Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

“ - Dat Dere.” Video file, 8:46. YouTube. Posted by MasterXelpud, July 4,

2009. Accessed November 21 2019 ​https://youtu.be/_3vpiTgG59A

This video was one of the key factors in identifying Art Blakey’s unique style of

playing. Many of the techniques demonstrated in this musical masterpiece

showcase firsthand the evolution of as we know it. This song went on

to gain attention from many and helped to popularize the name of Art Blakey

and The Messengers for years to come.

“Art Blakey & - Moanin’.” Video file, 9:31. YouTube. Posted by Art

Blakey - Topic, April 30, 2015. Accessed November 27, 2019

https://youtu.be/fsJ3JjpZyoA

This song was special in the fact that it demonstrated the ability of Bobby

Timons. This song was a showcase of his talent and granted him acclaim from

the public. This song further popularized the name of the Jazz Messengers and

made it a staple in many of today's greatest jazz albums.

“Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers Paris 1959 - "".” Video file, 9:05.

YouTube. Posted by Westly Chin, 25 April 2016.Accessed December 23, 2019

https://youtu.be/wTIwZfmbvwM

This video demonstrated playing with Art Blakey. We were able to

listen to how Lee Morgan evolved on his soloing tactics on Dizzy Gillepsie’s ​A

Night in Tunisia​.

“Art Blakey & Lee Morgan - 1960 - Like Someone in Love - 01 Like Someone in Love.”

Video file, 8:03. YouTube. Posted by JazzTube, May 26, 2016.Accessed

November 23, 2019 https://youtu.be/VAoiIUuNuYQ​

This song is certainly one of a kind. It is unique in the fact that Lee Morgan is

able to show off his true capabilities in creating a mood in a slower song. This

piece ultimately widened the audience of The Jazz Messengers by offering

different kinds of Jazz.

“Art Blakey & Lee Morgan - 1961 - The Witch Doctor - 06 Lost And Found.” Video file,

5:10. YouTube. Posted by JazzTube, June 1, 2016.Accessed November 19, 2019

https://youtu.be/fnF0ZdrXmzg

This song was recorded at the height of the Jazz Messengers popularity in 1961.

Though it was made long ago it is a clear demonstration of the group’s ability.

This song was experimental and allowed for the group to refine their skills.

“Art Blakey & Lee Morgan - 1961 - Impulse! - 01 Alamode.” Video file, 6:50. YouTube.

Posted by JazzTube, June 4, 2016. Accessed December 21, 2019

https://youtu.be/WrcDfEWX1Zk​ This song is known as an explosion of

excitement. With a fierce tempo and fiercer solos it helps to showcase the

group’s musical ability. This song is a staple in the way that it drive the audience

to move to the beat.

Bakely, Art. “Blakey Talking Jazz.” Art Blakey, 4 Jan. 1985, accessed, 21 Nov. 2019

artblakey.com/blakey-talking-jazz/.

This was an interview with Art Bakely that taught me how Bakely chooses his

new players to add into his band. The most important thing that I learned about

this piece was the idea that the audience does not want to feel they need to be

educated, they just want to hear music and follow along to the beat.

Blakey, Art. “Interview 3: More Messages from The Messenger.” The Estate of Art

Blakey. Last modified 1987. Accessed 30 December, 2019 .

http://artblakey.com/interview-three-more-messages-from-the-messenger/

Accesed Novemeber 20, 2019

This interview was an integral part of understanding the viewpoints of Art

Blakey. It gave incite to how he saw the industry and his partners around him. It

showed he understood the inner workings of making a jazz song and engaging

the audience as well.

“, 38, Jall Pianist, Dead.” The New York Times. 2, March 1974 Accessed

19 November, 2019

https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/02/archives/bobby-timmons-38-jazz-pianist-d

ead.html

News article reporting on Bobby Timmons’ death of how he died, who he was

and what works they recognized him for. The news article shows what the

general public knew about Timmons and how they viewed him as a musician

during the 1970s.

Dawkins, Arthur, "An Interview with Art Blakey [transcript]" (1984). Transcripts. 2.

Accessed 21 Nov. 2019 https://dh.howard.edu/hujohp_transcripts/2​

This was a very useful interview because it allowed me to study the words of

Art Blakey instead of just listening, it was interesting listening to his point of view

on jazz.

Ebright, Terry. “Black History Month: Celebrating the Civil RIghts Movement at the

Museum of Television & Radio.” Paley Center. Last modified February 27, 2005.

Accessed 30 December 2019.

https://www.paleycenter.org/press-release-2004-civil-rights-movement

This source was pivotal in our gaining of insight in the political nature that this

jazz movement possesed.

“For the 78th Birthday Anniversary of Bobby Timmons (1935-1974), A Linear Note and

Five Interviews Conducted For it.” Ted Panken Wordpress. 19 December, 2013,

Accessed 21 November, 2019 https://tedpanken.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/for-the-78th-birthday-anniversary-of-bob

by-timmons-1935-1974-a-liner-note-and-five-interviews-conducted-for-it/

Interviews from musicians who played alongside Bobby Timmons discussing their

experiences with him and how they would describe him. The interviews would

give insight on how Timmons impacted other musicians during the time.

“Moanin' - Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers - Live.” Video file, 14:17. YouTube. Posted

by Javier Rodriguez, 17 March 2014. Accessed 27 November, 2019

https://youtu.be/uKOoxgI_xfQ

This video gave me a live example of audience reaction to hard bop as well as

the different style of music. Additionally, I used this to gain an insight on Lee

Morgan’s musical style.

Morgan, Lee. “Trumpeter, Lee Morgan’s last word.” The Guardian. Last modified

February 13, 2010. Accessed DEcember 20, 2019.

http://theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2010/02/trumpeter-lee-morgans-la

st-word.html

This article of the last interview of Lee Morgan was interesting and informative.

It made the point that the interview occurred during a time of social change in

the black community. Lee Morgan shed insight through his last words into the

movement and the jazz industry at the time.

“Ping Pong (Remastered).” Video file, 7:06. YouTube. Posted by Art Blakey - Topic, July

24, 2017 accessed December 20, 2019. ​https://youtu.be/z6CGiNlJS8A

This song was in many ways a back and forth from the group. When one played,

another would call back. This was a popular way of creating a piece of jazz and

allowed me to see how this is done.

“The Freedom Rider.” Video file, 7:28. YouTube. Posted by Art Blakey - Topic, October

15, 2015 accessed November 20, 2019. ​https://youtu.be/vthIOj4l4QA

This song was a reference to the racial injustice and need for change at the time.

This song allowed me to see how the group spread awareness to their struggles

through their musical pieces.

Secondary Sources

Akers, W.M. “Death of a Sidewinder.” Narratively. 27 August 2014. Accessed 20

November 2019. https://narratively.com/death-of-a-sidewinder/​

Death of a Sidewinder helped me on the information of Lee Morgan’s influences

as well as his own play style. I also learned how he observed the changes within

the jazz community.

Ariff, Alexander and Rentner, Simon. “Instruments Of Change: Music Of The Freedom

Riders, 50 Years Later.” WBGO Co, NPR. Last modified May 4, 2011. Accessed 27

November 2019.

https://www.npr.org/sections/ablogsupreme/2011/05/05/135920869/instrument

s-of-change-music-of-the-freedom-riders-50-years-later

This website aided me by showing me the efforts by the black community at this

time to secure desegragation. This was important for The Jazz Messengers

because they were mainly a black group.

Beener, Angelika. “Five Jazz Songs That Speak Of The Freedom Struggle.” NPR. Last

modified June 19, 2012. Accessed 30 December, 2019.

https://www.npr.org/sections/ablogsupreme/2012/06/18/155318747/five-jazz-so

ngs-which-speak-of-the-freedom-struggle

This website talked about songs made by The Jazz Messengers that supported

freedom for blacks. They were a group who concentrated heavily on the freedom

of themselves and of their people.

“Bobby Timmons” All About Jazz.Accessed 21 November 2019

https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/bobbytimmons

Basic information about Bobby Timmons and his musical success in the jazz

industry. The article gives a basic overview of his active periods in the industry

and what works became hits.

“Bobby Timmons Biography.” Jazz Giants. Accessed 21 November 2019

http://bobbytimmons.jazzgiants.net/biography/

Website is a detailed biography of Bobby Timmons early life, music career and

success in the jazz industry. Gives details on how his early life led to a pursuit

within jazz music and how his personal life affected his music.

Cuneo, Jim. “Bobby Timmons.” Jazzerie. 8 March, 2015. Accessed 21 November, 2019.

​http://jazzerie.com/reviews.php/Bobby-Timmons/41/2191/538/8588

Short summary of the most impactful moments in Bobby Timmons’ life. The

article gave details of Timmons’ albums and what was new in every one. It

showed how his music evolved as he came out with more albums.

Haga, Evan. “Art Blakey’s Civil Rights Jazz.” Vinyl Me Please Magazine. Last modified

August 27, 2019. Accessed December 21, 2019 .

https://magazine.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/art-blakey-liners/

This article gave insight in the specific skills that are many times attributed to Art

Blakey. He had a polyrhythmic style and was able to blend complex rhythms

together during his solos.

“Jazz Messengers Alumni.” The Estate of Art Blakey. Last modified 2015. Accessed

November 30, 2019. http://artblakey.com/jazz-messengers-alumni/​

This article spoke volumes of the progress in jazz coined in by Art Blakey during

his lifetime. He was said to bring more talent to jazz than any other man before

or after him.

Jenkins, Willard. “The Jazz Messengers: The Big Beat Legacy.” Jazz Times. Last

modified April 25, 2019. Accessed January 8, 2020 .

https://jazztimes.com/archives/the-jazz-messengers-the-big-beat-legacy/

This was an article devoted to the inner workings of jazz and the goals of a

group. The most important piece of information I got out of it was the need for

individual expression in the given instrument of the players in the group.

Knight, Brian L.. “Hard Bop During Hard Times: More From Blue Note’s Rudy Van Gelder

Series.” Vermont Review. Last modified 2015. Accessed 28 November, 2019.

http://vermontreview.tripod.com/CD%20Reviews/Gelder3.htm

This website served to give insight of the ongoing struggles in the black

community during the 1950’s. Blacks were oppressed and the equal vote was not

yet obtained.

“Lee Morgan.” Blue Note Corporation. Last modified 16 May 2019. Accessed 18

November 2019. http://www.bluenote.com/artist/lee-morgan/​

With this website, I examined the various and numerous recordings that Lee

Morgan had. I also examined the variations of sale records among musicians.

Machosky, Shaunna. “A Hard Look at Hard Bop.” NPR Music. 25 January 2010.

Accessed 20 November 2019.

https://www.npr.org/2010/01/25/99865218/a-hard-look-at-hard-bop

Through this website, I acquired the evolution of hard bop and how it deviated

from pre-hard bop times. I also gained information on bebop and cool jazz.

Midlifeclub “Bobby Timmons.” Lastfm. 18 December, 2013.

https://www.last.fm/music/Bobby+Timmons/+wiki​ Accessed 21 November,

2019.

Details of Bobby Timmons’ early life and the decisions he made to obtain a

successful career. Gives the effects of what his compositions helped to push out

a new style of jazz during the era and showed what techniques Timmons would

often use in his music.

Miller, Yawu. “Biography.” Art Blakey, 7 Apr. 2015, accessed, 21 Nov. 2019

artblakey.com/biography/

This website showed me a lot about the life and the accomplishments that Art

Bakely was able to lead. It also reinforces ideas that I was able to find through

other websites and peers who have shared about Art Bakely.

Morrison, Nick. “Art Blakey: Jazz Messenger, Jazz Mentor.” Jazz 24, NPR. Last modified

October 13, 2009. Accessed 30 December 2019 .

https://www.npr.org/2011/05/03/113661199/art-blakey-jazz-messenger-jazz-me

ntor​ This website mainly served to lead me to influential peices that were

performed by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. It led me to songs such as

Moanin’, One by One, and many more.

Niland, Tim. “The History Of Art Blakey And The Jazz Messengers (Blue Note, 1992).”

All About Jazz. Last modified September 19, 2011. Accessed 21 November 2019 .

https://news.allaboutjazz.com/the-history-of-art-blakey-and-the-jazz-messengers

-blue-note-1992.php

This source gave insight on how Art Blakey was one of the most influential jazz

players. It stated that he was an incubator for jazz prodigies and paved the way

for hard bop and bebop alike during his lengthy career.

Perry, Russel “Jazz at 100 Hour 40: Sons of the Jazz Messengers (1956 -1964).” WTJU

University of Virginia. 1 December, 2019. Accessed 20 January, 2020

.​https://www.wtju.net/jazz-100-hour-40-sons-jazz-messengers-2/

The article gives short descriptions of those who rose up from the Jazz

Messengers including Bobby Timmons. Shows what Timmons contributed to the

group and the effect of his contributions.

Perchard, Tom. ​Lee Morgan: His Life, Music and Culture.​ London: Equinox Publishing

Ltd, 2006. Accessed 30 December, 2019

This book gave us insight on the culture and jazz society that surrounded Lee

Morgan. This allowed us to observe his influences as well as see his personal

struggles.

Perry, Russel. “Jazz at 100 Hour 60: The Jazz Messengers Continued (1960 - 1964).”

WTJU, 7 June 2019,

www.wtju.net/jazz-100-hour-60-jazz-messengers-continued/​. Accessed

November 21, 2019.

This provided two images of the Jazz Messengers that were used on the website.

Peterson, Ralph. “Messenger Legacy.” Ralph Peterson Co. Last modified 2020. Accessed

15 January 2020. http://ralphpetersonmusic.virb.com/messenger-legacy​

This was a tribute to the most influential bands in jazz. The Jazz Messengers

were mentioned first and it contains a lot of information about the lives of the

members of the jazz group.

Schwartz, Steve and Fitzgerald, Michael. “Art Blakey Chronology (and the Jazz

Messengers).” JazzMF. Last modified July 6, 2008. Accessed November 20, 2019.

https://jazzmf.com/art-blakey-chronology-and-the-jazz-messengers/

This was a chronology of the life of Art Blakey. It is important to our research

because it gives us major events of his life and the dates at which they occured.

Tannenbaum, Allan. “Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers with Wynton and Branford

Marsalis, Bill Pierce, , 198.” Morisson Hotel Gallery,

www.morrisonhotelgallery.com/photographs/BYzQeK/Art-Blakey-and-The-Jazz-M

essengers​. Accessed November 20, 2019.

This provided an image of the Jazz Messengers that was used on the website.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Band.” Encyclopædia Britannica,

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Feb. 2018 accessed 21 Nov. 2019,

www.britannica.com/art/band-music​.

This website was very helpful because unlike the other Bibliographies I have it

was a lot more straight to the point and gave me the information that I needed

quickly and efficiently.

Warring, Charles. “Art Blakey: How The Jazz Messenger Shaped The Future Of Jazz.”

Google, Google, 16 Oct. 2019 accessed 30 December, 2019 Nov.2019

,​www.google.com/amp/s/www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/art-blakey-jazz-mess

enger-hard-bop-drummer/amp /.

This website gave me a lot of invite on how exactly Art Blakey was responsible

for changing jazz into hard bop, a concept I was not sure about beforehand