Thodological Guide for the Construction of Sigalanning for Prevention Of
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= ARCHIV IGLESI 127393 r S V"- Integrated 4 System 400, for Municipal Environmental L Management " Ir FikrO. 'CO '1., v.10^. eo IDRC CRDI Methodological guide for the construction of SIGA Cana& Planning for prevention of environmental and natural disasters Index Preface 03 Input Stage 24- Basic Coverage in setting up the SIGA 25 1. Social and Economic Stage 1. Geophysical System 25 Impact of Disasters 05 Stage 2. Socio-Economic System 39 Stage 3. Use of Land The Cycle: disasters-poverty and 57 Stage 4. Lifelines and Basic Services 60 environmental degradation 06 Stage 5. Processing Stage 64 Evolution of the Conceptual Framework An Exercise for the Preparation of the SIGA 83 Regarding Disasters 07 The Kobe Summit 09 Post-Kobe Challenges 11 4. Use of space and satellite Economic and financial management for technology and new local reducing vulnerability at the municipal level 14 practices in risk management 2.What is the SIGA? 17 and vulnerability reduction 87 The SIGA Principles 18 Aims of the Methodological Guide 19 Appendices 97 Basic concepts 97 3.Phases in the Constuction of the SIGA 21 Threat, Risk, Vulnerability and Resilience 99 Prior Requirements 22 Source of Information 102 Municipal Organizational Chart Social and Economic Concepts 105 (Structure, Units, Committees) 22 Priorities of the Hyogo Links with other Institutions 23 Plan of Action for 2005-2015 114 General aims for the implementation of the SIGA 23 Definition of variables to be considered 24 Consideration of difficulties to be resolved 24 Bibliography 117 Methodological Guide for the Construction of the SIGA [1] Acknowledgements The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) wishes to acknowledge the contributions of: Economist Marcos Adamson-Badilla, M.Sc., who was responsible for the summary of the World Confer- ences on Disaster Reduction, the incorporation of economic aspects and indicators, and the revision, Edition: Gastón Bouchard, Alicia Iglesias (IDRC) updating and editing of the original version. Design: Diseño Básico Cover picture: Federico Gutiérrez Geographer Gabriela Fernández and Agronomist Inside pictures: Federico Gutiérrez, AFP (page 11) Alvaro González, who were responsible for the first version of the document and the formulation of the May 2008 modules. [2], PREFACE Over the years, the International Development America and the Caribbean, within the framework for the reduction of factors that exacerbate the Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada has been sup- of the former Environmental Management Secre- poverty-disaster-environmental degradation rela- porting the incorporation of information systems tariat (EMS) of IDRC. tion, by strengthening local management capaci- for urban environmental decision-making in mu- ties in order to increase local resilience to natural nicipalities throughout Latin America and the Ca- Based on the application of geographic informa- disasters. ribbean. This research conducted by the Faculty tion systems (GIS) fundamentals, this manual de- of Science of the University of the Republic of scribes the steps to be taken and the materials With this publication, IDRC contributes to the im- Uruguay, was initially conceived for the purpose to be used to set up an information system that plementation of the tenets and goals set forth in of managing new events posing urban environ- allows municipal technical experts and decision the Kobe World Conference on Disaster Reduction mental risks. Within this context, the research makers to identify, diagnose and map vulnerabil- (VVCDR), Japan, 2005, aimed at providing com- outcomes were enhanced with the production of ity and risk areas in a given municipal territory, by munities with greater resilience to face natural a tool to support integrated risk and urban vulner- building simple indicators that help monitor the disasters. ability management in case of natural disasters, evolution of these events. the so-called Integrated Municipal Environmental Management System (Sistema Integrado para la This version of the SIGA manual incorporates Gestión Ambiental Municipal - SIGA, in Spanish). the economic factor into local risk management planning, which allows decision makers to define SIGA was intended for local use and is geared to municipal priorities and availability of resources facilitate the advisory task of municipal technical and thus enhance planning processes relative to experts, decision makers, members of civil soci- Investment in Prevention and Mitigation at the ety and land use planners. This tool is based on a Municipal level (IPM M in Spanish). It also makes it methodological integrated management approach possible to identify opportunities to complement that incorporates social and environmental fac- strategies relative to social investment, vulner- tors to the basic physical variables that describe ability and risk reduction and, finally, also enhance the territory under study. participatory processes relative to education and dissemination. Accordingly, SIGA represents a In this manual, the authors of the tool have syn- pre-investment endeavour in terms of municipal thesized the learning provided by SIGA users prevention and mitigation. themselves, as well as the results of the knowl- edge exchanged during different face-to-face and As part of the core activities of the Urban Poverty International Development Research Centre - Canada. distance training courses carried out for munici- and Environment Programme (UPE) of IDRC, this Walter Ubal Giordano, Senior Programme Specialist. pal experts in the different sub-regions of Latin manual is a contribution to advancing the process May 2008 _ 9 ...1 11 lit 4' il ., .. 1 ° .1r .' .¡ tt.. -c. e411 e .. - Gc6 .12 4 -711 . , , ". 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DISASTERS Chart 1. Number of disasters/year in LAC (1970-2002) Tablet. Losses (thousands of US$ 1998), number of people affected and deaths by type of disaster, 35 LAC countries (1970 - 2002) 30 Consequences 25 Cause Losses $ , Deaths Disasters affect over 200 million people a year. 20 Landslides The economic losses they generate not only delay 7.011 25.608 4.640 15 the development process, but also use up limited Volcanic Eruptions 1.599.975 677.096 22.836 resources which could otherwise be used for so- 10 Floods 2.551.821 15.322.202 37.254 cial priorities such as the relief of poverty and the Droughts improvement of the health conditions and educa- 5 1.693.627 5.290.527 41 tion of the populations concerned. o 1I1111111111111111111111111111111 Earthquakes and tremors 13.340.558 7.446.000 47.357 IN CO o Hurricanes and storms 11.398.848 21.534.796 33.568 CO o For example, it was found that the population af- 0, o TOTAL fected in 28 countries of the Latin America and 30.591.839 50.296 229 145.696 the Caribbean region (LAC) (1972-99) was over 150 million people; with over 100 thousand dead Graph 2. Losses according to type of disaster, Graph 1. Break-down of disasters in LAC 1970-2002 and over 12 million victims (M. Adamson, 2003). LAC:1970-2002 Chart 1 shows the upward trend in the number of 7% 5% disasters per year which have affected the region 31% 0% 5% 37% 8% every year. If this increase of 4% per year is main- 6% tained, in only fifteen years the area will undergo the same number of disasters which affected it 38% over a thirty-year period. 11% 8% 44% Hydrometeoroloqical disasters (Graph 1) are the Landslides Volcanic Eruptions 0 Landslides Volcanic Eruptions most frequent type of disasters in LAC: in first Floods Droughts Floods Droughts place, floods (38%), followed by hurricanes and Earthquakes and tremors Hurricanes and storms Earthquakes and tremors e Hurricanes and storms storms (31%); and in third place, earthquakes and tremors (11%). Source: Produced by M. Adamson, CIESA 2003 from CRED Source: M. Adamson, CIESA for ACS (2003). (2003). Methodological Guide for the Construction of the SIGA IS) Disasters represent an external blow to the econ- greater intensity and dynamism. Therefore, sci- omy, depreciating infrastructure, leading to losses The Cycle: entific and technological research of the threats in the production of goods and services, altering disasters-poverty and (causes, characteristics, frequency, intensity, pe- relative prices within the economy and the expec- environmental degradation riodicity and probability or risk of occurrence) is tations of investors, and affecting the markets in very important for the progress of prevention and Revealingly for LAC, it has been found that, regard- areas such as real estate, tourism and transport, mitigation of disaster impact. all of which results in a heavy burden for sustain- ing the effect of disasters on people, hurricanes and storms are responsible for 40% of the people able human development. All in all, in economic terms, disasters generate an affected (Graph 3), followed by floods (30%), and important depreciation of physical capital (cumula- The effect of the disasters will vary according droughts, which are responsible for 10% of the af- tive processes of investment efforts, for example, to type (earthquake, landslide, flood, hurricane, fected people. Earthquakes only account for 14% in infrastructure); of human capital (cumulative pro- etc.)', physical, economic and social conditions (for of the effects. cesses of investment in health, education and oppor- example, the pattern for use of natural resources, tunities for human development which are degraded distribution of income and poverty, investment in Overall, hydrometeorological events cause close to through loss of life and impact on people) and a de- prevention and mitigation in the area) and, in gen- 86% of the social impact of disasters, which is very preciation of natural capital (environmental quality eral, the vulnerability of society in the face of such serious, since a large proportion of the population and natural resources accumulation). events. affected is poor or very poor. It is a well-known fact that the poorer settlements and villages of mu- Graph 3. Break-down of total number of people affected by type of disaster:1970-2002 The dimensions of yearly worldwide socio-economic nicipalities are located on river banks and on mid- losses due to disasters are huge.