71-27,426 BEDECKI, Thomas George, 1929- MODERN SPORT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO CANADA AND SELECTED COUNTRIES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Education, physical University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1971 THOMS GEORGE BEDECKI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED MODERN SPORT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO CANADA AND SELECTED COUNTRIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas'Bedeckij B.A. The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Advisor School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to his Coimiittee members. Dr. Bruce Bennett (Chainmn), Dr. Margaret Mordy, and Dr. Charles Mand for their encouragement, guidance, and evaluation of the study. The assistance of the Department of National Health and Welfare and the External Affairs Department of Canada, particularly the staff of these respective agencies in the Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate and the Information Division, is gratefully acknowledged. The contribution of individuals, national sport organizations, international sport federations and especially of the embassies who furnished information and responded to the questionnaire on national government involvement in sport is also greatly appreciated and acknowledged. On a more personal note, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his teaching colleagues and his Mother for their encouragement in the pursuit of knowledge, and to his wife Ann for her understanding and assistance in the different stages of this investigation. 11 VITA May 4, 1929 . B o m - Glace Bay, Nova Scotia 1952 ........ B.A., St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia 1952-1953 .... Graduate School, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts 1953-1955 .... Instructor, University of Ottawa, Ontario 1955-1958 .... Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 1958-1961 .... Instructor, School of Physical Education, . University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 1961-1965 .... Instructor, Department of Physical Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965 ...... Assistant Director, Fitness and Amateur Sport, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa PUBLICATIONS "An Examination of the Amateur Code in Canada," Ottawa, Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate, 3^ pp., 1969- FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in Applied Physiology and Preventive Medicine. Studies in Physical Education. Professor Bruce L. Bennett 1 1 1 TABLE OF CONEENIS Ba@P ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................... il VITA ........................ ill LIST OF............ TABLES......................... vll LIST OF........... FIGURES . vlll Chapter I. INTRODUCTION......... ............. I Statement of the Problem..................... 8 Purpose of the Study ........................ 8 Justification of the Study ................... 9 Limitations of the S t u d y ..................... 10 Methods and Procedures...................... 11 n. CANADA IN THE WORLD OF SPORTS ............... l4 Tntemational Games in which Canada Participates . 15 Olyirpic G a m e s ........................... 15 World Championships in Specific Sports ......... 15 Continental G a m e s ........................ 15 British Commonwealth Games ........... 18 Regional Games (Arctic Games) .............. 19 Special International Conpetitions ........... 21 Inter-Country Conpetitions (North American Chanpionships in Specific Sports) ......... 23 Inter-City Games (CANUSA G a m e s ) ............. 23 IV V Chapter Page Conparison of World Standards and Canadian Performances.......... ....................... 23 Winter Sports, Men............................ 26 Summer Sports, Men............................ 28 Women’s Sports............................... 38 III. OBJECTIVES UNDERLYING NATIONAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN SPORT............................ 43 Unitary System, Constitutional Democracies......... 47 Federal System, Constitutional Democracies......... 50 Unitary System, Non-Constitutional Regimes......... 52 Federal System, Non-Constitutional Regimes......... 56 Relationship of Objectives to Tÿpe of Political Regime........... 57 IV. ADMINISTRATIVE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.......... 59 Unitary System, Constitutional Democracies.......... 62 Federal System, Constitutional Democracies.......... 71 Unitary System, Non-Constitutional Regimes........ 74 Federal System, Non-Constitutional Regimes........... 8l Relationship of Organizational Structure to Type of Political Regime. ............... 84 V. PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS................. 86 Competition................................... 87 Coaching Programs.............................. 97 Facilities— Training Centers..................... 115 Research and Sports Medicine........................ 126 Summary................... 138 vl Chuter • Pa^ VI. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT’S SUPPORT TO SPORT .............. 139 S u n m a r y ..................................... 164 VII. PROPOSAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNMENT SPORTS POLICY FOR CANADIANS IN INTERNATIONAL SPORTS........ 165 VIII. S U M M A R Y ............................ 178 APPENDIXES A. QUESTIONNAIRE ON GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN AMATEUR SPORT ......................... 182 B. EMBASSIES PARTTCIPATING-P&^S DRŒSTIGATION......... I86 C. FOREIGN INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED AND/OR INTERVIEWED .... I88 D. FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES CONTACTED AND/OR INTERVIEWED................................. 190 E. CANADIAN AMATEUR SPORT INDIVIDUALS AND ASSOCIATIONS CONTACTED AND/OR INTERVIEWED..................... 192 F. NATIONAL SPORTS GOVERNING BODIES FOR CANADA ....... 193 BIBIIOGRAPHY................... 196 LIST OF'TABLES Table Page 1. Number of Olyirpic Medals Won, 1908-1968 ............ l6 2. Results of Recent Pan American G a m e s .............. 17 3. Results of Recent Cormionwealth G a m e s .............. 20 4. Medals Won by Canada in Olyirpic Games, 1896-1968.... 25 5. Canadian Placings (Men) in Winter Olympics and World Competitions, 1950-70 .'.............. ....... 27 6. Canadian Placings (Men) in Summer Olympics andWorld Competitions, 1950-70 ............ 29 7. Canadian Placings (Women) in Olympics and World Competitions, 1950-70 ......................... 39 8. The Classification of Political Systems ............ 45 vix LIST OP FIGURES Figure Page 1. Best performance in track and field by Canadian men at Olyirpic conpetitions, conpared with top Olympic performance........ ......... '................... 3“ 2. Best performance in swimming by Canadian men at Olympic conpetitions, conpared with top Olympic performance . 36 3 . Best performance in wei^tlifting by Canadian men at Olympic conpetitions, conpared with top Olympic performance.............. 37 4. Best performance in track and field by Canadian women at Olympic conpetitions, compared with top Olympic performance.............. 4l 5 . Best performance in swirnrnirig by Canadian women at Olympic competitions, compared with top Olympic performance...................................... 42 . V l l l CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the past two decades especially, respective national governments have considered and increased their role in relation to the world sport movement. Beneficial changes have occurred for the athlete in social life and in conditions for practising sport at a high perfonnance level. Mass sport has turned international conçetition into "a contest between nations . in which millions across the world feel that their national prestige is involved."^ Modem or international sport, for the purpose of this study, relates to coirpetition at an international level of significance for Canada (e.g., world championships, Olympics, Commonwealth and Pan American Games) and is characterized by severe training and competition on a regular basis in order to select the very best athletes. The modem sport movement may be said to have its beginning with the rebirth of the Olympic Games in I896, an event that would gradually evolve into the testing grounds for International sport. At the outset, most athletes who took part regarded their particular sport as a sort of hobby, a leisurely pastime to which they afforded ^Philip Goodhart and Christopher Chataway, War Without Weapons (London: W. H. Allan, I968), p. 2. 2 little serious training. But, by 1900, sport governing bodies were being formed and the rivalry that had once been most in evidence between Oxford and Eton had extended to the international level. Athletes began to take their sport seriously; conscientious intensive training popularized by the Finns resulted in a hi^er degree of excellence in amateur sport. The first pronounced departure from the traditional Olynpic ideology came in 1936, with Nazi Germany's najor political intrusion into the Olynpic Games which that nation hosted that year. As Mandell stated, "Athletes from totalitarian nations performed strikingly well— and the most totalitarian performed best of all."2 Since World War II, the cold war, the emerging pattern of nationalism in modem Europe and Asia, the growing independency of the African nations, and the arrival of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on the Olynpic scene in 1952, a less intense but nonetheless nationalistic approach developed; national sport was in the ascendence. Tliroughout