Copenhagen grounds, 82, 83 Index Lake Wendouree, 81 Lal Lal, 13, 18 Ballarat diggings, 14, 50, 51 Aboriginal Stations/ reserves Bakery Hill, 17 Aboriginal resistance to, 124 Eureka diggings, 17, 21, 26, 38, 95 , 115 Aboriginal (Wathawurrung) economic independence of, 72 discovery, 21 effectiveness, 124 Native Police presence on, 6, 51 goldfields impact on development of Poverty Flat, 6 philosophy of reserves, 123 prior Aboriginal presence, 6 intent to subdivide for non- Bangor district, 27 Indigenous benefit, 122 Eurambeen Station, 27, 68 intent to farm on lands, 89 Banks, Joe, (Kurnai) Brodribb district, 41, 87 manufacturing on, 72 bark cutting, 10, 27, 30, 67–8 Mt Franklin, 71 for canoes, 41–2 Yelta, 105 Barnawartha/ Barra-na-tha, 9 Abrahamsohn, Abraham, 17, 142 barter, 8, 74, 122 Admans, George, 76 shift to currency, 73 alcohol/ alcoholism, 60, 62, 63, 112–115 Batey, A, 72, 116, 129 ubiquity of use by white and Beaufort, 7, 13 Aboriginal, 112 Yam Holes Hill, 7 impact on activities and culture, 112 Becker, Ludwig, 13 increase of availability and impact as Belcher, Charles and Sarah, 70 a result of gold rush, 113 begging, 16 temperance, 114–5 see sharing/ reciprocity Aboriginal efforts to curb, 114–5 Bell, Edward (Commissioner of Crown Lands), 9 non-Indigenous efforts to curb, 116, Benalla, 92, 101 122, 123 Benalla district, 42, 54, 93 link to movement of Aboriginals to , 115 reserves, 122, 123 Myer’s Flat, 23 Alexandra goldfields, 13 Bendigo goldfields, 87, 95 Amherst/ Amhearst Flat, 24, 25, 26, 114 Bendigo tribe, 79–80 Anderson’s Creek diggings, 68, 117 Beveridge, Peter, 33, 106 Anthony, Tommy, 78–9 Biebie/ Eliza, ( elder), 114 Ararat, 28, 139 Black Protector’s Creek, 8 Ararat diggings, 12, 38–9 Blainey, Geoffrey, 1, 21, 139 Attwood, Bain, 9 Blandowski, William, 8 Avoca, 28, 139 Blyth, Thomas, 30, 129 Avoca goldfields, 92 Bond, JJ, 92 Avon River (Gippsland), 29 Bond, John, 101 Bonwick, James, 23–4, 112–3, 133 Babbage, CW, 26 boomerang throwing, 78–9 Back Creek, 81 Boonwurrung people, 99–100, 103 Back Creek Theatre Royal, 81 Booth, Thomas, 111, 129 Baker, George, 38 Boyle, Henry, 111 Ballarat, 60, 68, 82, 83, 100, 124 Bratauolong people, 115 Black Hill, 70 Bridges, Walter 16, 18, 74, 129 Golden Point, 51, 60 Bridgewater 7 145 Black Gold: Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of , 1850–1870

Brodribb district [near Orbost?], 87 Central Board for Aborigines (CBA), 33, Bete Bolong, 87 118, 123, 132, 134 Briggs, John, with wives Louisa Strugnell reporting destruction of fish stocks, 118 and Ann, 27, 68 seeking power to remove children Broome, Richard, 106, 124, 140 from Aboriginal people, 123 Buchan area, 88 Challicum Station (central Victoria) 125 Buchan diggings, 13 Chandler, John 52, 92 Buckley (Djadjawurrung leader), 26 Chapple, John, 38, 92–3, 94, 130 Buckley, murdered on Charlotte Plains stone quarry, 8 goldfields/ Mia Mia Flat, 26, 33, 110 Chauncy, Philip, 88, 109 ‘Bucknalook’, 53 Chinese, 28–9 Bulmer, Rev J, 29, 87 Aboriginal mimicry of, 28 Buangor, 95 Aboriginal prejudice against, 28 Buninyong people, 19, 53, 100 Aboriginal opium abuse acquired Buninyong/ Bunyong, 16 from, 29 Buninyong Council Christie, Michael, 121 desire for corroboree for HRH Duke Clacy, Mrs Charles, 26, 134 of Edinburgh visit, 19 Clark, Ian, 103, 103, 121, 141 Burrumbah [Burrumbeet?], 111 Clarke, F McKenzie, 22–3 bush food/ bush tucker, 92–4 Clunes, 97, 103, 114 Aboriginal cooking, 92, 94 Clunes goldfield, 50 availability, 119 Clutterbuck, Samuel, 72, 73–4, 76, 85, non-Indigenous eating of, 93 130 non-Indigenous gathering using Collet, Barry, 8, 38, 114–5 Aboriginal knowledge, 92 Collyer, Caleb, 94, 130 bush skills, Comettant, Oscar, 90–1,135 shared with non-Indigenous, 40, 72, 93–4 Comrie, Roy and family, 102 Coranderrk Aboriginal station, 13, 33, Calvert, John, 21, 35 72, 73, 115 Cameron, AC, 105 income from manufactured products, , 31, 42, 93 72–3 camping/ campsites, 62 Corner Inlet Kut-wut, 115 Doctor’s Creek, 7 corroborees, 59, 75–81, 143 Piggoreet, 12–3 association with alcohol, 116 Myer’s Flat, 23 association with ritual/ traditional Homebush, 25 practice, 36, 78, 107 Ovens River bank, 33 commodification, 73, 82–3 Buangor, 95 geographic range of, 75 Echuca wharf, 113 gold rush period impact, 75 canoe manufacture, 42 non-Indigenous attraction to, 18 Carngham, 73 non-Indigenous dislike of, 19 Chepstowe, 73 non-Indigenous use of for festivities, 19 Carter, Samuel, 13–4 songs mimicking non-Indigenous Castella, Hubert De, 41, 85, 94, 98, 134 ineptitude and vices, 91 Castlemaine, 23 types for non-Indigenous viewing, 76–8 Castlemaine diggings, 79 Coxall family, 111–2 Cecil, Lord Robert, 92, 144 Craig, William, 12, 20, 116–7, 135

146 Index criminality Emu goldfield, 25, 97, 114 Aboriginal association with, 55 Equinehup, (Djadjawurrung), 18, 89 cultural practices Erskine, John, 9–10 adornment 14, 18 employment recording/ observation by non- Aboriginal work patterns, 106 Indigenous people, 98–9 babysitting, 69–71 break down of, 112 bark cutting, 10, 27, 30, 67–8 dancing, 19, 76, 77, 82 domestic staff, 68–8 mortuary, 78 farming, 71 quarrying, 7–8 payment, 105 see corroborees motivation, 103 see language pastoral, 30 Currency Creek, 26 possum-skin rug making, 71–5, 122 postmen, 58, 67 Daisy Hill (outstation 10 miles west of shepherds, 69, 104–5 Deep Creek, a branch of Loddon significance of social obligations, River), 22, 23, 50 106–7 Daisy-Hill tribe (presumably significance of employer reciprocity, 103 Djadjawurrung people), 24, 25, 114 entrepreneurial skills, 72, 73, 74, 93 Dana, Captain (officer in charge of Native environmental impact/ destruction, Police Corps), 22, 50, 51, 53, 54 118–9 Dannock, James, 42–3, 130 fauna, 119 Davies, Henry, 73 pastoralism, 118 Davies, Owen, 72, 130 mining 118 Dawson (District Surveyor Baw Baw/ vegetation, 118 Walhalla region), 36 waterways and fish, 118–9 Daylesford diggings, 119 shipping impact, 88 Denholm, Mrs, 70 Eureka Stockade Derrimut, (Boonwurrung elder), Wathawurrung minding rebels’ , 90 children, 70 Dicky, (Wathawurrung elder), Lal Lal, 18 Native Police incitement of, 51 dispossession, sense of, 90 Djabwurrung people, 11, 13, 81, 82, 110 Fairweather, 8, 38 Djadjawurrung/ Ararat/ Jajowrong Fauchery, Antoine, 11, 14, 16, 135 people, 26, 71, 79, 89, 99 Fead, Charles [George], 13, 14, 15, 43, 88 Dobie, William, 95, 106–7, 125 fear of Aboriginals by non-Indigenous Doctor Syntax, (Djadjawurrung), people, 40, 111–2 Richardson River, 106–7 Fels, Marie, 53, 141 dress/ adornment, 14, 18, 26 Fenwick, NA (Crown Commissioner of Dublin Jack, 27, 32 Lands), 106 Dunderdale, George, 52, 135 Ferguson, Charles, 21, 39, 135 Dunlop, John, 6 Forest Creek, 31, 43, 86 Dunolly, 19, 68, 141 Forrest Creek, 93 Dunolly goldfield, 70 Forster, 7 Foster, JF, 104, 135 Earp, GB, 30 Foxcroft, EJ, 121 Echuca, 113 Finlay, Alexander, 18, 141

147 Black Gold: Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850–1870

Franklinford goldfields, 8 gold rush period Franklinford reserve/ Mount Franklin, Aboriginal haunts 24, 33, 125 goldfields, 13 farming on, 71 towns, public houses, 26, 100 perceived failure of, 122 pastoral station dependence on Fyans, Foster (Police Magistrate Geelong), Aboriginal and Chinese labour, 103–4 16–7 Goodman, David, 2, 101, 119, 141 Goodwin, TH, 112 Gannan, Kathleen, 69 Goonan, Michael, 119, 143 Garratt, Mr, 48–9 Gootch, Paul, 21, 38 Geelong, 19, 22, 69 Government policy, 121 Gill, ST, 58, 59, 60, 63 Gow, Robert, 37, 44, 98, 106, 130 artwork of postman, 67 Green, John, 69, 72–3, 86 Gill, WH, 8 guiding/ guides, Ch 3 35–45 Gippsland region, 14, 103, 116 crossing rivers, 41–3 south, 38 lack of acknowledgement, 38 east, 100 non-Indigenous sense of ownership of gold, guides, 44–5 earlier discovery of gold with trackways, 35 Aboriginal companions, 21 unwillingness to lead, 36–7 prior knowledge of, 7, 39 dangers of some country 36, 37 prospecting, 22 protocols/ cultural responsibilities trade for basic goods, 22–3 36 goldfields usefulness Aboriginal activities on goldfields directions, 43 digging, 22 food and its preparation, 38 hut making, 9–10 survival, 35 possum-skin rug making, 71–5, 122 water, 38 prospecting/ fossicking, 10, 21, 23 see bark cutting Haddon-Cardigan, 101 see employment Hamilton, JC, 89, 115–6, 135 see tracking Hamilton, Robert, 86 see guiding Haustorfer, HE, 40, 130 Aboriginal presence on, 7, 13, 26, 27 Henty, Richmond, 88, 98 integral role in quest for gold, 21 Hill, Henry (Inspector Omeo district), 54–5 prior ownership/ presence, 5–7 Homebush, 25 moving to, 12, 22 Howitt, A William, 6, 33, 41 moving away, 9, 119 Howitt, William, 72, 93, 94, 118 access to Hughes, F, 72 from Adelaide, 35, 38 humour/ mockery/ ridicule, 90–1, 125 Aboriginal trackways, 35 Hughes, JF, 9, 22, 27, 88, 91–2, 98–9 bush foods, 93 Hull, Mr (District Magistrate), 90 diversity of population and harmony, Huon, William, 13 26, 29 huts/ mia mias/ gunyahs, 6, 10, 30, 67, 95 non-Indigenous envy, 21–2 violence on Inglewood, 80 murder, 33, 54, 110 Thompson’s Gully, 80 sexual assault, 109 148 Index

Javolich, Temamet (Djadjawurrung clan- Loddon tribe (probably Djadjawurrung head), 8 people), 23, 88 Joyce, Alfred, 67, 100, 113, 142 Longwood, 19 Lousada, Charles, 44–5, 131 Kerr, John Hunter, 13, 14, 17 Kiandra diggings, 29 McBryde, Isabel, 8 kinship, 16–8, 83, 86, 103, 114 McCrae Andrew (Police Magistrate), 103 obligation, 16, 17 McCrae, Tommy, (Waywurru), 28 King Billy/ King William chief, McGowan, Barry, 118 (Wathawurrung), Ballarat area, 26 MacIvor diggings, 79–80 King Billy, Ovens River area, 39–40 Mackay, George, 31, 136 King Billy/ ‘last of the Loddon [probably McK[ay], Katherine, 40, 92, 119 Djadjawurrung] tribe’, 88 McLeod, JN, 32 King Billy/ ‘Mr. Mulla’, (Wathawurrung Madden, James, 87 elder), Ballarat West Common, 102 Madden, Mrs James, 78 King Billy, Buninyong area, 100 Maldon, 21 King Billy, (Wathawurrung), Haddon- Porcupine Flat, 22 Cardigan area, 101 Malleegoondeet/ Barababaraba people, 26 King Billy, Burrumbah [Burrumbeet?] area, Maloga Mission, 124 112 Mangalore Station, 69, 76 King Jerry, (Wathawurrung elder), 88 Martin, Thomas, 102, 124 King Tommy, (Djadjawurrung elder), Maryborough, 7 Dunolly, 19 Melbourne Punch, 28 Kirkland, Katherine, 70, 136 Meredith, Louise, 118, 136 Ko Ko Warrion, King of Colac, 79 Mereweather, Rev JD, 45, 75, 93, 96, 117, Korzelinski, Seweryn, 7–8, 19–20, 33, 90, 136 116 Metoaka/ ‘King of Omeo blacks’, (Kurnai), Krefft, Gerard, 91, 142 15 Kulin people, 33, 73, 115 Mia Mia Flat, 26, 110 Kurnai people, 38, 101 Micha, Franz, 35 diggings Middleton, Edwin, 42, 75–6, 131 Specimen Gully, 92 migration to Victoria, 27 Milne, RL, 121 Lady Sutherland, (Djabwurrung), 13, 32 mining Lagergren, Carl, 116, 130 Aboriginal motivation, 10 Lancelott, Francis, 37, 48, 49, 136 Aboriginal people in prospecting land/ country parties, 38 Aboriginal attachment to, 89, 103 Aboriginal perception of non- non-Indigenous debt for taking, 88 Indigenous mining, 89 language (Aboriginal) Aboriginal role 1, 21 non-Indigenous use, 9,91–2 Mitta Mitta diggings, 32 Lazarus, Samuel, 112, 130 Mitta Mitta district, 70 Linton, JG, 96 Moira tribe (on Murray river), 88 Linton diggings, 39 Moodie, William, 105, 143 Little, William, 8 Moon, Jonathan, 21–2 Loddon River, 17, 31, 88 Moore, John, 89 gold discovered by Aboriginal boy, 21 Morrow, John, 32

149 Black Gold: Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850–1870

Mossman, Samuel and Bannister, Thomas, Nawton, William, 29, 131 10, 33–4, 94 Nisbet, James, 68, 91, 131 Mount Alexander, 26, 43, 52, 61, 72 non-Indigenous impressions of Mount Alexander goldfield, 7, 33 work ethic, 106 Mount Alexander diggings, 26, 29, 118 skills (superior), 18, 30, 90, 98, 105–6 Mount Ararat goldfields, 13 way of life 98 Mount Cole, 20 Nugong, 8 Mount Cole tribe, 11–2 Western district, 89 Omeo, 47 Mount Emu tribe, 13, 15 Omeo goldfields, 70, 111 Mount Franklin Flooding Creek, 6 see Franklinford Omeo district, 38, 104 Mount William quarry, 8 Ophir region New South Wales, 67, 68 Mount Murchison sandstone quarry, 8 Opium, 29 Mount Nugong, 8 Orbost, 87, 101 Nukong Aboriginal name origin, 8 Orbost district, 41, 67 murder Ovens River/ valley, 33, 39, 72 Buckley, Mount Alexander goldfields, Ovens River goldfields, 26, 96 33, 110 Ulrick, Thomas at Woady Yaloak Panton, Charles, 69, 76 goldfields, 54 Parker, Edward Stone (Assistant Protector Murray River, 35, 37, 80 of the Aborigines), 71, 104, 131, 137 tribe, 33 Parker, Joseph, 21 crossing with Aboriginal help, 41, 42, Parsons, Michael, 76–8 43 tourist corroborees, South Australia, impact of vessels on fish stock, 88 76, 77, 78, 143 Murray Fishing Company, 93 pastoral stations music employing Aboriginal people, 9, 30, reaction to non-Indigenous musician, 14 69, 76, 104 mythology impact of Aboriginal obligation, 32, 106 Aboriginals not included in impact of gold rush on, 104–5 Australian bush character, 106 perceptions non-Indigenous misperceptions of Native Police Corps/ police trackers/ Aboriginal, 10, 111 Native Constables, Ch 4 49–55, 58 non-Indigenous of Aboriginal Dana reform February 1852, 52–3 improving, 99 disbanding, 53 Aboriginal of non-Indigenous, 91 effectiveness, 53 Perry, Frances, 95, low pay, 53 Peter, (Djabwurrung), 28 origin 1837, 49 Peter, (Djadjawurrung) Myer’s Flat, role in inciting Eureka Stockade, 51 Bendigo 23 perception of by non-Indigenous Peters, Ned, 68, 139, people, 49, 50, 52 Peverell, James, 93, 131 prospecting by/ leaving for Pierce, AB, 37, 42, 72, 93, 142 prospecting, 22 Piggoreet area, 12, 137 protection of miners paying fees, 51 Polehampton, Rev Arthur, 28, 91, 137 significance on goldfields in early Porteous, Andrew (Honorary Correspondent gold rush period, 50, 54–5 Carngham), 13, 89, 122, 123 150 Index possum-skin rug making, 71–5, 122 Simpson, Martin (Djadjawurrung), Presland, Gary, 47, 54, 55, 143 Maloga Mission, 124 Prince Jamie, 125 Sinclair, James, 28, 114, 132 Prout, JS, 7, 137 Small, Joe, 43, 99 Puckle, TH (Commissioner of Crown Lands), 13 Smith, James Montagu, 30, 94, 98, 141 Smyth, R Brough, 36, 74, 132, 137 Queen Mary diggings, 8 Stanbridge, WE, 8, 98, 144 Queenscliff, 76 Stawell, 27 Pleasant Creek (diggings), 27 Ragless, Oliver, 26, 35 Stockyard Creek diggings, 38 Rayment, William, 26 Struilby, Lawrence, 48, 85 Reidsdale, 69 corroborees, 75, 91 reincarnation/ resuscitation, 85–6 Strutt, William, 49, 50, 95, 132 Aboriginal acceptance of teachings Swan Hill, 33, 69, 91 from perceived clanspeople 86 Swan Hill region Aboriginal belief that deceased Europeans fathering the only children clanspeople now alive as non- by 1861, 33 Indigenous people 85 Aboriginal employment, 69 relations between Aboriginal and non- Sugden, George, 44, 96, 105–6, 132 Indigenous people, 70, 102 Sutherland, George, 6, 51, 137 as neighbours, 19–20 ,99 Sydney Flat, near Bendigo, 116 inter-racial union, 32, 33–4 mediation/ intervention, 31, 116, 117 Talbot, 24, 97 retaliation, 109 Blacksmith(s) Gully, 24, 25 sexual relations, 33 Amhearst, 24, 25 Reynolds, Henry, 11, 67, 143 Amherst Flat, 114 Roberts, Morley, 26, 137 Tame, Edward, 72, 74, 132 Robinson, GA (Aborigines Protector), 17 Terinallum Station, Western district, 105 Rowe, George, 31, 61, 72, 132 Terrick Terrick region, 13 painting showing close proximity to Therry, Roger, 103–4, 137 Chinese, 29 Thomas, William (Guardian of Aborigines), peace making corroboree, 79 11, 27, 32, 49, 68, 78, 114, 117, 132 Thomson, JC (Crown Commissioner of Sale, 110, 111 Lands), 27, 132 Scarsdale, 119 Tomlinson, William, 22, 132 Aboriginal search for water on Tongie (Omeo Aboriginal killing of diggings, 119 Gippsland Aboriginal site), 6 Selby, James, 93, 132 tracking, Ch 4 47–55 Select Committee 1858–1859, Victoria, animals, 30, 105 13, 32, 75, 90, 104 bush skill, 48 sharing/ reciprocity, 10, 16, 17, 74, 96 import of Queensland trackers for ritual exchange, 76 Victorian Police, 55 rights to receive goods, 16–7, 87 living and dead people, 49 Shellard, Frank, 55, 104, 132 loss of skills in Victorian Aboriginal Shelmerdine, Stephen, 50, 144 people by 1870s, 55 Sherer, [John], 37, 40, 104, 137 police trackers, 47, 54–5 Simkin, William, 76 rescue, 44 Simpson, Fanny (Djadjawurrung), 23 151 Black Gold: Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850–1870

trade baskets, 73 bush tucker/ bush foods, 72, 93 emu eggs, 29 fish, 93 gold, 8, 22–3 money replaced barter, 73–4 possum skins/ cloaks, 72 Turner, Henry Giles, 93

Von Guérard, Eugene, 74–5, 95–6, 143

Wakefield, George, 18, 133 Ward, Russell, 106 Wathen, George, 33, 125, 138 Wesson, Sue, 29, 69, 144 Western district, 89 Western Port district, 26 Westwood, Joseph, 93–4 Wheelwright, Horatio, 99, 138 White Hills, the, 25 Whroo and Rushworth diggings, 109 Wildgung/ Old Jemmy Webster, (Taungurong elder), Coranderrk, 86 Wilkinson, John, 109 Wilson, Edward, 33 Woady Yaloak goldfields, 54 Wodonga district, 13 Woiworrung people, 5 Woolner, Thomas, 118, 133

Yackandandah, 119 Yackandandah, goldfields near, 18 Yarra tribe, 68 Yelta Aboriginal Station, 105 Young, Robert, 33

Zwar, John, 73

152