ZIAGEN Safely and Effectively
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TRIZIVIR® (Abacavir Sulfate, Lamivudine, and Zidovudine) Tablets
NDA 21-205/S-011 Page 4 PRESCRIBING INFORMATION TRIZIVIR® (abacavir sulfate, lamivudine, and zidovudine) Tablets WARNINGS TRIZIVIR contains 3 nucleoside analogues (abacavir sulfate, lamivudine, and zidovudine) and is intended only for patients whose regimen would otherwise include these 3 components. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions have been associated with abacavir sulfate, a component of TRIZIVIR. Hypersensitivity to abacavir is a multi-organ clinical syndrome usually characterized by a sign or symptom in 2 or more of the following groups: (1) fever, (2) rash, (3) gastrointestinal (including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain), (4) constitutional (including generalized malaise, fatigue, or achiness), and (5) respiratory (including dyspnea, cough, or pharyngitis). Discontinue TRIZIVIR as soon as a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected. Permanently discontinue TRIZIVIR if hypersensitivity cannot be ruled out, even when other diagnoses are possible. Following a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, NEVER restart TRIZIVIR or any other abacavir-containing product because more severe symptoms can occur within hours and may include life-threatening hypotension and death. Reintroduction of TRIZIVIR or any other abacavir-containing product, even in patients who have no identified history or unrecognized symptoms of hypersensitivity to abacavir therapy, can result in serious or fatal hypersensitivity reactions. Such reactions can occur within hours (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS: Information -
ZIAGEN Safely and Effectively
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION • Patients With Hepatic Impairment: Mild hepatic impairment – 200 mg These highlights do not include all the information needed to use twice daily; moderate/severe hepatic impairment – contraindicated. (2.3) ZIAGEN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for --------------------- DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS -------------- ZIAGEN. Tablets: 300 mg; Oral Solution: 20 mg/mL (3) ZIAGEN® (abacavir sulfate) Tablets and Oral Solution -------------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS------------------------ Initial U.S. Approval: 1998 • Previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to abacavir. (4, 5.1) • Moderate or severe hepatic impairment. (4) WARNING: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS/LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY ----------------------- WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ---------------- • Hypersensitivity: Serious and sometime fatal hypersensitivity reactions See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. have been associated with ZIAGEN and other abacavir-containing • Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions have been products. Read full prescribing information section 5.1 before associated with ZIAGEN (abacavir sulfate). (5.1) prescribing ZIAGEN. (5.1) • Hypersensitivity to abacavir is a multi-organ clinical syndrome. • Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis have been (5.1) reported with the use of nucleoside analogues. (5.2) • Patients who carry the HLA-B*5701 allele are at high risk for • Immune reconstitution syndrome (5.3) and redistribution/accumulation -
Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis
Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of Tuberculosis Elimination Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office of Infectious Diseases National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of Tuberculosis Elimination June 2013 This document is accessible online at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/TB_HIV_Drugs/default.htm Suggested citation: CDC. Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis [online]. 2013. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/TB_HIV_Drugs/default.htm Table of Contents Introduction 1 Methodology for Preparation of these Guidelines 2 The Role of Rifamycins in Tuberculosis Treatment 4 Managing Drug Interactions with Antivirals and Rifampin 5 Managing Drug Interactions with Antivirals and Rifabutin 9 Treatment of Latent TB Infection with Rifampin or Rifapentine 10 Treating Pregnant Women with Tuberculosis and HIV Co-infection 10 Treating Children with HIV-associated Tuberculosis 12 Co-treatment of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis and HIV 14 Limitations of these Guidelines 14 HIV-TB Drug Interaction Guideline Development Group 15 References 17 Table 1a. Recommendations for regimens for the concomitant treatment of tuberculosis and HIV infection in adults 21 Table 1b. Recommendations for regimens for the concomitant treatment of tuberculosis and HIV infection in children 22 Table 2a. Recommendations for co-administering antiretroviral drugs with RIFAMPIN in adults 23 Table 2b. Recommendations for co-administering antiretroviral drugs with RIFAMPIN in children 25 Table 3. Recommendations for co-administering antiretroviral drugs with RIFABUTIN in adults 26 ii Introduction Worldwide, tuberculosis is the most common serious opportunistic infection among people with HIV infection. -
Dolutegravir-Abacavir-Lamivudine (Triumeq)
© National HIV Curriculum PDF created September 24, 2021, 7:23 pm Dolutegravir-Abacavir-Lamivudine (Triumeq) Table of Contents Dolutegravir-Abacavir-Lamivudine Triumeq Summary Drug Summary Key Clinical Trials Resistance Key Drug Interactions Drug Summary Dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine is a single-tablet regimen that is used primarily for treatment-naïve individuals. It has high potency, a relatively robust barrier to resistance (due to the dolutegravir component), and few drug interactions. It may be especially advantageous for individuals with renal insufficiency or risk factors for renal disease or osteoporosis, as it avoids the use of tenofovir DF. In certain treatment- experienced individuals, dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine may provide an option for switch or simplification of therapy. Abacavir can cause a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction in individuals who are HLA-B*5701 positive; all patients need to undergo testing for HLA-B*5701 prior to receiving dolutegravir-abacavir- lamivudine and those who test positive for HLA-B*5701 should not receive this single tablet regimen. Dolutegravir blocks tubular secretion of creatinine and therefore causes a small increase in serum creatinine in the first 4 to 8 weeks of use; this increase is benign and does not indicate a change in true creatinine clearance. Key Clinical Trials In antiretroviral-naïve individuals, dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine demonstrated superior virologic responses when compared with efavirenz-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)-emtricitabine [SINGLE], with superiority largely driven by the greater tolerability of the dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine regimen. In a comparison of 2 NRTIs plus either dolutegravir or raltegravir in treatment-naïve patients, virologic responses in the subset of patients who received dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine were equivalent to those receiving raltegravir plus either tenofovir DF-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine [SPRING-2]. -
Bictegravir-Tenofovir Alafenamide-Emtricitabine (Biktarvy)
© National HIV Curriculum PDF created September 25, 2021, 12:10 pm Bictegravir-Tenofovir alafenamide-Emtricitabine (Biktarvy) Table of Contents Bictegravir-Tenofovir alafenamide-Emtricitabine Biktarvy Summary Drug Summary Key Clinical Trials Key Drug Interactions Figures Drug Summary Bictegravir-tenofovir alafenamide-emtricitabine is a single-tablet regimen that is comprised of an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (bictegravir) combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine). Bictegravir, which is not FDA-approved as an individual antiretroviral medication, has a high barrier to resistance, is well tolerated, and, extrapolating from the phase 3 data, has virologic efficacy comparable to dolutegravir. Bictegravir levels can be reduced with medications or oral supplement that contain polyvalent cations (e.g. Ca, Mg, Al, Fe). Bictegravir blocks tubular secretion of creatinine and typically raises serum creatinine by about 0.1 mg/dL, but without affecting renal glomerular function. Phase 3 trials in antiretroviral-naïve persons as well as switch trials in persons with virologic suppression have shown excellent efficacy with bictegravir-tenofovir alafenamide-emtricitabine. Available data suggest that bictegravir has a high genetic barrier to resistance. Key Clinical Trials In a phase 3 trial, 629 antiretroviral-naïve adults were randomized to receive bictegravir-tenofovir alafenamide-emtricitabine or dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine; after 48 weeks, there was no significant difference -
Rational Design and Synthesis of New Nucleoside Analogues Bearing a Cyclohexane Core
Rational Design and Synthesis of New Nucleoside Analogues Bearing a Cyclohexane Core Beatriz Domínguez Pérez Ph.D. Thesis Ph.D. in Chemistry Supervisors: Dr. Ramon Alibés Arqués Dr. Félix Busqué Sánchez Dr. Jean-Didier Márechal Departament de Química Facultat de Ciències 2015 Memòria presentada per aspirar al Grau de Doctor per Beatriz Domínguez Pérez Beatriz Domínguez Pérez Vist i plau, Dr. Ramon Alibés Arqués Dr. Félix Busqué Sánchez Dr. Jean-Didier Maréchal Bellaterra, 13 de maig de 2015 “When you make the finding yourself-even if you’re the last person on Earth to see the light- you’ll never forget it” Carl Sagan A mis padres, a mi hermana A Jonatan Table of contents Abbreviations................................................................................................................................ 1 I. General introduction ............................................................................................. 5 1. Viruses ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Virus replication ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Viral diseases in humans ................................................................................................ 9 2. Antiviral drugs ................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Nucleoside analogues ................................................................................................. -
Nucleobase Coupling by Mitsunobu Reaction Towards Nucleoside Analogs
The Free Internet Journal Review for Organic Chemistry Archive for Arkivoc 2021, part iv, 0-0 Organic Chemistry to be inserted by editorial office Nucleobase coupling by Mitsunobu reaction towards nucleoside analogs Eduardo C. de Sousa and Amélia P. Rauter Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Ed C8, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Email: [email protected] This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Horst Kunz on the occasion of his 80th anniversary Received 09-21-2020 Accepted Manuscript 11-29-2020 Published on line 12-20-2020 Abstract The coupling of a nucleobase is a key step in the synthesis of most nucleoside analogs, e.g. carbocyclic nucleosides, isonucleosides and acyclic nucleosides. The synthetic strategies for nucleosides based on N- glycosylation are not applied when the nucleobase is not linked to the anomeric center. Thus, other methods have been employed, mainly those based on the alkylation of nucleobases. The Mitsunobu reaction, in which a hydroxy group is replaced by a nucleophile, has also been extensively applied, generating a diversity of molecules, including pharmaceuticals and their precursors. In this review the usefulness of this reaction for the coupling of nucleobases to non-anomeric positions of sugars, carbasugars and other homocyclic and linear structures is highlighted and discussed, covering purines and pyrimidines as pronucleophiles. * Keywords: Mitsunobu reaction, carbocyclic nucleosides, isonucleosides, acyclic nucleosides, synthesis DOI: https://doi.org/10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.377 Page 1 ©AUTHOR(S) Arkivoc 2021, iv, 0-0 de Sousa, E. C. et al. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. -
Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
UnitedHealthcare Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy Programs Program Number 2021 P 3114-3 Program Step Therapy Medications Atripla® (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (generic Atripla) P&T Approval Date 9/2018, 3/2020, 3/2021 Effective Date 5/1/2021; Oxford only: 5/1/2021 1. Background: This program requires the provider to validate that the member is not an appropriate candidate for any of the following before providing coverage for Atripla (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate): Dovato (dolutegravir/lamivudine), Symfi or Symfi Lo (efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), Triumeq (abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine), Isentress/Isentress HD (raltegravir) plus Cimduo (lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), Tivicay (dolutegravir) plus Cimduo (lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), or Juluca (dolutegravir/rilpivirine). For the treatment of HIV, antiretroviral regimens generally consist of three drugs –a two drug nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone in combination with a third drug from one of the following classes: integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or protease inhibitor (PI) with a pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancer. Data also support the use of the two-drug regimen, dolutegravir plus lamivudine, for initial treatment. Based on improved virologic outcomes and tolerability, INSTIs are recommended as first-line treatment options in most patients.1 Atripla is indicated for use alone as a complete regimen or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg.2 2. Coverage Criteriaa: A. HIV 1. Atripla or generic Atripla will be approved based on both of the following: a. -
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection Developed by the HHS Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Children Living with HIV—A Working Group of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (OARAC) How to Cite the Pediatric Guidelines: Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Children Living with HIV. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/content- files/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf. Accessed (insert date) [include page numbers, table number, etc. if applicable] Use of antiretrovirals in pediatric patients is evolving rapidly. These guidelines are updated regularly to provide current information.The most recent information is available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov. What’s New in the Pediatric Guidelines (Last updated April 14, 2020; last reviewed April 14, 2020) The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Children Living with HIV (the Panel) has reviewed previous versions of the Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection and revised the text and references. Key updates are summarized below. April 14, 2020 When to Initiate Therapy in Antiretroviral-Naive Children • The Panel now recommends rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all children, not just those aged <1 year. Rapid initiation is defined as initiating therapy immediately or within days of HIV diagnosis. • Because the Panel no longer makes recommendations about when to initiate ART based on a child’s age (either <1 year of age or ≥1 year of age), Table A has been deleted and the data that support rapid initiation have been grouped by outcome (i.e., survival and health benefits, neurodevelopmental benefits, immune benefits, and viral reservoirs and viral suppression). -
Nucleoside Analogs with Fleximer Nucleobase
DOI 10.1007/s10593-020-02713-5 Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 2020, 56(6), 636–643 Nucleoside analogs with fleximer nucleobase Mikhail V. Chudinov1* 1MIREA - Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnology, 78 Vernadsky Ave., Moscow 119454, Russia, е-mail: [email protected] Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, Submitted February 28, 2020 2020, 56(6), 636–643 Accepted after revision April 15, 2020 This review article is devoted to the so-called fleximer nucleoside analogs, containing two or more planar moieties in the heterocyclic base, connected by a bond that permits rotation. Such analogs have been proposed as molecular probes for detecting enzyme–substrate interactions and studying the transcription and translation of nucleic acids, but subsequently have attracted the interest of researchers by their antiviral and antitumor activity. The methods used in the synthesis of such compounds, along with their structural features and also biological activity are considered in this review. Keywords: pyrimidine, riboside, triazole, antitumor activity, antiviral activity, fleximer, nucleoside analogs. The term "fleximers" was introduced in 2001 by the heterocyclic base was the assembly of a fused tricyclic Seley research group,1 referring to synthetic analogs of system with a central thiophene ring. This tricyclic system nucleosides in which the purine base has been "splitted" was subjected to Raney nickel desulfurization, providing into two linked heterocycles – imidazole and pyrimidine. the desired fleximer1 (Scheme 1). Similarly to any other Initially intended as model compounds for studying the synthesis of nucleoside analogs, there was the issue of which binding sites of enzymes and characterizing the interactions synthetic step would be most convenient for the formation between proteins and nucleic acids, compounds of this type of the glycosidic bond. -
Package Leaflet: Information for the User Abacavir/Lamivudine 600 Mg
Package leaflet: Information for the user Abacavir/Lamivudine 600 mg/300 mg film-coated tablets abacavir/lamivudine Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you. - Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. - If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. - This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their signs of illness are the same as yours. - If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. IMPORTANT —Hypersensitivity reactions Abacavir/Lamivudine contains abacavir (which is also an active substance in medicines such as Trizivir, Triumeq and Ziagen). Some people who take abacavir may develop a hypersensitivity reaction (a serious allergic reaction), which can be life-threatening if they continue to take abacavir containing products. You must carefully read all the information under ‘Hypersensitivity reactions’ in the panel in Section 4. The Abacavir/Lamivudine pack includes an Alert Card, to remind you and medical staff about abacavir hypersensitivity. Detach this card and keep it with you at all times. What is in this leaflet 1. What Abacavir/Lamivudine is and what it is used for 2. What you need to know before you take Abacavir/Lamivudine 3. How to take Abacavir/Lamivudine 4. Possible side effects 5. How to store Abacavir/Lamivudine 6. Contents of the pack and other information 1. What Abacavir/Lamivudine is and what it is used for Abacavir/Lamivudine is used to treat HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in adults, adolescents and in children weighing at least 25 kg. -
The First Intermolecular Interrupted Imino-Nazarov Reaction
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue The first intermolecular interrupted imino-Nazarov reaction: expeditious access to carbocyclic Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2016,7,1100 nucleoside analogues† Ronny William, Wei Lin Leng, Siming Wang and Xue-Wei Liu* The analogous imino-variant of the Nazarov reaction suffers from unfavorable energetics associated with the ring closure process, thereby limiting the utility of this class of reactions. In this report, the realization of the first intermolecular interrupted imino-Nazarov reaction utilizing silylated pyrimidine derivatives as Received 21st September 2015 nucleophilic trapping partners culminated in an expedient synthetic route to carbocyclic nucleoside Accepted 27th October 2015 analogues. The potential application of silylated nucleobases to intercept the oxyallyl cation in other DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03559g variants of the Nazarov reaction provides vast opportunities to develop new strategies for the formation www.rsc.org/chemicalscience of carbocyclic nucleoside analogues. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. Carbocyclic nucleosides represent an emerging class of privi- intercept the cyclopentenyl cation formed following cyclization leged therapeutic compounds which exhibit interesting bio- in inter- or intramolecular fashion, allowing rapid access to logical properties.1,2 Substitution of endocyclic oxygen by more elaborate cyclopentanoid compounds.8 The imino variant a methylene unit in a carbocyclic nucleoside derivative imparts of the Nazarov