ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 1 March 2015
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2015 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 1, pp 112 - 117 , 2015
Contemporary state of macrophytobenthos along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea
D. Petrova*, V. Vachkova, D. Gerdzhikov
Institute of Fish Resources, 4 Primorski, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
Abstract. The contemporary assessment of macroalgal species distribution is based on qualitative and quantitative parameters (taxonomy, abundance, biomass, seasonal dynamics, habitat description, etc.) and indices of phytobenthos diversity. The analyses made in the period 2011 – 2012 allowed to define the ecological status of coastal water bodies (one-mile zone) as a dynamic variation from "very poor" to "very good”. An improvement was established from north to south, explainable by the prevailing anthropogenic pollution in the northern Bulgarian coastal zone – active recreational activities, industry and impact of transformed waters from the Danube. The aim was to carry out an ecological assessment of the Bulgarian coastal waters of the Black sea using the biological quality element (BQE) – macrophytobenthos according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/EC).
Keywords: Black Sea, one-mile zone, macrophytobenthos, environmental assessment WFD 2000
Abbreviations: BQE – Biological quality element, EEI – Ecological evaluation index, ESG – Ecological state groups, EQR – Ecological quality ratio, ESC – Ecological status class, S/W – Specific surface/weight, WFD – Water framework directive
Introduction was defined as the data was converted to 1 m2 . Dominant species were Ulva rigida, Polisiphonia and Briopsis plumosa, which Contemporary macrophytic algoflora in front of the Bulgarian according to literature references were indicators of mesosaprobic Black Sea coast covers 165 species, 86 genera, 44 families and 26 pollution. It was found that after the construction of the facilities and orders of three divisions. The highest species diversity exhibit the changes in bottom substrate, after a long period of time, the red algae, 99 species, varieties and forms that represent 54% of coenoses of Ulva rigida, Enteromorha intestinalis and E. linza were macroalgoflora, followed by the equally represented green (by 39 in good ecological status. Cystoseira barbata was not discovered species, 23%) and brown (by 38 species, 22.8%) ) algae Dimitrova- which indicated strong water pollution or inappropriate substrate. Konaklieva (2000). Macroalgoflora is boreal due to the presence of The aim of this paper was to study and establish the large numbers of Atlantic boreal species. Introduced species from contemporary state of the quality of water along the Bulgarian coast the Mediterranean into the Black Sea are the species from families of the Black sea on the base of the biological quality element - Cystoseiraceae, Ulvaceae, Ceramiaceae, Cladophoraceae, macrophytobenthos communities according to the requirements of Rhodomelaceae (Polysiphonia sp.) and Gelidiaceae, Kalugina- the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/EC). Gutnik (1975). Endemic to the Black Sea appear to be Laurencia coronopus, Gelidiella antipai, Desmotrichum punctaroides and Enteromorpha meotica. Material and methods The combination of climate change and pressure of human activities is a threat to global biodiversity. The Red List is a globally In 2011, 18 stations of category "coastal waters" were recognized tool for determining the endangered status of different examined, located on the first level of the sublittoral zone and spread organisms, including risk of extinction. The Red List of endangered along the coast (Krapetz, Krapetz*, Shabla, Rusalka, Kaliakra, Bulgarian macroalgae contains 83 species in six International Union Balchik, Albena, Varna Bay-North (third groin), Varna Bay-South for Conservation of Nature categories: regionally extinct, critically (Karantinata), Galata, Kamchiya, Dvoynitsa, Nessebar, Rosenets, endangered, data deficient, endangered, vulnerable and near Sozopol, Maslen Nos, Varvara, Veleka) (Figure 1). threatened species. In 2012 the samples of macrophytes were taken from 6 stations: Eutrophication and anthropogenic pressure dramatically Pasha Dere, Rusalka, Tsarevo and three stations in Varna Bay reduce biodiversity. For example, at the end of 1980s in Varna Bay (Trakata, Pochivka and Third Groin) in June, July and August. Total there was a big rocky space covered with rich coenoses of of 12 samples were collected from the sublittoral zone for qualitative Cystoseira barbata, maritime salad Ulva rigida, Enteromoha and quantitative analysis. intestinalis, E.linza, red algae Ceramium rubrum, Calithamnion Sampling for quantitative analysis was performed by the corymbosum and many other associated species (own method of squares Kalugina–Gutnik (1975). Samples were observations, Dr. D. Klisarova together with Biotech, Varna). During collected at horizontal and vertical transects perpendicular to the construction of groins that field was piled with rock material and shore using metal frames with sizes 25x25 cm, 50x50 cm or tetrapods. In May 2004, an underwater observation was conducted 100x100 cm. Two samples were taken at each station for qualitative on the third groin to identify changes that occurred after the and quantitative analysis. In the laboratory of the Institute of Fish installation of the hydro-technical structures. Samples were taken Resources (IFR), Varna the samples were distributed in pans of using standard techniques. Qualitative and quantitative structure seawater for taxonomic determination. Species were identified into * e-mail: [email protected]
112 Ecological Evaluation Index ( ) .
pecific surface weig t index (
Figure 1. Map with sampling stations for macrophytes μ μ
acrop te biomass i
Figure 2. Sampling with a metal frame (images from V.Vachkova, 2011)
113 Table 1. Relationship between the calculated values of EEI, EQR and discrete 5-degree evaluation scale for environmental condition Index Very Good Good Moderate Poor Very Poor EEI 10 ≥ EEI > 8 8 ≥ EEI > 6 6 ≥ EEI > 4 4 ≥ EEI > 2 2 ≥ EEI > 0 EQR > 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ≤ 0.2
Table 2. Relationship between the calculated values of S/W, EQR and discrete 5-degree evaluation scale for environmental condition Index Very Good Good Moderate Poor Very Poor S/W 15 ≤ S/W < 25 25 ≤ S/W < 45 45 ≤ S/W < 75 75 ≤ S/W < 100 100 ≤ S/W EQR > 0.91 0.73 0.5 0.3 0.0
The specific surface area of the macrophytes was converted in 20 (2011) and 15 (2012) macrophytobenthos species were m2/kg for each station by the above-mentioned formulas (Minicheva identified. 19 species of them were algae (Chlorophyta, Rodophyta, 1993; Minisheva et al., 2003). S/W varies in the 5-point scale from Phaeophyta) and one species of seaweed (Magnoliophyta). The very good to very poor environmental status (Table 2). species were assigned respectively to ESG I (sensitive) and ESG II By the values of S/W, EEI index and biomass of macrophyte (tolerant). The number of identified species in 2011 grew from north species we have identified the ecological status of each monitoring to south and ranged from 2 to 9 species at a station. The lowest station. species biodiversity (in number of species) was established at Galata station, and the highest one – at station Sozopol (Table 3). The result obtained was also influenced by the substrate at the site of Results and discussion survey. Some of the highest values of biomass formed by the In September 2011 an extensive, up-to-date assessment of the prevalence of the genus Cystoseira were established at the stations state of macrophytobenthos was first performed at 18 stations along in Shabla, Nessebar, Maslen Nos, Varvara and Veleka (Figure 3). At our entire coastline. In our study for the period 2011 – 2012, a total of the stations Karantina and Galata the biomass was extremely low.
Table 3. Species distribution by stations (1. Krapetz, 2. Krapetz*, 3. Shabla, 4. Rusalka, 5. Kaliakra, 6. Balchik, 7. Albena, 8. Varna Bay-North (third groin), 9. Varna Bay-South (Karantinata), 10. Galata, 11. Kamchiya, 12. Dvoynitsa, 13. Nessebar, 14. Rosenets, 15. Sozopol, 16. Maslen Nos, 17. Varvara, 18. Veleka)
№ Species/Taxon Stations ESG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Chlorophyta 1 Ulva rigida + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + II 2 Enteromorpha intestinalis + + + + II 3 Cladophora vagabunda + + + + + II 4 Cladophora sericea + II 5 Cladophora sp. + II 6 Enteromorrpha flexuosa + + + II Rhodophyta 7 Ceramium elegans + + + + + + + + + + + + II 8 Ceramium rubrum + + + II 9 Gelidium latifolium + + + + + + + I 10 Gelidium crinale + + + + II 11 Polysiphonia elongata + + + II 12 Polysiphonia denudata + + + + II 13 Polysiphonia sp. + II 14 Corallina officinalis + + I 15 Lomentaria clavellosa + + II 16 Callithamnion corymbosum + + + + + + + + II Phaeophyta 17 Sphacelaria cirrhosa + II 18 Cystoseira barbata + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 19 Cystoseira crinita + + + + I 20 Magnoliophyta Zostera spp. + + Total number of species 6 4 5 5 7 3 7 5 3 2 3 4 7 6 9 6 7 7
114 Figure . Picture of Cystoseira barbat (images from V.Vachkova, 2011)
Figure 4. Field of lifeless Zostera spp. under water and washed up on the shore (images from V.Vachkova, 2011)
Table 4. Values of the EEI index and S/W index
115 10000
2 7500
5000
Biomass (g/m ) 2500
0
1 Krapetz 2 Krapetz* 3 Shabla 4 Rusalka 5 Kaliakra 6 Balchik 7 Albena 8 Third groin 9 Karantinata 10 Galata 11 Kamchiya 12 Dvoynitsa 13 Nessebar 14 Rosenets 15 Sozopol 16 Maslen Nos 17 Varvara 18 Veleka
Figure 5. Distribution of macrophyte biomass (g/m2 ) by stations
The marine eelgrass Zostera spp. in this study was found only at (2001) in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive stations Balchik and Albena (Figure 4). Due to the lack of sufficiently (WFD EU, 2000). The EEI is calculated on the basis of the representative material, the index S/W was not calculated for percentage ratio of coverage between the species of R and K stations 9 and 10 (Karantina and Galata). An assessment of the categories or between tolerant and sensitive species. ecological status of those two stations was made solely on the basis In 2012, five species of the division Cholorophyta were of the EEI index. The low values of stations Kamchiya and Dvoynitsa identified, eight species of Rhodophyta division and two species of were determined solely by the presence of species with high specific Phaeophyta division. The small number of species is explained by surface and low biomass, which is typical for ESG II. Kamchiya and fewer stations of observation. The distribution of species by stations Dvoynitsa were with the highest values of the index S/W and in 2012 is shown in Table 6. Opportunists are marked in green and respectively their final ecological status was described as "very bad" sensitive species – in red. (Table 4). Only one of the 15 species of macrophytes falls into category In 2011, macrophyte biomass (g/m2) in the one-mile coastal [VU] - vulnerable species - Ulva flexuosa (synonym: Enteromorpha zone was growing up in north - south direction (Figure 5). Compared flexuosa) (Temniskova et al., 2008). The stations Russalka, Pasha with data from 2008 by Dencheva (2008), we have registered an Dere and Tsarevo were with the highest biomass formed by the improvement in the ecological status according to the Biological quality element (BQE) macrophytes. In 2011, the contemporary ecological status (by applying the principle "one - out - all - out") of 13 Table 6. Distribution of species in 2012 (Stations: 1. water bodies on the Bulgarian coast (Table 5) (differentiated Rusalka, 2. Trakata, 3. Pochivka, 4. Third Groin, 5. Pasha Dere, 6. Tsarevo) according to the outcome of the typology and analysis of human impact and pressure – regulations of ExEA), according to BQE № Taxon/species Stations macrophytobenthos, ranged from "very good" to "very poor." EEI and S/W were used. EEI of the ecological status of 1 2 3 4 5 6 transitional and coastal waters was introduced by Orfandis et al. Chlorophyta 1 Ulva rigida + + + + + Table 5. Codes of water bodies established along the 2 Enteromorpha intestinalis + + + Bulgarian coast 3 Cladophora vagabunda + + + № Name of the water body Codes of water bodies 4 Cladophora sp. + + + 1 From Dourankoulak to cape Shabla BG2BS000C001 5 Enteromorpha flexuosa + 2 From cape Shabla to Kamen bryag BG2BS000C002 Rhodophyta 3 From Kamen bryag to cape Kaliakra BG2BS000C003 6 Ceramium elegans + + + + 4 From cape Kaliakra to Albena resort BG2BS000C004 7 Ceramium rubrum + + 5 Varna bay BG2BS000C005 8 Gelidium latifolium + + 6 From c. Ilandzhik to point 27053'43''/ 42058'17'' BG2BS000C006 9 Polysiphonia sp. + + + 7 From point 27053'43''/ 42058'17'' to cape Emine BG2BS000C007 10 Callithamnion corymbosum + + + 8 Bourgas bay <30m BG2BS000C008 11 Callithamnion granulatum + + 9 PA “Koketrais” BG2BS000C009 12 Gelidium crinale + + 10 Bourgas bay <30m BG2BS000C010 13 Phyllophora nervosa 11 From c. Akin to c. Korakya BG2BS000C011 Phaeophyta 12 From cape Korakya to mouth of Rezovska river BG2BS000C012 14 Cystoseira barbata + + + 13 From Albena resort to cape Ilandzhik BG2BS000C013 15 Zanardinia prototypus +
116 stoseira. orallina officinalis stoseira crinita stoseira barbata. elidium latifolium Figure 6. Field with absence of macrophytes (images from stoseira barbatа V. Vachkova, 2011) anardinia protot pus llop ora nervosa stoseira stoseira spp stoseira barbata llop ora nervosa eferences enche a imitro a onaklie a S alugina utnick AA iniche a iniche a oto A and osenko elidium latifolium Orfanidis S Panayotidis P and Stamatis N Shtere a P Temnisko a T Stoyne a P and ir ako F E Conclusions
117 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 1, 2015
CONTENTS 1 / 2 Review
Molecular mechanisms and new strategies to fight stresses in egg-producing birds 3 E. Shatskikh, E. Latypova, V. Fisinin, S. Denev, P. Surai
Genetics and Breeding
Gene action in the inheritance of date to ear emergence and time to physiological maturity in bread 11 wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L.) N. Tsenov, T. Gubatov, E. Tsenova
Productivity and stability of the yield from common winter wheat cultivars developed at IPGR Sadovo 19 under the conditions of Dobrudzha region P. Chamurliyski, E. Penchev, N. Tsenov
Effectof black (stem) rust (Puccinia Graminis F.SP. Tritici) attack to the spike characteristics in 25 Polishwheat (Triticum Polonicum L.) H. Stoyanov
Analysis of DNA polymorphism of CAST gene in Local Karnobat and Stara Zagora sheep breeds 36 D. Hristova, S. Georgieva, S. Tanchev
Correlation between grain yield and yield components in winter barley varieties 40 N. Markova Ruzdik, D.Valcheva, D.Vulchev, Lj. Mihajlov, I. Karov, V. Ilieva
Genetic diversity in different accessions of oat (Avena sativa L.) 45 T. Savova, B. Dyulgerova, G. Panayotova
Interspecific hybridization in cotton and its use in breeding 49 A. Stoilova, I. Saldzhiev
Influence of the direction of crossing on heterosis and transgression events in relation to the 61 length of the vegetative period of Burley tobaccos variety group Y. Dyulgerski, T. Radoukova, L. Dospatliev
Nutrition and Physiology
The performance of female dairy calves fed texturized starters with different protein sources 65 E. Yavuz, N. Todorov, G. Ganchev, K. Nedelkov
Feeding value estimation of spring forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) in organic cultivation 71 I. Nikolova, N. Georgieva, Y. Naydenova
Production Systems
Treatment of post harvest residues with cellulose decomposing preparations 77 I. Effect on grain yield from wheat G. Milev, I. Iliev, A. Ivanova AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 1, 2015
CONTENTS 2 / 2 Seasonal dynamics of important for Coriandrum sativum virus pathogens 83 B. Dikova, H. Lambev
Crop relationship "yield-evapotranspiration" for green bean 87 R. Kalaydzhieva, D. Davidov, A. Matev, V. Kuneva
Species composition and density of weeds in a wheat crop depending on the soil tillage system in 94 crop rotation P. Yankov, M. Nankova, M. Drumeva, D. Plamenov, B. Klochkov
Agriculture and Environment
Assessment of Bulgarian Black Sea coastal water using the biological quality element phytoplankton 98 D. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov
Evaluation on reaction of late maturing maize hybrids and lines to Fusarium ear rot 108 M. Haddadi, M. Zamani
Contemporary state of macrophytobenthos along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea 112 D. Petrova, V. Vachkova, D. Gerdzhikov
Bioconversion of nitrogen in eco-technical system for eggs production 118 A. Gencheva
Mixed viral infections in tomato as a precondition for economic loss 124 N. Petrov
Product Quality and Safety
Storage and its effect on the antioxidant capacity of dried Bulgarian Chrysanthemum balsamita L. 129 A. Popova, D. Mihaylova, I. Alexieva
Correcting the breadmaking quality of flour damaged by Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) by 133 using apple pectin I. Stoeva
Investigation the influence of dietary fiber on the rheological properties of alginate beads 137 Z. Manev, N. Petkova, P. Denev, D. Ludneva, S. Zhelyazkov
Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Bulgaria 141 M. Stoyanova, K. Aleksandrova, D. Ganeva, N. Bogatzevska Instruction for authors tables and figures, accompanied by the Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., statistical parameters needed for the Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, Preparation of papers evaluation. Data from tables and figures etc.) Papers shall be submitted at the editorial should not be repeated in the text. The following order in the reference list is office typed on standard typing pages (A4, Tables should be as simple and as few as recommended: 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). possible. Each table should have its own Journal articles: Author(s) surname and The editors recommend up to 15 pages for explanatory title and to be typed on a initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, full research paper ( including abstract separate page. They should be outside the volume, pages. 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