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Beyond the Global Compacts Refuge Symposium Beyond the Global Compacts Vol 36 • No 1 • 2020 Refuge Canada’s Journal on Refugees Revue canadienne sur les réfugiés Vol. 36, No. 1 Centre for Refugee Studies, Room 844, Kaneff Tower, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.yorku.ca/refuge Guest Editors Jennifer Hyndman and Johanna Reynolds Editor-in-Chief Dagmar Soennecken Co-editors Christopher Anderson and Pierre-André Thériault Managing Editor Kathryn Barber Book Review Editor Raluca Bejan Editorial Advisory Board Sharryn Aiken, Queen’s University; Laura Bisaillon, University of Toronto Scarborough; Megan Bradley, McGill University; François Crépeau, McGill University; Jeff Crisp, Oxford University; Judith Kumin, University of New Hampshire, Manchester; Susan McGrath, York University Founded in 1981, Refuge is an interdisciplinary journal published by the Centre for Refugee Studies, York University. The journal aims to provide a forum for discussion and critical reflection on refugee and forced migration issues. Refuge invites contributions from researchers, practitioners, and policy makers with national, international, or comparative perspec- tives. Special, thematic issues address the broad scope of the journal’s mandate, featuring articles and reports, shorter commentaries, and book reviews. All submissions to Refuge are subject to double-blinded peer review. Articles are accepted in either English or French. Refuge is a non-profit, independent periodical funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and supported by the membership of the Canadian Association for Refugee and Forced Migration Studies (CARFMS). The views expressed in Refuge do not necessarily reflect those of its funders or editors. Refuge is indexed and abstracted in the Index to Canadian Legal Literature, Pais International, Sociological Abstracts, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, and Canadian Business and Current Affairs. In accordance with the journal's open access policy, the full text of articles published in Refuge is also available online through our website, www.yorku.ca/refuge. © 2020. This open-access work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence, which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original authorship is credited and the original publication in Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees is cited. Cette œuvre en libre accès fait l’objet d’une licence Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, laquelle auto- rise l’utilisation, la reproduction et la distribution de l’œuvre sur tout support à des fins non commerciales, pourvu que l’auteur ou les auteurs originaux soient mentionnés et que la publication originale dans Refuge : revue canadienne sur les réfugiés soit citée. ISSN (online): 1920-7336 Volume 36 Refuge Number 1 Contents “It will be a weapon in my hand”: The Protective Potential Extractive Landscapes: The Case of the Jordan Refugee of Education for Adolescent Syrian Refugee Girls in Compact Lebanon Julia Morris .....................................87 Stephanie Chow Garbern, Shaimaa Helal, Saja Michael, Nikkole J. Turgeon, and Seeking Status, Forging Refuge: Susan Bartels.....................................3 U.S. War Resister Migrations to Canada Alison Mountz ...................................97 A New Link in the Chain? Arabic-Language Citizenship Education Courses and the Integration of Resettled Syrian Refugees Rouba Al-Salem..................................14 book reviews No Friends but the Mountains Making Canada Home: By B. Boochani Snapshots of Syrian and Iraqi Newcomer Cultural Adèle Garnier ..................................108 Production in the Waterloo Region, 2016–2019 Anne Vermeyden and Eid Mohamed............... 30 Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights By Lindsey N. Kingston Parenting and Education: Thomas McGee ..................................109 The Example of Refugee Parents in Greece Georgia Sarikoudi and Anna Apostolidou ....... 40 The Refugee Woman: Partition of Bengal, Gender, and the Political The Experiences of Mental Health Professionals By P. Chakraborty Supporting Forced Migrants: Natasha Lan ....................................111 A Qualitative Systematic Review Iona Myfanwy Tynewydd, Sophie North, and Unravelling Europe’s “Migration Crisis”: Imogen Rushworth ..............................50 Journeys over Land and Sea By Heaven Crawley, Franck Duvell, Katherine Jones, Domon McMahon, and Nando Sigona symposium Harini Sivalingam ..............................113 Introduction Jennifer hyndman and Johanna reynolds........ 66 Human Security and Migration in Europe’s Southern Borders The Global Gaze of Protection, Care, and Power By Susana Ferreira Ranabir Samaddar ...............................75 Martine Brouillette............................114 1 Volume 36 Refuge Number 1 2 Volume 36 Refuge Number 1 “It Will Be a Weapon in My Hand”: The Protective Potential of Education for Adolescent Syrian Refugee Girls in Lebanon Stephanie Chow Garbern, Shaimaa Helal, Saja Michael, Nikkole J. Turgeon, and Susan Bartels Abstract illustrent l’interaction dynamique entre les risques pris This study uses over 140 first-person narratives from adoles- pour obtenir une éducation et le potentiel protecteur de cent Syrian girls and Syrian parents displaced to Lebanon l’éducation pour ce groupe vulnérable. Pour la population and literature from the Education in Emergencies (EiE) étudiée, les risques en matière de protection l’emportaient field to examine the concept of the protective potential of fréquemment sur le potentiel protecteur de l’éducation et education. The findings illustrate the interplay between the avaient ultimement une influence sur la prise de décision risks taken to obtain education versus the protective poten- des individus concernant la poursuite d’une éducation au tial of education for this vulnerable group. For this study Liban. population, protection risks frequently outweighed the protective potential of education and ultimately influenced Introduction decision-making at the individual level on continuation of ducation is a fundamental human right protected by international law, with all children, including refugees, education in Lebanon. having the right to accessible education.1 Since the onset Eof the Syrian conflict in 2011, over 5.5 million people have fled Résumé Syria, largely to the surrounding countries of Lebanon, Tur- Cette étude s’appuie sur plus de 140 récits à la première key, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt, with approximately 1.9 million personne d’adolescentes et de parents syriens déplacés au school-aged Syrian refugee children (three to eighteen years) Liban ainsi que sur la littérature existante dans le champ now in the region.2 Lebanon hosts the largest number of refu- de l’éducation en situations d’urgence afin d’examiner le gees per capita in the world; approximately one million Syrian concept du potentiel protecteur de l’éducation. Les résultats refugees are officially registered with the United Nations High © Stephanie Chow Garbern et al., 2020. This open-access work is licensed under a Cette œuvre en libre accès fait l’objet d’une licence Creative Commons Attribu- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence, which tion-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, laquelle autorise l’utilisation, la permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium for non-commercial reproduction et la distribution de l’œuvre sur tout support à des fins non commer- purposes, provided the original authorship is credited and the original publication ciales, pourvu que l’auteur ou les auteurs originaux soient mentionnés et que la in Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees is cited. publication originale dans Refuge : revue canadienne sur les réfugiés soit citée. 3 Volume 36 Refuge Number 1 Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Lebanon, of whom II (2017–21) further scaling up educational access and qual- nearly 600,000 are school-aged children, and over half are ity, as well as further integrating child-protection principles female.3 No formal refugee camps have been established in into its interventions.15 Lebanon per official policy, with the result that Syrian refu- Despite these promising gains, as of 2018 Lebanon hosts gees live dispersed within cities, towns, or in informal tented the highest proportion of Syrian refugee children unable to settlements (ITS) throughout the country.4 access education in the region.16 There are widespread struc- As of 2018, over 250,000 school-aged Syrian refugee chil- tural barriers to education for the majority of Syrian children dren in Lebanon (over 40 of the total) remain out of both in Lebanon, including job scarcity for Syrian parents, exten- formal education (FE) and non-formal education (NFE), sive poverty, language and curriculum differences between with many having been out of school for at least several Syrian and Lebanese educational systems, and lack of legal years.5 Adolescents make up a large proportion of those out status. Lack of legal status has dire implications for education: of school, with fewer than 5 per cent of secondary school- Syrian children risk being arrested at checkpoints on their aged Syrian refugee children enrolled in school.6 While way to school, while Syrian parents are restricted in their there are approximately equal numbers of Syrian girls and ability to search for work,
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