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SCATTERHOARDING AND TREE REGENERATION ECOLOGY OF NUT DISPERSAL IN A NEOTROPICAL RAINFOREST »A/rATALOGUS Promotoren prof.dr . F.J.J.M.Bonger s persoonlijk hoogleraar bijd eleerstoelgroe p bosecologie enbosbehee r prof.dr . H.H.T.Prin s hoogleraar inhe tnatuurbehee r ind etrope n end eecologi eva nvertebrate n Co-promotor dr. S.E.va nWiere n universitairdocen t bijd e leerstoelgroep natuurbeheer ind etrope ne necologi eva nvertebrate n Promotiecommissie: prof.dr . L.E.M.Ve t (Wageningen Universiteit) prof.dr .J.J.M .va nAlphe n (Universiteit Leiden) prof.dr .J.M .va nGroenendae l (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) dr. P.M. Forget (Museum Nationald'Histoir e Naturelle,Paris ) SCATTERHOARDING AND TREE REGENERATION ECOLOGY OF NUT DISPERSAL IN A NEOTROPICAL RAINFOREST PatrickA .Janse n Proefschrift terverkrijgin g vand egraa dva ndocto r opgeza gva nd erecto rmagnificu s vanWageninge n Universiteit, prof.dr . ir. L.Speelma n inhe topenbaa rt everdedige n opvrijda g7 februar i200 3 des namiddagso mvie r uuri nd eAul a Jansen, P.A. Scatterhoarding andtre eregeneration : Ecologyo f nutdispersa l ina Neotropica l rainforest PhDthesis ,Wageninge n University,Wageninge n witha summar y inDutc h ISBN: 90-5808-777-8 Subject headings:scatterhoardin g rodents,natura l regeneration,see ddispersal , seed predation,see dsize ,mas tseeding , naturalselection ,Myoprocta exilis, Carapaprocera, Meliaceae Cover design: Jelled eGruyter , GrafischAtelie rWageninge n Photography: PatrickJanse n Thisstud ywa scarrie dou ta tth e Forest Ecologyan d Forest Managementgrou p (P.O.bo x342 ,670 0A HWageningen ) anda tth eTropica l Nature Conservationan d Vertebrate Ecologygrou p (Bornsesteeg69 ,670 8P DWageningen) , Departmento f Environmental Sciences,Wageninge n University,th e Netherlands Thewor k presented inthi sdissertatio n wassupporte d byth e Netherlands Foundationfo rth eAdvancemen t ofTropica l Research (WOTROgran tW84-407 ) "O •o T3 73 •o 3 H O C» ^1 -vl -vl 3" 3- co o1—•• •t*. 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Zaadetende dierenkunne nzorge nvoo reffectiev e zaadverspreiding,zelf sa lete nzi j hetovergrot edee lva nd ezade nop . Dit proefschrift 2. Terwijlpur ezaadpredatore nzorge nvoo rselecti etege ngrot ezaden ,veroorzake n hamsterendezaadeter sjuis t stabiliserende selectievoo rdergelijk ezaden . Dit proefschrift 3. Hetfenomee nva nmas tbi jnootdragend e plantensoorten ist everklare nvanui t uitsluitendhe tgedra gva nhamsterend ezaadeters . Dit proefschrift 4. Zaadverspreidende dierenvorme nee nbelangrij kelemen tva nbosbeheersysteme n op basisva nnatuurlijk eregeneratie ,e nmoete ndaaro mworde nbeschermd . Dit proefschrift P.D. Moore,2001 . Nature409 :77 5- 777 C.A. Peres,2001 . Conservation Biology15 : 1490-1505 5. Datbloemrijk ewegberme nsteed sbelangrijke r wordenvoo rd e Nederlandse biodiversiteit isee ngevaarlijk e ontwikkeling,nie t ietso mallee nmaa rtrot so pt ezijn . 6. Eenbab yi sgee nlarf ,laa tstaa nd ebest elar fdi ee ro pd ewerel dbestaat . vergelijk M.Dekkers ,2002 .De larf. UitgeverijContact ,Amsterda m 7. Hetgoed ei sd evijan dva nhe tbetere . Voormij nouder se nvoo rKriste l Abstract Jansen,P.A . (2003)Scatterhoardin g andtre e regeneration.Ecolog yo fnu t dispersal ina Neotropica l rainforest. PhDthesis ,Wageninge n University, Wageningen,th e Netherlands. ISBN90-5808-777-8 ;x + 166pp . Seed-eating animalsar erepute d predatorso fseeds ,bu tthe y mayals ofunctio na s seeddispersers .Thi sdissertatio n dealswit hth e interaction of nut-bearingtree s andscatterhoardin g animals,whic hstor e important amountso fseed sa sfoo d reserves inspatiall y scatteredsoi lsurfac ecaches . Itstudie s howlarg ecavi-lik e rodents- inparticula rth e Redacouch y- dispersean d predate uponth eseed so f thecanop ytre e Carapa procera (Meliaceae)a tth e Nouragues BiologicalStation , anundisturbe dtropica l rainforest site inFrenc h Guiana,Sout hAmerica . Videosurveillanc ean dthread-markin gtechnique swer euse dt ofollo wth efat eo f seedsthroughou t thedispersa l process,fro msheddin g untileithe rdeat ho r establishment of aseedling .Thus ,see d productionwa slinke dwit hdispersa l effectiveness andestablishmen t success.Withi nthes esee dfat eexperiments , seedsiz ean dsee dabundanc ewer evarie dt ostud yho wthes e planttrait s affect scatterhoarding andt otes t hypotheses onth eevolutio no f large-seedinessan d mastseeding . Scatterhoarding provedt o bea neffectiv e dispersal mode.Seedling sdi d establishfro mcache dseeds ,eve nthoug hth emajorit y ofseed swer eeventuall y dugu pan dconsumed .Larg eseed swer emor elikel yt ob esuccessfull y dispersed thansmal lseeds ,whic hoppose sth eparadig mtha tth enee dfo r dispersalcause s selectionagains t largeseeds .Larg eseeds ,however ,wer efavoure donl y upt oa certain point beyondwhic hseed sapparentl y became increasingly difficultfo rth e animalst omanipulate .Thi s resulted ina noptimu msee dsiz efo r dispersalb y scatterhoarding animals.A nexplanatio n isgive nfo rth econtrastin g results obtained inpublishe d experiments onsize-dependen t seedpredation . Establishment wasfa r more likely inyear s ofabundan tfruitin gtha ni nlea n years,an dth eselectivit y of rodentsregardin gth esiz eo fscatterhoarde d seedswa s alsogreate r inric hyears .Scatterhoarde r responsest osee dsiz ean dabundanc e aloneca nexplai nwh yman y nut-bearing plantspecie s havemas tseeding ,th e alternationo fyear swit habundan t cropsan dyear swit hfe wo r no seeds. Regeneration ofC. procera innatura lfores t cameexclusivel yfro mseed s cached byscatterhoardin g rodents:see dpredatin g insectsan dmammal s destroyedal lnon-disperse d seeds.Exception swer eseed sshe db yparen ttree s alongo rwithi ntreefal lgaps .Thes e highligh tenvironment s permittedseedlin g establishment evenfro m heavily infestedseeds .Therefore ,regeneratio n needno t bea timmediat e risk inmanage dforest swher escatterhoardin g rodentsar e scarcer, butwher e lightavailabilit ytend st o begreater . Key-words:scatterhoardin g rodents,natura l regeneration,see ddispersal ,see d predation,see dsize ,mas tseeding ,natura lselection ,Myoprocta exilis, Carapa procera, Meliaceae Contents Voorwoord 1. General introduction 1 2. Logging, seed dispersal by vertebrates, and natural regeneration of tropical timber trees 11 with P.A. Zuidema pp.35-5 9 in R.A. Fimbel,J.G .Robinso n andA . Grajal (eds). The cutting edge. Con­ servingwildlife inlogged tropical forests. Columbia University Press, NewYor k(2001 ) 3. Scatterhoarding rodents and tree regeneration 29 with P.M. Forget pp.275-28 8 in F. Bongers, P.Charles-Dominique , P. M.Forge t &M .Ther y(eds) . Nouragues. Dynamics andplant-animal interactions ina Neotropical rainforest. KluwerAcademi c Publishers,Dordrech t (2001) 4. Rodents change perishable seeds into long-term food supplies 45 withF. Bongers andH.H. T. Prins submitted 5. The role of seed size in dispersal by a scatterhoarding rodent 51 withM. Bartholomeus, J.A.Elzinga, F.Bongers, J.den Ouden andS.E. van Wieren Pp.209-22 5 inD.J . Levey,W.R . Silva& M .Galett i (eds).Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution andconservation. CAB International,Wallingfor d (2002) 6. Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by scatterhoarding rodents withF. Bongers andL. Hemerik 69 submitted 7. Stabilising selection on seed mass by a seed-dispersing rodent 101 with L Hemerik, F.Bongers, F.J.Sterck, S.E.van Wieren andH.H.T. Prins submitted 8. Predator escape, gap colonisation and the recruitment pattern of three rodent-dispersed rainforest tree species 107 withF. Bongers andP.J. van derMeer 9. Synthesis 121 Summary / Samenvatting 135 References 145 Curriculum vitae 165 Voorwoord Onderzoek doen in tropisch regenbos is een droom die vele veldbiologen koesteren. Ook ik deed dat, en met dit promotie-onderzoek is die droom gerealiseerd. Ik mochtwerke n opee ngeweldig e plek- het ongestoorde regenbos van Nouragues in tropisch Frans Guyana. Een plek die ik liefheb vanwege de natuur en tegelijkertijd haat vanwege de maandenlange afzondering van thuis en de eenzame opsluiting in een kleine groep mensen waarmee het toevallig maar moet klikken. Je remerciePierre Charles-Dominique et le Centre Nationalde Recherche Scientifiquepour me permettre detravailler aux Nouragues. Zesjaa r lang heb ik in Frans Guyana enWageninge n kunnen doen waar ik zin in had, onderzocht ik wat ik zelf had uitgedokterd en waarvoor ik zelf de financiering hadgezocht . Helemaalvri j zijn omt e onderzoeken waarj e nieuwsgierig naar bent, als het maar leidt tot een proefschrift: dat is een ongekende luxe. Dank aan de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, die brood zag inmij n ideeene nplannen ,e ngel doverha dvoo rd euitwerkin gervan . Ik benda noo k niet alleen maar blij dat heta f is.Wan t het is nog helemaal niet af.
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  • Terra Australis 30

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    terra australis 30 Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. Since the beginning of the series, the basic colour on the spine and cover has distinguished the regional distribution of topics as follows: ochre for Australia, green for New Guinea, red for South-East Asia and blue for the Pacific Islands. From 2001, issues with a gold spine will include conference proceedings, edited papers and monographs which in topic or desired format do not fit easily within the original arrangements. All volumes are numbered within the same series. List of volumes in Terra Australis Volume 1: Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) Volume 2: Ol Tumbuna: Archaeological Excavations in the Eastern Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) Volume 3: New Guinea Stone Age Trade: The Geography and Ecology of Traffic in the Interior. I. Hughes (1977) Volume 4: Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) Volume 5: The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) Volume 6: Early Man in North Queensland: Art and Archaeology in the Laura Area. A. Rosenfeld, D. Horton and J. Winter (1981) Volume 7: The Alligator Rivers: Prehistory and Ecology in Western Arnhem Land.
  • Report on the Vegetation of the Proposed Blue Hole Cultural, Environmental & Recreation Reserve

    Report on the Vegetation of the Proposed Blue Hole Cultural, Environmental & Recreation Reserve

    Vegetation Report on the Proposed Blue Hole Cultural, Environmental & Recreation Reserve Report on the Vegetation of the Proposed Blue Hole Cultural, Environmental & Recreation Reserve 1.0 Introduction The area covered by this report is described as the proposed Lot 1 on SP144713; Parish of Alexandra; being an unregistered plan prepared by the C & B Group for the Douglas Shire Council. This proposed Lot has an area of 1.394 hectares and consists of the Flame Tree Road Reserve and part of a USL, which is a small portion of the bed of Cooper Creek. It is proposed that the Flame Tree Road Reserve and part of the USL be transferred to enable the creation of a Cultural, Environmental and Recreation Reserve to be managed in Trust by the Douglas Shire Council. The proposed Cultural, Environmental and Recreation Reserve will have an area of 1.394 hectares and will if the plan is registered become Lot 1 of SP144713; Parish of Alexandra; County of Solander. It is proposed that three Easements A, B & C over the proposed Lot 1 of SP144713 be created in favour of Lot 180 RP739774, Lot 236 RP740951, Lot 52 of SR537 and Lot 51 SR767 as per the unregistered plan SP 144715 prepared by the C & B Group for the Douglas Shire Council. 2.0 Trustee Details Douglas Shire Council 64-66 Front Street Mossman PO Box 357 Mossman, Qld, 4873 Phone: (07) 4099 9444 Fax: (07) 4098 2902 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.dsc.qld.gov.au 3.0 Description of the Subject Land The “Blue Hole” is a local name for a small pool in a section of Cooper Creek.
  • I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?

    I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?

    Is the Sunda-Sahul floristic exchange ongoing? A study of distributions, functional traits, climate and landscape genomics to investigate the invasion in Australian rainforests By Jia-Yee Samantha Yap Bachelor of Biotechnology Hons. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation i Abstract Australian rainforests are of mixed biogeographical histories, resulting from the collision between Sahul (Australia) and Sunda shelves that led to extensive immigration of rainforest lineages with Sunda ancestry to Australia. Although comprehensive fossil records and molecular phylogenies distinguish between the Sunda and Sahul floristic elements, species distributions, functional traits or landscape dynamics have not been used to distinguish between the two elements in the Australian rainforest flora. The overall aim of this study was to investigate both Sunda and Sahul components in the Australian rainforest flora by (1) exploring their continental-wide distributional patterns and observing how functional characteristics and environmental preferences determine these patterns, (2) investigating continental-wide genomic diversities and distances of multiple species and measuring local species accumulation rates across multiple sites to observe whether past biotic exchange left detectable and consistent patterns in the rainforest flora, (3) coupling genomic data and species distribution models of lineages of known Sunda and Sahul ancestry to examine landscape-level dynamics and habitat preferences to relate to the impact of historical processes. First, the continental distributions of rainforest woody representatives that could be ascribed to Sahul (795 species) and Sunda origins (604 species) and their dispersal and persistence characteristics and key functional characteristics (leaf size, fruit size, wood density and maximum height at maturity) of were compared.