CELEBRATING 100 YEARS NMM TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER FOUNDATION 1909/2009 By Steven Barboza

CELEBRATING 100 YEARS TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER

IN 1906, THE U.S. ECONOMY WAS IN SHAMBLES. BANKING TITAN JACOB H. SCHIFF, WHO WAS TO BECOME FOUNDING CHAIRMAN OF THE NEW YORK FOUNDATION, ISSUED A STERN WARNING THAT AMERICA WOULD FACE CRITICAL FAILURE IF DIDN'T MODERNIZE ITS BANKING AND CURRENCY SYSTEMS. THERE WOULD BE “SUCH A PANIC,” HE SAID, “AS WILL MAKE ALL PREVIOUS PANICS LOOK LIKE CHILD’S PLAY.”

The country did not heed his call, and in 1907, economic conditions That foundation is the New York Foundation. worsened, the situation capped by two stock market crashes and a global credit shortage. Depositors lined up to take their money out of the banks. This is its story.

A little more than a hundred years later, the U.S. economy plunged once “GOING PUBLIC” ON WALL STREET again. Investor Warren Buffet said, “itsfallen off a cliff.” At the start of the 20th century, the U.S. economy had been shaken to its At first it might seem paradoxical to celebrate grantmaking amid the core by stock market collapses and credit crunches. But 1909 would turn current economic conditions. But rich traditions of philanthropy deserve out to be a propitious year. special honor not just in flush times, but also in times of greatest need. And one foundation—established in an economically stressful period of Four New Yorkers of great distinction in their fields—Edward C. American history, when there were few templates for grantmaking— Henderson, Jacob H. Schiff, Isaac Seligman, and Paul M. Warburg— warrants recognition. gathered on April 5 at 2:30 in the afternoon in an office at 52 William Street in Manhattan. Determined to make a difference in the lives of people not Even during the toughest times of the past century, that foundation has as fortunate as themselves, they got down to the business of creating one stubbornly clung to the ideals upon which it was founded: social justice, of the first foundations in the United States. Only a handful had existed grassroots giving, and faith in the resilience of New Yorkers. prior to that time—three established by Andrew Carnegie, who believed it

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 1 2 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS was the height of immorality for a man to die rich; the Baron de Hirsch and President would appoint him to the Fund, founded in 1891; the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, in Board, where he was to serve as vice governor in 1917 and 1918. Warburg’s 1900; the Milbank Fund, in 1905; and the Russell Sage Foundation, in 1907. family bank, M.M.Warburg & Co., in Hamburg, had been founded in 1798 and would last into the Hitler era, when it was forcibly confiscated in 1938 At the April 5 meeting, the four citizens adopted a charter and bylaws, and by non-Jews. elected a chairman (Schiff), a president (Morris Loeb, a New York Univer- sity professor of chemistry), and appointed other officers. They wrote a Schiff, Seligman, and Warburg were among the grand dukes of New York charter later enacted by the state legislature and signed by the governor, society. They were part of a close-knit group of venerable German Jewish creating the New York Foundation. families who had built vast banking fortunes but who nevertheless were considered newcomers in America. Led by Schiff, these families played � an important role in American philanthropy: they held fast to the Jewish principle of tzedakah, or “righteous giving,” from the root Hebrew word The founders of the New York Foundation had come together as a result of for “justice.” the unexpected death at age 49, of Louis A. Heinsheimer, a partner at Kuhn, Loeb & Co., a banking firm founded in 1867. In his will, he bequeathed $1 Among the greatest financial minds of their day, these men shared a grand million to the Jewish charities of New York, but only if they would federate vision for their foundation: that New Yorkers, given the proper tools and within a year of his death. When they chose not to federate, the bequest means, could create social change. For a century now, this vision has reverted to his brother, Alfred M. Heinsheimer, who formed the New York served as a guiding principle of the New York Foundation. Foundation. OF RISK AND REWARD Three of its founders—Schiff, Seligman, and Warburg—were profiled along- side J.P. Morgan in a New York Times article about the most active people From its inception, the New York Foundation has shown an appetite for in charity. uncertainty. The founders, who were knowledgeable about the vagaries of the finacial markets, were well versed in the language of capitalism. Theirs For his part, Schiff considered himself an equal to Morgan, who called him was a world of risk/reward ratios, and they somehow imbued their new “that foreigner” but regarded him as a friend. Schiff stood at five feet, two foundation with a principle borne of the vicissitudes of life on the Street: inches in stocking feet, but he was a banking giant. The Seligmans, accord- the greater the expected return, the greater the investment risk. Only, in ing to banking lore, helped finance the Civil War by selling hundreds of this case, the prize ultimately was not financial, but social, gain. millions of dollars worth of Union war bonds in Europe on behalf of Presi- dent Lincoln. Warburg would go on to create the Federal Reserve System,

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 3 NewOnly, Yorkin this in case,1909 thewas prize an industrial ultimately town was striving not financial, to become but social,a world-class gain. Factory,the city produced they were two-thirds called “fire of and all deathclothing traps.” made in the United States, metropolis. It was a city compelled to expand in every direction, including mainly in sweatshops. After the horrific blaze at the Triangle Shirtwaist skywardNew York and in 1909downward. was an Burrowersindustrial town carved striving a warren to become of subway a world-class tunnels. AtFactory, a time they when were few called foundations “fire and were death prepared traps.” to step up and create Buildersmetropolis. erected It was skyscrapers a city compelled that threatened to expand to in touchevery thedirection, clouds. including Two infrastructure to augment the limitations of government assistance to the magnificentskyward and bridges, downward. the QueensboroughBurrowers carved and a thewarren Manhattan, of subway were tunnels. built disenfranchised,At a time when few the foundations New York Foundation were prepared rose to to step the occasion.up and create Its trus- overBuilders the Easterected River. skyscrapers The well-heeled that threatened shopped toon touch Ladies the Mile, clouds. which Two teesinfrastructure were willing to augmentto underwrite the limitations untested programsof government operated assistance by groups to the that stretchedmagnificent from bridges, 10th to the 23rd Queensborough Streets and boasted and the more Manhattan, fine stores were than built battleddisenfranchised, the odds orthe defied New Yorkconvention Foundation in order rose to to bring the occasion.desperately Its needed trus- anywhereover the East else River. on earth. The Thewell-heeled New York shopped Times onwas Ladies emerging Mile, as which the nation’s socialtees were change. willing The to trustees underwrite funded untested the grassroots programs work operated of nurses by groups and that newspaperstretched from of record, 10th to and 23rd Manhattan Streets and was boasted fast becoming more fine the stores center than of radio socialbattled workers the odds on or the defied Lower convention East Side in in order 1912 to bring desperatelyrelief to residents needed in programming.anywhere else Toon highlightearth. The its New ambitions, York Times the city was hosted emerging the asHudson-Fulton the nation’s diresocial need, change. and Theunderwrote trustees the funded distribution the grassroots of free workmilk toof schoolchildren,nurses and a Celebration,newspaper of a record,two-week and riverfront Manhattan festival. was fast It includedbecoming a the40-mile-long center of radio precursorsocial workers to free on lunch the Lower programs East forSide the in poor.1912 toThe bring foundation relief to supported residents in paradeprogramming. of tall ships To highlight and the itsfirst ambitions, flight in New the city York’s hosted sky, thea 30-minute Hudson-Fulton organizationsdire need, and that underwrote raised awareness the distribution of child of labor free milkin factories, to schoolchildren, and spear- a jauntCelebration, by Wilbur a two-week Wright from riverfront Governors festival. Island It included to Grant’s a 40-mile-longTomb. headedprecursor the to national free lunch child programs labor movement for the poor. and Theorganizations foundation that supported parade of tall ships and the first flight in New York’s sky, a 30-minute jaunt supportedorganizations strikes that byraised those awareness seeking to of regulate child labor working in factories, conditions. and Butby Wilbur there wasWright another from sideGovernors of New Island York, tothe Grant’s side of Tomb. crushing poverty, spearheaded the national child labor movement and organizations that and the juxtaposition of richness and dearth was startling. The foundation was guided by the belief that But there was another side of New York, the side of crushing poverty, The foundation was guided by the belief that Newand the York juxtaposition was also a teeming,of richness sweltering and dearth jungle was of startling. smoking factories and community residents had the will if not the means sooty skies. Millions came seeking pathways to better lives. What they tocommunity make a difference residents inhad their the own will lives.if not the means to foundNew York instead was were also acrowded, teeming, dilapidated sweltering jungletenements, of smoking food riots, factories chaos, and make a difference in their own lives. disillusionment,sooty skies. Millions and ancame inept seeking government pathways steeped to better in corruption. lives. What The they indexfound ofinstead suffering were was crowded, particularly dilapidated high in tenements, the tenements, food where riots, chaos,misery Throughout its history, the New York Foundation has supplied seed money smothereddisillusionment, hope, and and an disease inept governmentran rampant. steeped in corruption. The index tosupported address strikessocial problems, by those seeking especially to regulateat “tension working points” conditions. in society: hous- of suffering was particularly high in the tenements, where misery ing,Throughout public health, its history, workers’ the New rights, York women Foundation’s suffrage, has reproductivesupplied seed rights, money Thesmothered tenements hope, contributed and disease workers ran rampant. for the steady drone of industry. More toracial address equity, social legal problems, aid, and more. especially Early at trustees “tension put points” the foundation in society: on hous- track people worked in the factories of Manhattan in 1909 than in all the mills of ing,for taking public risks health, in itsworkers’ grantmaking rights, practices.women's suffrage, reproductive rights, Massachusetts,The tenements contributedand more than workers a quarter for theof a steady million drone garment of industry. workers More in racial equity, legal aid, and more. Early trustees put the foundation on track thepeople city worked produced in thetwo-thirds factories of ofall Manhattan clothing made in 1909 in the than United in all States,the mills of forThe taking foundation’s risks in interest its grantmaking in social practices.welfare escalated during the Great mainlyMassachusetts, in sweatshops. and more After than the a horrificquarter blazeof a million at the Trianglegarment Shirtwaistworkers in Depression of the 1930s. The federal government provided relief to the

4 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS unemployed,The foundation’s but interestpublic assistance in social welfare proved escalatedto be inadequate during theand Great had to Depression be supplemented of the by local1930s. and The private federal agencies. government The providedfoundation relief worked to the with unemployed, established but social public service assistance agencies andproved assisted to be ininadequate forming new and oneshad to throughout be supplemented the city. byIn local1934, andthe foundationprivate agencies. funded The efforts tofoundation conduct surveysworked andwith make established recommendations social service to agenciesthe state andgovernment, assisted inproviding forming anew road ones mapthroughout for relief the efforts. city. In Two 1934, years the foundationlater, the foundation funded efforts helped to toconduct support surveys a dozen and private make familyrecommendations welfare agencies to the in state New government, York that strove providing to keep a road people map off for public relief welfare efforts. rolls,Two years preservelater, the morale,foundation and helped provide to services support not a dozen supplied private by publicfamily assistance.welfare agencies in New York that strove to keep people off public welfare rolls, preserve morale, and provide services not Oversupplied the byyears, public a willingness assistance. to take risks has become a valued attribute of the foundation, a prize in a field where established major players are often content to stick with safer, doc- trinaireOver the outlooks years, a onwillingness grantmaking to take and risks meeting has becomepublic need. a valued The attributeNew York of Foundation’s the foundation, leadershipa prize in a fullyfield recognized where established the inherent major strength players of are a smalloften foundation—itcontent to stick had with the safer, flexibility doc- totrinaire get in outlooks early, admittedly on grantmaking at the point and meetingwhen the public risks wereneed. greatest, The New but York precisely Foundation’s at the momentleadership when fully resources recognized could the inherentbe aligned strength to solve of problems a small foundation—it before they were had even the flexibility acknowledgedto get in early, admittedlyas such. at the point when the risks were greatest, but precisely at the moment when resources could be aligned to solve problems before they were even Theacknowledged foundation as funded such. the emerging field of community organizing as early as the mid-1950s, supporting work in Chelsea to test the hypothesis of Saul Alinsky, whose approach stressed citizenThe foundation participation funded in neighborhoodthe emerging field organizations of community and later organizing financed as earlya project as the on mid-1950s,the Lower Eastsupporting Side to work help inresidents Chelsea devise to test solutions the hypothesis for the of burdens Saul Alinsky, of poverty whose and approach the changing stressed populationcitizen participation in the neighborhood. in neighborhood In 1978, organizations as the city andteetered later onfinanced the brink a project of bankruptcy, on the Lower theEast foundation Side to help awarded residents startup devise grants solutions to community-based for the burdens ofprojects poverty in andthe thecity’s changing neediest neighborhoods,population in the shouldering neighborhood. the lion’sIn 1978, share as theof administrative city teetered on costs. the brink In the of late bankruptcy, 1970s and the earlyfoundation 1980s, awarded it became startup a prime grants funder to community-basedof grassroots groups projects aimed in at the community city’s neediest organizing. neighborhoods, shouldering the lion’s share of administrative costs. In the late 1970s and Asearly with 1980s, their it forebears became a in prime the early funder 1900s, of grassroots the foundation’s groups trusteesaimed at challenged community the organizing. status quo during this period; they were willing to take calculated risks to assess local resources and mobilizeAs with their and deliverforebears them in theat the early neighborhood 1900s, the foundation’s level, including trustees crisis challenged intervention the counseling status quo forduring youth, this advocacy period; they services were forwilling welfare to take recipients, calculated and risks training to assess classes local for resourcessurrogate and

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 5 grandmothersmobilize and deliver who would them workat the with neighborhood disadvantaged level, mothers including and crisis their mentalissues in health, real time, social as work, change housing, occurs. literacy, Through higher the years, education, these issuesunemploy- have children.intervention The counseling foundation for was youth, guided advocacy by the belief services that for community welfare recipients, mentbeen partrelief, of refugees, a broad continuum legal services, that criminalincludes justice,child labor, immigrants’ workers’ rights, rights, residentsand training had classes the will for if surrogatenot the means grandmothers to make a whodifference would inwork their with victims’mental health, rights, socialAIDS researchwork, housing, and treatment, literacy, higheryouth empowerment,education, unemploy- and owndisadvantaged lives. Grassroots mothers community and their children. organizing The jibed foundation with the was foundation’s guided by “greenment relief, jobs” refugees,and sustainability. legal services, Race criminaland race justice,relations immigrants’ have also beenrights, bottom-upthe belief that philosophical community approach residents to had social the willchange. if not the means to make a powerfulvictims’ rights, drivers AIDS of grants research during and the treatment, past century. youth empowerment, and difference in their own lives. Grassroots community organizing jibed with “green jobs” and sustainability. Race and race relations have also been Thethe foundation's foundation is bottom-up known today philosophical as a preeminent approach funder to social of grassroots change. RACEpowerful drivers of grants during the past century. groups. More than half of its grants go to community organizing groups. FoundationThe foundation funding is known has moved today towardas a preeminent groups that funder conduct of grassroots community RACEIn 1911, a total of 19 grants were made. Appropriation No. 19, a gift of organizinggroups. More to resolvethan half common of its grants problems, go to communityincrease participatory organizing processes,groups. $500, went to a fledgling organization just a few months older than the andFoundation tip the balance funding of has power. moved toward groups that conduct community Infoundation 1911, a total itself, of the19 grants National were Association made. Appropriation for the Advancement No. 19, a gift of of organizing to resolve common problems, increase participatory processes, $500,Colored went People. to a fledgling organization just a few months older than the AMIDand tip 1,000 the balance TIPPING of POINTS power. foundation itself, the National Association for the Advancement of ColoredWith early People. and continual foundation support, the NAACP, the nation’s AMIDThe New 1,000 York TIPPING Foundation POINTS supports organizations as varied as the back- oldest civil rights group, has since played a pivotal role in dismantling grounds of New Yorkers themselves. This is apt because there are multiple Withracial early barriers and incontinual the U.S., foundation including overturningsupport, the Jim NAACP, Crow the laws nation’s and bring- TheNew New Yorks, York as writerFoundation E.B. White supports noted organizations in 1949. First, as there’svaried asthe the “New back- York oldesting the civil 1954 rights case thatgroup, led has to desegregatingsince played a schools, pivotal role Brown in dismantling v. Board of groundsof the man of orNew woman Yorkers who themselves. was born here,This iswho apt takes because the therecity for are granted multiple racialEducation, barriers to thein the U.S. U.S., Supreme including Court. overturning Jim Crow laws and bring- Newand accepts Yorks, asits writer size and E.B. its White turbulence noted as in natural1949. First, and inevitable.”there’s the “New Second, York ing the 1954 case that led to desegregating schools, Brown v. Board of ofthere’s the man the Newor woman York ofwho the was commuter, born here, and who third, takes there the is city “the for New granted York Education,Other groups to workingthe U.S. Supremein race relations Court. were also among early grant andof the accepts person its who size was and born its turbulence somewhere as elsenatural and andcame inevitable.” to New York Second, in recipients. In 1912, the National League on Urban Conditions Among there’squest of the something.” New York of the commuter, and third, there is “the New York of OtherNegroes groups (which working would in later race shorten relations its werename also to the among National early Urban grant the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest recipients.League) received In 1912, the the first National of many League New Yorkon Urban Foundation Conditions grants. Among Over the ofDiversity something.” has always been a principle theme of the New York Foundation’s Negroesyears, substantial (which would funds later were shorten committed its name to educational to the National programs Urban designed grantmaking practices. By any analysis, its grants show a remarkable diver- League)to compensate received for the the first severe of many disadvantages New York of Foundation black students. grants. The Over foun- the Diversitysity. This ishas true always in part been because a principle as the theme city changes, of the New its most York pressingFoundation’s years,dation substantialawarded grants funds to were a number committed of historically to educational black programsuniversities, designed the grantmakingissues do too, practices. and the New By any York analysis, Foundation its grants has been show able a remarkable to respond diver- to toUnited compensate Negro College for the Fund,severe and disadvantages the National of Scholarship black students. Service The and foun- Fund sity.issues This in realis true time, in partas change because occurs. as the Through city changes, the years, its most these pressing issues have dationfor Negro awarded Students. grants to a number of historically black universities, the issuesbeen part do too,of a andbroad the continuum New York thatFoundation includes has child been labor, able workers’ to respond rights, to United Negro College Fund, and the National Scholarship Service and Fund

6 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 7 8 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS The foundation helped to challenge racial inequality across the city, par- rights era, and as New York followed the lead of civil rights organizations ticularly in Harlem, where two-thirds of black Manhattanites lived by 1914. elsewhere, the foundation targeted efforts in the South for funding. Trustees believed that efforts there ultimately would have an enormous And when tempers flared, the foundation responded. On August 1, 1943, impact on the lives of black New Yorkers. Harlem boiled over, according to Walter White, head of the NAACP, himself a resident of Harlem’s Sugar Hill section. A police officer arrested a woman By the late 1960s, race and poverty formed an underlying theme for half of for disturbing the peace. When a black soldier tried to intervene, a scuffle the foundation’s appropriations, from grants to study lead poisoning ensued, and the policeman shot the soldier in the arm as he fled. A crowd among children in the South Bronx to workers’ cooperatives across the gathered to accompany the soldier to a nearby hospital, and tensions South. The trustees also granted power to Dr. Kenneth B. Clark to award mounted. Then someone shouted that a white cop had shot and killed a up to $10,000 to support educational and training programs for poor black black soldier. The rumor ignited a riot largely focused on property. Rioters youth in Washington, D.C. set fires, broke windows, turned over cars, and looted stores. In 1967, D. John Heyman, then president, led foundation efforts to support With funds provided mainly by the foundation, Mayor LaGuardia’s Com- groups that fought discrimination anywhere in the nation, and particularly mittee on Unity studied and dealt with this explosive situation, engaging a in the South. The New York Foundation was among the first of few groups full-time staff. The purpose of the committee was “to make willing to make grants to programs in the South during the early years of a place where people of all races and religions may work and live side by the civil rights movement. side in harmony and have mutual respect for each other, and where democracy is a living reality.” In the foundation’s earliest days, most low-income people served by its grantees were immigrants. This reflected the demographics of the time. As Among the committee’s many projects was an investigation of a 1948 boy- the foundation’s commitment to racial justice grew and the poverty profile cott of white merchants on 125th Street conducted by Harlem residents of the city changed, grants followed the growing needs of low-income who believed the merchants were overcharging them for food. The com- African Americans. The demography of New York continues to evolve, and mittee negotiated a settlement, easing tensions. In addition, the committee today the foundation has formed partnerships with other marginalized studied inequality in higher education, submitting a report that prompted a communities while maintaining a core commitment to racial justice. national drive to abolish quotas based on race or nationality in admissions to colleges and medical schools, which were used then to bar minorities. EMERGING COMMUNITIES By the end of its 40th anniversary year in 1949, the foundation had made an unequivocal commitment to the struggle for equality and justice, a commit- In “The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man,” a fictional account of a ment that would grow and strengthen. As the nation plunged into the civil biracial man published when the foundation was three years old, James

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 9 EMERGINGWeldon Johnson COMMUNITIES described the city as “the most fatally fascinating thing in displaced personsby the war camps were in admitted Europe. toLarge the U.S.,grants and were New awarded York was early a major on America.” He wrote, “She sits like a great witch at the gate of the country, forport the of reliefdisembarkation. of Jews persecuted Foundation by Hitler.funds supportedThese grants organizations supported the to Inshowing “The Autobiography her alluring white of an face Ex-Colored and hiding Man,” her crooked a fictional hands account and feetof a resettlementresettle foreigners of some whose of Germany’s skills were brightest in demand, scholars including and physiciansthousands andof biracialunder the man folds published of her wide when garments—constantly the foundation was threeenticing years thousands old, James from fundedscholars, groups scientists, that aidedphysicians, refugees writers, and emigrants. and artists who were waiting in Weldonfar within, Johnson and tempting described those the whocity ascome “the from most across fatally the fascinating seas to go thing no in displaced persons camps in Europe. Large grants were awarded early on America.”farther.” He wrote, “She sits like a great witch at the gate of the country, Laterfor the in relief the century, of Jews thepersecuted human ecology by Hitler. of Thesethe city grants shifted. supported Black Ameri- the showing her alluring white face and hiding her crooked hands and feet cansresettlement had arrived of some in a greatof Germany’s migration brightest from the scholars South and and later physicians there was and underThroughout the folds its earlyof her years, wide thegarments—constantly New York Foundation, enticing founded thousands by immi- from anfunded enormous groups influx that aidedof Puerto refugees Ricans. and Between emigrants. 1940 and 1970, the city’s fargrants within, and andthe childrentempting of those immigrants, who come supported from across newcomers the seas from to go across no Puerto Rican population swelled from 61,000 to 818,000, equaling more farther.”Europe. For them, New York symbolized a new beginning. thanLater 10 in percentthe century, of the the total human population. ecology For of the the city many shifted. people Black facing Ameri- a languagecans had arrivedbarrier, inwork a great was migration difficult to from find. the The South foundation and later funded there organ- was an ThroughoutAt the turn of its the early 20th years, century, the Newnewcomers York Foundation, arrived by thefounded boatload by immi- only izationsenormous that influx supported of Puerto young Ricans. Puerto Between Rican community1940 and 1970, leaders. the city’s In the grantsto become and theentangled children in ofa web immigrants, of social supported and public newcomers health problems. from across In latePuerto 1960s, Rican it also population funded swelleda number from of small, 61,000 newly to 818,000, formed equaling organizations more Europe.Manhattan, For an them, estimated New York 70 percent symbolized of the a populationnew beginning. lived in tenements. determinedthan 10 percent to address of the totaltheir population. community’s For economic, the many housing, people facing and educa- a A quarter of all families on the Lower East Side lived five or more to a tionallanguage needs. barrier, work was difficult to find. The foundation funded organ- Atroom. the Byturn 1910, of the four 20th out century, of ten New newcomers Yorkers arrivedwere foreign-born, by the boatload mostly only poor to izations that supported young Puerto Rican community leaders. In the late becomeimmigrants entangled from Italy, in a Russia,web of socialand Eastern and public Europe. health The problems. decade from In Man- 1935 In1960s, 1975, it thealso trustees funded declareda number New of small, York newlyCity and formed its problems organizations as the hattan,to 1945 anmight estimated well be 70 called percent the ofera the of populationthe uprooted, lived for in no tenements. other era inA foundation’sdetermined to chief address focal their point community’s once again. economic,Grants were housing, made to and several educa- quartermodern ofhistory all families has witnessed on the Lower as much East widespread Side lived fivemigration. or more Whole to a room. popu- experimentaltional needs. programs in the city’s public schools and to innovative Bylations 1910, fled four the out terror of ten of Newgenocide Yorkers that were culminated foreign-born, in the mostlyconcentration poor community schools in poor and minority neighborhoods. The foundation immigrantscamps of Europe. from Italy, Private Russia, agencies and Easternworking Europe. largely withoutThe decade government from 1935 gaveIn 1975, a series the trustees of grants declared to organizations New York concerned City and its with problems the revitalization as the of toassistance 1945 might faced well the be monumental called the era challenge of the uprooted, of relocating for no millions. other era in low-incomefoundation’s communities chief focal point and oncewith affordableagain. Grants housing were inmade one to of several the tightest modern history has witnessed as much widespread migration. Whole popu- realexperimental estate markets programs in the in nation.the city’s It alsopublic funded schools neighborhood and to innovative preservation lationsAlthough fled its the charter terror prohibited of genocide the that contribution culminated of in funds the concentrationfor use outside groupscommunity and awardedschools in grants poor toand economic minority developmentneighborhoods. organizations The foundation for campsthe United of Europe. States, Privatethe foundation agencies was working able to largely help the without uprooted government after they programsgave a series that of retained grants to industry organizations and commercial concerned enterprises with the revitalization and helped to of assistancearrived in America. faced the Between monumental 1945 challengeand 1957, of600,000 relocating European millions. refugees launchlow-income businesses communities in poor and communities. with affordable In 1975 housing and 1976, in one more of thethan tightest one- displaced by the war were admitted to the U.S., and New York was a major thirdreal estate of the markets grantees in were the nation.advocacy It also groups funded working neighborhood on behalf preservationof under- Althoughport of disembarkation. its charter prohibited Foundation the contribution funds supported of funds organizations for use outside to representedgroups and awarded populations, grants and to moreeconomic than halfdevelopment of the grantees organizations served clients for theresettle United foreigners States, thewhose foundation skills were was in able demand, to help including the uprooted thousands after theyof whoprograms were thatpoor, retained minority, industry or victims and ofcommercial discrimination. enterprises and helped to arrivedscholars, in scientists, America. Betweenphysicians, 1945 writers, and 1957, and 600,000artists who European were waiting refugees in launch businesses in poor communities. In 1975 and 1976, more than one-

10 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Thethird number of the grantees of newcomers were advocacy kept rising. groups In the working 1990s, nearlyon behalf 1.2 millionof under- immigrantsrepresented were populations, admitted and to Newmore York, than resultinghalf of the in grantees an almost served 10 percent clients increasewho were in poor, the city’s minority, population. or victims They of camediscrimination. from every continent, making theThe city number a Babel of newcomers of 180 languages. kept rising. In fact, In onethe 1990s,in ten ofnearly the nation’s 1.2 million foreign- bornimmigrants lived in were New admitted York City to in New 1999. York, resulting in an almost 10 percent increase in the city’s population. They came from every continent, making Inthe the city 1980s, a Babel 1990s, of 180 and languages. so far in the In fact,2000s, one just in asten in of its the earliest nation’s years, foreign- the foundationborn lived in assisted New York foreign-born City in 1999. residents who were struggling to become New Yorkers in the fullest sense. Foundation grants supported attempts by immigrantsIn the 1980s, to 1990s, form theirand so own far organizations. in the 2000s, just Immigrant as in its groups—including earliest years, the Afghans,foundation Africans, assisted Albanians, foreign-born Arabs, residents Bosnians, who Central were struggling and South to Ameri-become cans,New YorkersIndians, in Haitians, the fullest Poles, sense. and Foundation many others—developed grants supported a variety attempts of by projects,immigrants ranging to form from their assistance own organizations. to victims of Immigrant human trafficking groups—including and affecting New Yorkers. domesticAfghans, Africans,workforce Albanians, empowerment Arabs, to Bosnians, food justice Central and reproductiveand South Ameri- health Workers’ Rights: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 was widely andcans, rights Indians, advocacy. Haitians, Poles, and many others—developed a variety of consideredWorkers’ Rights: the greatest The Triangle disaster Shirtwaistin the city Factoryprior to thefire terroristin 1911 was attack widely on projects, ranging from assistance to victims of human trafficking and Septemberconsidered 11,the 2001. greatest Garment disaster factory in the owners city prior had to locked the terrorist the exit attack door onto Newdomestic York workforce is still a jumble empowerment of humanity. to food justice and reproductive health increaseSeptember worker 11, 2001. productivity. Garment factoryA fire broke owners out, had and locked 146 young the exit immigrant door to and rights advocacy. womenincrease were worker killed. productivity. A fire broke out, and 146 young immigrant Sixty percent of city residents are either immigrants or the children of women were killed. immigrants.New York is Juststill aas jumble back in of the humanity. early 1900s, Sixty New percent York of personifies city residents are The tragedy drew the ire of the city, the nation, and much of the world’s globalizationeither immigrants unlike or any the otherchildren city of on immigrants. earth, and theJust foundation’s as back in the tapestry early press.The tragedy In a heavy drew rain the onire Aprilof the 5, city, the thesecond nation, anniversary and much of of the the foundation, world’s of1900s, grants New continues York personifies to reflect globalization this. unlike any other city on earth, morepress. than In a heavyhalf a millionrain on NewApril Yorkers 5, the second watched anniversary the mass offuneral the foundation, and the foundation’s tapestry of grants continues to reflect this. procession.more than half a million New Yorkers watched the mass funeral SHIFTING ISSUES procession. SHIFTING ISSUES The New York Foundation responded to a galvanized labor movement by The New York Foundation has been a leader in promoting the rights of fundingThe New national York Foundation child labor responded projects and to aeducational, galvanized laborvocational, movement and by grassrootsThe New York organizations Foundation to has define been their a leader own issues,in promoting develop the their rights own of recreationalfunding national programs child laborfor workers, projects as and well educational, as other labor-related vocational, projectsand leadership,grassroots organizations and organize andto define advocate their on own their issues, own developbehalf. In their doing own so, forrecreational young women programs and girls.for workers, It supported as well factories as other designed labor-related with the projects health theleadership, foundation and has organize made anda mark advocate on many on theirof the own key behalf.public policyIn doing issues so, the offor workers young women in mind and and girls. efforts It supported to organize factories department designed store with salesgirls, the health affectingfoundation New has Yorkers. made a mark on many of the key public policy issues janitors,of workers and in musicians. mind and efforts to organize department store salesgirls,

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 11 Thejanitors, foundation and musicians. continues its nearly century-long legacy of funding workers’ rights groups. In more recent years, foundation grantees have improved working conditions for day laborers, domesticThe foundation workers, continues and street its nearlyvendors, century-long as well as Newlegacy Yorkers of funding who workers’work in garment rights groups. factories, In restaurants,more recent big-boxyears, foundation stores, and grantees other low-wage have improved industries. working The foundationconditions alsofor day supports laborers, collaborationdomestic workers, between and communitystreet vendors, groups, as well laborers, as New and Yorkers worker-owned who work businesses. in garment factories, restaurants, big-box stores, and other low-wage industries. The foundation also supports Lawcollaboration and Criminal between Justice: community In 1930, groups, Franklin laborers, D. Roosevelt, and worker-owned then governor businesses. of New York, appointed the Commission to Investigate Prison Administration and Construction, chaired by aLaw foundation and Criminal trustee. Justice: Its findings In 1930, provided Franklin a blueprint D. Roosevelt, for reforming then governor the state of prison New York, system for decadesappointed to the come. Commission The commission to Investigate sparked Prison the creation Administration of a better-organized and Construction, program chaired empha- by a sizingfoundation education trustee. and Its rehabilitation findings provided at Elmira a blueprint prison. forThis reforming work influenced the state educational prison system pro- for gramsdecades in tonewer come. prisons, The commission including Wallkill sparked and the Clinton. creation The of a foundation better-organized also underwrote program empha- work donesizing on education a national and basis rehabilitation by private atorganizations Elmira prison. such This as workthe Osborne influenced Association, educational named pro- for Thomasgrams in Mottnewer Osborne, prisons, a including former warden Wallkill of and Sing Clinton. Sing Prison The foundation and one of alsothe nation’sunderwrote most work renowneddone on a nationalprison reformers basis by privateof his day. organizations such as the Osborne Association, named for Thomas Mott Osborne, a former warden of Sing Sing Prison and one of the nation’s most Otherrenowned foundation-supported prison reformers of projects his day. brought even more change to New York’s criminal justice system. Grants funded the careful study of successful antiracketeering efforts, prisoner reentry programs,Other foundation-supported prison issues for women, projects parolees’ brought evenconcerns, more and change the treatmentto New York’s of first criminal offenders justice betweensystem. Grants the ages funded of 17 theand careful19—boys study who of would successful ordinarily antiracketeering have been incarcerated. efforts, prisoner Recent reentry foundationprograms, prison grantees issues have for fought women, for parolees’the reform concerns, of the Rockefeller and the treatment drug laws, of thefirst rights offenders of prisonbetween families, the ages and of the17 and fair 19—boystreatment who of incarcerated would ordinarily people have who been suffer incarcerated. from mental Recent illness. foundation grantees have fought for the reform of the Rockefeller drug laws, the rights of Educationprison families, Reform: and the In fairthe earlytreatment part ofof theincarcerated last century, people many who worthy suffer education from mental programs illness. were not in a position to receive public support—they first had to prove their value. The New YorkEducation Foundation Reform: sought In the out early these part experimental of the last programs.century, many An early worthy initiative education sent programs visiting teacherswere not toin thea position homes toof receivechildren public who were support—they delinquent first from had school. to prove The their first value.such teacher The New wasYork employed Foundation in 1911sought with out funds these granted experimental to the Publicprograms. Education An early Association. initiative sent Foundation visiting supportteachers for to the homesproject of continued children forwho years, were and delinquent the practice from spreadschool. to The other first cities. such teacher was employed in 1911 with funds granted to the Public Education Association. Foundation support

12 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS The foundation funded many other education initiatives. A 1932 project In the first decade of the 21st century, foundation grantees are at the fore- to “adapt the school to the child” by introducing progressive education front of efforts to ensure that the child welfare system preserves families methods resulted in the famed Little Red Schoolhouse. In 1947, the foun- and involves parents and youth in determining the course of their own dation financed a new center at New York University that housed the law lives. Grantees include organizations that bring together young people— school and focused on new formulations of modern law. It also funded parenting teens, immigrant youth, young people in detention, and youth innovative institutions, such as for Social Research. workers—to demand better schools, gender equity in public programs, immigration reforms, fair wages, and human rights. The foundation supported scholarships and fellowships for needy students, programs that brought retired top-tier faculty to smaller colleges, after- FORGING PATHS, BUILDING MODELS school and summer recreation programs, and financial assistance for African American students. That the New York Foundation was itself an innovation is clear—it estab- lished a new and unproven template for giving. It also sparked creativity More recently, foundation grantees are organizing public school parents among both grantees and prospective grantees, helping to launch programs and students across New York. These grassroots organizations have led that would deliver a host of services to New Yorkers, from low-cost nursing the movement for smaller schools, school-based budgeting, improved site care and experimental drug-rehabilitation therapies to new treatments for management, and increased accountability to parents and communities. diseases and major advances in the efficient delivery of health care.

Child Welfare: Since its founding, the New York Foundation has sought This legacy of innovation is traced to the foundation’s inception. Appro- to safeguard children by funding organizations working with and for them. priation No. 2 went to the , to support nurses who These include groups concerned with child protection, recreation, voca- treated victims of infectious diseases. The settlement—federal-style row tional services, wartime care of children, and the emerging fields of youth houses purchased by foundation trustee Jacob Schiff—was headed by development and social work. Lillian Wald, a nurse who was asked by charity workers in the neighbor- hood to instruct them in home nursing. As early as 1919, the New York Foundation supported “protective leagues,” which guarded the welfare of girls and sought to create “a movement of The idea got its start when a girl begged Wald to visit her sick mother. Wald girls for girls” that could improve their economic condition and promote did, and found a family of seven living in two rooms in a tenement house. sex education. The foundation also funded infant-feeding programs, adop- The father, a cripple, begged on the streets; the mother, who had suffered a tion agencies, and organizations that provided day care for the children of hemorrhage, was bedridden and in pain. Wald saw them as abandoned by working mothers. It supported early work to promote reproductive rights, society, and turned to the New York Foundation for help. and provided a founding grant to Planned Parenthood.

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 13 få=íÜÉ=t~âÉ=çÑ=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=NNI=OMMN The grantfather, to a Henrycripple, Street begged Settlement on the streets; established the mother, a precedent who had for suffereda long list a ofhemorrhage, future grants was in New York Foundation staff witnessed the attacks on the World Trade Center from the windows of its office, then in the Empire State healthbedridden care. and With in foundationpain. Wald sawsupport, them the as Visitingabandoned Nurse by Servicesociety, ofand New turned York to was the created. New York It Building. Though many grantees were located near the Twin Towers wouldFoundation become for ahelp. model for similar organizations nationwide—and the recipient of hundreds of and witnessed the mayhem up close, it seemed that no neighbor- thousands of dollars from the New York Foundation over the years. Another innovation followed hood was spared the agony. As foundation staff reached out to inThe the grant late to1930s Henry and Street 1940s Settlement that remains established a subject aof precedent controversy for ina longlatter-day list of politics—health future grants in colleagues and grantees in the days that followed, stories both horrific and heroic emerged. insurance.health care. With foundation support, the Visiting Nurse Service of New York was created. It would become a model for similar organizations nationwide—and the recipient of hundreds of A New York Times article on September 21, 2001, reflected the Inthousands 1939, the of Medical dollars Societyfrom the of New New York York Foundation conducted anover experiment the years. inAnother voluntary innovation prepaid followedmedical foundation's concern that the needs of particular communities foundation's concern that the needs of particular communities care.in the The late foundation 1930s and 1940spaid the that organization’s remains a subject expenses of controversy and funded in the latter-day experiment politics—health at a low-rent could well be neglected in the wake of the tragic events. “The world publicinsurance. housing project, the Vladeck Houses on the Lower East Side. The experiment involved has changed, but it doesn't mean that the problems that existed a week ago don't exist,” Maria Mottola, now the foundation’s executive offering subscribers the services of a private family doctor whenever needed, including an annual director, was quoted as saying. Many families, particularly in healthIn 1939, examination, the Medical immunizations,Society of New Yorkand access conducted to services an experiment at the clinic in voluntary of Gouverneur prepaid Hospital. medical Chinatown, were displaced from Lower Manhattan. Job losses were care. The foundation paid the organization’s expenses and funded the experiment at a low-rent borne most heavily by the lowest-earning New Yorkers, many of Althoughpublic housing the experiment project, the was Vladeck discontinued, Houses onMayor New LaGuardia York’s Lower appointed East Side. New The York experiment Foundation whom were immigrant workers. Limitations on relief funds barred many from receiving help. Unemployment in New York climbed to Presidentinvolved offering David M. subscribers Heyman to the head services a committee of a private that wouldfamily recommenddoctor whenever a plan needed, to cover including the 8.4 percent. Immigrants who lived in fear of deportation also felt a healthan annual needs health of an examination, even larger populationimmunizations, than andthe residentsaccess to ofservices the Vladeck at the Houses.clinic of TheGovernors result: ripple effect of the terrorist attacks as they watched their neighbors theHospital. Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York—or HIP—incorporated in 1945. It pioneered prepaid being interrogated and arrested. The reorganization of the health care. Immigration and Naturalization Service delayed applications for immigrant status, and new special registration requirements forced Although the experiment was discontinued, Mayor LaGuardia appointed New York Foundation thousands of immigrants to report to the INS, unrepresented by OtherPresident innovations David M. traced Heyman to foundationto head a committee sponsorship that include would therecommend evolution a of plan public to cover television the in legal counsel, thus risking detention or deportation. Newhealth York needs and of the an foundingeven larger of WBAIpopulation radio, than which the played residents an importantof the Vladeck role inHouses. the evolution The result: of counterculturethe Health Insurance in the Plan1960s of and Greater beyond. New York—or HIP—incorporated in 1945. It pioneered In response, the foundation made a special allocation of $500,000 prepaid health care. in addition to its regular grants budget. Trustees gave the foun- dation staff the flexibility to make discretionary grants to organiz- In 1954, the foundation added arts and recreation to its list of philanthropic programs. That year, ations, or to consider extending support past the usual three- or theOther foundation innovations awarded traced the to foundationfirst of several sponsorship large grants include to Lincoln the evolution Center’s of building public televisionfund. The in five-year limit, if the staff felt grant support was critical to a group's center’sNew York early and objective the founding was ofto WBAImake radio,the performing which played arts morean important affordable role and in thethus evolution more of survival. The Rockefeller, Kresge, and Nathan Cummings Foun- accessiblecounterculture to large in the segments 1960s and of thebeyond. population. dations asked the New York Foundation to regrant a total of $1.3 million to local groups. These national funders recognized that the New York Foundation could be responsive at the neighborhood level In the1954, 1970s, the foundation foundation added grants arts went and to recreation organizations to its that list sought of philanthropic to stop the programs. practice of That redlining year, at a moment’s notice, even in the midst of tragedy. inthe Brooklyn foundation and awarded the South the Bronx. first of It several also underwrote large grants tenant to Lincoln homesteading Center’s projects,building fund.centers The for

14 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS thecenter’s homeless, early objectiveand the development was to make of the community performing credit arts moreunions. affordable In the boardcapacity-building, involvement seeding that still nonprofit distinguishes management the foundation support from organizations other earlyand thus 1980s, more it funded accessible some to of large the segmentsearliest work of the to population.fight the HIV/AIDS philanthropies.that have continued to provide assistance to New York nonprofits. The epidemic.In the 1970s, foundation grants went to organizations that sought to stop New York Foundation has become well known for its bottom-up approach the practice of redlining in Brooklyn and the South Bronx. It also under- LOOKINGto grantmaking. FORWARD Wittingly BY GLANCING or not, theBACK early trustees created a legacy of Morewrote than tenant a decade homesteading before the projects, housing centers market for calamity the homeless, that led and the the nation board involvement that still distinguishes the foundation from other intodevelopment the current of communitydeep recession, credit the unions. foundation In the funded early 1980s, organizations it funded that Inphilanthropies. 100 years of grantmaking, the New York Foundation has distributed workedsome of tothe prevent earliest foreclosures work to fight caused the HIV/AIDS by aggressive epidemic. subprime mortgage some $133 million to a wide range of people and groups working in extraor- lending practices. The foundation even supported sustainability projects LOOKINGdinary and FORWARD ingenious BY ways GLANCING to improve BACK the quality of life for New Yorkers. andMore “green than ajobs” decade programs before backthe housing in the 1990s, market years calamity before that federal, led the state, nation The foundation has been sensitive to residents’ needs, to the failure of orinto local the governmentscurrent deep recession,took note. theIt also foundation funded early funded initiatives organizations in the urbanthat Inmunicipal 100 years programs of grantmaking, to meet them,the New and York often Foundation to the inability has distributed of the federal environmentalworked to prevent justice foreclosures movement. caused by aggressive subprime mortgage somegovernment $133 million to acknowledge to a wide range them. of When people only and a handful groups workingof institutions in extraor- lending practices. The foundation even supported sustainability projects dinarywere committed and ingenious to philanthropic ways to improve work, the its quality grantees of werelife for filling New gaps Yorkers. in Theand “greenNew York jobs” Foundation programs alsoback established in the 1990s, innovative years before philanthropic federal, state, or Thepublic foundation health, education, has been charitablesensitive to services, residents’ and needs, social to welfare. the failure And of it did practices.local governments In the 1980s took and note. 1990s, It also it streamlined funded early the initiatives process inof theapplying urban municipalso with the programs peculiar knowledgeto meet them, that and taking often risks to the to developinability sustainableof the federal forenvironmental a grant, developing justice movement. one-page applications that were soon replicated by governmentsocial change to in acknowledge a continually them. changing When world only isa handfula primary of functioninstitutions of a other area foundations. It also created one of the earliest programs for werefoundation, committed particularly to philanthropic at the local work, level. its Local grantees groups were often filling get gaps closer in capacity-building,The New York Foundation seeding nonprofitalso established management innovative support philanthropic organizations publicthan others health, to education,the core of charitable public policy services, issues. and social welfare. And it did thatpractices. have continuedIn the 1980s to andprovide 1990s, assistance it streamlined to New the York process nonprofits. of applying The for so with the peculiar knowledge that taking risks to develop sustainable Newa grant, York developing Foundation one-page has become applications well known that were for its soon bottom-up replicated approach by social change in a continually changing world is a primary function of a toother grantmaking. area foundations. Wittingly It oralso not, created the early one trustees of the earliest created programs a legacy forof foundation, particularly at the local� level. Local groups often get closer

TAKING RISKS THAT MATTER | 15 alsodiversity important and its to undeniable note the foundation’s character. faith in the abilities of community residents. Civic organizations play a crucial role in articulating and advocatingIt is important community to understand interests. the foundation’sWhile social theorists,roots, especially pundits, in and an age politicalwhen, due theater to a faltering customarily economy, stress community the necessity needs of calling keep escalating, in experts to investigatemaking philanthropy social problems, and its theinherent New Yorkrisks Foundationmatter more has than shown ever. aIt is also century-oldimportant to conviction note the foundation’s in the irrepressibility faith in the of abilities New Yorkers; of community it has striven toresidents. cultivate Civic their organizations capacity to engage play a social,crucial political, role in articulating and economic and forcesadvo- whilecating respecting community their interests. will to While act as social the sole theorists, arbiters pundits, of their andfate. the politi- cal theater customarily stress the necessity of calling in experts to inves- Thetigate New social York problems, Foundation the Newgrew Yorkout of Foundation the resilience has ofshown New aYorkers. century-old It continuesconviction to in serve the irrepressibility as a catalyst for of positiveNew Yorkers; social it reform, has striven and itsto cultivatehistory providestheir capacity valuable to engage lessons social, for giving political, in the and new economic millennium. forces while Whythan shouldothers toa century-oldthe core of publiclegacy policyof grantmaking issues. still matter? respecting their will to act as the sole arbiters of their fate.

A singular, uniquely New York creation, the New York Foundation has The New York Foundation grew out of the resilience of New Yorkers. It evolved as the city has, along the way� helping to forge some of the city’s continues to serve as a catalyst for positive social reform, and its history greatest institutions—its schools, museums, hospitals, and housing devel- provides valuable lessons for giving in the new millennium. Why should a century-old legacy of grantmaking still matter? opments. The organization has also supported the work of leaders in their field. A singular, uniquely New York creation, the New York Foundation has evolved as the city has, along the way helping to forge some of the city’s Yet the foundation’s most important work has been among lesser-known greatest institutions—its schools, museums, hospitals, and housing devel- city residents—scientists, scholars, political agitators, crime victims, opments. The organization has also supported the work of leaders in their homeless persons, HIV/AIDS patients, restaurant workers, civil rights field. lawyers, educators, and community organizers. They lend the city its great diversity and its undeniable character. Yet the foundation’s most important work has been among lesser-known city residents—scientists, scholars, political agitators, crime victims, It is important to understand the foundation’s roots, especially in an age homeless persons, HIV/AIDS patients, restaurant workers, civil rights when, due to a faltering economy, community needs keep escalating, lawyers, educators, and community organizers. They lend the city its great making philanthropy and its inherent risks matter more than ever. It is

16 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS pq^cc

Melissa Hall Edna Iriate ^`hkltibadjbkqp Nick Levitin Maria Mottola Isabel Rivera Report written by Steven Barboza Kevin Ryan Graphic design by Roger Meyer, Level M, Inc. Photograph on page 3 by John J. Loonam Photographs on pages 5, 7, 11, 12, 15 by Margaret Chase Streeter _l^oa=lc=qorpqbbp

Special thanks to photographer Nick Levitin, and trustees Sayu Bhojwani, Dana-Ain Davis, Keith Hefner, Stephen D. Alan Altschuler Roland Lewis Heyman, Marlene Provizer, Paul Spivey, and Denice Williams for their comments on early drafts. This report would Sayu Bhojwani Fitzgerald Miller not have been possible without the research conducted by archivist Nancy Johnson, and students Anya Bailey and Seth Borgos Ana Oliveira Philippa Crowne, who collected and digitized almost 100 years of grant data. John Daley Mike Pratt Dana-Ain Davis Marlene Provizer melqldo^mep Dr. Rose Dobrof Aida Rodriguez Gail Gordon Roger Schwed

Front Cover: Construction of Manhattan Bridge,1909 Keith Hefner Paul Spivey Inside Cover: New York Foundation 1910 to 1954 Grants Register Stephen D. Heyman Denice Williams Page 2: Mary Mitchell Family Center, July 2009 Wayne Ho Page 5: Domestic Workers United, demonstration, July 2009 Page 7: New York Foundation interns, rally, July 2009 Page 9: Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, 1911 Page 11: Damayan, demonstration, July 2009 Page 12: Arab American Association of Bay Ridge, Arab American Festival, July 2009 Page 15: Community Voices Heard, retreat, July 2009 Page 16: Domestic Workers United members, July 2009 Back Cover: Mulberry Street in Manhattan, New York City, photographed circa 1900 NMM qvmldo^mev NEW YORK FOUNDATION

The report uses typefaces that debuted circa 1909. These include Century Oldstyle, News Gothic, and Alternate Gothic. 1909/2009

10 East 34th Street 10th Floor New York, New York 10016 www.newyorkfoundation.org T Printed in the USA on 30% recycled fiber. Processed with chlorine free soy-based inks. Copyright © 2009 New York Foundation. All rights reserved. (212) 594-8009