{ Earth Science Reference Tables

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov cm Earth Science Reference Tables 1234567891011121314 CAUTION: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials

RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT ISOTOPE (years) (calories/gram • C°) Based on your printer settings, ruler may not have printed exactly to scale. 14 3 solid 0.5 Carbon-14 C14 N 5.7 × 10 Water liquid 1.0 40 { 40 Ar 9 gas 0.5 Potassium-40 K 1.3 × 10 Ca40 Dry air 0.24 Basalt 0.20 238 206 9 Uranium-238 U Pb 4.5 × 10 Granite 0.19 Iron 0.11 87 87 10 Rubidium-87 Rb Sr 4.9 × 10 Copper 0.09 Lead 0.03

Properties of Water

Energy gained during melting ...... 80 calories/gram

Energy released during freezing ...... 80 calories/gram

Energy gained during vaporization ...... 540 calories/gram

Energy released during condensation . . . . 540 calories/gram

Density at 3.98°C ...... 1.00 gram/milliliter 15

EQUATIONS 61 81 02 22 425 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16

difference from accepted value Percent deviation deviation (%) = × 100 from accepted value accepted value

Eccentricity of an ellipse eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis change in field value gradient = Gradient distance

change in field value Rate of change rate of change = time mass Density of a substance density = volume

2001 EDITION EURYPTERUS This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2000–2001 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2001 Regents Examination in Earth Science. New York State Fossil

94-095 ESRT pdf 1,2 CDC

(HIGHLANDS)

C NEW ENGLAND PROVINCE ENGLAND NEW

MANHATTAN PRONG MANHATTAN

USNHIGHLANDS HUDSON I P L

A M

I A N

L C O

D A

TACONIC MOUNTAINS TACONIC

T L

N O D

L S

H O M

–

LOWLANDS NEWARK NEWARK MOUNTAINS

THE CATSKILLS

ADIRONDACK ST. LAWRENCE LOWLANDS LAWRENCE ST. TUG HILL PLATEAU Major Geographic Province Boundary Landscape Region Boundary State Boundary International Boundary

ALLEGHENY PLATEAU )

S D

(PLAINS)

A KEY

(HIGHLANDS) L

U (

LAKE ONTARIO

GRENVILLE PROVINCE U

ERIE–ONTARIO LOWLANDS ERIE–ONTARIO E

A I

INTERIOR LOWLANDS H

P Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State Generalized Landscape Regions of New York A LAKE ERIE

2 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Earth Science ReferenceTables —2001 Edition

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State

modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989

v i

a i N

GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays OUND LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill) AND S ISL PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales Dominantly G N Sedimentary O DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates L SILURIAN } Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. Origin ORDOVICIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones } CAMBRIAN } CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River. Dominantly CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists Metamorphosed Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex. Rocks TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages. } MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks } (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) 3 Surface Ocean Currents

4 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Mantle Hot Spot Relative Motion at Plate Boundary NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown. Plate Boundary

Complex or Uncertain Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Plate Sandwich (Transform Fault) (Transform Transform Plate Boundary Transform Tectonic Plates Tectonic plate plate overriding subducting (Subduction Zone) Convergent Plate Boundary Fiji Plate Mid-Ocean Ridge Divergent Plate Boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) Plate Philippine KEY:

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 5 Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust Relationship of Transported

Burial Particle Size to Water Velocity D ompactio ep 100.0 C n os n iti tio on BOULDERS ta 25.6 cm en 10.0 COBBLES m 6.4 cm e C SEDIMENTS 1.0 PEBBLES

SEDIMENTARY E

r 0.1 0.2 cm

o n

ROCK s o

( io i U s

W pl n SAND o

H ea ift)

th r 0.01

e er

in E M g

a M & E

t r

o & 0.006 cm e s

e ion a t

a n t

i n 0.001

m n

d i SILT

ressu r g P re / /or o d

o n e t a ) t r r a e f h p hism H orp i t 0.0004 cm P m l h ta a e DIAMETER (cm) PARTICLE p 0.0001 r i M s e e U m s ( CLAY W s u r n e ) io 0.00001 lift os IGNEOUS 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 (Up Er g & ROCK erin STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec) ath We g ltin n *This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to e o METAMORPHIC M ti maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to ca ROCK ifi differences in particle density and shape. lid So M el ting MAGMA

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification GRAIN TEXTURE SIZE

Obsidian Non- Basaltic Glass (usually appears black) Glassy vesicular Non-

Pumice Vesicular Basaltic Glass crystalline Vesicular (gas Vesicular Vesicular Vesicular Rhyolite Andesite Scoria Basalt pockets) (Volcanic) Fine EXTRUSIVE

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt 1 mm less than

Peri- Non-

Diorite to IGNEOUS ROCKS Granite Gabbro Coarse dotite vesicular 1 mm Dunite 10 mm

Very ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION ENVIRONMENT (Plutonic)

Pegmatite or

INTRUSIVE Coarse larger 10 mm

LIGHT COLOR DARK

LOW DENSITY HIGH FELSIC (Al) COMPOSITION MAFIC (Fe, Mg) 100% 100%

CHARACTERISTICS Potassium feldspar (pink to white) 75% 75% Quartz (clear to white) Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) 50% 50% Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black)

(Relative by Volume) 25% Olivine 25%

MINERAL COMPOSITION MINERAL (green) Amphibole (black)

0% 0%

6 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL a a a a Pebbles, cobbles, Rounded fragments Conglomerate aa and/or boulders embedded in sand, Mostly silt, and/or clay quartz, Angular fragments Breccia a

feldspar, and a a a Clastic Sand clay minerals; (0.2 to 0.006 cm) Fine to coarse Sandstone aa (fragmental) may contain . . . . . Silt fragments of . . . . Very fine grain Siltstone . . . . . (0.006 to 0.0004 cm) other rocks . . . . and minerals Compact; may split Clay Shale (less than 0.0004 cm) easily CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZECOMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Varied Halite Rock Salt Crystals from chemical Crystalline Varied Gypsum precipitates Rock Gypsum and evaporites Varied Dolomite Dolostone Cemented shell Microscopic to coarse Calcite fragments or precipitates Limestone of biologic origin Bioclastic Varied Carbon From plant remains Coal

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

GRAIN TYPE OF TEXTURE SIZE COMPOSITION METAMORPHISM COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fine Regional Low-grade Slate metamorphism of shale

(Heat and Foliation surfaces shiny from Phyllite Fine pressure microscopic mica crystals increase

FOLIATED to MINERAL medium with depth) ALIGNMENT Platy mica crystals visible from

MICA metamorphism of clay or Schist feldspars QUARTZ GARNET

FELDSPAR High-grade metamorphism; Medium AMPHIBOLE to some mica changed to feldspar; Gneiss ING segregated by mineral type

BAND- coarse PYROXENE into bands Various rocks changed by Fine Contact Hornfels Variable (Heat) heat from nearby magma/lava

Quartz Metamorphism of quartz Quartzite Fine sandstone to Regional coarse Calcite and/or or Metamorphism of Marble dolomite limestone or dolostone

NONFOLIATED Contact Various minerals Coarse Pebbles may be distorted Metaconglomerate in particles or stretched and matrix

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 7 (Fossils not drawn to scale) GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF NEW YORK STATE A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Bothriolepis Cryptolithus Valcouroceras Centroceras Eucalyptocrinus Tetragraptus Coelophysis Stylonurus Beluga Cooksonia Naples Tree Lichenaria Pleurodictyum Platyceras Mucrospirifer Elliptocephala Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras Ctenocrinus Dicellograptus Eurypterus Mastodont Whale Aneurophyton Condor Cystiphyllum Maclurites Eospirifer Tectonic Rock Time Distribution of Fossils Events Important Geologic Inferred Position of Record (Including Important Fossils of New York) Affecting Eon Era Period Epoch Life on Earth in Northeast Events in New York Earth’s Landmasses Lettered circles indicate the approximate time of existence of a specific Millions of years ago NYS index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian). North Millions of years ago A America 0 HOLOCENE 0 QUATERNARY 0.01 PLEISTOCENE 1.6 Humans, mastodonts, mammoths O S Advance and retreat of last continental ice 59 million PLIOCENE Large carnivores Uplift of Adirondack region TERTIARY CENOZOIC NEOGENE 5.3 years MIOCENE Abundant grazing mammals 24 Earliest grasses ago ZOIC OLIGOCENE Large running mammals 33.7

500 PHANERO- PALEOGENE EOCENE Many modern groups of mammals BIRDS 54.8 TERTIARY PALEOCENE L 65 Extinction of dinosaurs and ammonoids A Earliest placental mammals Sands and shales underlying Long Island and Staten Oldest T LATE Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean E multi- MESOZOIC Climax of dinosaurs and ammonoids 1000 cellular CRETACEOUS Earliest flowering plants life Development of passive continental margin M Decline of brachiopods First EARLY Diverse bony fishes MAMMALS NAUTILOIDS I appearance DINOSAURS D of sexually 142 CRETACEOUS 119 million D reproducing years LATE organisms ago L Earliest birds E JURASSIC MIDDLE Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean EARLY North America and Africa separate 206 E LATE Modern coral groups appear L Passive Margin Intrusion of Palisades sill Earliest dinosaurs and mammals with A TRIASSIC MIDDLE Pangea begins to break up 2000 PROTEROZOIC abundant cycads and conifers R EARLY 251 Extinction of many kinds of marine L LATE animals, including trilobites Rifting Extensive erosion PALEOZOIC First mammal-like reptiles Y PERMIAN Transition to atmosphere EARLY TRIASSIC 232 million

CORALS Appalachian (Alleghanian) Orogeny containing CRINOIDS caused by collision of North America years oxygen 290 ago AMMONOIDS and Africa along transform margin, L LATE Earliest reptiles GASTROPODS TRILOBITES VASCULAR PLANTS BRACHIOPODS forming Pangea A PENNSYLVANIAN Extensive coal-forming forests EARLY T 323 E LATE Abundant sharks and amphibians MISSISSIPPIAN Large and numerous scale trees 3000 EROUS Earth’s M EARLY and seed ferns first forest CARBONIF- I 362 D LATE Catskill Delta forms PRECAMBRIAN R Earliest amphibians, ammonoids, sharks Q Erosion of Acadian Mountains D MIDDLE C F G N L Oldest microfossils DEVONIAN Extinction of armored fish, other X Z Acadian Orogeny caused by collision of fish abundant North America and Avalon and closing E EARLY I V Geochemical evidence PLACODERM FISH of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean 418 DEVONIAN/MISSISSIPPIAN 362 million for oldest biological Earliest insects fixing of carbon LATE Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins years E Earliest land plants and animals H M P ago SILURIAN E U Y

ARCHEAN Peak development of eurypterids

A EARLY EURYPTERIDS R Oldest known rocks 443 4000 LATE K Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston Delta forms L Earth’s first Invertebrates dominant coral reef Taconian Orogeny caused by closing of MIDDLE B D Collision Transform Y ORDOVICIAN – mollusks become abundant T W western part of Iapetus Ocean and

Diverse coral and echinoderms GRAPTOLITES collision between North America and EARLY volcanic island arc Graptolites abundant J Estimated time of origin 490 of Earth and solar system LATE Earliest fish 4600 Algal reefs MIDDLE Burgess shale fauna ORDOVICIAN 458 million CAMBRIAN A Earliest chordates, diverse trilobites years ago EARLY Earliest trilobites Earliest marine animals with shells Iapetus passive margin forms Continental Collision 544 Subduction Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean 580 Ediacaran fauna Erosion of Grenville Mountains

Soft-bodied organisms Grenville Orogeny: Ancestral Adirondack Rifting Mtns. and Hudson Highlands formed Passive Margin Stromatolites 1300 99-098 CDK(rev) 8/2000

8 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 9

Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

AN OCE IC NT LA AT DENSITY (g/cm3) 2.7 continental crust MID-ATLANTIC 3.0 oceanic crust RIDGE MOHO

E) A TL IC AN R M E IC 3.3–5.5 M LITHOSPHEREST A A H L T (P R E a a E a O R TL N E N RIGID H A P M aa a a a a MANTLE S a O N a a E a H ?) T R N 9.9–12.1 S E O a a a a a R a A I CRUST F ( F I E C T R A a aa a S S a a a C O A D E C S R a a a a a C T a E E R E I R N N C H T O F L A E I C U CK E I C R O N 12.7–13.0 a a aa C E A &

P N O N

N O I R I aaa a a 4

EARTH’S CENTER 3

PRESSURE 1 (millions of atmospheres) 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6000 RE ? TU MANTLE RA ? PE M TE L C) 5000 A ° TU C A MELTING POINT 4000

MELTING POINT 3000

TEMPERATURE ( TEMPERATURE 2000 PARTIAL MELTING OF ULTRAMAFIC MANTLE 1000

0 0 1000 20003000 40005000 6000 DEPTH (km)

10 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE ELEMENT (symbol) Percent by Percent by Percent by Percent by Mass Volume Volume Volume

Oxygen (O) 46.40 94.04 33.0 21.0 Silicon (Si) 28.15 0.88 Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48 Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49 Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18 Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11 Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33 Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42 Nitrogen (N) 78.0 Hydrogen (H) 66.0 Other 0.66 0.07 1.0 1.0

Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 S 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

TRAVEL TIME (minutes) TRAVEL P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 345678 910 EPICENTER DISTANCE (×103 km) Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 11 Dewpoint Temperatures (°C)

Dry-Bulb Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) Tempera- ture (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –20 –20 –33 –18 –18 –28 –16 –16 –24 –14 –14 –21 –36 –12 –12 –18 –28 –10 –10 –14 –22 –8 –8 –12 –18 –29 –6 –6 –10 –14 –22 –4 –4 –7 –12 –17 –29 –2 –2 –5 –8 –13 –20 0 0 –3 –6 –9 –15 –24 2 2 –1 –3 –6 –11 –17 4 4 1 –1 –4 –7 –11 –19 6 6 4 1 –1 –4 –7 –13 –21 8 8 6 3 1 –2 –5 –9 –14 10 10 8 6 4 1 –2 –5 –9 –14 –28 12 12 10 8 6 4 1 –2 –5 –9 –16 14 14 12 11 9 6 4 1 –2 –5 –10 –17 16 16 14 13 11 9 7 4 1 –1 –6 –10 –17 18 18 16 15 13 11 9 7 4 2 –2 –5 –10 –19 20 20 19 17 15 14 12 10 7 4 2 –2 –5 –10 –19 22 22 21 19 17 16 14 12 10 8 5 3 –1 –5 –10 –19 24 24 23 21 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 2 –1 –5 –10 –18 26 26 25 23 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 9 6 3 0 –4 –9 28 28 27 25 24 22 21 19 17 16 14 11 9 7 4 1 –3 30 30 29 27 26 24 23 21 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 5 1

Relative Humidity (%)

Dry-Bulb Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) Tempera- ture (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 –20 100 28 –18 100 40 –16 100 48 –14 100 55 11 –12 100 61 23 –10 100 66 33 –8 100 71 41 13 –6 100 73 48 20 –4 100 77 54 32 11 –2 100 79 58 37 20 1 0 100 81 63 45 28 11 2 100 83 67 51 36 20 6 4 100 85 70 56 42 27 14 6 100 86 72 59 46 35 22 10 8 100 87 74 62 51 39 28 17 6 10 100 88 76 65 54 43 33 24 13 4 12 100 88 78 67 57 48 38 28 19 10 2 14 100 89 79 69 60 50 41 33 25 16 8 1 16 100 90 80 71 62 54 45 37 29 21 14 7 1 18 100 91 81 72 64 56 48 40 33 26 19 12 6 20 100 91 82 74 66 58 51 44 36 30 23 17 11 5 22 100 92 83 75 68 60 53 46 40 33 27 21 15 10 4 24 100 92 84 76 69 62 55 49 42 36 30 25 20 14 9 4 26 100 92 85 77 70 64 57 51 45 39 34 28 23 18 13 9 28 100 93 86 78 71 65 59 53 47 42 36 31 26 21 17 12 30 100 93 86 79 72 66 61 55 49 44 39 34 29 25 20 16

12 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Temperature Pressure

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin millibars inches 1040.0 30.70 110 380 220 Water boils 100 1036.0 30.60 370 200 90 30.50 360 1032.0 180 80 30.40 350 1028.0 160 70 30.30 340 1024.0 140 60 30.20 330 50 1020.0 120 320 30.10 Human body 40 100 1016.0 30.00 temperature 310 one 30 29.90 80 300 atmosphere 1012.0 Room 1013.2 mb temperature 20 60 290 29.80 1008.0 10 280 40 29.70 Ice melts 0 1004.0 270 29.60 20 –10 1000.0 260 29.50 0 –20 250 996.0 29.40 –20 –30 240 992.0 29.30 –40 –40 230 29.20 –50 988.0 –60 220 29.10 984.0 Weather Map Symbols 29.00 980.0 Station Model 28.90 Amount of cloud cover Temperature (°F) (approximately 75% covered) 976.0 28.80 Present weather Barometric pressure 28 196 (1019.6 mb) Barometric trend 972.0 28.70 Visibility (mi) 1 ✱ +19/ 2 (a steady 1.9-mb rise Dewpoint (°F) the past 3 hours) 28.60 27 .25 Precipitation 968.0 Wind speed (inches past 6 hours) 28.50 Wind direction whole feather = 10 knots (from the southwest) half feather = 5 knots total = 15 knots (1 knot = 1.15 mi/hr)

Present Weather Air Masses Front Symbols Hurricane

cA continental arctic Cold Drizzle Rain Smog Hail Thunder- Rain cP continental polar Warm storms Showers cT continental tropical ✱ Stationary ✱ mT maritime tropical ∞ Occluded Snow Sleet Freezing Fog Haze Snow mP maritime polar Rain Showers

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 13 km 150 mi Temperature Atmospheric Water Selected Properties Zones Pressure Vapor of Earth’s Atmosphere 75

100 Thermosphere

50 Mesopause Altitude Mesosphere

50 Stratopause 25 Stratosphere Tropopause Troposphere Sea Level 0 0 –100 0 100 ° ° ° –4 –3 –2 –1 0 0 20 40 –90° –55° 15° 10 10 10 10 10 Concentration Temperature (°C) Pressure (atm) (g/m3)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

cm 0.000,000,000,1 0.000,000,001 0.000,000,01 0.000,000,1 0.000,001 0.000,01 0.000,1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000

cm 10–10 10–9 10–8 10–7 10–6 10–5 10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103

Gamma rays x rays Microwaves

Ultraviolet Infrared Visible Radio waves

Decreasing Wavelength Increasing Wavelength Visible Light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red –5 –5 –5 –5 –5 –5 –5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 × × × × × × × 4.0 4.3 4.9 5.3 5.8 6.3 7.0

Tropopause Polar Front Jet Stream Planetary Wind DRY N.E. Polar Front and Moisture Belts WET 60° N in the Troposphere S.W. WINDS The drawing to the left shows DRY 30° N the locations of the belts near N.E. WINDS the time of an equinox. The Subtropical locations shift somewhat with WET 0° Jet Streams the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the S.E. WINDS Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in summer and DRY 30° S N.W. southward in winter. WINDS WET 60° S S.E. DRY Polar Front Jet Stream 14 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition Luminosity and Temperature of Stars (Name in italics refers to star shown by a + )

1,000,000 Luminosity is the Massive Blue Supergiants brightness of stars Stars Supergiants Rigel compared to the Betelgeuse brightness of our + + 10,000 Sun as seen from the same distance Red Giants from the observer. Main Sequence Polaris + 100 +Aldebaran

+ Sirius + Alpha Centauri 1 + Sun

White Dwarfs + Procyon B 0.01 Luminosity (Relative to the Sun) Red Dwarfs Small Barnard’s Stars Star + 0.0001 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500 Temperature (°C) Blue Stars White Stars Yellow Stars Red Stars Color

Solar System Data

Object Mean Distance Period Period Eccentricity Equatorial Mass Density Number from Sun of of of Diameter (Earth = 1) (g/cm3) of (millions of km) Revolution Rotation Orbit (km) Moons

SUN — — 27 days — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4 – MERCURY 57.9 88 days 59 days 0.206 4,880 0.553 5.4 0 VENUS 108.2 224.7 days 243 days 0.007 12,104 0.815 5.2 0 EARTH 149.6 365.26 days 23 hr 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 1 56 min 4 sec MARS 227.9 687 days 24 hr 0.093 6,787 0.1074 3.9 2 37 min 23 sec JUPITER 778.3 11.86 years 9 hr 0.048 142,800 317.896 1.3 16 50 min 30 sec SATURN 1,427 29.46 years 10 hr 0.056 120,000 95.185 0.7 18 14 min URANUS 2,869 84.0 years 17 hr 0.047 51,800 14.537 1.2 21 14 min NEPTUNE 4,496 164.8 years 16 hr 0.009 49,500 17.151 1.7 8 PLUTO 5,900 247.7 years 6 days 0.250 2,300 0.0025 2.0 1 9 hr EARTH’S 149.6 27.3 days 27 days 0.055 3,476 0.0123 3.3 — MOON (0.386 from Earth) 8 hr

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 15 Properties of Common Minerals

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING

LUSTER NESSCLEAVAGE FRACTURE COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) MINERAL NAME COMPOSITION*

1–2 ✔ silver to black streak, pencil lead, Graphite C gray greasy feel lubricants 3 2.5 ✔ metallic very dense (7.6 g/cm ), ore of Galena PbS silver gray-black streak lead

5.5–6.5 ✔ black to attracted by magnet, ore of Magnetite Fe O silver black streak iron 3 4 Metallic Luster 6.5 ✔ brassy green-black streak, ore of Pyrite FeS yellow cubic crystals sulfur 2

1–6.5 ✔ metallic silver or red-brown streak ore Hematite Fe O earthy red of iron 2 3 Either

1 ✔ white to greasy feel talcum powder, Talc Mg Si O (OH) green soapstone 3 4 10 2

2 ✔ yellow to easily melted, vulcanize rubber, Sulfur S amber may smell sulfuric acid Gypsum 2 ✔ white to easily scratched plaster of paris CaSO •2H O pink or gray by fingernail and drywall (Selenite) 4 2

2–2.5 ✔ colorless to flexible in electrical Muscovite Mica KAl Si O (OH) yellow thin sheets insulator 3 3 10 2

2.5 ✔ colorless to cubic cleavage, food additive, Halite NaCl white salty taste melts ice K(Mg,Fe) 2.5–3 ✔ black to flexible in electrical Biotite Mica 3 dark brown thin sheets insulator AlSi3O10(OH)2 3 ✔ colorless bubbles cement, Calcite CaCO or variable with acid polarizing prisms 3

3.5 ✔ colorless bubbles with acid source of Dolomite CaMg(CO ) or variable when powdered magnesium 3 2

4 ✔ colorless or cleaves in hydrofluoric Fluorite CaF variable 4 directions acid 2 cleaves in Pyroxene (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) Nonmetallic Luster 5–6 ✔ black to mineral dark green 2 directions at 90° collections (commonly Augite) (Si,Al)2O6

5.5 ✔ black to cleaves at mineral Amphiboles CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 dark green 56° and 124° collections (commonly Hornblende) Si6O22(O,OH)2 6 ✔ white to cleaves in ceramics Potassium Feldspar KAlSi O pink 2 directions at 90° and glass (Orthoclase) 3 8

6 ✔ white to cleaves in 2 directions, ceramics Plagioclase Feldspar (Na,Ca)AlSi O gray striations visible and glass (Na-Ca Feldspar) 3 8 commonly light green 6.5 ✔ green to furnace bricks Olivine (Fe,Mg) SiO gray or brown and granular and jewelry 2 4 glassy luster, may form 7 ✔ colorless or glass, jewelry, Quartz SiO variable hexagonal crystals and electronics 2 Garnet 7 ✔ dark red glassy luster, often seen as red jewelry and Fe Al Si O to green grains in NYS metamorphic rocks abrasives (commonly Almandine) 3 2 3 12

*Chemical Symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

✔ = dominant form of breakage

16 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition DET 633 (0-00-00,000) 9-073587 99-098 CDK