Histoire De L'endocrinologie
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Nobel Prizes
W W de Herder Heroes in endocrinology: 1–11 3:R94 Review Nobel Prizes Open Access Heroes in endocrinology: Nobel Prizes Correspondence Wouter W de Herder should be addressed to W W de Herder Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Email The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was first awarded in 1901. Since then, the Nobel Key Words Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry and Physics have been awarded to at least 33 " diabetes distinguished researchers who were directly or indirectly involved in research into the field " pituitary of endocrinology. This paper reflects on the life histories, careers and achievements of 11 of " thyroid them: Frederick G Banting, Roger Guillemin, Philip S Hench, Bernardo A Houssay, Edward " adrenal C Kendall, E Theodor Kocher, John J R Macleod, Tadeus Reichstein, Andrew V Schally, Earl " neuroendocrinology W Sutherland, Jr and Rosalyn Yalow. All were eminent scientists, distinguished lecturers and winners of many prizes and awards. Endocrine Connections (2014) 3, R94–R104 Introduction Endocrine Connections Among all the prizes awarded for life achievements in In 1901, the first prize was awarded to the German medical research, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or physiologist Emil A von Behring (3, 4). This award heralded Medicine is considered the most prestigious. the first recognition of extraordinary advances in medicine The Swedish chemist and engineer, Alfred Bernhard that has become the legacy of Nobel’s prescient idea to Nobel (1833–1896), is well known as the inventor of recognise global excellence. -
Pancreatic Organotherapy for Diabetes, 1889-1921
Medical History, 1995, 39: 288-316 Pancreatic Organotherapy for Diabetes, 1889-1921 ROBERT TATTERSALL* Introduction The isolation of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921 and its rapid commercial exploitation revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. The story, frequently told as a romance of medicine, is that a young orthopaedic surgeon, Frederick Banting, went to the local Professor of Physiology, J J R Macleod, asking for facilities to try to isolate the internal secretion of the pancreas. Macleod was sceptical but provided a lab, dogs and a student assistant to measure blood sugar. After only three months, Banting and Charles Best isolated a potent anti-diabetic substance which was first used on a human diabetic in January 1922. Controversy followed when Banting and Macleod, not Banting and Best, were awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize. Much has been written about the events in Toronto in 1921-1922l as well as about the priority disputes which followed.2 Two editorials in the Lancet in 1923 questioned why this discovery had taken so long.3 The seductively simple critique ran as follows: in 1869, Paul Langerhans described his eponymous islands, in 1889 Oskar Minkowski produced severe diabetes in dogs by pancreatectomy, in 1891 George Murray cured myxoedema by injections of thyroid extract and in 1893 Gustave-Edouard Laguesse suggested that the islands of Langerhans produced "an endocrine secretion" which controlled carbohydrate metabolism. How could it have taken thirty years for therapeutics to exploit the physiological suggestion? The origins of the hormone concept and the history of organotherapy in general have been explored in detail by Merriley Borell.4 Her work focuses on the role of physiologists, *Professor Robert Tattersall, Diabetes Unit, 1954, 9: 281-9, and W R Feasby, 'The discovery of University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH. -
The Discovery of Insulin
Diabetes Frederick Banting and Charles Best purified the hormone • 1996: The introduction of insulin analogues with higher The Discovery of Insulin: The Ultimate Key insulin from bovine pancreases and administered it to and improved Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and a first patient in 1922. The result was an elimination of Excretion (ADME). glycosuria (glucose in the urine) and a 77% drop of • 2005: FDA approves a new drug for type 2 Diabetes to Uncovering the Secret of Diabetes glycaemia (glucose in the blood) for the patient. derived from the Gila monster. Exendin4, found in the venom of the lizard triggers one of the insulin- releasing By the fall of 1923, 25000 patients were treated with pathways. Dr. Alice Gerges Geagea insulin injections in Canada and the United States. Banting • 2008: Suzanna M. de la Monte proposes the term “ type 3 received a Noble prize for this breakthrough and World diabetes ” to describe insulin resistance in the brain. PharmD, PhD, MSc Public Health Diabetes Day is now being celebrated worldwide on • 2013: The University of Cambridge trials an artificial November 14 which coincides with Banting’sbirthday. pancreas which combines the technology of an insulin It is well established that diabetes mellitus is a chronic pump with a continuous glucose monitor. disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in Other important landmark discoveries can be cited such • 2015: Dr Edward Damiano introduces the iLet , a bionic production of insulin by the pancreas or the ineffectiveness as: pancreas that delivers both insulin and glucagon every of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in • 1922: Development of Metformin which is now, among five minutes. -
The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus
Chapter 1 The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus Jacek Zajac, Anil Shrestha, Parini Patel, and Leonid Poretsky In Antiquity A medical condition producing excessive thirst, continuous urination, and severe weight loss has interested medical authors for over three millennia. Unfortunately, until the early part of twentieth century the prognosis for a patient with this condition was no better than it was over 3000 years ago. Since the ancient physicians described almost exclusively cases of what is today known as type 1 diabetes mellitus, the outcome was invariably fatal. Ebers Papyrus, which was written around 1500 BC, excavated in 1862 AD from an ancient grave in Thebes, Egypt, and published by Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1874, describes, among various other ailments and their remedies, a condition of “too great emptying of the urine” – perhaps, the reference to diabetes mellitus. For the treatment of this condition, ancient Egyptian physicians were advocating the use of wheat grains, fruit, and sweet beer.1,2 Physicians in India at around the same time developed what can be described as the first clinical test for dia- betes. They observed that the urine from people with diabetes attracted ants and flies. They named the condition “madhumeha” or “honey urine.” Indian physicians also noted that patients with “madhumeha” suffered from extreme thirst and foul breath (probably, because of ketosis). Although the polyuria associated with diabetes was well recognized, ancient clinicians could not distinguish between the polyuria due to what we now call diabetes mellitus from the polyuria due to other conditions.3 Around 230 BC, Apollonius of Memphis for the first time used the term “diabetes,” which in Greek means “to pass through” (dia – through, betes – to go). -
1 Evolution of Drug Discovery
1 1 Evolution of Drug Discovery 1.1 Antiquity Adam and Eve lived in paradise and did not know disease nor suffering; when they were expelled they discovered misery and disease. It is not surprising that throughout history man has searched for remedies to fight against disease. Historically speaking, man has explored nature to satisfy two major needs – food and herbs for alleviating pain and suffering. Ancient civilizations had comprehensive treatises where herbs or mixtures of them rep- resented the ‘‘corpus therapeuticum’’ to alleviate and treat disease. One of these compendia was the Ebers Papyrus. Egyptian culture already used a range of herbs from medicinal plants that were described in the Ebers Papyrus that was dated about 1550 BC. The papyrus was purchased in Thebes in 1872 by German Egyptologist Dr. George Ebers who had recognized its content and extraordinary value. It incorporates about 800 prescriptions written as hieroglyphics for over 700 remedies. It is preserved at the University of Leipzig (Figure 1.1). B. Ebbell produced a good translation in 1937 [1]. Most of the Egyptian names of drugs and ingredients, at least a third, have been identified with drugs and active principles that appear in current formularies and recipe books. In addition to recipes for purgatives, it also mentions some alkaloid plants as well as essentials oils, turpen- tine, cedar wood, soothing balms for skin problems, and many other prescriptions. Fragrant resins of Boswelia trees growing on the southern coast of Arabia such as frankincense (also known as olibanum) and myrrh were prized by Egyptian embalmers. Later, they were cited in the Bible, and have been used along with other balsams and gums throughout the centuries as deodorants and antiseptic drugs. -
Diabetes Research and Care Through the Ages Diabetes Care Volume 40, October 2017
1302 Diabetes Care Volume 40, October 2017 SYMPOSIUM Bernard Zinman,1 Jay S. Skyler,2 Diabetes Research and Care Matthew C. Riddle,3 and Ele Ferrannini 4 DIABETES CARE Through the Ages Diabetes Care 2017;40:1302–1313 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dci17-0042 As has been well established, the Diabetes Care journal’s most visible signature event is the Diabetes Care Symposium held each year during the American Diabetes Association’s Scientific Sessions. Held this past year on 10 June 2017 in San Diego, California, at the 77th Scientific Sessions, this event has become one of the most attended sessions during the Scientific Sessions. Each year, in order to continue to have the symposium generate interest, we revise the format and content of this event. For this past year, our 6th annual symposium, I felt it was time to provide a compre- hensive overview of our efforts in diabetes care to determine, first and foremost, how we arrived at our current state of management. I also felt the narrative needed to include the current status of management, especially with a focus toward cardiovas- cular disease, and finally, we wanted to ask what the future holds. Toward this goal, I asked four of the most noted experts in the world to provide their opinion on this topic. The symposium started with a very thoughtful presentation by Dr. Jay Skyler entitled “A Look Back as to How We Got Here.” That was followed by two lectures on current concepts by Dr. Bernard Zinman entitled “Current Treatment Paradigms TodaydHow Well Are We Doing?” and by Dr. -
How Insulin Works
ALL ABOUT INSULIN – THE HORMONE AND THE MEDICINE Jennifer Bell, MD Pediatric Endocrinology DIABETES & ENDOCRINE 2021 Virtual Diabetes Management Conference for School Nurses Provided by Texas Children’s Hospital NURSING CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (NCPD) Texas Children’s Hospital is approved with distinction as a provider of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by the Texas Nurses Association, an accredited approver by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION To receive contact hours for this nursing continuing professional development activity, the participant must: . Register for the continuing professional development activity . Attend at least one session . Complete a pre and post survey . Complete a participant evaluation online Print and sign your contact hour “Certificate of Successful Completion” once you have completed the online evaluation. LEARNING OUTCOME As a result of this professional development activity, 90% attendees will intend to integrate what they have learned into their professional practice and be able to name one concept learned on the post activity evaluation. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Explanation: A conflict of interest occurs when an individual has an opportunity to affect or impact educational content with which he or she may have a commercial interest or a potentially biasing relationship of a financial nature. All planners and presenters/authors/content reviewers must disclose the presence or absence of a conflict of interest relative to this activity. All potential conflicts are resolved prior to the planning, implementation, or evaluation of the continuing nursing education activity. All activity planning committee members and presenters/authors/content reviewers have had their Conflict of Interest assessed, identified and resolved by the nurse planner. -
Comments To: Rubino Francesco, Amiel Stephanie, “Is the Gut the ‘Sweet Spot’ for the Treatment of Diabetes?”
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE MEDICINE OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY Comment to the author COMMENTS TO: RUBINO FRANCESCO, AMIEL STEPHANIE, “IS THE GUT THE ‘SWEET SPOT’ FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES?” Constantin IONESCU-TÎRGOVIȘTE and Georgiana BERNEA National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases “N.C. Paulescu”, Bucharest, Romania Corresponding author: Constantin Ionescu-Tîrgoviște, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted July 16, 2017 In1a paper published in Diabetes issue from July diabetes”. Finally, in another two papers published 2014 by Rubino and Amiel1 made a short portrait of in 1883 and 1888, he succeeded in making a clear Oscar Minkowski, mentioning that, after a description of the two main types of diabetes of contradictory discussion between this young which are called type 1 and type 2 diabetes, under researcher with his master Joseph von Mering the name of “slim” diabetes (or pancreatic diabetes) regarding the role of pancreas in fat digestion, they and “fat” diabetes (or constitutional diabetes). decided to carry out a pancreatectomy in a normal Here is a quotation of the concluding remarks dog. They did this together on Friday and because from his paper3; von Mering left Strassbourg that day, it remained “In summary, the diabetes mellitus, as it is for Minkowsky to return the next day to the understood today, is not an univocal disease, this laboratory to see what happened to the intestinal name standing for different morbid forms, among digestion of fats lacking the pancreatic enzymes. It these, there is one which, due to its sudden onset, was a hot summer and, in the lab where the dog’s intense clinical manifestations, rapid evolution and cage was placed, there were flies around and the above all to the characteristic weight loss and floor was dirty. -
Standardization of Islet Isolation and Transplantation Variables to Better Optimize Relevant Proto- Cols and Improve Standardization
“What we think, or what we know, or what we believe is, in the end, of little consequence. The only consequence is what we do.” John Ruskin (1819 - 1900) For my family Till min familj Für meine Familie A családomnak List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Brandhorst, H., Friberg, A., Andersson, H.H., Felldin, M., Foss, A., Salmela, K., Lundgren, T., Tibell, A., Tufveson, G., Korsgren, O., Brandhorst, D. (2009) The importance of tryptic- like activity in purified enzyme blends for efficient islet isola- tion. Transplantation, 87:370-375 II Friberg, A.S., Ståhle, M., Brandhorst, H., Korsgren, O., Brand- horst, D. (2008) Human islet separation utilizing a closed auto- mated purification system. Cell Transplantation, 17:1305-1313 III Friberg, A.S., Brandhorst, H., Buchwald, P., Goto, M., Ricordi, C., Brandhorst, D., Korsgren, O. (2011) Quantification of the islet product: presentation of a standardized current good manu- facturing practices compliant system with minimal variability. Transplantation, 91(6):677-683 IV Friberg, A.S., Lundgren, T., Malm, H., Nilsson, B., Felldin, M., Jenssen, T., Kyllönen, L., Tufveson, G., Tibell, A., Kor- sgren, O. Transplantable functional islet mass – predictive bio- markers of graft function in islet after kidney transplanted pa- tients. Manuscript Reprints were made with permission from the respective publishers. Contents Introduction .......................................................................................... -
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ACTIVITY - Reading on Diabetes Mellitus
Medical Anatomy and Physiology UNIT 7 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ACTIVITY - Reading On Diabetes Mellitus Name __________________________________________ Period __________ QUESTIONS FOR THE ARTICLE ON DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPOGLYCEMIA 1. Why did Von Mering and Minkowksi remove the pancreases of dogs? ________________________________________________________________ 2. Scientists often discover things that they had not set out to find. Such discoveries can be said to happen by chance. What observation led to more research in diabetes? Why can this observation be called a chance observations. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. What observation led researchers to infer that two functionally different tissue types were present in the pancreas? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. Suggest a reason why dogs that showed the symptoms of diabetes did not improve after being fed bits of pancreatic tissue. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ -
Franz Volhard and Theodor Fahr: Achievements and Controversies in Their Research in Renal Disease and Hypertension
Journal of Human Hypertension (2001) 15, 5–16 2001 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0950-9240/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh REVIEW ARTICLE Franz Volhard and Theodor Fahr: achievements and controversies in their research in renal disease and hypertension A Heidland1, W Gerabek2 and K Sebekova3 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Institute of History of Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; 3Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia The clinician, Franz Volhard, and the pathologist, ischaemic kidney(s) contributing – via a vicious circle – Theodor Fahr, worked closely together in Mannheim to a further rise in blood pressure with subsequent reno- from 1909 until 1915 and introduced a novel classi- vascular injury and aggravation of hypertension. This fication of renal diseases. In the monograph entitled ‘Die hypothesis was supported in 1930 by initial experiments Bright’sche Nierenkrankheit, Klinik, Pathologie und of his collaborator, Hartwich (demonstrating in dogs a Atlas’ (1914) they differentiated between degenerative mild rise in blood pressure after ligation of branches of (nephroses), inflammatory (nephritides) and arterio- the renal artery) and definitively proven by Goldblatt sclerotic (scleroses) diseases. Nephrosclerosis was div- (1934) in dogs by induction of severe and persistent ided into the benign and malignant form, of which the hypertension after clamping of both renal arteries. The latter stood the test of time as a new disease entity. Fahr consequent detection of the renin angiotensin system further divided benign nephrosclerosis into the com- was the final confirmation of Volhard’s postulated renal pensated and decompensated form – depending on the pressor substance. In the pathogenesis of red presence or absence of glomerular injury. -
Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells As a Potential Cure for Diabetes
cells Review Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Potential Cure for Diabetes Kevin Verhoeff 1,* , Sarah J. Henschke 2, Braulio A. Marfil-Garza 1 , Nidheesh Dadheech 3 and Andrew Mark James Shapiro 4 1 Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; marfi[email protected] 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada; [email protected] 3 Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; [email protected] 4 FRCS (Eng) FRCSC MSM FCAHS, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-780-984-1836 Abstract: Over the last century, diabetes has been treated with subcutaneous insulin, a discovery that enabled patients to forego death from hyperglycemia. Despite novel insulin formulations, patients with diabetes continue to suffer morbidity and mortality with unsustainable costs to the health care system. Continuous glucose monitoring, wearable insulin pumps, and closed-loop artificial pancreas systems represent an advance, but still fail to recreate physiologic euglycemia and are not universally available. Islet cell transplantation has evolved into a successful modality for treating a subset of patients with ‘brittle’ diabetes but is limited by organ donor supply and immunosuppression requirements. A novel approach involves generating autologous or immune-protected islet cells for transplant from inducible pluripotent stem cells to eliminate detrimental immune responses and organ supply limitations. In this review, we briefly discuss novel mechanisms for subcutaneous Citation: Verhoeff, K.; Henschke, S.J.; insulin delivery and define their shortfalls.