Charles J. Bell Mrs. Louis Hertle Mrs. T. Janney Brown Mrs. Frank B. Noyes Mrs. L. Helen Fowler Mrs. W. Parker Reinohl

GROUP I-PEONIES Collection of Herbaceous Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithers­ burg, Md.; second, Mr. George W. Peyton, Rapidan, Va. Twenty named, double varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony:';Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md. Ten named, double varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md. Three varieties of Japanese Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithers­ burg, Md.; second, Mr. George Payton, Rapidan, Va. Three named, double white varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md. ' _ Three named, double rose pink varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz_Peony Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md. Three named, double salmon pink varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md. Three named, double red or crimson varieties of Peonies-First, Schwartz Peony Gardens, Gaithersburg, Md.

GROUP II-ROSES Collection of any and all classes of Hardy Roses, named-First, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md. Hybrid Rugosa Roses, named-First, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md.; second, Mrs. S. S. McCloskey, Washington, D. C. Cut sprays of Climbing Roses, named-First, Mr. S. B. Detwiler, Clarendon, Va.; second, Mrs. S. S. McCloskey, Washington, D. C. Cut sprays of Baby Ramblers, named-First, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md. Three blooms ,of any white Hybrid Perpetual Rose, named-First, Mr. H. J . Clay, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md.; t hird, Mr. J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C. Three blooms of any pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose, named-First, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md. . Three blooms of any red Hybrid Perpetual Rose, named-First, Mrs. S. S, McCloskey, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md.; third, Mr. J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C. Three blooms of any white Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C. Three blooms of any light pink Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. F. L. Mulford, Wa~hington , ·D . C. /

84 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

Three blooms of any deep pink Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. A. H. Engelbrecht, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Washington, D. C. Three blooms of any yellow or orange Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C. Three blooms of any red or crimson Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C.; second, Miss L. W. Gillingham, Alexandria, Va. ThTee blooms of any other Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mr. G. R. Goergens, Washington, D. C. One bloom of any white Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. S. B. Detwiler, Clarendon, Va.; second, Mrs. J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. S. S. McCloskey, Washington, D. C. One bloom of any light pink Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. J. P. Schu­ macher, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md.; third, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C. One bloom of any deep pink Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. Louis Scott, Alexandria, Va.; second, Mr. Whitman Cross, Chevy Chase, Md.; third, Mr. A. H. Engelbrecht, Washington, D. C. One bloom of any yellow or orange Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. Latham Fletcher, Warrenton, Va. One bloom of any red or crimson Hybrid Tea Rose, named-First, Mrs. S. S. McCloskey, Washington, D .. C.; second, Mr. A. H. Engelbrecht, Wash­ ington, D. C.

GROUP III-IRIS Collection of Beardless Iris, named varieties-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md.; second, Jos. A. Herbert, Jr., Washington, D. C. Collection of Iris siberica, named varieties-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md.; second, E. W. Sheets, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. S. B. Detwiler, Clarendon, Va. Collection of Bearded Iris, named varieties-First, Mr. E. W. Sheets, Wash­ ington, D. C.; second, Mrs. G. T. Boul, Woodridge, D. C. Vase of tall Bearded Iris, light colors-First, Mrs. Chester A. Wells, Chevy Chase, Md.; second, Mr. L. M . Clarke, Washington, D. C. Vase of tall Bearded Iris, intermediate colors-First, Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elk­ ridge, Md.; second, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. Chester A. Wells, Chevy Chase Md. One variety of Spanish or Dutch Iris-First, Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elkridge, Md.; third, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md. . Six varieties of Spanish or Dutch Iris-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md. One variety of Iris kaempferi-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md. Vase of tall Beardless Iris-First, Mr. E. W. Sheets, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elkridge, Md.

GROUP IV-HERBACEOUS PLANTS Anchusa-First, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. S. B. Detwiler, Clarendon, Va. Campanula medium-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C. One stalk of Columbine-First, Mr. B. H. Lane, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. Chester .A. Wells, Chevy Chase, Md. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 85

Three stalks of Columbine-First, Mr. B. H. Lane, Washington, D. C.; second Mrs. R. R. Barrett, Warrenton, Va. Coreopsis-First, Mrs. Louis Scott, Alexandria, Va. ; second, Mr. G. R. Goergens, Washington, D. C. Cornflower-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C. Delphinium-First, Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elluidge, Md. Forget-me-not-First; Mr. J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C.; second, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C. Foxglove collection-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C. ; second, Dr. Julia Greene, Washington, D. C. Gaillardia-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C. Hemerocallis-First, Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Takoma Park, D. C. Lupine-First, Mrs. G. T. Boul, Woodridge, D. C.; second, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C. Collection of Pansies-First, Mrs. A. J. Webb, Clarendon, Va.; second, Mr. L. M . Clarke, Washington, D. C.; third, Miss Catherine L. Weaver, Wash­ ington, D . C. Individual Pansy flower-First, Miss Catherine L. Weaver, Washington, D. C. ; second, Mr. L. M. Clarke, Washington, D. C.; third, Mr. H. J . Clay, Washington, D. C. Pinks-First, Mrs. E. M. Reinohl, Riverdale, Md.; second, Mrs. M. M. O'Keefe, . Randle Cliffs, Md. Oriental Poppy-First, Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elkridge, Md.; second, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Washington, D. C. Pyrethrum, 1 color-First, Mrs. F. L. Mulford, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C. Pyrethrum collection-First, Miss Catherine L. Weaver, Washington, D. C.

GROUP V-ORCHIDS Individual specimen Orchid-First, Mr. D. Lumsden, Bethesda, Md.

GROUP VI-SWEET PEAS Pink Sweet Peas-First, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Washington, D . C.; second, Mrs. G. T. Boul, Woodridge, D. C.

GROUP VII-LILIES Lilium-First, Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Takoma Park, D . C.

GROUP VIII-WATER LILIES Collection of Water Lilies-First) Mrs. L. Helen Fowler, Kenilworth, D. C. Six named varieties of Water Lilies-First, Mrs. L. Helen Fowler, Kenilworth, D. C. One variety of Water Lily-First, Mrs. L. Helen Fowler, Kenilworth, D. C.

GROUP IX-WILD FLOWERS Collection of Wild Flowers-First, MI'. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md.; second, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C.

GROUP X-OTHER ORNAMENTALS Collection of Ferns-First, MI'. Jos. A. Herbert, Jr., Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. M. M. O'Keefe, Randle Cliffs, Md. Specimen Fern-First, Mr. Jos. A. Herbert, Jr., Washington, D. C. 86 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

French Hydrangeas-First, Mr. Jos. A. Herbert, Jr., Washington, D. C. Twelve kinds of Shrubs-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md. Six kinds of Shrubs-First, Mr. J. M. R. Adams, Takoma Park, Md. One kind of Shrub-First, Mrs. Louis Scott, Alexandria, Va.

GROUP XI-FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Jardiniere of Flowers-First, Mrs. Latham Fletcher, Warrenton, Va.; second, Miss L. W. Gillingham, Alexandria, Va.; third, Mrs .. C. C. Brown, Wash­ ington, D. C. Large Basket of Flowers-First, Miss Virginia Shull, Chevy Chase, Md.; second, Mr. George C. Shaffer, Washington, D. C.; third, Mrs. C. C. Brown, Wash­ ington, D. C. Small Basket of Flowers-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. F. L. Mulford, Washington, D. C. Basket of outdoor grown Flowers-First, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Wash­ ington, D . C.; second, Mrs. G. T. Boul, Woodridge, D. C.; third, Mrs. J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C. Twelve varieties of hardy Herbaceous Perennials-First, Mrs. Chester A. Wells, Chevy Chase, Md. ; second, Walter Reed U. S. A. Hospital, Washington, D. C. Vase of Roses-First, Mrs. Latham Fletcher, Warrenton, Va.; second, Mrs. ·1 J. P. Schumacher, Washington, D. C. Basket of Roses-First, Mr. A. H. Engelbrecht, Washington, D. C. Table decorated by a Garden Club-First, Woodridge Garden Club.

GROUP XII-DINING TABLE DECORATIONS Dining table decoration of Roses-First, Gude Bros. Co., Washington, D. C.; second, Mrs. T. J . Brown, Washington, D . C.; third, Mrs. L. Helen Fowler, Kenilworth, D . C. Dining table decoration of other flowers-First, Gude Bros. Co., "\Vashington, D . C. Special dinTng table decoration-First, Mrs. L. Helen Fowler, Kenilworth, D . C. (Water Lilies)-First, Gude Bros. Co., Washington, D . C. (wedding table) .

GROUP XIII-FRUITS General Fruit Class-First, Mr. A. H. Engelbrecht, Washington, D. C.

GROUP XIV-VEGETABLES Beets-First, Mr. H. J . Clay, Washington, D . C. Lettuce-First, Mr. J . F. Belfield, Washington, D. C. Peas-First, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C . .General Class-First, Mr. H. J. Clay, Washington, D. C.; second, Mr. A. H . Engelbrecht, Washington, D. C.

GRAND PRIZE The points scored by the various members of local Garden Clubs and Civic Associations counted toward the Grand Prize which goes to the organization securing the greatest sum of points. The following is the standing of the organi­ zations which competed : Woodridge Garden Club ...... 131 National Capital Dahlia and Iris Society 53 Palisades Garden and Landscape Club 27 Warrenton (Va.) Garden Club . 21 July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 87

Arlington (Va.) County Garden Club 19 Alexandria (Ya.) Garden Club 15 Georgetown Garden Club 11 Takoma Horticultural Club 10 Burleith Garden Club 6

HONORABLE ~IENTION The following were awarded Honorable J'vlention for display as indicated: Mrs. Wm. K. Dupont, Wilmingt.on, Del. Display of Tree Peonie . Garden Supply Co., Ballston, Va. Display of a Perennial Garden. Gude Bros. Co., Washington, D. C. Stage decoration of Palms and Cibo­ tiums. J. Keur & Co., New York City. Di play of Gladiolus. Mrs. E. B. McLean, Washington, D. C. Display of Standard Geraniums, Hy- drangeas and Astilbes. Mrs. Frank B. Noyes, Washington, D. C. Display of Schizanthu wisetonensis. Mrs. W. J. Phelps, Elkridge, Md. Display of Perennials. U. S. Department of Agriculture Greenhouses. Decorations of Palms and Ferns. CERTIFICATES OF MERIT The following were awarded Certificates of Merit for displays as indicated: Mr. Jos. A. Herbert, Jr., Washington, D. C. Display of Hybrid Delphiniums. Mr. J. Marion Shull, Chevy Chase, Md. Display of Iris. U. S. Department of Agriculture Greenhouses. Display of Viola, Jersey Gem. Warrenton Garden Club, Warrenton, Va. Display of a model of a wayside refreshment stand.

1928 Flower Exhibition to Offer McLean Trophy At a final meeting of the Exhibi­ to the American Horticultural Society tion Committee for the 1927 Spring for them to offer at their 1928 Spring Flower Exhibition, Mr. David Lums­ Show. During the fall when definite den, chairman of the committee, an­ plans are developing for this Exhibi­ nounced that Mrs. Edward B. McLean, tion announcement will be made as to Friendship Estate, Washington, D. C., the manner in which this trophy will has offered to present a silver trophy be put into competition.

For dry sandy gardens and pOOl' indefinite stay. It will require con­ soil the mountain sages, Salvia azurea siderable mining to get it out once it . and the identical but a slightly deeper is anchored. They are easily raised blue Salvia pitcheri, are sure-fire from seed and self-sow very readily. bloomers, furnishing masses of pure The flower stems should be cut before blue. If it is a wet season they must seed ripens or there will be consider­ be tied up as the moisture seems to able toil in rooting out seedlings. give them weak backs and they sprawl badly. Tying the stems to keep them rather closely grouped is The flowering spurge, Euphorbia advisable to secure the best blue effect corollata, which in the last few seasons as the spikes are rather sparsely has been taken up by florists, can also flowered. be dug up and moved to the flower The roots penetrate deeply and a garden. It will be found by thousands plant once established is there for an along these railway wild gardens. 88 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

The European Background of American Horticulture By HAMILTON TRAUB.' There is a vast difference between kitchen garden provided certain neces­ the horticultural operations of ~our an­ saries of the laborer and the country cient European ancestors and the spe­ gentleman. The gardens, orchards, cialized industries which are at present orangeries, and conservatories of the designated as horticulture. In the larger est ates provided the luxuries de­ primary food providing activities of manded by the nobility and the men the ancient Romans, the rearing of of means. As a rule the proprietors of plants useful in domestic economy the larger estates went to the expense within the limited area of the hortus of employing the services of a compe­ or inclosure, was distinguished from tent landscape designer to plan the es­ the cultivation of the larger area of tate. A head gardener and laborers the ager, or open field. Similarly, the were also required to keep up the horti­ early Anglo-Saxon referred to the in­ cultural establishment . closed area given over to the cultiva­ The " Industrial Revolution," be­ tion of plants as the zerd, garth, or ginning in England in the latter half yard, words which have a common of the Eighteenth Century, brought Aryan root meaning inclosure. Long with it the gradual transformation of before 1850, however, the horticul­ the industrial and social life of the t ural or gardening operations, in the people and provided the basis for a case of the most advanced countries, greater development of commercial were no longer confined exclusively to horticulture. At the opening of the the inclosure. Other developments Nineteenth Century, however, speciali­ had also t aken place. In t he Uni ted zation in horticulture had not pro­ States, by the middle of the Nineteenth ceeded far. In England, market gar­ Century, ~xten sive commercial or­ dening, including the production of chards had been planted ; certain per­ vegetables and fruits for the local mar­ sons specialized in the growing of trees ket, was a typical commercial occupa­ and shrubs required in the extension tion. On the continent of Europe, in of orchards or the embellishment of the central and southern sections, viti­ the home grounds; others were engaged culture had early assumed considera­ in the forcing of vegetables and flowers ble commercial importance. In High under glass for sale on the market ; and Germany, at Erfurt, the export garden still others made it their business to seed industry had become a leading grow garden seed, especially onion pursuit by the middle of the Eigh­ seed, in Connecticut, or flower seed in teenth Century. The great commer­ western New York. Specialization, cial development of horticultural in­ in t he horticultural industries, had not dustries, however, particularly m only begun but had also proceeded a considerable distance. The connected 2The progress in t he development of the account of this transformation is the political, industrial and social institutions in history of horticulture. Europe was not uniform, and reference is In the Seventeenth Century horti­ therefore confined chiefly to E ngland as a typical example. The period prior t o the culture in England,2exce pt in and near Seventeent h Century is not within the scope the larger cities,3 was still primarily a of t his thesis. domestic or amateur industry. The 3The gardeners of t he city of London were incorporated by R oyal Charter in 1605, dur­ 'A portion of a Thesis on T he History of ing t he reign of K ing James I. Evelyn Cecil, American Horticulture, 1800-1850. Gardening in England, 3d E el., p. 117. July 1927 THE' NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 89

North America, is a part of the eco­ courage .only the useful and not the nomic history of the Nineteenth Cen­ agreeable, whatever has been done has tury. But we are here concerned pri­ been effected by private means, and marily with the development of horti­ to gratify private taste."4 culture in the United States during In the consideration of the develop­ the first fifty years after 1800. ment of American horticulture, there­ At the outset it is imperative that fore, it is essential that the European the method of treatment be very background be given its proper place, clearly defined. The object of this since foreign as well as native factors research is to trace the development have affected it unfolding, not only of horticulture as part of the economic during the years of colonial depen­ history of the United States. For dence, but to a greater or lesser extent practical reasons we have chosen not since the achievement of political in­ the chronological but the topical meth­ dependence. As an introduction to od of treatment. the subject, we shall now proceed to a During the period of American colo­ consideration of the status of horti­ nization in the Seventeenth and Eigh­ culture in Europe, with special ref­ seenth Centuries and even after the erence to the status of the industry in political ties with England had been Britain6 at the opening of the Nine­ severed in the last quarter of the Eigh­ teenth Century, and the scientific dis­ teenth Century, and for an indefinite coveries, invention and other factors period after 1800 the European back­ which have directly influenced the ground of American horticulture was development of the horticultural in­ an important factor in its development, dustries in the United States. for American horticulture, like Ameri­ can culture in general, of which it is a SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL component part, is not indigenous but PROGRESS is -a branch of the vigorous tree of European civilization. A distinctively The scientific discoveries and techni­ American civilization, if we may use cal achievements of Europeans during such a term to designate our present the period from 1800 to 1850, were so cultural achievements, was developed far in advance of any corresponding only gradually. During the pioneering achievement in the New World, that period, particularly before 1850, when our horticulturists were in the position t he energies of the people were pri­ of learners from the older c0untries. marily directed to t he task of reclaim­ It should be realized, however, that ing a continent from the wilderness, any advance in the sciences and arts Americans were almost wholly depend­ in Europe, even after 1800, was very ent upon the European horticultural gradual. tradition. There was as yet no im­ On the whole the Seventeenth portant native school of scientists to Century was characterized by unen­ pave the way for further advances in lightenment as far as any truer insight horticulture and the other useful arts. into the scientific bases of plant science The lack of adequate economic founda­ 4Magazine of Horticulture, 1837, p. 3. tion and encouragement from the civil 6Although America is indebted directly and government also explains in part our indirectly to the European horticultural tra­ dependence upon foreign achievements dition in general, it is to British horticulture during the formative period of Ameri­ that Americans owe their greatest debt since early Americans were more closely in touch can history. As late as 1837, A. J. with the motherland through a common Downing observes,-" with but little language, a common historical tradition and superflous individual wealth, and with­ ties of kinship. On the whole the British out any assistance or examples from Isles served as the main avenue of communi­ cation with America in t he adaptation of a government, which, struggling into European horticultural plant materials and existence, could find resources to en- practices. 90 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927 was concerned. In England it was a of roses set among broom will bring century in which adaptation of Conti­ forth yellow roses.' ""' nental usages was still carried on to He suggests that sow thistles be a marked extent and horticultural planted, as 'they will maintain * * * writers, as a rule, took much on hear­ calves, lambs, pigs * * * and millions say.6 Ralph Austen, writing in the of rabbits!'''7 middle of the Seventeenth Century, Even during the later years of the " fill s several pages in contradicting Seventeenth Century little progress old-fashioned notions-' Errors Dis­ had been made toward a more perfect covered,' he calls it-such things as understanding of the functioning of writing an inscription on a peach­ the living plant. "Gardeners seem stone or almond, and planting it, ex­ to have understood," writes Evelyn pecting the same writing to appear in Cecil, "that a certain amount of air the ripe fruit of the tree; or ' To have was necessary for plant life, but * * * all stone fruit taste as yee shall think they by no means realized the power good, lay the stones to soak in such of light. Sharrock, writing on the sub­ liquor as yee would have them taste ject, comes to the conclusion that' the of'; or again: ' To have red apples, coldness and briskness of the free put the grafts into Pike's blood.' air * * * produces verdure,' and to He thus sums up such like recipes·: prove this, he takes for example 'These things can not be.' , Errors flowers shut in rooms~ the leaves of in practice' he seeks to correct also, which become paler,' and the 'whiting and shows good sense in his remarks of the leaves of Artichoke, Endive on planting or moving fruit trees : * * * Alexander, and other plants; 'Many remove their trees in winter or which is done, by keeping them warm neere the Spring, whereas they ought without the approach or sentiment of to remove them in September or there­ cool fresh air. '''8 abouts.' Another error was 'plant­ The work of a long line of diligent ing trees too neere together; I account workers during the Eighteenth Cen­ 10 or 12 yards a competent distance tury gradually dispelled the unscien­ for apple trees or pear trees, for cherry tific outlook on plant science in part, or plum 7 or 8.' Many plant 'too old for" Grew, Malpighi, Linnaeus, Hales, trees in orchards, and neglect to plant Bonnet, Du Hamel, Hedwig, Spallan­ their trees in as good or better soyle, zani, etc., cleared away in a great than that from which they were re­ measure the ignorance which enveloped moved * * *' The necessity of re­ Vegetable Physiology. Previous to futing such errors shows how primi­ their days the male bearing plants of tive many gardeners still must have Dioecious Plants as Spinach, and Cu­ been in their ideas. A small work on cumbers, etc., were recommended to fruit trees by Francis Drope in 167·2, be removed as useless; they taught is free from absurdities; but Adam * * * the mode of raising varieties; Speed's book, a few years later than in short all the phenomena of vegetable Austen's, is full of errors as apparently life which throw so much light upon ludicrous as those' discovered' by Aus­ the practice of the Gardener, were ten, so gradual is the pas age 'from first noted and explained in the labours darkness to dawn.' Only two of his of these Philosophers * * * Another solemn assertions need be quoted as class of Philosophers who contributed specimens : ' To make white lilies * * * to the advancement of Horti­ become red, fill a hole in a lily root culture, were those chemists who with any red colour,' and 'The roots specially devoted themselves to the Vegetable World. Such men were In-

6Evelyn Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d 7Ibid, p. 160. Ed., p. 117. Blbid, p. 177. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 91 genhouz, Van H elmont, Priestly, Sen­ the latter are the rarest as well as the nebier, Schrader, Saussure, etc. * * * handsomest. To them we are indebted for the most With these bulbs is usually found luminous researches into the good of the shooting star, Dodecatheon media, plants, the influence of air, of heat, of which may also be dug up in full bloom light, and of soils. Previous to their and planted in the garden. It will researches the immense importance die down at once but will appear of the leaves of the Plants was un­ vigorously the following year, particu­ known ."9 larly if the soil is slightly acid. Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), It is useless to move t he prairie with the publication of Elements of violet, Viola pedata, usually found with Agricultural Chemistry in 1814, gave the foregoing unless it can be placed in to the public a unified conception of acid soil. the researches in agricultural chemistry and plant physiology of his predeces­ sors and contemporaries. But there was still much pioneer work to be per­ A BOOK OR TWO formed to fill in the great gaps. The The Irisl by John C. Wister, work of Day remained unchallenged President of The American Iris f:o­ until Justus Von Liebig (1803- 1873) ciety since its organization, is one of published his essentially valid con­ the recent volumes in The Farm and ception of the functioning of the living 10 Garden Library sent out by The plant in 1840. A detailed considera­ Orange Judd Publishing Co., under tion of the work of Davy and Liebig, the general editorship of Professor however, is reserved for a later chap­ Frank A. Waugh. The books are de­ ter. signed to meet the needs of the in­ 9George W. Johnson, A History of English terested amateur, who is not, and has Gardening, 1829, pp. 149-150. no desire to become a specialist in the Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., pp. field. 283-284. The Royal Gardens at Kew, begun in 1760, have played an important role in the This volume succeeds admirably in advancement of plant science .. Under the this purpose and is already gaining very able directorship of eminent men of the enthusiastic praise of many gar­ science the institution assumed an important deners. The illustrations are good . One, role in the scientific investigations. unfortunately, is incorrectly named, for 10Chemistry in Its Application to Agricult­ ure and Physiology, London, 1840. the photograph called his cristata alba is unmistakably h is tectorum [TO BE CONTINUED] alba with its characteristic shape and tall stalk which do not appear in cristata as can be seen in the frontis­ Native bulbs that may be dug up piece. There are several regretable and transplanted in full bloom with but not unpardonable typographical no appreciable set back are the qua­ errors which the iris lover will under­ mash, Camassia esculenta, and the stand and pass by. It is doubtful if nodding wild onion, Allium cernuum. "the man in the street" will appreci­ These ' bulbs are useful to t uck in ate the lists at the end of the volume, among Siberian iris plantings, the but the initiated will not undervalue quamash giving a flash of its pale them. blue bloom before t he irises and the The cultural directions and the dis­ allium a later display of its pink globes. cussion of the difficulties which may There are great colonies of both arise with soil, insects or diseases are along the middle western railroad satisfactory. The historical back- rights of way. The quamash varies IThe Iris, by John C. Wister. Orange Judd from almost white to a deep blue, but Co., New York, 1927. 92 THE 'NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927 ground should be of great interest to ments is also of great interest and it is everyone who raises the plant. The pleasant to see that there are many discussion of varieties, especially in hybrids appearing in which there is the section of the familiar bearded more of grace and charm than in the iris, is probably much too conservative. gorgeous but stiff inflorescences that The sorts named are all very well but have been developed largely, perhaps, they are already overshadowed by because they shipped and sold better. varieties which will soon be reasonable in price. As the virtues of the present plants are already sufficiently recorded, No matter how surfeited with flowers a more forward looking list would have one may be before the autumn is been more inspiring. past, he turns with an eager anticipa­ The author has drawn freely upon tion to the first flowers of the spring. the bulletins of The American Iris For this reason, a title "Winter Blos­ Society and freely acknowledges his soms From The Outdoor Garden'" debt to that excellent organization. catches the eye and fancy of the gar­ This, together with his own years dener in spite of the fact that the book of personal experience, makes the book is from England where the winters in one of singular authority. many ways are far milder than we know. After a brief resume of the methods of plant propagation that CONCERNING GLADIOLUS might be of interest to the reader there follow in alphabetical order a list Two very different books have ap­ of the plants that flower during the peared this spring dealing with this winter. The descriptions are brief popular garden flower. Of the same but for the most part adequate. The series as Mr. Wister's iris book is illustrations, however, are lamentably The Gladiolus2 by Dr. A. C. Beal, poor with stiff ugly lithographs and His volume is designed for the same very inaccurate coloring, noticeably readers and is limited by the same so in the figures of his unguicularis necessary reS'trictions. It remains, how­ and Rhododendron dahuricurn in the ever, a very readable and useful volume, volume in hand. giving explicit and clear directions for the successful growing of this plant. The Pennsylvania Horticultural So­ Every amateur should have it in his ciety has issued a very pleasant library if he is growing this plant. volume, "GardenBooksNewandOld,"6 The Gladiolus Book3 by Dr. Mc­ compiled by Mary Evans, in which Lean, Mr. Clark and Mr. Fischer is one finds a semi-bibliographical Jist prepared with another point of view of books with passing comments which in mind, and while it is no less instruc­ should be of value to the would-be tive, it is not so obviously prepared purchaser of garden literature. with an informative purpose. For the present reviewer, the most interest­ ing part of the volume is that which 2The Gladiolus, by Dr. A. C. Beal. Orange tells about the natural distribution of Judd Co., New York, 1927. the many species, their appearance 3The Gladiolus Book, by Dr. Forman T. and the qualities that they have given McLean, William E. Clark, and Eugene to the several strains of garden hybrids Fischer. Doubleday Page & Co., Garden that have been developed through City, N. Y. , 1927. the years. Indeed some of the illus­ 'Darnell, A. vr,T. ViTinter Blossoms from the Outdoor Garden. L. Reeve & Co., Lon­ trations of the species are so lovely don, 1926. that one regrets that they are not 6Evans, Mary. Garden Books tJew and commonly in cultivation. The dis­ Old. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, cussion of possible future develop- 1926. July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 93

The Gardener's Miscellany

Photograph by T. J. Sturtevant Siberian his

SWAMP IRIS NOTES FROM SANTA BARBARA The Siberian iris and the allied Chi­ The Garden Tours of Santa Bar­ nese species form one of the loveliest bara have worked out extremely pond side plantings. Lythrum and the well under the efficient management summer flowering daylilies will prolong of Miss Pearl Chase. Owners of the flowering until the summer mallows private gardens give permission to come. The tall members of the Spuria visitors with blue tags of the committee Group will also flourish in such places to visit their gardens on special days and flower after the Siberians and be­ and hours. Over five hundred dollars fore the familiar Japanese iris. has been gained through the fifty-cent 94 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

fee, which has been used to buy gar­ representing a heart-shaped vase from den books for the Garden School and which come out large blue dahlia-like to supply prizes for garden contests flowers . Wall brackets of stone sup­ and competitions. port pots of dense Boston ferns. Higher still, a stained glass window THE BLAKSLEY BOTANICAL GARDEN represents conventional roses and bears a memorial tribute to Mr. Hale, "Who The Hazard Memorial Museum of loved flowers and the beauty of the Santa Barbara is making marked earth." The tiles and plants and · progress in the horticultural field. Dr. colored light are a great addition. E. J. Bissell reports that operations in As I was coming away, Miss Caro­ the Blaksley Botanical Garden, a line Hazard called my attention to new area, are progressing satisfac­ some water color sketches she had torily. This beautiful property lo­ just made of the flower fields near cated in Mission Canyon about two Bakersfield. They showed the sweep miles beyond the mission itself, has of unbroken color to the distant snow­ tremendous advantages, a superb view, capped mountains. On April 12 I interesting land contours, a fresh-water visited the lo cation myself. It sur­ stream and, best of all, many existing passed anything I ever imagined. I native plants. As this is a ne~ de­ have seen the mountain pastures of velopment, much remains to be done. the Sierras, the Alpine meadows of A short approach road from the high­ Switzerland and the Pyrenees, poppy way leads to several small buildings. fields and the verbenas of the Mojave Trails into the canyon are being opened. Desert, but this· was a thrill beyond Fine trees and huge boulders afford them all. Approached from the Ridge accents for design. Pond lilies are. es­ Route, the first view of the plain is a tablished in a rock-bordered pool. cobalt triangle between bare hills. The heavy, dark soil of a plowed field This unfolds until the carpet of lupi­ gives promise of rich plantations. nes stretches from one's feet for miles Green paint,ed labels with black letter­ and miles to the even bluer mountain ing are used. ranges. The great plain is cut by the Beside the garden, the museum has Bakersfield Highway stretching nearly just opened the new Clinton Bennett straight for thirty-five miles. Strange Hale wing for botanical purposes. to say the blue seemed all on the right On April 10, this spacious room was of the road while the more vivid hue the scene of a reception and exhibition of the paint brush swept away to the of wild flowers. The enthusiastic guests mustard colored hills on the left. examined with delight the two hun­ The pink, bordering on magenta, made . dred eighty varieties of wild flowers less of an appeal but the whole ex­ shown. To Dr. Reginald C. Robbins panse was unbelievable. was largely due the completeness of MARCUS H. DALL, the collection. He has also arranged Deane School, Santa Barbara. a printed list of "Wild Flowers of the Santa Barbara Region," copies of A ROSE WITHOUT THORNS which were given the guests. The room, forty-five by twenty-five feet, The wild rose in the field may need has a red cement floor, cream-colored thorns for protection from its enemies, walls with arches at the sides and but the garden rose has but friends, brown timbered roof with the beams and the thorns are only a test for the exposed. love that it receives. The Rugosa Beyond a large arch in a curved end hybrids, Mme. Edouard HelTiot or of the room a wall fountain with a the ramblers would be equally be­ generous tile basis adds a note of loved were the thorns omitted. There bright color. Above this is a panel are now thornless kinds to-day, but July 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 95 they have been mostly chance sports had stout hooked prickles, and per­ and no attempt has been made to haps always will be armed. Some of breed t hem. the Hybrid Perpetuals are wholly SP ECIES thornless, but the only one in common cultivation to-day is Ulrich Brunner, Several species are unarmed in a smooth seedling of Paul N eyron, a nature. The Banksia roses are harm­ t horny plant from thorny parents. less, but not for any but frostless The thornless Marguerite Guillard, lands. Rosa macTophylla is usually a sport of Frau Karl Druschki, seems unarmed, but it is not as hardy as not in the trade. A few Hybrid Teas some species. Other recent species are nearly t hornless, as Argentine from China, as R . banksiopsis, are Cramon. This lack of pricldes must gentle, but they have no garden forms come from the common Bengal par­ as yet. Some of the forms of t he entage in all these roses. The Polyan­ Bengal (Rosa chinensis) are quite thas are all armed, while Pernetiana thornless, and lack of prickles and and Hybrid Rugosa are as pickable as bristles may be expected in its hybrids. hedgehogs. It will take much breed­ In Europe, R. spinosissima at times is ing to get the armament off these. All without its many prickles, and it yellow roses are especially ferocious, might be domesticated by selection but R . httgonis is less armed than its rather than by hybridization. Some­ relatives, so perhaps thornless yellow times R . cinnarnomea is thornless. bush roses will evolve from it. The best European species is R. pendulina (R. alpina), a . trailer. Its GARDEN CLIMBERS hybrid, R. spinulifolia, is unarmed Of modern climbing roses there are except for small prickles on the back several wholly defenseless. Empress of the leaflets. The flowers are single of China, Zephirine Drouhin and Kath­ pink in late May-very early. Hy­ leen Harrop (all Climbing Bengal) rare­ brids of the Bengal with R . pendulina ly have any inclination to scratch-the gave the old Boursault, very early, Bengal disposition again. Auguste single to double, in several colors, and Roussel (Hybrid Macrophylla) has worthy of further development .as stour, smooth canes, mi~hty unlike a thornless and half-climbing. The best rose. Some of the MultIflora type are now growing are Amadis and Mme. really unarmed, as the four Tausend­ Sancy de Parabere. schon (the pink form, white form, Ro­ The only thornless American species serie and Bonnie Prince). Somehow is R . blanda, with smooth red stems. the hooked prickles got omitted, and Already hybrids have been made, very with them may be associated Warth­ hardy, free blooming, thornless, and burg, Auguste Finon and 1. X. L. more are in process. It takes pollen More t hornless Multifloras may be readily from otht:lr species. A combina­ discovered. With Hybrid Wichurai­ tion with R. chinensis should give ana the case is nearly hopeless, for most thornless hardy everblooming bush of them are fi ercely armed. But Dr. roses. If such can be made they should Huey, a Bengal hybrid (R. wichuraiana be registered and put into the trade. x Gruss an Teplitz) is unarmed, and Papa Rouillard is practically harmless. GARDEN BUSH FORMS Climbing Ulrich Bru:(l.l1er is smooth, The old roses, Provence, Moss, like a vigorous Kerria in twig, while French and Damask, always were some of the " Bloomfield " group, as spiny, with prickles and bristles. The Bloomfield Comet, Bloomfield Exqui­ Bengal (or China) rose was less thorny site, and Lucy Thomas, are very nearly and some old forms, as Mme. Plantier, unarmed. Other thornless Climbing are quite unarmed. Apparently this Hybrid Tea sorts may exist already. will not set seed. The Tea rose always The three best thornless parents are -......

96 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1927

R. chinensis from China, R . pendulina The silk tree is easily raised from from the Alps, and our R . blanda. With seed and will make, at least in youth, a these and the present unarmed forms very rapid growth. Seeds planted in some definite results should be possible. spring will produce trees a foot or more The thornless rose garden already has tall the same season, and a tree the a good array of varieties, and more of second year from seed has been known them should be created. to reach a height of 8 feet. It with­ STEPHEN F. HAMBLIN, Director. stands pruning and can be trained to Botanic Garden, any desired shape. A tree three or Harvard University. four years old that was transplanted in the fall of 1921, cut back to a stub SILKEN TASSELS FROM PERSIA a foot high and an inch in diameter, The silk tree, to which the Persians five years later showed a striking have given the enticing name "silk array of stout branches 18 or 20 feet rose/ is a native of "warmer temper­ long, radiating symmetrically in all ate Asia from Persia to Japan" directions from the old stub, which (Bailey) but according to Gray has had increased in diameter to 8 inches. become established in this country The silk tree makes its most rapid "as far north as Virginia." It is a growth in full sunshine but will do well-known tree in the South, where it well in partial shade, where it remains is often called mimosa, but the true more shrubby. It could probably be Mimosa is another genus of the num­ made into a beautiful feathery hedge erous family Leguminosae, or pod­ by persistent trimming. Such treat­ bearing plants. The botanical desig­ ment might prevent blossoming, but nation of the silk tree is Albizzia even without its rosy tassels the plant julibrissin, a mouth-filling name de­ is highly ornamental. . rived from Italian and Persian sources. BERNARD H. LANE, Gray did not extend its range quite Washington, D. C. far enough north, for it is perfectly hardy in v\~shington, where there are A CORRECTION a number of old trees, including two in the White House grounds-one at In the article "Narcissus Paren­ the west gate, close by the executive tages" which appeared in the issue for offices, and the other in the front lawn. January, 1927, on page 21, the par­ It has also survived several winters in entages for Correggio and Gallipoli southern Ohio and may prove to be are given as Bernardino x King Alfred. hardy there. They should be Bernardino x Will This handsome tree has finely di­ Scarlett. B. Y. M. vided, delicate fernlike foliage closely resembling that of its more tropical A WESTERN SHRUB cousin the acacia-in fact, it is de­ scribed in William Robinson's "Eng­ The editor is told by Dr. Edwin lish Flower Garden" as "Acacia j uli­ Kirk that the shrub which Mrs. Stout brissin." The equally delicate flowers described in her article on page 64 of the are borne in crowded heads toward the April issue as a shrub, possibly, eleag­ ends of the branches, the projecting nus, is probably Sheperdia canadensis, elongated filaments of the numerous less well known than the Buffalo stamens making of each head a pink­ Berry, Sheperdia argentea. Bailey's ish silky tassel or pompon, from which Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture the Persian common name is derived. points out that the yellow berried form The tree does not begin to bloom until has been designated as the var. it is several years old, but the foliage xanthocarpa, Rehder. and that there is is attractive enough to give it an air another species, rotundifolia, -Parry, of distinction in its very earliest stages. which occurs throughout Utah. The American Horticultural Society A Union of The National Horticultural Society and The American Horticultural Society

The Society publishes The National Horticultural Magazine, a quarterly journal issued in January, April, July and October to all its members. It publishes special bulletins from time to time as material warrants special issues. Former bulletins of the Society may be secured from the secretary as long as copies are available.

Number 1. The Effect of Aluminum Sulphate on Rhododendron Seed­ lings, by Frederick V. Coville ...... $1.00 Number 2. Roses for America, by F. L. Mulford ...... 50 Number 3. Insect Pests of Our Garden Plants and Their Control, by C. A. Weigel ...... 50 Number 4. Soil Reaction in Relation to Horticulture, by Edgar T. Wherry ...... 50

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Individuals or Organizations desiring to be admitted to membership in the American Horticultural Society should forward their request and remittance to the Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road, Washington, D. C. Checks should be made payable to the American Horticultural Society. The address to which publications and notices are to be mailed should be stated.