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Kn ott in g an d S p l ic i n g . R op e s an d C c En ravm s l a ns g g and D gm . n en s R F t n S m e Co t t . ope orma io . i pl it K o s c es e . R in R o Eye K n t , H h and B nds g nots and p

i F K o . R e h c in W and Lash ngs. ancy n ts op b p orking C ‘ for ca in Lashm s T b fi ofd . mock Making . g and ies g Splicing

i R es ex . W re op . Ind

' B e e hive s an d B ee kee p e rs Ap p l ian c es . With ram s and D l ag .

- - o o . A F ee ive . Con ten ts. I ntr ducti n Bar rame B h “ " - h W B m ee ve . T e . . Be Tie ring Bar Fra e B hi C . Stocking a Beehive for ing Q ueen x E tracto rs . D AVI D M

A N D

’ R OPES AND CORDAGE

N UM ER OUS EN GR A VI N GS A N D D I A GRA MS

ED IT ED BY

P A U L N . H A SL U O K

“ ED I TO R O F WOR K A N D B U I LD I N G W O R L D

AU T H O R. O F B AN D YBOO KS FOR H A N D I C R A FTS , ETC . ETC .

PH I LAD EL PH I A

TH I S H andbook fo m for contains, in a r convenient m everyday use, a co prehensive digest of the informa tion on Knotting and Splicing Ropes and Cordage, scattered over more than twenty thousand col umns of — WOR K one of the joui nal s it is my fortune to edit — and supplies concise information on the details of the subjects on which it treats .

Readers Who may desire additional information respecting special details of the matters dealt with in Handbook t this , or instructions on kindred subjec s,

ld s a WOR shou addres question to The Editor of K ,

La Lond n . o E C . ma Belle Sauvage, , , so that it y be

d in col umns answere the of that journal .

P. N . HASLUCK.

a B el l e Sa va L u ge, L ondon. CON TENTS.

C H A PI' ‘F R

— n a I . I troduction : Rope Form tion

~— II . Simple and Useful Knots

— I I I . K Eye nots, Hitches, and Bends

— R K hortem n s I V. ing nots and Rope S g

— V . Ties and Lashings

VL— Fancy Knots

VI L —Rope Splicing

— VIII . Working Cordage

I X —H amm . ock Making

X — L ff . a, shings and Ties for Sca olding

— XI . Splicing and Socketing Wire Ropes

Index LI ST F I LL ST O U RATI ONS.

m . F I G . F PAGE ’ — o 5 0—T e 1 1 . O e h nd Kn t e L k H ea 47 v r a r b ar s d ’ - ~ F ou o d ver an 5 1 . h e S 2. rfl O h d Back and d ailor s not oose T en t 1 5 not 47 K , L and — K — - - i e o i e h n ot 1 6 5 2. C n 3 . F gur ig t K apstan K ot 48 — ’ — ’ 4 5 S ef n ot 1 6 1 7 5 3 . S n ot , . ai lor s R e K , ailor s K 48 — ’ 5 4 — ’ 6, 7 . G e s . Gunn e K n ot 49 ranny or Lubb r — r s n . 5 5 5 6 . A 1 1 1 e K ot , rt ry Knot . 50 — — 8. O e h d R osette n ot 5 7 . en ort en i n 5 1 v r an K B d Sh g . 8— o Bow 1 9 5 . Ch ai n Kn ot 5 1 r ’ — e 20 21 5 9 ~ e W eav r s Knot . B ginning Ch ai n K not 5 2 — — 60. Tw i 1 1 . ver h an Knot Joi n i n g st K not 5 3 O d — Two R o es 61 e Tw i st p B ginning Knot . 5 3 — — s i n 62 63 . Sh ee sh an k 1 2. Fl emi h Kn ot Joi n g , p s 54

- 64 65 . Tw o R o p es 22 , Sh eep sh ank s Kn ot ’ — ted 1 3 . F i h e m n Kn ot 22 5 4 5 5 — s r a s — 1 4 h o 66 . n ot . W ip c rd Knot 23 Boat K Sh ort eni n — g 1 5 R unn1 n . 24 eep s an s g K’not or Sh h k — an l 1 6 . F i sh erm s Ey e Kn ot 25 gg ed 5 6 — - 8~ 1 7 . en h an E e n ot 25 67 . 6 n ot o r ten i n 6 Op d y K K Sh g 5 , 5 7

— - 8 . e h E n 26 69. D e a 1 . Fl mis y e K ot oubl Ch in Kn ot 5 7 — ’ C e s E e n o 26 70. Wedd n not 1 9 . rabb r y K t i g K 5 9 — — “ 20 e n t 71 . Ch 1 n ot as e o . Bowlin K o 27 a n K L h d t — u 1 n w n s a 5 9 21 . R n n g B o li e on p ' - 72. I m 1 0ved a n K 60 B 1 h t p Ch i not . — n n i n 73 . Cross h . 60 22 23 . u g not wit Las ing , K h — 2 74 . N e e T i e 61 Two End s . cklac — — a fH c 30 75 . Pack1 n n ot 61 24 . Tw o H l i t h es g K ’ — - 76 77 . i n i i n 25 e K . 31 , s . Build r s not F h g —Ti m e it c 32 W i pp i n 26 . b r H h h g — — i t 33 78. N e 27 . K i ll i ck H c h ipp ring — - i s H i 33 79. West oun tr 28. a n u tc h . C y Wh p M g ’ — i s rm an 5 en 34 i n o 29 . F h e B d a — — H itc 34 80. ats aw 30. R oll i n g h C p — — T i e . 35 81 . e ats aw 31 . op sa l Halliard B nd B ginning C p — — n to 32 R ack ing H itch 35 82. S ecur i g Bl ock — r i tc 36 R e 33 . Sli pp e y H h op — — 36 83 . W a.1 1 n ot 34 Ca.rrick B en d K — — w 84 . S e n ot 35 . e eet to e opp K B nding Sh Cl t — r 37 85 86 . C w n of Sail , ro ing — — n 38 87 88. e not 36 More S ecu re Sh e et B e d , Manrop K — — 89. S not 37 B e nding R op e to Loop . 38 ack K — — w a er 38 Bl a k w a1 1 it c 39 90, 91 . M att h e W lk . c H h — ’ h i H it c 40 K no t 69, 70 39. Mids pman s h — — 2 D m n . 70 71 - n i H it c 40 9 , 93 i a o Kno , 40. M ar1 1 e sp ke h d t — — D i m on no t 72 as i n 41 94 . S e a 41 . R egulating L h g ingl d K — ’ — i m n ot 72 95 . D e D a on 4 S a e -s n ot 41 ou l K 2. t tion r K b d — — n o 73 R in n ot 43 96 . S h oud K t 43 . Slipp e g K r ry — ’ . 74 75 - ea n ot 44 97 , 98. T r , 44 . Boat K u k s H d — — Pit c er 45 o at not 44 99 1 00. S e . Lark B K , ingl h ’ 6 77 46 — H ea 45 Knot 7 , . Lark s d — ’ — an e 78 . ea to ere 45 1 01 . i tch e H l 47. Lark s H d S pp d P r d d — ’ — P i t c er ea wi t . D ou 1 e 48. Lark s H d h b h not 78 79 Crosse Ends K , d ’ — — an Jar in i n 80 49 D oubl e Lark 3 H ead 1 04 . C or Sl g 8 K N O T T/N G A N D SPL I C/l

F I G . PAGE — 1 05 . B e 1 n n 1 n a g g C n Sling . 81 — Sh amro ck Knot 82 1 0 —An 8. oth er Way of m ak i n g Sh am ro ck K not 83 0 — 1 1 1 0. 9, D c e not 84 85 allian K , — ’ 1 1 1 D avenport B roth ers n ot 86 — K 1 1 2. B el l r i n er g s Kno . 87 — t 1 1 3 B eginning Sh ort s l i ce 89 — p 1 1 4 M lin e pik e 90 — ar s 1 1 5 ick e 90 —Pr r 1 1 6 . on R o L g p e Splice . 91 —Cu S 1 1 t p ce 92, 93 1 1 — 9. Eye Sp lic e 93 1 20. —pl i ci n g Gromm et 94 1 21 r F i ni sh i ng offGrom m et 95 1 22— . Fl emi h E e 96 — s y 1 23 . Gromm t — e 97 1 24 . Selvag ee 98 2 —Se 1 5 . lvag ee fasteni n g Bl ock to R op e 1 26 — a m W ing , c elling r Par , and Marling . 1 00 —S 1 27 . —ervi ng 1 00 1 28 B el ayi n 1 01 1 2 — 9. F i l e er 1 01 — a r a 1 . 30. B el ing P 1 11 1 02 —ay 1 31 1 32. T 1 , ogg e 1 03, 1 04 — 1 33 Fe nd er on S i d e of B oat 1 04 — en er i 1 34 . F d w th R op eyarn H ear t 1 05 35 1 36 —T 1 , . h im l e 1 06 — b 1 37 a. H . Mousing o ok 1 06 1 38 —S a 1 07 . tropping Bl ock — 1 39 1 40. a. R e 1 08 , Pointing op 1 1 — s 1 09 4 . Main tay — - 1 42 h - l e s 1 1 0 . S e ar g — 1 1 1 1 43 . Wa.1 1 Kn o t —Crown 1 1 1 — 1 1 2 1 46 . M an1 0p e Kn ot — 1 47 Pointing En d of Y ok e Li n e — e ofi Y o e 1 48. Fast ning k Li n e 1 1 3 —Y o i n m t 1 1 4 1 49. k e L e Co pl e e

- 1 tern e . 1 1 4 50. S Ladd r — 1 5 1 R o u n d of S tem L add er 1 1 4 — 1 5 2 Sing1 e R op e L add er W ith Ch ock s 3 —Toe oc R e 1 5 . Ch k for op Ladd er 1 —R e a er w 54 . op L dd ith Run gs — 1 5 5 . Wood R un g 6 — a r 1 5 . Pilot L dde — i e Pi ece P i 1 5 7 . S d of l ot Ladd er 1 20 — e M 1 5 8. B ginning at 1 21 — a i n 1 5 9. Ma.t M k g 1 23 - N etting N eedl e 1 25 — M e h S tock 1 25 — s 1 64 Loop i n Mesh i ng 1 26 KNOTTI N G AN D SPLI CI N G R OP AN D DA ES COR GE.

H C APTER I .

N R OD U ON : R E I T CTI OP FOR MATION .

K N OTT IN G is an ancient device with which very early inhabitants of this earth must have been ac “ t uain ed. q From the beginning , mankind must always have used some kind of knot to join animal fib re sinews , plant s, or hide strips which , in ancient s day , were the prototypes of the varieties of em e cordage now ploy d. A large number of knots has been invented by man the skill of , and on their strength and correct tying depend the lives of thousands and thousands — of workmen seamen , building trade operatives ,

etc . da . , day by y The importance of being able to make the knot best suited for the occasion both

rapidly and correctly may come in a. n ew light to some when it is pointed out that both lives and property have overand over again been sacrificed to 111—made knots and this little volume is put for ward in the belief that few things better repay the workman’s time and trouble in learning than the

manipulation of ropes and cordage . C ordage is used almost daily by everyone in

some form or other , but comparatively few can

han dle it methodically . Men break their nails and tee th gnawing at their own knots endeavouring to

wast . untie them , and time and material are e d Time spent in learning a few of the simple bends un an d hitches . reliable under strain and easy to ro K N O T TI N G SPL I H V AND C G ROPES AND CO R D A GE.

rel bend when the strain is eased, w o u1d never be regretted . It is not necessary for a, landsman to u learn all the numerous uses to which rope is p t , “ ” but a knowledge of c ommon bends is an ih c estimable onvenience , if n ot a necessity .

a. b The security of knot ought not to e , as many seem to think , in the number of turns or hitches

ffi . in its composition , but in the e cacy of the nip A bend or hitch must be so formed that the part of rope under strain nips some portion of the knot, either against itself or the object to which it is attached and in learning a. b end , or impressing ’ it upon one s memory , it will be found most helpful to notice particularly the nip of each separate one st as it is u die d. l Rop e , though usua ly of hemp , is made of other materials for certain purp o se s. Coir rope (coc o a. fib re an d nut ) , being light buoyant , is useful for — - warps , rocket lines , life buoy lines , and drift nets . M ’ anill a. grass is adapted for reef points , yachts

s. hawsers , and wherever tar would be injurio u — e Hide is required for wheel ropes , or where gr at strength with pliability and small circumference is

n . t c . e e de d C otton is serviceable for fancy w ork, e The “ yarns are formed by twisting the hem p ” - in right handed the strands , by twisting or lay g

- n up the yarns left handed ; and the rop e , by layi g — up the strands right handed . Three ropes laid up left—handed form what is known as a. cable - laid rope ; four - stranded rop es s a are laid round a. heart . R opes are sometime l id ’ l - r n d r d e eft handed , but if the st a s a e to be lai l ft

- I ft he handed the yarns are laid right handed . a c . parts of hemp , et , be twisted more than is nec s U st . sary to hold them together , strength is lo p on following the course of a. yarn in a. rope it will be r found that , by this alternate laying , it runs nea ly ’ straight with the direction o f the rope s length.

A three - stranded rope will bear a. greater stra in ROPE F OR M A 7 70m I I in comparison with its size than any other of the same material cabl e - laid ropes and four - stranded

n - fifth ropes are , roughly speaki g , about one weaker . R ope is measured by its circumference , 1 1 and is laid up in lengths of 3 fathoms , sizes vary ing up to 28 ih . but it is not usually made up in h V coils when the size exceeds 5 i . ery small ropes are distinguished by their yarns rather than their size ; thus sailors speak of nine twelve and

- eighteen yarn stuff , which is commonly called

seizing stuff . If the fib res of which a rope is comp osed were laid parallel to one another and fastened at the o fib re s tw ends , the combined strength of these w would be utilised to the full ; in other ords , they ”

u . lose strength by being twisted or laid p But , re s on the other hand , the length of the fib being at most but a few feet , their usefulness in this state c c is very limited , and the in onvenien e of using them so is prohibitive . For this reason the fib re s ” st are fi r twisted into yarns ; these , again , are laid up into strands , a strand being formed of fi n l l several yarns ; and , a y, three or more strands are formed into a rop e . As twisting diminishes the strength of a rope , it is important that the u yarns be carefully laid p , so as to bring an even strain on every part . It should not be laid up too — uffi ie t hard that is , it should only have s c n twist in it to prevent the fibre s from being drawn out without breaking .

Hawser - laid ropes are made of three strands — w ” laid right handed , or ith the sun , as it is

- termed . Shroud laid are made of four strands — A — ” laid right handed . cable laid rope is made

- - of three hawser laid ropes laid up left handed , and therefore contains nine strands . Obviously the size of a rope is regulated by the quantity of yarns composing the strands , and not by the number of strands that it contains. ’ 1 2 A N O T T/ P L I N G AND S C/N G ROPES A ND C GE .

With regard to the weight of ropes , it may be said that ropes of all kinds are usually m easured T . he by their circumference weight of clean , dry , hemp rope in pounds per fathom is one—fourth of the square of the circumference in inches for

- n . n i example , a 3 i hemp rope (about 1 i . n dia 2 x l h . meter) weighs i 3 h . per fathom (6 i ) flat A hemp rope , with a width of about four times the thickness , weighs in pounds per fathom about twice the square of the circumference in inches

- - 3 in . fi at for example , a by i in . hemp rope will

2 1 4 . weigh about x 7 lh per fathom . R ound Wire ropes weigh in pounds per fathom seven - eighths of the square of the circumference

- in inches for example , a 3 in . wire rope weighs 2 x fla about % 3 7% l h. per fathom . A t wire rope weighs in pounds per fathom ten times the

sectional area in square inches ; for example , a

flat . 3 ih 2 s . in in . a wire rope , . by g say q rea ,

20 l . will weigh about 1 0 x 2 h . per fathom The maximum safe load on a rope depends on

many circumstances , such as quality , age an d dry

ness of rope , nature of load , mode of lifting , etc . n ew Approximately , the safe load on a hemp rope in hundredweights with direct lift is three times n the weight in pounds per fathom . O a soun d old

rope fall one - half the square of the circumfer ence e is suffi cient lo ad . A Bessemer steel wire rop will

safely carry in hundredweights three time s . the an d square of its circumference in inches , a crucible steel wire rope four times the squar e of m its circumference . For hemp ropes the mini um diameter of sheave should be circumferenc e of 2 e rope , and for wire ropes the diamet r of sheave in inches should be equal to circumfe r ence

of rope in sixteenths . The principle of rope making is very rea dily shown by holding the ends of a piece of tw iine or

Whipcord , about a foot lon g, in the hands and "tw twisting it so as to increase the l ay . If the ine ’ 7 [N TR OD U C TI ON . F M A 7 701 1 1 ROPE OR . 3 be n ow slackened by bringing the hands nearer to fi rst one another , a loop will form in the middle

of the twine , and it will continue to twist itself up into a compact cord which will not unlay , as the tension to which the strands have been subjected causes friction between them , which holds them

together . In other words , the tendency of each

part singly to unlay , acting in oppo site directions , is the means of keeping them together when

join ed . Some very interesting ei p erim ent s were made aum by Ré ur , the purposes of which were to as c ertain the loss of strength occasioned by laying fibre n up the s of various substa ces , one or two of w hich are given . 2 fib re 1 . 83 A thread , consisting of s of silk ,

each of which carried 1 dram and 1 8 grains , broke

5 lb s. with a weight of , though the sum of the absolute strength of the fibres is 1 04 drain s; or

s. upwards of 8 lb 2 oz . 2 . Three threads were twisted together , their

mean strength being nearly 8 lb s. They broke

7- l s with 1 é b , whereas they should have carried

24 lb s. These experiments prove that though con ve n ience and portability are gained by twisting b re s the fi , there is a great loss in the strength

of the resultant rop e .

In Speaking of the size of a rope , the circum

ference and not the diameter is alluded to . Thus ,

a three - inch rope would be slightly less than an

inch in diameter . In practising knotting it is as well to use a m tolerably fir material , such as Whipcord , for small

common knots , or, still better , line used for sea

fi shin g. Either can be tied up and undone over it and over again without injuring , which is not the case with twine ; it is also more easy to see which way the parts of a knot lie in the harder fi nd material , and then to out whether the turns

H C APTER II .

I MP E A D S L N U SEFU L KN OTS.

TH E sim plest knot that is made is the overhand

Fi . knot ( g It is very useful , and forms a part of many other knots . To make it , the standing — part of the rope that is , the main part in opposi — tion to the end is held in the left hand , and the

- Fi . 1 . Ove hand n g r K ot . end of the rope is passed back over it (whence its name) and put through the loop thus form ed. It is used at the e nd of a rope to prevent the strands unlaying , and sometimes in the middle of a rope as a stopper knot . If the end of the rope “ is passed through the bight or loop two , three , or more times before hauling it taut , the double ,

Fi 2 - F fo O e hand n ot oose and aut. g. . our ld v r K , L T

A Fi . . treble , or fourfold knot , ( g is obtained

Fi . 1 This is a larger knot than g , and is often used on the thongs of whips , being then termed a blood

2 . Fi . knot . B (Fig. ) shows the knot hauled taut g 1 6 K N O T T/N G AND SPLICING ROPES A ND COR D A GE.

1 f also goes by the name of the Sta fordshire knot , as it forms the insignia of the county . A Flemish or fi ure - oi - Fi 3 g eight knot is shown by g. . To it make , pass the end of the rope back , over , and

— - Fi . i u - fi h g 3 . F g re o e g t Knot .

s round the standing part , and up through the fi r t bight . The Flemish knot is used for much the same purposes as the preceding knots , but is rather more ornamental . The bight of a rope is the loop formed when a rope is bent back on itself , in contradistinction s to the end . The conditions under which the ends of two pieces of cordage have to be joined together are various , and several methods are brought into requisition ; but it is always of considerable im portance that the most suitable knot be employed in each case . The value of some knots consists

’ — f s 4 . ai or s n ots or R ee n ot . Fig. S l K K

' in the rapidity with which they can b e made , of others in the readiness with which they can be undone ; but it is an essential that the knot holds

fi rmly and does not slip when once hauled taut . M E A N D F U SI PL USE L s oTS. 1 7

The commonest knot for joining the ends of tw o ropes , and probably the knot that is most often ’

he F s. 4 made , is t sailor s , true , or reef knot ( ig and When correctly made it is as perfect as a

— i f n t - F 5 . R fm . g. ee K o , Hal ade

n n e ‘ k ot ca b . It can be made and undon e With u eq al rapidity, and is very secure when taut . Its one disadvantage is that it will not answer when h made wit ropes of different sizes , as it then slips two and comes adrift , but where the pieces of cordage are of the same size it is most secure and

reliable , the strain being equally distributed on

every part . It requires a little practice to make

it properly . To do this , take an end in each hand

and lay one over the other , the right end being

undermost ; bring the left - hand end under the t en n A standing par of the right d, as show at Fi r B it ( g. and ove the end at , round , and up h the n t rough the bight at c. The key to k ot is the putting of the right end under the left when the two ends are crossed at the beginning of the

’ — t Fig. 6 . Granny or Lubb er s Kno .

— n na knot, as the left hand end the comes turally fi th rst over and then round the other rope , and e

ends lie parallel with the standing parts , as at A

(Fig. B 3 1 8 K N OT TJN G A ND Sp u cuvo 1 801 5 3 A N D (3011 11 4 02 .

If the ends are not passed correctly , a granny , ’ s i i n lubber , or calf knot results . This s shown

Fig. 6 . Though at fi rst sight this seems to b e a i n good knot , yet it is not so reality , and when any strain comes upon it it slips and becomes Fi . 7 useless g. is a granny knot , as it appears when hauled upon . It is considered a very l ubberly thing to make a granny knot , and readers should practise until they can make a true knot rapidly and with certainty in any position . ’ re efin The sailor s knot is invariably, used for g sails , the ease With which it can be undone making it very valuable for this purpose . It is only necessary to take hold of the two parts on each

Fi 7 - G an ot g, . r ny Kn , Taut.

' side just outside the knot an d bring the bands t

at er , and the loops slip over one another , as g1 h4 c 9; and the knot can be opened at on e . This knot has a curious peculiarity which i s n k generally nown . If the end of one of the rop is taken in one hand and the standing part of t same rope in the other , and both are haul until the rope is straight , the knot become s d h located , so to speak , and the rope not aul Fi t upon forms a hitch , B ( g. round he 0 secr part . This property was the c elebrated trick , the knotted

After the handkerchiefs , knotted re rn corners , were tu ed 1 SIMPL E A N D USEF UL KNOTS. 9 m under pretence of tightening the knots still ore ,

he treated each kn ot as has been described . m so The knots seemed fi r , but really were loosened that a touch with his wand separated them easily . The common bow or rosette knot is a m odifi ca ’ fi rst tion of the sailor s knot . The part of the process of making it is the same , but instead of passing one end singl y over and under the other , ’ e as in the sailor s knot , both nds are bent back on themselves , and the double parts worked as

~ b efore . Care must be taken to pass these doubled

—O h d osette r 8. ver an R Knot o Bow.

’ ends exactly as those described in the sailor s ’ knot , or a granny bow will result . Some persons

shoes always come untied , the reason being that

they are tied with granny instead of true bows . Another way of j oining the ends of two pieces

i . of cordage is shown in F g. 8 This is merely an

overhand knot , made with two ropes instead of e on e . Som times it is called an openhand knot .

It can be made very quickly , and there is no fear

of its slipping , but if there is much strain put

upon it the rope is very apt to part at the knot , ” n h or in co sequence of the s ort nip , turn, that it ‘ e makes just as it ent rs t he knot. ao KNO T TING AND Spu tum R om s A ND COR DA GE.

’ 9 t Fig. shows the weaver s kno partly made , 1 0 not and Fig. the same knot completed , but ’ hauled taut . Weavers call this the thumb ” a t knot , s it is made over the thumb of the lef hand , an d is used by them in joining their ends as they break . The rapidity with which they make the knot, snip off the ends , and set the loom

. N going again is wonderful ettfers use this knot to j oin their twine , and it also orms the mesh of n the etting itself, though , of course , it is then the made in a very different way . In making

— ’ Fi 9 W t f- . . a e s a m g e v r Kno , H l ade.

’ e weav r s knot , the two ends to be j oined are ’ cro ssed in the same way as in the sailor s kn ot , placing the right end under, and holding them w ith the thumb and finger of the left hand at the p lace e wher they cross . The standing part of the right han d rope is then brought back over the thu mb he t F . i . 9 and between two ends , as shown in g A n it h The en d is then bent dow over , and eld e with the left thumb , while the knot is compl ted B by hauling on .

“ An exc ellent way of j oining two ropes is SIM PLE A N D USEF UL K N OTS. 2 1

1 1 . o illustrated by Fig. The ends are laid al ngside r suffi cientl e one an othe , overlapping each y to giv e room for the knot to be m ad . The double parts are then grasped in each hand and an overhand on knot is formed , which is made taut by hauling

e . both parts at once , as if the kn ot were singl

’ Fi 1 0— W v s n ot sed g. . ea er K , Clo .

Though the above is the easiest way to make the knot , it is not available where the ropes are fast . In this case a simple knot is made on the The end of one rope , but not drawn taut . end of the other rope is passed through the bight of st the fi r , and a second loo p formed with it along fi side the rst . The knot is closed by drawing the two rope s as before . This is in every way an ex

el . c l ent knot , and very secure 2 th e Fig. 1 shows e ends of two rop s join ed by e means of a Flemish knot . It does not requir

1 1 - h n ini Fig . . Over and K ot Jo ng Two Ropes .

“ much description , and is made after the manner of the knot last described . ’ s n F The fi he rm a s knot ( ig. 1 3) derives its n ame from the fact that it is always used for j oining fi shin t silkworm gut for g purposes . I n making i ,

SIM PLE A N D USEF UL K N O TS. 2 3

A Fi . 2 . respective loops , as at ( g , p The size of the knot is increased by this means , but it will stand a much heavier strain , so that it is advisable to do this whenever the size of the knot is not of paramount importance .

The whipcord knot (Fig. 1 4) is use d to fasten B the [ash to a whip . The lash is laid across the ’ h A ends of t e thong which are turned up over it .

- Fi . 1 4 Wh g . ipcord Knot .

The lash is brought completely round the thong and through the loop it makes , which secures the

fi rml . ends of the thong y If a silk lash is used , 011 the short end is cut , but if whipcord , the two ends are generally twisted together for a few B inches , as at , and an overhand knot made with

one end round the other , to secure them . The remaining part is left somewhat longer , and another overhand knot at the end prevents it from

unravelling. P I CHA TER I I .

T EYE KNOTS, B I CHES, AND B END S.

O N E of the simplest eye knots is shown by Fig. “ 1 5 , and is kn own as the running or slip knot . first A bight is formed , and an overhand knot made with the ends round the standing part . The last named may be drawn through the knot , and the eye made to any size required . There is less chance of the knot coming undone if an overhand

— Fi 1 5 un nin ot. g. . R g Kn

knot is made on the end A . With this knot a sailo r

- ties his neck handkerchief . ’

Fi 1 6 fisherm an s . g. is the eye knot A bight uffi ient is fi rst made of s c length , and an overhand knot formed with the stan ding part round the other strand ; the end is now passed round the stand ing part , and knotted as before . Thus there is a A B n running knot , with a check knot , which , whe n n t one n hauled upo , jam tight agai s a other, and 7 E 1 11 s oTS H I TCH ES A N D B EN D S. 2 , , 5 h e old s curely . This is on e o f the b e st knots for fi hin making an eye in s g, as the strain is divided equally between the two knots . A common way of making an eye on the end ofa piece of cord is illustrated by Fig. 1 7. It is t e practically the same kno as Fig. 8 (p . xcept

Fi — g . 1 7 openhand Eye

Knot .

’ 6 —Fish man s E 1 . er ye

Knot.

that o nly one rope is used . The en d is brought

and ‘ back along the rope to form the eye , an over

h . and kno t made with the two parts This knot , from being so easily made , is often used , but it F s t e n i . lack s r ngth , like the openhand k ot ( g and should not be used where it is required to b ear ° 26 K N O T T/N G A N D 1 D R GE . . 5 c 1 v ROPES A N CO D A

ow much strain . It will . have been n oticed h very o ften ope nhand knots form the component pa rts of other knots .

— is t Fig. 1 8. Flem h E Kno .

1 8 is an eye made with a Flemish knot . I t is worked Just the same as a single Flemish F i . 2 knot ( g 1 , p . the only difference being

’ Fi 1 — abb g. 9. Cr er s Eye Knot;

that two parts are used instead o f one . It is an the one stronger , but clumsier , th just described , an d is not much used . 7 TS H 1 TCH ES A N D 3 5 1 1 05 . 2 E YE KN O , , 7

’ F 1 9 The crabber s knot ( ig. ) is a curious and

not very well known knot , but it is unlikely

. it to part when strained . To make , bring the first end back to form a loop , taking it under and then over the standing part , up through the main h loop , over the standing part again , and up throug its own bight . B efore the turns are hauled into he on the r A their plac es , t knot will slip pa t , as

i 2 — o F g. 0. B w line Knot. in an ordinary slip knot ; but i fthe part B is A hauled upon , the strand , which passes through

the centre of the knot , rises , and the coil which

goes round it jams , making the knot secure : so that it may be used as a running kn ot or other

wise , as desired . This is also called a running

knot With crossed ends . “ Fi e . 20 The bowlin knot ( g ) cann ot slip , and is therefore always used for slinging a man for the ' purp o se of doing some particular pie c e of work ; 28 s or ru vc A N D Sp u cuvc ROPES AN D Com mGE.

s the workman sits in the sling . The end is fir t laid back over the standing part , so as to form a

~ loop ; the end is thfen passed up through the loop , round the back o the standing part , and down through the loop again . Hauling on the end and the standing part makes the knot taut . m ifi A o d cation of this knot , called a Bowline ”

Fi . 2 . on a Bight , is shown by g 1 The loop is made as in the previous knot , only with the two

— 21 R ow i e on i ht. Fig. . unning B l n B g parts of a doubled rope ; the bight is then passed b up through the loop , opened , and turned ack

- w s wards over the rest o i the knot , hen it appear it ofth e as illustrated . To untie , draw the bight the rope up until it is slack enough , and bring whole of the other parts of the knot up through

. it , when it will readily come adrift If the stand s ing parts of the rope are held fast , it puzzle the uninitiate d to undo it . A “ R unning Bowline has the knot made on the end after it has been passed round the stand EYE s oT [1 71 TCHES A ND BEND S. S, , z9 in g part , thus forming a loop through which the main rop e will run . Two ropes may b e j oined to gether by making a bowline in the end of one of them , and putting the end of the other through the bight , and forming with it another bowline on its own part . This is often used to j oin hawsers together.

— Fi . 22 s and 28. u in t s g R nn g Kno with T wo End , o se a d L o n Fastened.

F 22 “ ig. shows a method of making a rope fast “ to o a p ost r pillar . The rope is doubled an d passed , r the oun d post , and the ends put through the

“ l For oop. greater security , the ends may b e passed round the standing part and through the h , Fi . 23 or i n ea o f bight t us formed as in g ; , st d

1 E 1 TC ES A N D B EN DS. EY Km TS, H H , 3

‘o f It is still worse in the case wire , which breaks readily when kinked . Tight , hard cordage should always be well stretched before it is used , to avoid kinking . h h s Fi 24 itc e . Two half . ( g ) are a useful knot for a variety of purposes , as they are quickly made ,

and will not _ slip , no matter what strain is put — upon them indeed , the more they are hauled upon the the faster they hold . They are best means of making a rope fast to a b ook . First one hitch it is slipp ed on , and then the other on the top of , and the rope is fast in less than two seconds . This knot is used by surgeons in reducing a dis location of the thumb joint .

’ Fi 2 — i g. 5 . Bu lder s Knot.

’ F . 25 two h ig is the builder s knot , merely alf h e he itch s , but as it is u sed in places where t

' “ ‘ hitch e s cannot be passed over the ends of the timb er it ‘ 'is made by holding on e end in the left h hand , passing the rope round the pole , under t e fi rst end , round the pole again , above the part, . and under its own part from its non - liability to slip laterally this knot is always used to fasten

"o e ? fi ttin u n p ole to another in g p scaffolding , from which circumstance it has acquired its name ' i a of n t a Fi 25 the nste d begin ing the kno s in g. e n d e i s passed , aft r it has gone round the pole, t wo o r u three times ro nd the other part , as 1 11 F1 2 r n o fth g (p the emai der e knot is l ather, 3 2 K NOTTI NG A N D SPL ICING R om s A ND COR D AGE.

more easil y made , as it holds itself taut , an d will not slip while the end is put round to complete the fastening . “ ’ A builder s double knot is made i n the same way , except that the end goes round again , as before , and underneath its own part , so making ’ m it much stronger . When a builder s knot is ade on a rope for the purpose of securing a small “

. lin e to a stout rope , it is called a clove hitch “ 26 The timber hitch (Fig. ) is a rough and ready way of securing a piece of timber or any

— 6 T b itch. Fig. 2 . im er H thing simil ar ; it i s made by bringing t he end of the d a rope round the timber , then round stan ing u n part , and then , taking two or more turns , ro d v its own part . The pressure of the coils one o er m ore the other holds the timber securely , and the I t can ' be it is hauled on the tighter it holds .

cast off readily . ” Fi 27 m o difi cation g. is the killick hitch , a of t he the timber hitch , used for fastening a stone to and e n d of a rope . After making a timber hitch n a e and hauling it taut, a si gle hitch is m d , slipp ed r E aoTS H I T HES A N D B EN D S. EY K , C , 33

e over the end of the stone alongside of it . Som of the best fi shing grounds are on rocky coasts d where an anchor would not hold ; and if i t l d,

— i ic Fi g . 27 K ll k Hitch. there might be considerable risk of losing it al ~ together, from its jamming in the crevices of a

r k . I n e oc these places a killick , or larg stone , s n as h h s n Fi . 27 lu g show in g , is used , whic old

2 — Fig. 8. Magnus Hitch. the own i ut an r f boat by its weight , W tho y isk o getting fast to the ground . “ ” The magnus hitch (Fig 28) is a method of e o s curing a rop e t a spar, as there is but little 0 l '

K M ) T TH VG A N D PL I C/N c R om s A N D om mGE. 34 S . C

“ t i o I n endency to sl p endways al ng the spar . ~ m it aking , take the and of the rop e twice round

— ’ F ishe man s d. ig. 29. F r Ben

r u1 the spar , in front of the standing pa t , ro d the r u spar again , and then th o gh the last bight . ’ ” The fi sherm an s bend (Fig . 29) con sists oftwo t round turns round a spar , and a half hi ch round

- Fig. Rolling Hitch .

t the the standing part , and hrough the turns m S it rou1 d th par , and another half hitch above , e EYE K N O TS 17 1 7 01 1 5 3 A N D B EN D S. , , 35

l standing part . It is used for bending studdingsai halyards to the yard , and , in yachts , for bending on the gaff topsail halliards . ” “ 3 A rolling hitch (Fig. 0) is made by taking

l — sai i Fig. 3 . Top l Hall ard Bend.

three round turn s round a spar , and then making two half hitches round the standing part of the rope , and hauling taut . “ ” i 1 The topsail halliard bend (F g. 3 ) is used

— 32 R i tch. Fig. . acking H

chiefly on board yachts , and is made by bringing

1 the rope twice round the spar , back round the " r standing part , unde all the turns , over two turns ,

last . This hitch is shown o p en for 36 KNOT TI NG A N D Sp u cm c K OPES AN D Cosm os .

s the sake of clearness , but in practice it is u ual to

jam the coils close together, and hau l them all

taut .

— i i ch Fig. 33. Sl ppery H t .

32 h Fig. is a racking hitch , for hitc ing a T h rope on to the hook of a block. w o big ts are h e o made in a rope , t ese are turned ov r fr m the

— Fi . g 34 . Carrick Bend.

r two operato or three times , and the two loop s are put on to the ho ok . This is sometimes c all ec ’ a cat s paw . 7 EYE K N OTS 1 1 1 7 6 1 911 5 A N D 85 1 1 03 . , , 3 7

” Th e e valu of the slippery hitch (Fig. 33) consists in the readiness with which it can be cast off in case of emergency at the same time , it holds A securely while there is a strain on the rope . I f the mainsheet of small boats is made fast at all , a lways a more or less risky proceeding , a slippery hitch should always be used as a start . A sharp pull at the end of the rope lets the sheet go at once . F 34 For the carrick bend ( ig. ) lay the end of a rope over the standing part to form a loop ; put the end of another rope under the bight over A e B the standing p art at , und r the end at , over

_ i 35 . B he t t F g. ending S e o Clew ofSail .

c w the rope again at , under its o n part , and over

B . the rope , and haul taut The parts A and B form the fi rst loop made . This bend generally is used for binding hawsers together , to increase their length for warping or towing . It can be undone readily without the aid of a pricker or marlinespike , which would have to b e used for many knots after they had been in the water . As ’ in the sailor s knot , it is only necessary to grasp the ropes just outside the kn ot , and push the loops inwards , and the knot comes adrift at once . Fi 35 t he g. shows the clew of a sail , and method i of bending the sheet on to t . This is termed a ” sheet bend . The sheet is not , as many suppose , a part of the sail , but is a rope used in setting a

r ' YE K on T H ES B S . H I AN - E1YQ a Q . E , , P . 39 ,

hauled taut , this holds more securely than either on of the other methods , but , the other hand ,

takes longer to make . F The Blackwall hitch ( ig. 3 8) is a ready way

of securing a rope temporarily to a hook . The method of making it i s evident from the illustra tion . As the standing part when hauled upon he jams the end against t back of the hook , it holds fi rml v h fi rst much more t an , would be supposed at sight .

i —B w i h F g. lack all H tc .

’ T s F 39 he mid hipman s hitch ( ig. ) is an old

- fashioned hitch , used for attaching a tail block to fi rst a rope . A round. turn is made over the stand

\ - u a ing part , and the end is bro, ught p , p ssed twice ' fi rst round above the hitch, and then passed o ut underneath its own p art . 4 The marlinespike hitch (Fig. 0) is used for getting a purchase on the seizing stuff when serving a rope , so as to leave the turns taut . Make a i n f a bight the seizing stu f , and bring it b ck over the sta nding par t ; pass the marlinespike under the standing part , and over the sides of the bight . racticall iden tical W t r n This is p yfl i h the unni g knot ‘

Fi . 5 . . 96 . ( g 1 , p Seizing is described on p KN OT TJN G A N D SPLICING R op Es AN D COR D A GE.

— i hi ’ Fi . 39. ds m g M p an s Hitch.

— Fi . 40. a in s i g M rl e p ke Hitch. H E E YE K N O TS, H 1 TC S, A N D B EN D S. 4 1

F 4 a en ig. 1 is regulating lashing , used wh the tension o f a rope requires altering from time .

to . ar time Tent ropes e secured this way, as they

— Fig. 4 1 Regulatin g Lashing.

’ 4 2 — tatio r Fig. . S ne s Knot .

require easing in wet weather , and tightening in he o fwo A dry . For this purpose , t piece od e u or o n the r n is slipp d p d w cord , the f ictio of the 2 K N 1 7 m; A N D p u u vc O 1 S c ROPES A N D COR D A GE. cord against the sides of the hole fi x ing it suffi ciently . ’ 4 2 ' The stationer s knot (Fig. ) is handy for i ty ng up a parcel , as it can be made rapidly , and undone with ease . Make a running noose at the n e d of a piece of twine , and bring it to the centre of the parcel ; take the twine round the parcel again at right angles , roun d the noose , and making a bight slip it under , as illustrated . A pull at n l can b e the end releases the knot i stant y , as e n pro ved by xperime t. CH APTER I V.

R N G N OT AN R O E I K S D P SHOR TEN IN GS.

TEN , e OF it is necessary to fasten a rop to a ring , r and there are a va iety of methods o f doing this . Fi 3 n d g. 4 , for instance , shows the e to be passed th through e ring , and a bight put under the stand

— Fig. 43 . Slippery Ring Knot. ing part ; this is a ready way of temporarily faste ning the painter of a boat to the ri ng of a ’ 4 2 pier as in the stationer s knot (Fig . , p . a sharp pull at the end of the rop e frees the

paint er at once . This is an excellent fastening “ ” - n . Fi 4 4 for m a y purposes The boat knot ( g. ) is ‘ or n another m eans ofmo i g a small boat . It i s 44 KNO TTING A N D SPL I CI ZVG ROPES A N D COR U A GE. made in the same way as a marlinespike hitch

Fi . 40 ifi eren e a ( g . n. the only d c being th t a

44 —B Fig. . oat Knot . thowl pin or other small piece of wood i s p ut through the centre of the knot instead of a

marlinespike . By withdrawing the pin the kn ot

4 —L k oat Fig. 5 . ar B Knot.

4 comes adrift of its own accord . Fig. 5 is anotlher “ ‘ " the l form of boat knot, called ark boat knoit , A D H TENH R I N G s oTS N ROPE S OR VGS. 4 5

” or h double boat knot . This differs from t e last n knot , inasmuch as a bight , instead of a si gle end of rope , is put through the ring a piece of wood is used to fasten it , as in the boat knot . It is rather the better knot of the two . I f s e t n _ , instead of the end b ing brough dow outside the bight after it has been passed through

’ F 46 —L ig. . ark s Head.

4 — ’ Fig. 7 Lark s Head

Stoppered.

’ are it the ring , they put through , a single lark s ” F Fi 4 h i . 46 7 ead ( g ) is the result , and g. shows th ” e same knot stoppered . It may be made by n pas si g a bight through the ring , and drawing the tw o parts of the rope through the bight ; or where thi s is not practicable by reason of one end of the r n op e bei g fast , the end may b e passed up through

u S R m s oTS A N D R OPE 5 1 1 01 TEN I N G . 4 7

I f the standing part is taken in one hand and the end in the other , and drawn apart, it is nothing

— ’ Fi . 5 0 b k . g . Tre le L ar s Head ” ’ more than a clove hitch or builder s knot

‘

3 1 r n m . (Fig. 25 , p . ) unde a differe t na e ’ ” 4 In the double lark s head (Fig. 9) a bight

' firs e s i is t made , and the nds pas ed through t ; the ends are then put through the ring and through the loop j ust made and hauled taut 5 0 shows

— ’ 5 1 . Backhan de . S i or Fi g. d a l s Knot.

“ ’ ffi the treble lark s head , which is not so di cul t n as it looks . First bri g the bight of a ro pe up p 4 8 K NO T TING A N D S u cuvc ROPES A N D Comm GE.

n through the ring , take one of the ends , a d pass it th through e bight , and up through the ring ,

i 2 — st o F g. 5 . Cap an Kn t . and then down through its own bight ; do the same with the other part and the knot is formed . ’ i 5 1 a I n F g. is illustrated a backhanded s ilor s

’ —A h o of ai s no Fi 5 3 . ot e m . g. n r F r S lor K t

knot, made by passing an end through the ring round at the back of the standing part and thr ough r 7 N D R E SH TEN S Rave Kao 3 A OP OE HVG . 4 9

fi nishin - the ring again , and g With two half hitches round the standing part . It may also be made with the end in the last turn put under the stand ing part an d under its own part . “ ” F i 5 2 . g. is the cap stan knot To make this , cross the end of the rope after it is through the ring , bring it round the standing part , through the

fi rst bight and through its own bight , thus forming — u - a sort of fi g re oi eight knot . ’ ” Another sailor s knot , composed of two half hitches round the standing part of the rope , is shown by F ig. 5 3 . This is one of the most useful

— ’ Fig. 5 4 Gunner s Knot .

n e - a d asily made knots known , and is used as a moorin g knot . “ ’ ” 4 A gunner s knot (Fig. 5 ) is simply a ” F i . 34 carrick bend ( g , p . made with the two ends of a rope after it has been passed through two rings . Gunners themselves call this a delay ” knot .

The knot shown in Figs . 5 5 and 5 6 is called ” “ ’ ” m an harn e ss , or the artilleryman s knot , and ffi cul is used when hauling guns over a di t country , when horses cannot be employed . It is a valuable

' knot where heavy weights have to be drawn with _ ropes , as by its use a man can exert his strength D ' E. S L R op e s AN D COR D AG 5 0 s or m vc A N D P ICING

— i 5 5 . e inni n F g. B g g Artillery Kn ot .

‘ G —Arti l er Finish ed I m 5 . l y 1 31 1 170 K N O TS A N D E H TEN I N S 1 ROP S OR G . 5 to much greater advantage than by merely grasp t ing the rope with his hands . To make i , form

- a half hitch , turn it round , and lay it against the

s . m tanding part This is , in fact , a arlinespike

— i e d ho ni . g. 5 7 B n S rte ng

i Fi and e n . 4 0 . 40. N ow itch , is r presented , g , p C ass the right hand into the bight , and gomg

Fi . 5 5 nder A , as shown in g , grasp the part B , and raw it through c until a loop of sufficient size is it When using , the head and one arm are l through the loop il ustrated in Fig. 5 6 , ‘ 5 2 s o TT/N G A N D Sp u cuvc R am s A ND COR DAGE.

which shows the knot finished. A little care is re a quired in closing the knot , so that the turns m y jam properly one against the other , or the knot will slip . When several men are employed , a

- bow line is generally made at the end of the rope , and as many loops as there are men to haul at e qual distances along it . It frequently happens that a rope is too long for is an d w its purpose , and as it inadvisable aste

— Fi . 5 9; e i i h i t g B g nn ng C a n Kno .

it ful to cut , some method of reducing its le ngth has to be devised ; hence hav e arisen what are termed shortenings . “ ” “ 5 7 The loop or bend shortening (Fig. ) is the simplest of these . The rope is merely bent bi as much as is required , so as to form two ghts , and the two parts seized together with small stufi . This is a simple and good method of short e ning ropes . “ ’ ” 5 8 me d The chain knot (Fig. ) is another tho

‘ oi t ma a shortening ropes . In beginning i , ke n Fi a o fthe ru ning knot ( g. and draw portion a T H E E I N GS R w; s 0 S A N D ROPE S O T N . 5 3 part A through the lo op B ; do this with the fore

fi nger and thumb of the left hand . It will now

- form an other loop , through which a fresh piece fA o is to be passed . This process is to be r epeated until all the slack of the rope is taken up Finish “it 011 by putting a piece of stick or a b elayin g

— — Fi . 60. wist o . Fi . 61 . is n g T Kn t g Beginn ing Tw t K ot.

pin through the l ast lo op , or by drawing the end itself up through the bight . ” F The twist knot ( ig. 60) is another shorten

in . P in Fi g lace the cord to be shortened as g. 6 1 , bring one of the outside parts over the middle a d the strand , n outer strand on the opposite side n w is brought over this , which is o the middle part . h n n T is is co tinued as lo g as required , the outside

1?c K M ) TS A N D R H R TEN I N S OPE S O O . 55

- a common an d old—fashioned method of shorten ing , applicable to any size of cordage . The twist and chain knots are not suitable for very stout

. rope Two bights are formed in the rope , as in

Fi . 6 1 g ; a half hitch is then made at each end , and slipped over the bights . This is made more u se1 z1 n the A sec re if a g is put round two parts , , B

(Fig. I t can also be secured when en ds of

P1 — n 65 . Sheepshanks K otted.

rope are free by passing each end through the F i 63 . adjoining bight , as shown in g.

i 64 . F g. is a knotted sheepshanks It differs from the last in that the ends are fastened rather

ff . di erently The two bights are made as before , and each end , after passing through the bight it nearest to , is put through the bight it has just m made , thus for ing an overhand knot at each end .

F . I n making ig 6 5 , the parts of the rope are 6 K PL I 5 N OT TJN G A N D S CI JVG R om s A N D COR D A GE.

arranged as before . A marlinespike hitch (Fig.

4 0 1 , p . 4 0) is made at each end and the bight put r i h th ough t . The left side of Fig. 65 shows t e knot

— i ten i . F g. 67. Knot Shor ng

6 — t ot hor e i Fig . 6 . B oa Kn S t n ng or Sheepshanks Toggled.

the as made , and the bight in act of being p sed n through it . It goes over the outside strand , u der

n t . Ou the i the c entre one , and over the ex r ght 1 ?c K N O TS AN D H TEN I N S ROPE S OR G . 5 7

fi ure n side of the g the loop is show in its place , ready to be hauled taut .

- n Fi The boat knot shorteni g ( g. 66) is another form of sheepshanks . The ends are secured by

— no . Fig. 69. Double K t

— i i Fig. 68. Beg nn ng Knot

Shortening.

bringing a portion of the loose part of the rope

throu gh the bight at each end , and toggling it — with. a belaying pin or piece of wood , as in the

i 4 4 . t . boa knot (F g , p It is loosened readily ,

and c an b e made when both ends are fast . E 5 8 K NOT TI NG A N D SPLICING ROPES A N D COR B AC .

“ Fi 67 The knot shortening ( g. ) is a ready mode of taking up the slack of a rope , though it is not suitable for very stout ropes , and can be made only where one end of the rope is free . The rope is laid as at Fi g. 6 8. The three parts are grasped with both hands near the bights , and an overhand knot is formed with the whole of the strands . It forms a good shortening for moderate sized cordage , where the strain is not too heavy . “ ” The double chain knot (Fig . 6 9) is perhaps the most ornamental knot of this group . A turn r is fi st taken round the standing part , and the loose end is then passed through the lo op thus A formed at . In doing this an other loop B is made , through which the end is brought . The end is thus continually passed from one side to the other through the preceding loop until the knot is

. fi n ished of the proper length It may be , if desired , by making an overhand knot with the end over its own part , or merely passing it through the t o and ha n on las lo p, uli g it. CHAPTE R V.

D A N S TI ES AN L SHI G .

“ ' to A W EDD IN G knot or tie , used for fastening gether the eyes at the ends of two ropes , is shown

- 70. by Fig. It is made by passing rope yarn or ’ marline through the eyes backwards and forwards

F — di ig. 70. Wed ng Knot .

until strong enough , and then is fastened by taking several turn s round the middle and fastening the

ends with a reef knot . This forms a sort of hinge

between the ropes .

The chain knot , for lashing to a spar is

i Fi 71 - llustrated by g. a clove hitch is fi rst forme d e round the spar , and as many single hitches as r

quired are then made . It may be finished off with

Fi . 2 any secure knot . g 7 sho ws another and better

way of making the chain knot . Ah overhand knot

— Fi . 71 . hain n t a hed to g C K o L s Spar .

o is f rmed at each turn , and consequently it is much

71 . more secure than F ig. This is used for bending ’ yachts sails to the gaff. As each turn forms a s rm knot if the cord part , the remainder holds fi , D p u 6 o K N O T TI N G A N S cu vc ROPES A N D COR D AGE.

and does not necessarily come adrift , as it would be almost sure to do it if fastened as in Fig. 71 . “ ” Fi 73 g. is a cross lashing , employed when a lever is used to a rope . After several turns round the rope , the lashing is crossed round the

Fi 2 — I v h in g. 1 . mpro ed C a Knot .

lever and fastened with a reef knot . All these lashings are used when several men are required to haul on large ropes at the same time . “ 74 For the necklace tie (Fig. ) several turns r are taken ound the spar to be joined , then two

turns round the lashings , and it is secured with a or reef knot . When this is used as a lashing f

-rl s w shea eg , the crossing of the t o legs puts a strain

on the knot , and effectually secures it . For this

purpose it is called a Portuguese knot . “

Fi . 5 g 7 shows a packing knot , used for

securing large pieces of timber together . It is used near stone quarries for holding the blocks of stone on to the carriages by which they are

Fi . 75 moved . g represents a block of granite

secured to a trolley with packing knots . Two or

— Fi . hin g 73 . Cross Las g.

three turns are made somewhat loo sely with cord age round the block and its carriage a stout piece

of wood is then inserted under the coils , an d twisted round until all the slack is taken out and

the co rdage is taut . The end of the lever is then TI ES A N D [A SH I NGS. 6 1 sec re u d with twine to the side of the carriage , as fi u shown in the right side of the g re . The other lashing is suppo sed to be all ready for tautening u p . It is often necessary to lash two things together

F —\ kl Ti ig. 74 . I ec ace e.

e without showing an ext rnal knot , which would spoil the smoothness and neatness of the work two a as , for instance , in whipping the parts of

fi h n - F 6 ~ broken s i g rod together . ig. 7 shows a com mon method of finishing off whipping without L a A showing a knot . y one end forward , as at , then pass the other end round and round a ffi ient t su c number of times , hauling tau each

time three or four loose turns are now made , and

— Fi . 5 P g 7 . acking Knot.

the end passed under them backwards ; these are

worked down into their places , and when the ends

are hauled taut and cut offthe job is completed .

The end A need not come so far as shown in Fig. e 76; but may be hidd n under the coil s.

6 2 AN D L A SH I NGS. 3

oftener than it is . Bring the middle of the material used under the part to be whipped , raise v the ends and tie an o erhand knot , lower the ends and tie another underneath ; continue tying e finish a singl knot above and below alternately ,

— Fi 78 N i e i . g. . pp r ng ing with a reef knot ; or a round turn or two may be taken and the ends may then be secured but a reef knot is the most usual way of fastening off

- this whipping . This is not quite so neat looking

. 76 77 a method as Figs and , but it is very strong l and trustworthy , and is an exce lent way of fasten ing large hooks , such as those used for cod or conger, on to a line . “ ” Fi 0 A catspaw ( g . 8 ) is used for attaching a

— Fi 9. TVest ount . 7 hi g C ry W pping.

a . rop e to tackle hook Fig. 81 shows how to begin

it . m A loop is ade , and laid over the standing part so as to form two bights ; these are rolled wo over t or three times , and the hook inserted in W them . hen the standing part is hauled upon , the 64 KNO TTI NG AND SPL I CJNG R OPE? AN D COR DA 612

— F ats aw. ig. 80. C p

1 — e i ni ats a Fig. 8 . B g n ng C p w. Tl Es A N D L A sm zvcs. 65

F . hooks take the form shown in ig 71 (p . and will no t slip . Fi 82 a wa a g. shows y of securing a block to

F — i ig. 82. Secur ng Block to Rope .

e rop with a selvage strop . The middle of the sel i and vage s placed against the rope , cross turns t he aken until the bights come together , when t

loop o f the block is put through them . H C APTER VI .

' ' FAN CY K N Or s.

LT OU GH A H these knots are termed fancy knots , they are not necessarily used for ornamental pur

poses , but are often of considerable utility ; ih d ed , they could hardly be done without aboard

8g1 p . One of the commonest knots of this kind is the ” Fi 83 w wall knot ; g. sho s this ready for haul

— — 4 . St0 Fi 83 . 1 8 e g. Wa 1 Knot. pp r

n ing taut . First unlay the strands at the e d rope and make a bight with one strand A this to the standing part with the thum left han d , make a loop with the next fi rst round the end of the strand , and remaining strand 0 round the end of t

B and through the bight of A . If the ends are taken round onc e e - n i ca brought up in the centr of the k ot , t is lled “ ” a i I n - c the stopper knot (see F g. this ase

— Fi . 85 . i i g Beg nn ng Crowning.

r e l F . ends a e whi pped together and cut offl ve . ig '

ni he Fi . 85 w 84 is the stopper knot fi s d. g sho s e the crowning begun . Open the strands of a rop

ut ro e . as before , but do not p a seizing und th m

Fi 86 — ow in g. . Cr n g Complete.

Lay the strand A down over the centre ofthe the rin rop e , and n b g B down over A and strand 68 KNOTTI NG A N D Sp u cuvc R om s A N D COR D A GE.

0 Fi . 86 over B and through the bight of A . g shows how the strands tie when they are nearly

. 5 taut The strands in Fig. 8 are hardly in the position which they occupy when the kn ot is l t actua ly being made , as they are hen much snuggen

Fi — e i i a ro o g 87. B g nn ng M n pe Kn t.

C rowning is used by itself as a method of p re venting the strands of a rope unlaying while in use . In this case , after crowning as above , pass one end over the next strand in the standing

one . D o e part , and under the following the sam

— — Fi . 88. a o . Fi 9. g M nrope Kn t g . 8 Tack Kn ot.

i to each of the other strands n succession . This may be repeated and the ends cut off . Masons , who se ropes have to stand a good deal of kn ock in g about , generally use this plan ; for this reason it “ ’ ” is called masons whipping . Though very i — at h w a F g. 90. Begi nning M t e W lker K not.

wall knot under the crown i ng . When the knot is

Fi . tightened it will appear as in g 88, and is called ” ” a manrope knot . A single wall kn ot may be crowned after it is made ; a single wall and a singl e crown are the result . Wall again by pas sing one end under the part of the fi rst walling next a d it b i ht to it n bring up through the same g , . an d _ do the same with the other two strands , and the result is a knot with a double wall an d a single

- - crown. A double Walleddouble crowned , called a

7 1 '

open ready for being hauled taut . After putting a seizing round the rope and unlaying the end as A before , bring one strand round the rope and put it through its own bight , the next strand B A undern eath , through the bight of and through nd its own bight , a the last strand 0 underneath through both the other bights , and lastly through

. Fi . 91 its own bight g shows the knot completed . The diamond knot ' ” is an ornamental knot made some distance from the en d of rop e it is _

— n ot b fre u i Fi . 93 Di m e o a g . a ond K H l ng Taut. therefore necessary to unlay the rope considerably ’ more than is required for the preceding knots .

To form a diamond , bring each of the three strands the down alongside standing part of the rope, thus forming three bights , and hold them thus with the left hand . Take the fi rst strand A (Fig. B and , putting it over the next , bring it up through the bight of the third strand 0. Take the en d of the second strand over the third and fi rs up through the bight of the t . The last strand is brou ght over the fi rst and up through the bight

‘ ~ a ofthe second . Haul taut and lay the rope up 2 K A N D A N 7 NO TTING SPLICING ROPES D COR D A GE.

Fi 92 again . g. is the way the knot is begun , show th fi r ing the manner of taking e st strand . Fig. 93 shows the loops in their places with the ends through them before they are hauled taut , and i n s F . 4 fi i he d. R g 9 shows the knot emember that , after the bights are formed down the standing part , each end successively goes over the strand n ext to it and up through the loop beyond . This knot is the single diamond . Fi For a double diamond ( g. 95 ) make a single diamond as above , without laying up the strands ;

— — i 94 S n Diamo d Fi . 95 . D o b Diamo d F g. . i gle n g u le n

n t . Knot . K o the en ds are then made to follow the lead of the single knot through two single bights , the ends coming out on the top of the knot . The last strand passes through two double bights . When the en ds are hauled taut they are laid up as before . The last four knots are used for the ends of Ian m an yards , and ridge ropes , yoke lines , etc . ” 9 The shroud knot (Fig. 6) is of use in join tw o ing ropes together , particularly for joining a stay or shroud that has been carried away . The ends of each rope are unlaid , and placed within a one nother as in splicing , the parts n ot unlaid being brought closely together . Make a wall knot A N K N O TS F C Y . 73

6 n e 3 . 6 o e (Fig. 8 , p ) with the strands of rop round the standing part of the other rope turn the ropes over , and do the same with the other fi u re . set of ends , and they will appear as in the g

Open the strands , and taper and serve them over if the job is to be particularly neat . Two ropes f w a of dif erent sizes may be twisted in this y , and will be quite secure . In making the French shroud knot unlay the ends and plac e the tw o ropes with the strands

Fi - h d no g. 96 . S rou K t. intermixed as before ; bring one set of ends back on their own rope , and make a single wall knot with the other set of strands round the bights of the fi rst set and the standing part . They can then be tapered and served as in an ordinary shroud knot th Fo r a spritsail sheet knot , unlay e two ends o fa rope and bring the two sets of strands together side by side ; these have to be walled to gether as for a common wall knot . A bight is fi made with the rst strand , the second is put over t e fi rst e n t e r h , the thirdov r the seco d , h fourth ove K N N P L 74 O T TJ G A ND S I C/N G ROPES A N D COR D A GE .

fi fth r the third , the ove the fourth , the sixth over the fi fth and through the bight o f the fi rst they ar e then hauled taut . C rown it by laying two of the strands along the top of the knot and passing t he other strands alternately over and under these two , and afterwards hauling them taut . It may be double—walled after crowning by putting the strands successively under the bights on the lef t of them and through the same bights , and the e nds will then come up in the right position to be crowned again . This is done by following the

— r; 7 e i n i u k ead. Fig. 9 , B g n ng T s H lead of the fi rst crowning and putting the en d s _ through the walling as before . The buoy rope knot can be made on a cab le laid rope only . U nlay the main strands , and take ' ' f out o n e o the smaller strands , of which they are comp o sed , from each of the large stran ds , and then lay them up again . The small strands that have been taken out are now single and double—walled r o ro und the ope , and then laid along the divisi n s n after the manner of weaving , and their thin e ds

- A ut stopped with spun yarn . stop should be p roundthe rop e with the spun - yarn where the kn ot FA N C Y K N O TS . 75

the is to be made b e for e it is begun , and walling — should be right han ded . The “ Turk’s Head ” is a highly ornamental e rO e kn ot which , inst ad o f being made out of the p l itself , is formed o n the rope with a piece of smal ~ fi rst h . 3 2 stuff . A cl ove itch (p ) is made on the t i to rope (Fig. h s must be slack enough allow f of the extra str an ds which will form part ofit . B tw o Put part A over stran d , thus twisting the strands ; pass th e en d 0 under and up through the b bight that B n ow forms , then twist again y

— ’ F i 98. T u k s ead g. r H . putting B over A an d run the end under and up through the big ht o f A . C ontinue twisting the r a strands by alte n tely putting one over the other, and at each tw ist bring the end under and up A through the bight which is underneath , at the beginning going o ver B ; the bight which B makes

will be the un der one , and therefore the one through Which th e en d 0 must be passed . The end 0 must be muc h longer than illustrate d as the whole knot is m ade with this part , an d as the knot when fi nish e d c ontain s three groups of three

strands each , it i s obvious that the length of cord used must be m o re than nin e times the circum ference of the rope round which the knot is made . Having made a suffi cient number of twists (the exact number depends on the size of the knot) , D c l ay the end 0 alongside , where it omes out of the knot , and continue following its lead through its turns goes through the knot unt il the

Fi 9 — i e i g. 9 . S ngl P tcher Knot.

beginning is reached again . There will now be a ’ Turk s head of two parts . If the end is again passed through by the side of the same strand as ’ before , a complete Turk s head of three parts will be formed . Care must be taken to keep the working strand close to and on the same side of the a strand that is being followed, or perfect FA N C Y K N O T5 . 77

fi rst knot cannot be formed . The time round is lt ffi cu . i the mo st di , the second is easy enough O e course , the knot may consist of more parts if r quired , but three is the usual number . The ends do not require fastening in any way , as in the last round they fi n ish in the middle of the knot under e Fi the coils , and are quit secure (see g. ” l The single pitcher knot , known a so as ’ ” Fi Tom Fool s knot , is shown by g. 99 . F orm

Fi . two half hitches , as in g 1 00, one lying half fi n e way over the other . With the g r and thumb of

— Fig. 1 00 Beginning Single Pitcher Knot.

the le ft hand draw the part A down through the h fi n ers bight , and wit the same g of the right hand bring the strand B upwards through the bight , under which it lies . Pull out the loops thus formed to a suffi cient length and knot the he ends t ogether . When used to supply t place

of a broken pitcher handle , the centre knot should

be hauled taut , and , the pitcher being placed on

t he u . i , t loops are brought p to form handles To keep t hem in their places a lashing is put round

F i 1 01 . the n eck of the pitcher , as shown in g. This knot is also very useful in slinging a shot

when required as a weight , or for any other

FA N CY K M ) 7 3 . 79

purpose . In this case the centre knot is n ot hauled taut but left open , forming a large loop on which the shot lies . If the ends are spliced instead of

- knotted a three loop knot is made . This knot is used also as a trick or puzzle n o f knot , and from thi s arose its ame Tom ’ Fo ol s kno t

— Fi . 1 03 e n i h t g B gi n ng Double Pitc er Kno .

02 “ ” Fi . 1 n g is the double pitcher k ot , which goes also by the names of “ jury ” knot and “ true ’ lovers knot . It is used as the single pitcher s knot to sling a broken pitcher , but in this ca e there are four loop s by which to carry it in stead of — two . In rigging a jury mast the end of it is put through the centre of the knot before it is hauled 80 K N OT TI N G A N D SPLICING ROPES A N D COR D A GE . taut ; the stays to support and steady the m ast are then made fast to the bights of the kn ot . a Form two half hitches in a piece of cord , s in Fi 1 03 b e g. , then make another hitch , which draw hind the other hitches with the inner edge over fi rst o lapping the inner edge of the hitch , as sh wn forefi n er F 1 03 . in ig. Pass the g and thumb of the A left hand over strand under B and take hold o f0.

— Fi . 1 04 n g . Ca or Jar in Sling;

Put the same finge rs of the right hand under D E over and take hold of F . Take G between the teeth and draw the three loops out . It is bette r G fi rst h e to make the length required at , as t other lo ops being immediately connected with the ends can be more readily adjusted as to siz e than the upper loop . When the loops are made the right size the loose ends are spliced togethe r with a short splice , thus forming the fourth loo p . 04 Fig. 1 shows a ready way of slinging a can FA N C Y K N O TS. 81

a t . to improvise pain pot , to dip for water , etc Pass the end of the cord under the bottom of the it can and bring the two parts over , and make with them an overhand knot ; open the knot , as

Fi . shown in g 1 05 , and draw the two parts down until they come round the upper edge of the can haul taut , and knot them together again over the F 4 can , as shown in ig. 1 0 . s F 06 If the ends of the hamrock knot ( ig . 1 )

- d . were splice , a four looped knot would be formed Though used for the same purposes as the double t pitcher knot , it is not so good as hat , being more troublesome to make and not so strong , in con

— Fi . 1 05 e i i Can i g . B g nn ng Sl ng. sequ ence of the short nip of the strands in the Fi 0 . 7 centre o f the knot g. 1 shows the way o f A making it . o overhand knot is fi rst formed with the e nds at A the end B is then laid acro ss the e upp r lo op , brought round and under the right

C . loop and up through the bight The strand D , r afte passing at the back of the upper loop , is carried over the left loop and down through the E n ow bight . The loop s are adj usted for size

Fi . and the knot hauled taut . g 1 08 gives another way of making this knot . Two overhand knots r inte secting one another are made on the ends , as illust rated ; the part A is drawn up through the F E. 82 K N O T T/N c A N D SPL I GI N G ROPES A N D COR D A G

— h m oc t . 1 06. S a r k Kno

' - i i m oc ot Fig. 1 07. Beg nn ng Sha r k Kn . FAN C KM ) T3 Y . 83

nd t h th b D . bight C, a the par B down throug e ight

These form the side loops , and the top lo op being pulled out the knot is completed . By an ex tension of these methods knots may be made with diffi cult any number of loops , but the y increases greatly as the loops increase , so much so , that

— 1 08 a f a i ham oc not. Fig. . Another W y o M k ng S r k K

many loops cannot be made except wire replaces

the cord . The dalliance knot whose beginning is shown

by Fig. 1 09 is a trick knot diffi cul t to learn when

. i s it is merely seen rapidly made The object ,

to make two independent double - knots at once E 84 KNO T TIN G A N D SPLICIN G R OPES A N D COR DAG .

on a double cord . D ouble the cord so that the ends lie together bring the bight over the standing

F . 1 09 d parts , as shown in ig , and cross the stran A over the strand B ; they will now appear as in

Fi 1 0. 0 g. 1 Press the part down between the two w strands on hich it lies , and bring it up through D o the opening , draw it out , and two verhand knots will be formed on the double cord . While

— i 1 09. e inn i D a ia F g. B g ng ll nce Knot.

D the the part c is being drawn out through , whole o f the loop E must be brought up through the bight F this forms the upper knot . The lower F knot is made by loop , C forming bight at top of fini he d double cord . The s knot i s practically

1 6 . the same as Fig. (p Some stage performances many years ago con sisted o f various rope tricks . In the principal

‘ on e the performers were shut up in a cabin e t, FA N CY K N O TS . 85 and when the doors were thrown open they were found seated on two chairs tightly bound han d and A foot . fter examining the knots , the doors were closed and the men rang bells , played on the w out tambourine , and thre things of a small h window in the top of the cabinet . Ou t e doors being opened again directly they were found fi r mly tied to their chairs as before . They were able to do this by means of an ingenious knot ,

— Fi 1 1 0. N x t ta in D i o g. e S ge all ance Kn t .

Fi . 1 . shown in g 1 1 To perform the trick , two medium ropes each about 1 2 ft . long are required .

A Fi . . 1 9 Fi r st the openhand knot (see g 8, p ) join ing the two ropes is made , the ends being passed twic e through the bight to increase the size of the kn ot . Two running knots are made close up to

B B . thi s knot as at , The knotted end of the rope is laid on the seat of a chair with the ropes pass ing down the back of the seat and under the

FA N K CY N O TS . 87

’ - - F i 1 1 2 e rin er not . g. . B ll g s K size of the loops must be regulated by the size ’ of the performer s wrists . The knots should also be so placed on the chair at the commencement that the ropes are tight when the hands are in the loops . 88 K N O T TJN G A M ) SPLICIN G ROPES A N D COR D AGE.

— ’ Fi . 1 2 g 1 is the bell ringer s knot , but really

it is a hitch and not a knot . Church bells have e a large wheel on the axle on which they ar hung ,

round which the bell - rope passes ; this is done to obtain sufficient leverage to raise the bell mouth

upwards when it is rung . This re quires a long

rope , a good portion o f which lies on the belfry

flo or when the bell is down . When the ringing is over this slack is hitched up out of the way in

the manner shown . The lo op A is made near the

end of the rope , laid against the standing part , and a hitch taken over it at about the height ’ of a man s head . The hitch should be kept quite

close to the standing part , and it will hold the loop quite securely ; at the same time a slight pull

at the end releases the whole thing at once . The part B where the rope is grasped when the bell is checked as it comes over is called the sally s or tufting . It i made by opening the strands

and inserting short pieces of w orsted , which are afterwards trimmed until they are all of one n le gth. H C APTER VI I .

R OPE SPLICIN G .

SPL I CIN G is a method of j oining ropes by inter weaving together their strands . When ropes are to run through blocks they cannot be joined by knotting , as the knot would prevent their passing e through the block . In this case th y are always o united by splicing . In driving r pes also knots are out of the question . tw For the short splice , the ends of the o ropes ffi ient e are unlaid for a su c distanc , and placed

— Fi l l 3 . e in in ho i g. B g n g S rt Spl ce.

F i . 1 1 together , as in g 3 , the strands of one rope going alternately between the strands of the other . tw o The ropes are then jammed closely together . The end of one rope with the strands of the other rml rope is now held fi y in the left hand . Some times a lashing is put round the strands to keep them down to the rope on which they lie . Pass ' the middle strand A over the strand of the other rope B which goes down to the left of it ; then

C . bring it under , and haul taut D o the same to each of the other strands in succession , putting them over the next strand to them and under the next beyond . Turn the rope round and do the same to the other set of strands ; this may b e 0 s o r uv 0 9 r c A N D Sp u cm c 1 601 15 5 AN D COR D A GE . r n ot epeated on both ropes . Care must be taken to bring two strands up through one interval in the rope . Each strand should come up separately between two strands of the rope they are passed

— — Fi . 1 1 4 . a i es i e . i 1 1 P e . g M rl n p k F g . 5 . rick r

into . If it is desired to taper the splice for the purpo se of making it neater after the ends have been interwoven , divide the yarns of which the

- o strands are composed , pass one half as bef re , and

‘ ' the ’ro sha cut offthe other half . To bring pe t o pe R P E m: I H V 1 O S C G. 9

again after splicing , roll it under the foot ; if small fl cord has been used , a piece of at wood is sub

' stituted for the foot . As the strands of a rope are tightly twisted together it requires some force to open a passage for the parts of one rope through the other . For

this purpose , in the case of large ropes , is used F 4 a marlinespike ( ig. 1 1 ) made of iron , copper , or C hard wood . opper is preferable , as it does not rust like iron or break like wood . With small fi d Fi 1 5 . stuff a steel pricker ( g. 1 ) is used A is

employed for very large ropes , this being merely

— Fi . 1 1 6 L o ic g . ong R pe Spl e.

a tapered wooden pin generally made of lignum vitae . 1 1 6 The long splice illustrated by Fig. has ad t vantages over a short one . To make i , unlay the ends of two ropes for a much greater distance

than before and put the ends together . U nlay one A l fil strand for some ength , and l up the space left by its removal with the opposite strand from D the other rope , as B . o the same with two more D strands C ; o is the one unlaid , and D the one

laid up in its place . Make an overhand knot with E the two remaining strands F , taking care that the ends follow the lay of the rope and not across

them . Divide both strands into halves and pass A P I 9 2 K N O T TI NG N D S L I C NG ROPES A N D COR D A GE.

- one half over the next strand , and under the following one ; do this two or three times and cut all the ends off close . Work the remaining two pairs of strands the same way and the splice is

fi nished. The rope should be well stretched b e fore the ends of the strands are cut off . 1 1 7 Fig. is a cut splice forming an oblong loop in the middle of a rope . The end of one rope is spliced into the standing part of another , as at A ,

Fi . A ( g so as to form an eye . The end of the other rope is then spl iced' into the standing part

fi rs . of the t rope , and the spliced parts served over A neat way of forming an eye at the end of a it F i 1 1 9 rope ( is known as the eye splice , g. ) is by unlaying the strands and placing them on the standing part so as to form an eye , then put one

Fi — i g. 1 1 7 . Cut Spl ce.

it strand under the strand next to , and pass the next over this strand and under the second ; the las t strand must go through the third strand on the other side of the rope . Taper them as before by halving the strands and sticking them again . To make a cable splice unlay the ends of the ropes to be joined for some distance , place them L together and make a short splice . eave a suit able length , and thence reduce each strand to a long taper by gradually cutting away as many yarns as necessary ; neatly point over the taper and lay the ends in the intervals of the rope .

Put a seizing at each end of the splice , an end seizing at the beginning of the pointing and a stop at the end of the tails . This is the best

for a as . splice c bles , it may readily be undone 93

Another metho d of making a cable splice is

“ to splice the ends in twice each way , then to pick t of out the strands , worm par them round the u cable , and taper away the rest , which sho ld be

— Fi . 1 1 i i g 8 Beg nning Cut Spl ce. marled close down then clap on a thr oat and two end seizings of ratline . In splicing cotton ropes on the Lancashire — system proceed as foll ow s z Short splicing the ends together is the simplest , but would not answer

1 — E e i Fig. 1 9. y Spl ce.

“ ' for running over a small pulley or through “ ” swallow of a block in this case a long splic e

‘ “ o suffi ce . I i a n w uld small strop only is eeded , a

n - b e strand grommet is the neatest . A strand

PL l ‘ ROPE S cI N G. 95

see Fi . h w one ( g 1 21 , where the arro w D s ows ho A to tuck the end , and arrowhead 0 shows w where end B will come out) . N o halve these b e ends , and , leaving one half, tuck the other as fore work them in nice and snug , put the grommet

— Fi . 1 1 F hi ffG mm t . g 2 . inis ng o ro e

o n . I t the a go od stretch , and trim ofi the ends work is well done no joint should be noticeable . Grommets are sometimes fi nished offby knotting the whole strands , then halving them , and tuck e ing like a common splice . This is not quit as n eat, but perhaps a trifle stronger . CH APTER VI I I .

W OR KI N G CORD AGE.

SEIZ IN G implies the fastening together of two ropes , or different parts of the same rope , w ith several closely placed coils of small rope , spun yarn , etc . The several kinds of seizings take their names from the positions they occupy in a ’ ship s rigging . End seizing is a round seizing at the end of a rope . Throat seizing is the first

— Fi . 1 22. h g Flemis Eye.

seizing clapped on where ropes cross each other. Middle seizing is betw een a throat and end seiz ing . Eye seizing is a round seizing next to an eye in the rope . in To make a round seizing , make a small eye the end of the seizing stuff, and , after taking a turn round both parts of the rope , reeve the r ends through the eye , t ake two o r three tu ns , and haul them taut with a marlinespike hiteh 0 4 0 . 4 (Fig. , p ) pass eight or ten turn s close to end r gether , and heave taut . Bring the back unde 97

these turns and out between the last two coils , and pass ano ther series of turns on the top of the he c e ot rs , whi h are called rid rs , and are not hove so taut as the fi rst turns . There is always one less of T the riding turns than of the lower ones . w o r n c o ss turns sometimes are taken , passing betwee the ropes to be joined and across the whole of the h seizing ; t e end is brought under the last turn , hove tight , and secured , if large , with awall knot , Fi 83 . crossed ( g . , p and , if small , with an over hand knot , and cut off . Other seizings are done in a similar way . flat Sennit is a rope , made by plaiting together ro e arn n p y or spunyarn , the outside yarns bei g brought over to the middle from each side alter

2 — Fig. 1 3 . Gromm et.

' h ately . It always has an odd numb er of yarns, ve ‘ generally from fi to thirteen . French sennit is braided with an even number of yarns passed over and under every other time . Gaskets are made of braided cordage in the ar same manner as sennit , and e used for confi ning the sails when furled to the yards . They are called arm gaskets when used at the ends ofthe yards . Bunt gaskets are used in the middle of the yard to hold the bunt of the sail , and quarter gaskets between the middle and extremities of the yards . F 1 22 r e A Flemish eye ( ig. ) is a fo m of eye mad U s without splicin g . nlay one trand at the end a o f rope , and bring the two other strands , just as they are , against the standing part , so as to e form an eye of the size required . Lay up th G

WORK ING COR D A GE. 9

one another to form the size of selvagee required . Wind ro p eyarn round these to form the desired

. thickness , and marl them down with spunyarn

They are used to form a neat stropping for blocks , or to go round a spar to which a ho ok is to b e

~ F . l 25 a fi x ed. ig shows how selvagee is employed

for fastening a block to a rope . The middle of the it is placed against the rope , and bights passed one over the other until they come close to the

b . rope , when the ook of the block is inserted

— fas i 1 25 . Se v te l agee n ng Block to Rope.

Worming is fi llin g the intervals between the strands of a rope by laying spunyarn or other f small stu f into them . This renders the rope more

even and smooth for parcelling and serving . The fi rst end of the worming is securely stopped and

passed along one of the divisions o f the rope .

When it has been carried as far as it is required ,

it is stopped and laid back down another interval ,

and then forward along the remaining one , and

stopped at the end . To estimate the quantity of

serving stuff required for a given length of rope , 1 oo s oTTI N G A N D Sp u cuvc R ap Es AND COR D A GE.

multiply the length of rope to be served by the

- number of strands in the rope , and add ofne third of the product . The result is the length o serving

— i 2 Wa r Pa c in nd a in . F . 1 6 a g ning, r ell g, M rl g

necessary to do the work . Thus , if six fathoms of three - strand rope have to be served (6 x 3 1 8)

(1 8 3 6) 1 8 6 24 . Thus 24 fathoms is the

Fi 1 2 — g. 7. Serving.

F . 26 A o length of serving ig. 1 shows at h w worm ni hed ing looks when fi s . Fi P arcelling , B ( g. is done by winding R D A GE WORKING CO . 1 01

Fig. 1 28.

Fi 1 2 g. 9.

Fi 1 - . 2 . B . Fi . 1 29 Fai eade . g 81 elaying g rl r

0 0 0 o . : 0 o o o o ‘ 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o . 0 0 o o . o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 g o . o o o . o . . 0 0 0 . o o

WORKI NG Com mGE. 1 03 as the mallet is worked round the rope by its handle . Another person is required for passing 4 the ball of serving stuff . The service must be put on against the lay of the rope . A rope may b e served single - handed by carrying the serving stuff on a large reel , with a hole in its centre large ru enough for the rope to n through . This is kept ' h ' m ll t u just ahead of t e a e , and the serving st fi comes o ff the reel of its own accord as required .

When the mallet is within a few turns of the end , the turn s are taken off it by hand , the end is put through them , and heavedwell taut . A rope i s belayed or made fast by cross turns t 2 1 8. round a clea in the way shown in Fig. The cleat is assumed t o be lashed to a stay or other rope , but it is often made fast to some part of the

— 1 31 T 1 . Fig. ogg e

it ut vessel . Occasionally a single h ch is p over the upper horn of the cleat to make the rope still more secure . A rope is taken at right angles from one part of a vessel to another by means of a fairleader in (Fig . This is a block of wood with a hole it big enough to allow the line to run freely fit through it . The back of it is grooved to the " rop e it is lashed to . Where more than one line ce b r has to be led , a pie of oa d or plank with holes through it is used . A fairleader is not necessarily v fi x ed fastened to e ro pe , but is in any suitable position . A belaying pin with a rope made fast to it . Fi 1 30 s i n ( g , ) is the u ual way of securing runn g i i can offso r gg ng, as it be made fast and cast . rapidly. 1 04 K N O T T/N G AN D Sp u cuvc ROPES A N D COR D A GE.

Fi 1 3 1 of g . shows a method securing ropes to gether by means of a toggle , a piece of wood turned to shape and having a groove in the centre , round which the end of a rope is spliced . Ah eye

F 3 — e ig. 1 2 Another Form ofToggl . is made in another rope by any method and the n toggle slipped into it . It is undone by slackeni g the ropes and putting the toggle through the eye ,

Fi . 1 32 end foremost . g is another form of toggle , the roun d piece of wood being shaped like a button . It has a hole in the centre , through which a rope is passed and the end knotted . 1 33 A fender (Fig. ) protects the sides of a boat

Fi 1 33 — ende on f g. F r Side o Boat . from being chafed and the paint or varnish rubbed off . Occasionally a fender is of wood which is ’ , slung over the boat s side by a lanyard reeved e t u e i through a hole in the nd ofi , b t mor often t R WORKING CO D A GE . 1 05 f is of canvas , stuf ed with oakum and painted . Fig 1 33 shows an easily made soft fender which does n ot need painting . Take a piece of Manilla rope double the length of the fender ; unlay it , open the strands , and comb them down until all the yarns lie straight double it and clap an eye it seizing on , marling it down as illustrated . A

- lanyard of small cords , such as log line , is then spliced into the eye . 4 ’ Fig. 1 3 shows a handsomer form of boat s “ ” fender . This is made of a centre or heart of

‘ rop eyarn worked over or grafted with short piec es

Fi 1 3 4 —F ith R g. . ender w opeyarn Heart . of rop eyarn called knittles or nettles this is a kind of weaving . The nettles are fi rst cut to the right length , and the middle part slightly twisted . They are then brought snugly round a

it . thimble , and a seizing put under The heart is put into its place and the nettles laid evenly ov e r it . Half of the nettles , taken alternately , are turned back over the eye , the rest lying down or the heart . Pass a turn two of twine or marline , fillin called the warp o r g, round the fender where

and it . the nettles separate , hitch The turned w n o bac k n ettles must no be brought dow , and th se that are down turned up over the eye . The warp

A WORKING COR D GE. 1 07

brought round the middle a few times , and

- fastened with a reef knot .

For stropping a block (Fig. 1 3 8) a grommet is neat , and a selvagee still neater , especially — r when leather covered . The block is fi st fi x ed in one bight , so that the lower part of the block sits A on the splice , if there is one . thimble is put into the other bight , and a seizing put on between the block and the thimble , each turn of which is b hove taut with a eaver . The turns are , lastly ,

Fi . crossed , and the ends knotted . g 1 38 shows the i work fin shed. S ometimes the stropping is made

— 38. t i a B c . Fig. 1 S ropp ng lo k

' by splicing the ends of a suitabl e l ength of rope together . 3 0 P ointing a rope ' is done partly to prevent it from untwisting , and partly to make it go more

Fi . 1 39 readily through a block or hole . g shows one m ethod . The rope is unlaid for the necessary length , the strands reduced gradually , and then fi n all laid up again . The ends are y whipfped with small twine . If necessary the end is stif ened by inserting a piece of stick . Sometimes a becket — that is , a piece of small line with an eye at the end— is put into the end and whipped over to 40 t i 1 39 . Fi . 1 secure i , as in F g. g gives a more " 1 08 K N O T TI N G A N D 5 1 c c ROPES A ND COR D A GE .

. fi elaborate method The rope is rst unlaid , and a stop put on it where the unlaid part begins . As many yarn s as are required are taken out and made into nettles by twisting together the two halves of different yarns . The remainder of the yarns is scraped down taper with a knife . Half of the nettles is turned back on the standing part of the rope , and the other half all owed to lie on the

1 4 Fig. 0.

F 1 39 ig. .

nd 1 4 —P i i a o Figs. 1 39 a 0 o nt ng R pe.

scraped part . Two or three turns of twine are hitched round the division of the two sets o f strands , and the nettles laid backwards and for wards , the weft being passed each time , as described in making the fender (Fig . The end usually is whipped and a seizing put on the l upper part , which is snaked , as il ustrated , by passing twine diagonally under and over the outer — turns of the seizing alternately that is , if it comes 0 W ORK ING COR D A GE . 1 9

e u er out over th pp turn , it will go under the b ottom one , under the top , and so on until it is

fi n ished.

i 1 4 1 is . An fi rst F g. part of a mainstay eye is made in the end , and a mouse the shape of a pear raised on the rope with spunyarn . Each turn o i ' the yarn is hove well taut with a large serving mallet , and beaten close . The eye and the rope as far as the mouse are wormed , parcelled , and served over ; the mouse and the part below it

(the tail) are parcelled with worn canvas , well tarred , and pointed over or grafted with small

— Fi . 1 41 g Mainstay.

m stuff . The ouse is covered with nettles , and their number diminished as they are worked into the smaller parts . B elow the pointing it is again served over .

Shear - legs are fastened together as indicated 4 fi rst Fi 1 2. in g . They are laid side by side , and a lashing of rope put roun d them . The ends of the lashing are carried one up and the other down — in to form a cross lashing , and are knotted the

. W e middle . This is called a P ortuguese knot h n the legs are separated , the knot becomes very secure . ’ A neat pair of yoke lines is made and fitted ih

Womm vc COR D AGE. 1 1 1

A B is next taken and passed round the end of , n B u hrou h then 0 rou d the end of , and p t g the ‘ ow loop formed in the fi rst instance with A . N

— i 1 43 . W F g. all Knot.

pull together evenly , but not to o tightly , and with

the three ends remaining work a crown (see Fig. A .where is crossed over the knot , then B A over , and c over B , and down through the loop A formed by . After pulling this crown together

4 —C w au Fig. 1 5 . ro n H led

Taut. — i . 44 F g 1 . Crow n.

4 h F . evenly , t e state shown by ig 1 5 is reached ; notice that the ends lie "snug against the strands l K et the wall knot fi rst formed . eeping each end 1 1 2 K NO T TI NG A N D SPL ICING R op Es A ND COR D A GE.

on the same side of its partner , let it follow the same round , using a steel pricker to open the way between the strands . The twine ends before

— i 46 . M F g. 1 anrope Knot. mentioned will now be found useful in coaxing these ends through their holes . When each end has followed its partner round the wall and crown , the ends which will come out at the neck of the knot may be cut off and the manrope knot (Fig.

— f e in 4 Poin tin End o Yo e. Fig. 1 1 g k L

1 46) will be completed . A red leather washer with serrated edge is “ usually pushed up to the kn ot as a

fi nish. K COR DA GE WOR ING . 1 1 3

The other end of the line should be pointed .

6 ih . To do this , unlay and fray out the of end , — then pick out the yarns nearest the edge that is , next the whipping— and make a number of 2- ply nettles by laying up these outer yarns , scraping them a little with a knife to make them taper slightly . There must be an even number of nettles , and suffi cient to lay close together all round the “ ” e heart , which is form d by scraping away the centre yarns to an even taper , then marling down tight with twine as seen at D (Fig. Half the and nettles must n ow be placed along the heart,

— Fi 1 48. ast ni n ff g. F e g o Yoke Line.

half and half back over the whipping, picking ‘ An n them out alternately . i diarubb er band is con venient to keep them in place while passing the “ — warp that is , two turns of twine hitched roun d the heart and those nettles lying along it . The nettles must now change places all that were placed back must go forward , and all that were along the heart must go back over the whipping , and the warp is again passed twice round and hitched ; this process is continued till

n . the point reaches the length of 2 i , or what e ev r length of point is required . Four times the H

1 1 Womm vc CORD A GE. 5

diameter of the rop e is a goo d rul e for this . To e offall th e fast n , e n ettle s are strok d down towards ' the e e en d e oun d the tap r d , and all tho s r which w arp was last pass ed are double d b ack as shown

Fi . 1 4 th e in g 8, three hitche d turns of e warp b ing ” pass e d through all the bite s or l oo p s of the e n ttl e s , which are then p ulle d down and cut off the hen with other n ettl e ends . The twin e stop is t

— in e-R 0 e ad h k Fi 1 5 2. de i Choc S g. S gl p L r W t .

take n off and a n e at Snake whipping put on in its

plac e . n e i ene a e nish A bu ting fring s g r lly add d as a fi , and this is ve ry e asily made by fraying out a piece

e red 4 in . e a in the of blu or bunting squar , and l y g e e e e e e e a i thr ads down tog th r nds v n , th n pl c ng e nough of the se r ound the yoke lin e to e ncircl e it f h 1 ia . om t a at about r e snake whipping. Pass number of turns of twin e round all n ear the c entre ' 1 x 6 s T TI G A D R om s A N D GE o N N SPLICING (30p .

he e of t bunting threads to form a little knob , th n stroke all the bunting threads towards the point

and put round all a n e at snake - thread whipping e h e e j ust b low t e knob . This will form a littl tass l ,

Fi . 1 4 e e e n e as shown in g 9, which r pr s nts o e yok ine e e Th e e . e e compl t d oth r is , of cours , mad in the same mann er e e A rop ladd r , owing to its portability , is for some purpo se s more suitable than one made of e wood , e sp ecially where the ladder is to b e haul d

e Fi . e e up wh n n ot in use . g 1 5 0 shows a rop ladd r — which is mad e of four strand rop e the rounds are

e i 1 5 1 . turn d out of oak to the form shown in F g. The groov e at the e nds is for the rec eption of the

Fi 1 5 3 —Toe h k for o e d g. . C oc R p Lad er.

e The e strands of the rop . rounds are rather mor

1 in . e e ar e 1 in . . than in diam t r , and e plac d 1 apart The strands are op en e d with a marline spike and the e e ee e e rounds ins rt d b etw n th m , two on ach sid e a sei zm g i s put on b elow each round a round h thimble is put into t e upp er bight , and an eye e e The e e s izing is clapp e d on b low it . low r nds are e e e e e a g n rally splic d tog th r, or thimble may e b e splic e d in , as at the upp er end, if it is inte nd d

to make the low er end fast .

Anothe r form of rop e ladder is shown in Fig.

1 2. 1 5 3 e e 5 A number of oak chocks (Fig. ) ar turn d ,

usua 5 in e e 5 in . ee lly about . in diam t r and d p , n e e h h bored to 1 i . diam t r with t e grain of t e wood ’

- - i 3 in e e . e this w ll take a . four strand d rop Splic C D A GE WORKING OR . I 1 7 an eye at on e end and seiz e in a thimble for the one th e l ashing ; put on of e wood n steps , flat side

1 5 4 — o e ad un s g . R p L der with R g .

upp ermo st towards the thimble and about 30 in . e ee down . Insert a strand of ratline stuff b tw n w the a d the wo s t o strands of rope, n with t end of

WOR KING CORD A GE. 1 1 9

1 2 in . At e e for the rungs with chalk , apart . v ry e e e e chalk mark , and round ach part of rop s parat ly , — put a sev en t urn whipping of tarred n ettle stuff N ow e the end (this is sold in hanks) . b gin at e en d e the n eare st the bight or low r , op n strands

Fi —Pi t dd g. 1 5 6 . lo La er.

with a fi d and spike abov e the seizings or whip e d pings , and push in a rung, taking car to avoi twisting the rop e by inserting the spike b etween

‘ th e h u s e two strands b e st situated . Wh n all t e r ng are the e in and ladd r hangs without much twist ,

t he op en parts of the strands may b e drawn to ‘ geth er with a marlin e spike and a pi ec e of sennit 0 T N D 1 2 K N O TH VG A N D SPLICING ROPES A COR D A GE. or by carefully using a screw cramp above the — rungs then a six turn s eizing of n ettl e stuff put tightly on above e ach of the rungs ke e p s them in e plac . The top rung should b e rathe r stouter h a e e than t e re st to allow deep r scor . Splice a

thimbl e into e ach end, and into each thimbl e a

e e e - r fathom of ight n ya n stuff for lashings . This e e e is a good ladd r to hang down cl ar , and is us d ’ e em ov r ships st s and from low er booms , the ' low er thimbl e b eing convenient for boat s ” painters . ’ To hang against a ship s side , wh ere room for the t oe e e the e e e proj cting ov r rung is n d d , a pilot

— Fi 1 5 7. ide Pi fPi g. S ece o lot Ladder.

Fi . 1 5 6 e ladder ( g ) is mor comfortable , but more

ilfi ul t e . The e are d c to mak st ps usually of teak ,

e - e mortis d into diamond shap d side piece s (see Fig .

8 in . ee in . e 1 5 7) about d p by 5 , with a score rasp d — out all round the edge s . About twenty three or

twenty - four of the s e ste p s will b e re quire d for a

- - f e e ee 2 . e e 25 t . ladd r , and ight n fathoms of é in thr e e strand e d rop e . Prepar by str tching w e ll as b e fore ; cut in two e qual parts and mark the middle on the e imm edi of e ach l ength . Plac e e of st ps ately over the marks and seiz e it tight in plac e by bringing the parts of rop e round the score on fthe e e e ach side to m ee t abov e . I n xt st p is on the e e place d on this seizing and so , compl t d ladde r is too stiff to roll up ; it is therefore K R D A WOR ING CO GE. I 2 1

e n e n ec essary to put two s izi gs b tween each step , e 2 ee e l aving about % in . of fr rop e b e tw en them . h e are e e th Wh en t e st p s thus seiz d in plac , e ends are e on e ach sid e made even , splice d togeth r , and

‘ e th fitt ed With thimbl s for e lashings . e h Mats are use d on board ship to prev nt c afing. In making wrought mats a piec e of small cord is stretche d tight horizontally at about the height of a man , and fasten ed at e ach en d. Across this ,

e e e e are e . hanging by th ir middl s , n ttl s plac d “ e e are e e e — ee Th s o ft n mad of fox s that is , thr

e - or more rop yarn s twiste d togeth er by hand , and each rubb ed down with tarred canvas or a

— F i . 1 5 8 Be innin g . g g Mat.

- B handful of rop e yarn . eginning with the n ettle e e the e e A Fi n ar st l ft hand , it is cro ss d as ( g. e e e e e th fi Anoth r n ttl is th n brought up clos to e rst , e he T e and cro ss d in t same way . h end B is then e e the 0 e pass d ov r strand , and push d to the back ; e e e e anoth r n ttl is th n brought forward , cro sse d as e e on e e the b for , and part of it put ov r part D , e Th and pr sse d back . e work is continue d this ufficien way , working diagonally until a s t width is

e F . e obtain d ( ig th n , as no more n ettl es are e he e e add d , and t outside n ttl on the right is e e e a e brought ov r from tim to tim , s lvage is forme d th e as on e l ft side . Take care not to twist each f e e e e the o the n ttl s tog th r at bottom , so that they

I VOR K H VG OR D A GE 1 2 C . 3

r e raise d , and the fi st set of n ettle s cons qu ently “ ” e i e rais d with t . What w eave rs call a sh d is e — enl n e e the thus form d that is , an op g b twe n two — s ets of n e ttle s and along it the weft or filling is

- pass e d by means of a n etting n ee dle (see p . The fi llin g is drive n we ll hom e with a flat pi ec e of ”

e e h . wood , tap r d towards t e edge , called a sword The fi rst set of n ettl e s is now allowe d to dro p , the and se cond set drawn up with the other fi ddl e . ~The filling is pass ed again and drive n home as

F 1 5 9 - Mat Makin ig. . g.

b e fore . The w o rk is thus continued until the r e is e u se the e h fi n no long r room to sword , wh n t e lli g

’ a must b e worke d hom e with pricker . When the h fillin e ff mat is long enough , t e g is faste n d o , e and the mat is compl ete . Th se mats may b e thrummed in the same mann er as the wrought mats A softe r kind of mat is made on a foundati on e of canvas or duck , which is v ry suitabl e for the

st ern - sh e e ts of a boat or any oth er similar pur The e the pos e. mat rial is cut to right size and 1 2 K N O T TI N G A N D 4 SPLICING ROPES A N D COR D A GE.

e a e the fold d short distanc from edge . A hole is made n ear the selvage .With a pricker and a thrum inserted another hole is then made a short e the fi rst e distanc from and anoth r thrum put 1 D , “ the and so on until row is complete d . R ow afte r row e the s is thus work d until mat is fi n i hed. Oi e the e e e the o cours hol s , and cons qu ntly thrums , g he through both parts of t material . Wh en the e e e n hed canvas is pull d straight aft r ach row is fi is , the thrums are held securely without any othe r fastening. W e e h n a patt rn is to b e worked on the mat , the de sign must fi rst b e drawn on the m at erial in p encil and the canvas folde d accordingly ; every fold produc e s two rows of thrums . White duck thrumme d with piece s o f cotton rop e mak e s ve ry

e - s nic , clean looking mats for boat u e , and as th ey wash w ell they can always b e ke pt in goo d ord e r .

Th e se mats , with a stout canvas or sacking foun dation , thrumme d with piece s of untarre d h emp

e e e e - rop , serv v ry w ll for door mats , though , of

e . course , th y will not last as long as wrought mats V ery ornamental mats are made somewhat afte r v the same mann er as tho se just de scrib e d . An e b e e suitable mat rial , of any colour , can us d for h the e b e t e foundation , on which patt rn must The e the e n e de drawn . mat is fold d along lin i t n d e a the to b e work d , and common pencil laid along e ridge of the fold . The worste d or oth r mate rial use d is thre aded in a large n eedl e , and worke d he e the ov e r and ov e r t p ncil , thus forming, wh e n a e e he p encil is withdrawn , s ri s of loops on t e b e e foundation . Any patt rn can thus work d , provided always that it consists of straight line s . I t might b e possible to form curved lin e s by work e the fi rst fi n er h ing the loop s ov r g of t e left hand , moving the finger after each loop . CHAPTER I X .

HAMMOCK MAK IN G.

THI S chapter will d e scrib e the n etting and slinging

of hammocks . Hammock making n e quire s a n etting n ee dle of on e th I t e e 0 1 61 . o f shap s shown by Figs . 1 6 and

— Fi . 1 6 ttin N eed e. g 0. Ne g l

1 b e 1 - e e e in . e may mad from a pi c of T 6 p arwood , e e n b ch , or boxwood about 8 i . long by in . wid e . ee h In n dles as shown by Fig. 1 6 1 t e cord is wound e llin round as wh n fi g an ordinary shuttl e , and for

— F i 1 61 . ttin N ed e. g; ‘ Ne g e l

Fi 1 60 th n th n d A g. e cord is brought rou d e e at one e th h up sid , round e pin at B , and back t e e e the e sam sid , proc ss b eing rep eated on the other side of the n ee dle

Fi 1 F g. 62. ig. 1 63 . — i s. 1 62 an 1 6 s i k F g d 3 Me h S t c .

A me sh stick (Fig. 1 62) is made of hardwood

‘

o r bon e about 5 in . long and of an oval shape

Fi . 1 63 b e in . n e . ( g ) it may about }5 by i i . in s ction At one end of the string to b e use d for the n et tie l o o A Fi a p ( g. and place the knot on a

1 2 H AM M OCK M A K I N G. 7

To continue the n etting the stick is withdrawn

' the ee e and placed unde r A (Fig. and n dl is

e F . 65 th n pass e d und e r the stick as in ig 1 , and B F the brought through the loop ( ig. and 1 66 e e e proce ss shown by Fig. is r p at d to form anothe r m e sh , this b eing continu ed to make a

- ft Fi . chain of me she s , say forty five or fi y ( g suffi cient for the width of the hammock; The loop 1 64 1 65 1 6 8 fi rst e A (Figs . , , and ) that was ti d is e the n unti d, and it will then b e found that all the me she s are e qual in size .

Fi — cond ta e in Meshin g. 1 66. Se S g g.

N ex t the chain is op en e d out at right angl e s to t he Fi . lin e in which it was mad e , as shown by g 1 69 e , and working across is b gun by making a nd o u e s A Fi . e B C a m h at ( g th n at , , so , until the length of the fi rst lot of m e sh e s has b een e e e r ach d , whe n the n et is turn e d over and anoth r row of me she s work e d until the one und e r A has b ee n re ache d ; then the n et is turn ed again and

o e r o n . an th r ow worke d , and so ' R I 28 s o T TI N G AN D SPu cu vc ROPES A N D CO D A GE.

66 The m e sh e s are work e d as shown by Fig. 1 , u e e b t at first , to ensure uniformity , it will b w ll to F e th E i . 9 e put e loops D , , F , and G ( g 1 6 ) s parat ly on the hook or nail as the m e she s und e r th e m are be made , but after a little practic e a cord may e e e re ev e d through the top lin e of m sh s , ti d into a e e the e e e the loop , and pass d ov r kn e and th n ov r

h e e . foot , as t e work progr ss s

Th ere are three ways of forming the e nds.

i 1 — — F . 67 Third ta e Fi . 1 68 hain f g S g g . C o ofMeshin Meshes g. .

An ash stick may b e use d at each end to which the n e d me she s are loop e d and tied , and a pi e ce of codlin e may b e passe d through the side m e she s on e ach side and attache d to the ends of the h sticks . At e ach end a stout cord is secure d to t e stick in the form of a triangle for hanging the Th e hammock . e s cond plan is to tie a numb er of cords together by doubling them in the c entre e th and forming a loop , and ach of e fre e e nds , ” e e known as n ttl s , is attache d to on e of the T me sh e s of the n et . he third and p erhap s the A M A 2 H M M OCK 1m m . 1 9 b est plan is to r eeve a cord about the siz e of a little fi nger through the en d m e she s an d splice it the e F i 1 70. into form of a gromm t as shown by g. A thimbl e A I S fix ed in the end to which the

i Fi . 1 70. F g. 1 69 . g — i 1 s Fi 1 70. F g. 69. Beginn ing ofCros N etting. g.

H ammock Clew .

he supp orting cords are attached , and t cords which are ree ve d through the sid e m e she s are splice d h e e are e into t e eye B at C . Wh n th se clews us d the n et must b e longer than for the sticks or n ettl e s .

R A F F L D G 1 1 L A SH INGS A N D TI ES F O SC O I N . 3

b e b e about six yards , and it must so put on that each turn of the lash ing take s its share in the support . To this en d the tackle supporting the l edge r must not b e re l ease d until the e e e e lashing is compl t d , oth rwis t he fi rst turn s will be subj ecte d to undue strain . 1 1 the Fig. 7 shows lashing of a l e dge r to a pole ; if chain is us ed a f e e e e di fer nt m thod is n c ssary , and

i 2. it is lashe d as in F g. 1 7 b e e Putlogs should squar , or at any rate flat on the upper and lowe r e e sid s , to pr ev nt any chanc e of roll n e i g, one e n d b eing squar d down in size to e nter the building in the e h e plac e of a he ad r bric k , t e oth r e nd b eing lashe d down to the le dge r T Fi . h as in g 1 73 . e planks forming the stage are not lashe d to the put e logs , and the re is great dang r in allowing the m to proj ect at one or o e b th nds . e ar e l Pol s e gen ra ly about 30 ft . long, and for high buildings it is ne c e ssary to le ngthe n them by lash in e e g on an xtra pol . The safe st plan is to lash a half pole to the low er part of the fi rst ere cte d this re sting on the ground will form a the e footing, upon upp r e n d of which the e e e l l ngth ning pol wil stand , b eing k e pt in position by three se Fi plain lashings ( e g. Should the e e e b e l ngth ning pol only light , and a footing not b e considere d e e n c ssary , a chain racking should b e put on b e side s two rop e lash ings . ‘ 1 3 2 s o 7 7 q A N D b PL l cuvc K OPES A N D COR D A GE. f I t is usual to w e dge scaf old lashings tight , and , e are e e provide d the w edg s w ll shap d , it is a con venient way of tight ening the work after change

- e e e are ofwe athe r . Badly shap d w dg s apt to cut the rope and sometimes work out .

— i . l in in P ank F g 1 75 . S g g l for use as S tage .

Stage s for painting, or small r epairs on a build in b e e g, may quickly rigged up by slinging ach h en d of a plank on t e bight of a rop e . F or this

e e e . 4 0 make a marlin spik hitch (s e Fig , p . an d l et the end of the plank take the po sition

— ’ i 1 6 . B a F g. 7 o tswain s Chair. there occupie d by the marlin e spike ; the doubl e part will b e b elow and the single part above the

e - e plank (see Fig. For singl hand d work a ’ boatswain s chair , of which an illustration is given 6 e e by Fig. 1 7 , is conv ni nt . CHAPTER XI .

sp m cm e AN D socx nr m e WIRE R OPES.

WI R E rop e s are now use d to such an extent , and e e the in such a variety of ways , that a knowl dg of b e st m ethods of handling them cannot fail to b e use ful to the many thousands who are brought in e e daily contact with them . Ah endeavour will h re b mad e to giv e such cle ar and simple instructions as ' e e e e e e e e will nabl r ad rs , with practic , to x cut any

e . j ob in conn ection with the splicing o f. wir e rop s ' he e r T us s that wire rop e s a e now put to , and the e r ways and occupations th y a e employe d in , are e so various , that it is almost a n ec ssity for a m an to b e e ngage d in the ir manufacture to have a thorough knowl edge of the different m e thods of

i e . e handl ng th m For instanc , it would b e j ust as e e con sist nt to exp ct a sailor , used only to eye e splicing, to go to a colli ry and put a long splic e h e into a rop e , to withstand t e enormous str ss b e e e th e re applied , as it would to xp ct a colliery e th e man to go aboard ship to splic e mainbrac , or

any othe r brac e .

- N ow Fig. 1 77 is a sketch plan of an e ndle ss ban d rop e , such as may b e seen at many collierie s A th i in Great B ritain . is e driv ng sh eav e on the e ngin e at bank , round which the rop e passe s thre e

or four time s , and l eads off to the ove rhe ad pul e e h l ey B . Th n it go s down t e shaft , p e rhaps a

‘ e e e e e the e v ry consid rabl distanc , und r pull y c , D e e e he e and so on to , wh nc it pass s round t tight n n e E m e e i g sh av e , which is ovabl and contriv d with t ee the e w eigh s to k p rop always tight , and so pre v ent surging round the pulley s and she ave s and

con sequ ent lo ss of pow er . The rop e then passe s

A N D TI N G PES 1 SPLICING SOCKE WIRE R O . 35

' and chise l or twist the wire s off o n e or two at a

e e e . time , which mak s a much n at r job A n ey e splice may b e mad e in tw o different ” — e e — ways nam ly , l ft hande d or over and under — , , and right hande d .

L e - e e e ft hand d splicing is undoubt dly strong r , he — e e tuck for tuck , than t right hand d m thod , for the bite on the strands is greate r an d the fric tion al e h adh sion is more acute . T e strands and e s are e nd practically plait d , and con se quently e e e lock d tog th r , and , no matte r how the rop e nu e the e lays its lf , splic is immovabl e . A splice like

F 1 r i ig. 78. Marrying 8. Wi e R Ope Spl ce.

e e e i re thi s should b e put into v ry cran e rop , for qu e ntly the load when lifte d from the ground spins e round and unlays the rop e to a c rtain e xtent . — e the e b e u e I n right hand d splicing, nds to t ck d are simply laid seve ral time s round o n e strand e e e e ach , and off r no r sistanc to any such unlaying

e e - e e e e pro ce ss . How v r , a right hand d splic is asi r e r an d n e ate r to make , and the se splic s a e b eco m e e e a e ing g n e ral , som splic rs m king it a rul to put

e - a lock in by tucking the ends once l ft hande d . — A right hande d splice is strong enough for mo st

— - s s but if e e s e s ordinary purpo e , a l ft hand d plic i D R D E I 3 6 K NOTTING A N D Sp u cuvc ROPES A N CO A G .

tucked three times and put on a te sting machin e , it woul d bre ak the rop e b efore it would draw out ; — n e e e e e whe re as , if a right ha d d splic w r tuck d h t thr ee times and put to t e same te st , i would pull

e e i h - e e out . How v r , i t e right hand d splic , instead _ of b e ing tucked thre e tim e s w ere tucke d eight e b e times , it would stand any str ss that could put e e suffi ci nt on it ; in fact , six tim s through is quit e

for ordinary purpose s . — The following is the method of right handed

— Fi 1 79. M h f r in i r g. et od o Se v g W e R ope.

splicing. First fasten up the rop e en d from the e e e Vic to any conv ni nt column or hook , and mark th en d A F e i . o ff from , as at ( g the l ength for th e e b e 1 ft . ft splic , which will from % to 6 . , accord in th e e e 2 ft . n d g to siz of rop ; say of e for 2 in .

e . Me cir . rop asure with a string roun d the groove the e e of thimbl , and transf r the l ength to the

e A B . rop , marking it as at To put a se izing on “ ” th e th e e e Fi . n ck of splic , as in g 1 80, add

6 in . 8 in . the e f e or to l ngth o rop to b e se rve d . N ow e — tak a narrow strip of parcelling that is , A N D S K 7' 1 SPLICING OC E c WIRE R OPES . 37

— thin bagging and bind it n e atly round the rop e from A to B (Fig. The rule is : Worm and th parce l With e lay , but serve the rop e the othe r

N e x t e - . D way tak e a s rving mall e t (Fig. with e a bobbin full of spunyarn upon it , and , b ginning e he B e e t e A . t at , s rv ov r parc lling to Cu off and e the en d h mak fast of spunyarn , wh en t e work d will b e re a y for turning in the thimble . A chalk mark midway b etw e en A and B will se rv e as a

— — - W r . . rt n h 1 . i e e Fig 1 80 Pa ly fi is ed Fig. 1 8 re Rop ady

i e for icin . Spl c . Spl g

e the e guid e in g tting in thimbl straight . N ext bring the en d of the rop e round on the double to

A e . form a loop , with and B exactly l vel Op en the e uffi ientl e vic s c y to take in that loop , ins rt the e e ‘ thimbl , taking car e to have it xactly straight , e t he e and scr w up vic as tightly as possibl e . Secur ely fasten the rop e and thimble together at “ ” e th the n e ck A (Fig. wh n e rop e should e app ear as there illustrated . Fasten it in the vic

D TI N WI R E R OPES 1 Sp u cuvc A N SOCKE G . 39

e h e plac e as in the fi rst tuck . I ns rt t e n ext n are st

end e e . Oi , stran d two , and work in snug as b for th e e thr e e strands the spike has just b en through , take the o n e n e are st to the l eft; and driv e the spike in so as to make the point come out at the)

e . same op ening as b efor tuck in N o 3 strand , and

e Fi . 1 83 ee that will mak , as in g , thr strand ends h e nte rin g into t e sam e op ening in the rop e , but

e e e e e . e coming out b tw n diff r nt strands Aft r this ,

— F i 1 83 i h - handed i e al l E ds ucked Once. g , R g t Spl c , n T

simply kee p on taking the n ext strand an d the e en h e the n xt d, fol lowing round to t e l ft, till all e re e e n d u nds a tucke d onc , wh n an e will come o t

b etween each pair of strands . e e e e The re st is e asy . M r ly k ep on rep ating the

op e ration , with strand and en d, until the splic e is

e e . Fi 0 long nough and strong nough As g. 1 8 shows , the fi e afte r rst set of tucks , it is only a cas of each

e n d twisting and re - twisting round its own partica

ar all the wa u . I t e e e l strand , y p m r ly thick ns N A N on ‘ s A N 1 4 0 K N O T TI G D SPLICING R D CORD A GE .

the ar - the strands . Afte r ends e tucked three or e e e four tim e s , it will mak a n at r splic e if the ends are split and the splice is tap e re d at the fin ish by o n e — e n d l e aving b ehind half of ach e , whil e the e e e e e oth r half is tuck d onc or twic mor . Having e t e fi n ishe d the tucking, tak h splic e down from the e vic e , cut off all strand nds quite close , and ham A m er all down snugly . t the n eck put on the

— - Fi . 1 4 e t handed ic r g 8 . L f Spl e, Fi st Tuck.

e e e e s izing , if any , parc l and serve , and the

- e e e - right hand d y splic e is complete .

Se e e e e - e izing wir is r ally a s v n wir strand , made

- e N o . 8 1 N o . 1 9 of soft wir , about or gauge . I t i s put on a splice for the double purpos e of strengthe ning the splic e and rendering it e asier e a e e e h to tak w ak or brok n thimbl out of t e eye , e e to b e r plac d by a stronger on e . I t is simply the e the e bound tightly round two rop s at n ck , and the end the e is brought up and round middl twice,

o r r ce e e e s A Fi . th i and mad s cur , a at ( g SPL I H V 1 1 C G A N D SOCKETING WIRE ROPES . 4

L eft- hande d eye- splicing should b e compara tively e asy if the prece ding instruction s on right

- handed eye splicing hav e b ee n carefully follow e d . e e Although it is not ssential , it make s a n e at r and a close r splic e if a slightly different me thod of I n starting is adopte d . splicing a thimbl e into a

- cran e rop e or a trawl warp , two rop e s in which it — e is very advisable to put l eft hand d spl ic e s , it is

— Fi . 1 85 - lic l . e handed a l En k g L ft Sp e, ds Tuc ed Once.

e h unusual to put any s izing on t e n eck ; inste ad , the e e rop is splic d right down to the thimble . Se rve sufficient rop e to go round the thimble only e suffi ien en d h l aving out c t for t e splice . Turn in e e he an d scr w up v ry tight in t vic e , mak e fast at the e e n ck , as b e fore d scrib e d , fasten the rop e up the e e with thimbl hanging downwards , an d op n the e out nds . Diffe rent splic e rs have difi erent ways of start in e : g , but a v ry good method is as follows Turn

S N A N D SoCK E7‘c W1 1 1 }; R OPES 1 PLICI G . 4 3

Long- splicing is undoubte dly the mo st impor

tant form of splicing. By its use two pie c e s of e b e e rop may e join d tog the r , or a rop e may b e e e e e mad ndl ss , without incr asing its thickn e ss at the e . I n splic fact , non e but a practise d ey e can

e n e e e - disc r wh r a w ll made splice is , afte r it has e e e set b n mad and running, as all end s are com l etel p y hidd en . Ability to splic e we ll in this style commands many good j obs at collieri e s in this S country and in outh African min es .

Of e - cours , in long splicing, as in many oth er difi erent m en e e e f e . u things , hav di f r nt styl s S p e e e e e po s , for xampl , a colli ry hauling rop is to be

splic e d , and that it works endl e ss from a hauling e e e ngin e to a t rminal return pull y , mounte d on the t e nsion bogie ; suppose also that the rop e has e e n h e h b n put i position , with t e ends l ft at t e

e . most conveni nt plac e ready for splicing. I f6 0 ft

' n d h e e of e is availabl e for t e splic , d cide on t hat e e 4 0 f l ngth , and , m asuring about t . from e ach end the e h , make rop fast to t e rails at one side , h e and at t e oth r sid e fix a block and tackle , and haul in ev ery bit of slack lying on the hauling h h e e road , taking e sp ecial care t at t e t nsion bogi is pull e d right up to the top of the te nsion “ ” s e ways . This is a very important con id ration , u h e the b ecause ii , thro gh t e rop stretching, ten sion pull ey got down to its limit b efore the rop e was

‘ w e e te t the e worn out , it ould n c ssita cut ing rop and the making a n ew splice , or opening out old splic e

an d re - splicing the re again after shortening the

rop e . e ffi Where practicable , have the t nsion of a su cient l ength that by the time it gets its limit _to th e re is suffi cient l ength of rop e to mak e a n ew

n b e . splic e , in case the old o e is found to giving way

Som e rop e s stretch more than others in working, and it is diffi cult to say accurate ly how much p er e e e the c e nt . a rop e Will str tch , as much d p nds on e e the e w ay the rop e has b een made . How v r , larg r 1 K M ) TTI N G A N D Sp u cuvc 4 4 ROPES A N D COR D A GE. the h emp e n core inside the rop e or the shorter the th m lay or spiral twist e ore the stre tch . I t e e e e is wis , th r for , When splicing a n ew rope n ev e r e to giv any slack away . ot the e e e Having g rop haul d as tight as possibl , e e e 30 f t . e car fully m asur from e ach e n d of the rop , e e tie and th r a strong whipping. I t i s important that the s e whippings should b e put on e ach rope at a distanc e Which shall ensure that the y will e asily come quite up to e ach othe r wh en the two e are e t e e . N e h nds j oin d og th r xt , take t e whip pings off the extreme ends of rop e and op en out the strands . Some splice rs do this in pairs othe rs e the e e simply halv rop , op ning it out in two

e e . bunch s of thr e strands e ach A b ett er way , e n e consid ri g laying th m in again , is to op en out on e e strand , th n miss o n e and op e n out the n ext e to that , th n miss anoth er and tak e the n ext on e again . Th ere are now three singl e strands op en e d out th e 30ft . the ee to Whipping at from en d, and b etw n e e e ach of th se strands there is on e strand unopen d . b e e This work must e don e at ach e n d of the rop , e of course . Taking th se two bunche s of three um e e e the op n d strands , cut th m off about 6 in . from whipping and throw them on on e side . O p en out h t e 6 in . ee 30 t f. , obtaining thr strands long, and e ee in the b tw n e ach pair is a strand 6 . long, with same l ength of core proj ecting through the centre

e J the e e e Fi . of the rop . oin two nds tog th r as in g e e the 1 78 (p . taking care in v ry case to have strands plac e d so that a long strand will fall in e n wh r e a short o e come s out , and at the sam e time pull out b etw e en the strands the two short pi ece s B e of core A . Plac e help rs on e ach side to pull on the tu e long strands , as in a g of war , and aft r cutting the two Whippings 0 get the h elp e rs t o pull e e the es are in opposit dir ctions , until two rop e th r jamm e d clo s e up to each oth r , with e st ands ready to fall naturally into the lay of the rop e . f e the e I this is not don e prop rly , or if rop is D IV R 1 SPLICING A N SOCKETING / E ROP ES . 4 5

e h e allow d to slip back , t e app ar anc e of the fi nished splice Will b e spoil e d by an unsightly long place in the lay . N ext clamp or s ecure ly tie the thre e long strands at on e side e e to th rop e , and proc e d to lay the othe r thre e long strands into place . Se lect a long strand and the n e e short o e that touch s it , op n he he out t short strand , and lay t e long o n e in its plac e . K ep on 5 ft doin g that until all but . of the long strand has b een laid in ; th en stop and lock these two strands toge ther by crossing them , so that the y will not op en

N ow e e 5 ft . out . m asur back on the strand just op ene d out and

he e 5 ft . cut t r st off , as only will e b e n e eded on e ach en d. O p n e the out anoth r short strand , at sam e time laying in a long one ,

h e 1 5 it . to t e l ngth of only , and the n ext long strand must be laid w e h in just 5 ft . N o rel ase t e other three strands made fast to the e e he rope , and tr at th m in t sam e way , laying in a long strand

Wh ere a short one is taken out . h ft . Make all t e e nds 5 long, put tin g a small whipping on e ach be fore cutting to prevent op ening e out , wh n the splic e will b e as in

Fi 1 86 . g . There are n ow tw elve strand i 1 86 . F g.

e 5 ft . on ice nds , long, which must L g Spl , b e work e d into the inside al l Ends r eady

for Tuckin . of the rop e and compl ete ly g hidd en ; but be fore this some

1 Sp u cu vc A N D SOCKETING WIRE ROP ES . 4 7

tucking spike and drive it through the st rands ’ 1 and the n ext on e with the point coming out

- th e and cov ering strand 1 . Twist e spik round he he e e in t lay of t rop , and , of cours , towards the original joint B in the splice ; but so manipulate ” e the spike , or tuck r, that strand 1 will fall into the inside of the rop e immediately the worker

C Fi . starts to twist , as at ( g When working a strand fr om the o utside to the ' e e e in sid of a rop e it should b don short , sharp ,

e . b an d at onc Good joints must e made short , for th e n the twists in the strands so unite with one anoth er as to make it app ear as though the y w ere

bl ended into one strand . “ The partn er strand to the one j ust worke d i n

— ~ Fi . 1 88. H alfr un g o d Top Swage.

’ — 1 — that is , strand must n ext b e tucke d out of e sight , but b e for that can b e don e it will b e n e c e ssary to conside r that if the Wire s in the strand are spun or twiste d in the oppo site direc “ ” the e tion , to that in which rop is laid or e e clo s d , th n an ordinary rop e is forme d . But if the wire s and the strands are both twiste d in the same dire ction the re is form ed a make of rop e “ ” “ ” com monly calle d a Langs or Alb e rt laid ro p e .

In Figs . 1 79 to 1 85 ordinary rop e s are illus trated 1 7 1 L . 8 86 1 87 e , but in Figs , , and angs rop s are shown . In an ordinary rop e the strands are tucke d the e e e the into insid , sid by sid at joint , which is “ ” t kn own as a fla j oint , while in the case of a 1 8 K N O T TI N G A N D p u u v 4 S c c ROPES A N D COR D A GE .

Langs rop e the strands are cro s se d ov er e ach e he oth r at t j oint , and this is known as a round

j oint . Fi 1 g. 87 also illustrate s a good way to place ’ the spikes to work in strand 1 and mak e a round

— Fi . 1 89 ir m g . W e Rope Cla p .

. E e joint ach spik is driven through tw o strands , A h e i and , as shown , is t e l ad ng spike which tucks the e e strand into its plac , while B is us d simply to combin e with A in making the joint and forcing ’ the strand 1 into the c entre of the rop e . This is e ffecte d by placing the strand b etwe en the points of the two spike s and twisting them up in oppo sit e I h directions . ft e spike A is twiste d up towards the e e e work r , and spik e B in the oppo sit dir ction , the obvious result is that the points of the two ' e e 1 spik s com down , and simply crush strand into the h e e o e c entre o f t e rop . Th n g on twisting spik

Fi — ink ock t e . g . 1 90. L S

h e b e e A along t e lay , and spik B can pull d out as

soon as the worke r ge ts away from the joint . I f e e are e e e th s j oints clos ly and n atly mad , h the e ach in its own way , t e two strands forming ’ - j oint knit i nto each oth e r s lay o r twist , and will A N D SOCK E TI VG I P 1 SPLICING J W RE RO ES . 4 9 be e e scarc ly notic able . The above op eration m e e e e r ust , of cours , b r p ate d until all the e nds a e e the e tuck d into inside ofthe rope . Tuck th m

e e Fi . 1 1 2 in as numb r d in g 86 , namely , , e and so o u . B v e ry particular in see ing that the

Fi 1 92 g. .

— Fi 1 91 . id Vi o k - k t g . e e of c et . Fi 2 c e S w S g. 1 9 . S o n Ope ed Out. e e e nds xactly butt ach other , or a lump re sults the e e h e on splic ; if th y do not butt , t e out r e the e r strands will sink in . Wh n all nds a e pro e e the e p rly tuck d , long splic is practically com l ed ff p et , but it will improve matters to round o ' — all j oints and un ev en plac e s with a half round

- e th e the e . top swag , about e same diam ter as rop About all the tools n ec essary for long splicing one are two flat spike s or tuckers and on e round ,

1 n . e se e ach say 8 i long, a sledg and t for cutting h e e t e rop and strands , a hand hamm r for driving he e e in t spik s , a strong pair of cutting pli rs and

— Fi 1 93 ocket in Wire o e. g. . S R p

e e e e the top s wage (Fig. A v ry us ful wir rop

1 89 . clamp is shown i n Fig. I n addition to the method of fitting attach al m ents to wire rop e s by m ean s of splicing, as e e e the r eady de scrib ed in this chapt r , th r is

Sp u cm o A N D SOCA' E TI N G WIRE £01 9 5 5 : 1 5 1

. e a e e e r pl cing th m corr ctly , both sock t and hoops shou l d b e pop - marke d with a c entre - p unCh as show n . The m ethod of preparing the wire rope for thes e sock ets is the sam e whe ther hoops or riv ets e e he are us d . First put a strong wir whipping on t

— Fi . 5 Pre ln B u n Wir o End. g 1 9 . par g lb o e R pe rop e at about the l ength of the socket from the — h e h ‘ e e rop e end. U ntwist t e wir s of t e part l ft ov r e and s traight n them out (se e Fig. th en be nd on e e e h them sharply back , or two at a tim , ov r t e I whip ping and ove r the rop e . fthe rop e has a h e e h e wire core in t e c ntr , t e wir s forming it should b e b ent back the same as the outside wire s ; but if the core is of hemp, it must be cut off close to e e e the Whipping . Aft r hamm ring snug and clos , all e e e e b e e e e th s wir s hav to cut to a diff r nt l ngth , so as to form a tap e re d bulb corresponding to h he e u he t e tap e re d cavity inside t sock t . C t t longe st wire s an inch or two shorter than the

e h th e m easur1 n A i . l ngt of e sock t , g from to B (F g and gradually make the othe r wire s shorte r and shorte r all the way towards the e n d. The se

F — i . 1 96 . in ish d B u W n g F e lb on i re Rope E d. wir e s must n o w b e tightly and closely se rv e d with

C e e - th e soft opp r wir or spun yarn , using e s rving e e e e mall t alr ady d scrib d in this chapte r . For

- e the e common work spun yarn is us d , and for b st class of work soft copp e r w ire n e h l b nding back t e wire s , care must b e taken 1 2 K N O T T/N A N [8 9 15 5 A 5 c D SPLICING 01 N D COR D A GE. to e nsur e th eir b eing b ent e qually all round the rop e an d not m erely at the top an d bottom or on one e The e sid only . obj ct is to form on the end of the rop e a bulb which will compl et ely fill the

e the e t . the e cavity insid sock To do this , op rator

— - Fi l 97 . Set hamm e for i hten in g r T g g H oops.

should work with the close d socket b e side him and take the m easurem ent of the inside of the sock et

at both e nds with a pair of inside callip e rs , and the siz e of the bulb as it progre sse s with outsid e h e e the . T callip rs , comparing two e sock t may e e e e e hav e b e n made rath r larg insid , in which cas it will b e n ec e ssary to put on two or more lay e rs

of se rving to bring the bulb to the re quire d siz e . T e 1 96 . h The rop e should then app ear as in Fig. — eye of the sock et must now b e made re d hot .

F ig . 1 98

- 1 99. o id ockets w ith osed Ends Figs 1 98and S l S Cl .

0001 down all but the extreme back of the eye A Fi 1 92 the e O e ( g . ) by application of wat r , and p n the sock et out sufficiently to allow of the bulb L e he en d the b eing pushe d into plac e . t t of bulb 1 he come just to the shoulder A (Fig. 93) of t P A N D S O P ES 1 S LICING OCKETING WIRE R . 5 3

e e the e he sock t ; th n hamm er sock t on t anvil , or e the scr w it up in vic e , until it is as clo s e as it

o . 0 1 e will g 0 0 it down and drive in the riv ts , n e e l i e clinchi g th m w l , with a b g strong h ad on

— Fi 200. P1an of id ock t th n g. Sol S e Wi Open E d. e e e h ach sid , for which purpo s t e hole s must b e

“ e e h w ll count rsunk . T e rivets should b e made of e e good riv ting iron or of mild st el . A prop erly

fil - l ed e e fi nished in . sock t should show , wh n , a fi O p ening b etwee n the jaws down its full l e ngth on both side s (see Figs 1 93 and which would prove that the socket was prop erly gripping the bulb .

W e fi ttin e e fi rst - h n g a hoop d sock t , pop mark the e e e h e parts , th n r mov t e hoops and thr ad them

Fig. 201

R1 . 202 g .

i s 201 and 202— E i F g . . levat ons ofTwo Forms ofS olid ocke s ith O en E S t w p nds.

the e th on to rop , e smalle st fi rst and the othe rs e e are thus easil e e e in ord r ; th y ’ y r turn d to th ir

- e e . the are e prop r plac s As soon as hoops r place d , the socket should b e taken out of the vic e and held

p 1 S u cu vc A N D SOCKETING WIRE ROP ES . 5 5

so that it is impossibl e for the bulb to pull through e if prop rly mad e . F e e r e n ow lat Wir rop s , which a e not much us d , e b e e e e b e also hav to sock t d , as th y cannot in splic ed . Ther e are various methods of fi x g fi at e e the the ro p sock ts , varying with strain and

— i . 205 ocket F g . S Cr amp .

conditions under which they work . The most usual method is to b end the wire ends back e qually on both side s to make the bulb fit the in e th sid of e socket , and to secure with a lib e ral

e see Fi . e supply of riv ts ( g For strong r work ,

the e - en d e e e rop , aft r b ing cut off squar , is b ent the e he e round shackl pin , and t sock t made to grip th n th e e rml both e rop e and its e d, e whol b ing fi y se cure d by means of strong iron clamps and bolts

see 204 I n e , e the ( Figs . and ord r to driv riv ets through the compre ssed rop e afte r the e e e e e e he sock t is tight n d , it is n c ssary to mak t way easy for them by driving in tap e red spike s of the ’

s e i s 20 207. e e e e hap shown by F g . 6 and Th s r quir a hol e in the en d to take the en d of a stout

2 Fig. 07 .

— ' F — i i 2 . ivetin 08 et . Figs. 206 and 207. R g g. R v ik Sp es.

m e e the e arlin spik , for purpos of Withdrawing; e m b e e o i ' them from the hole . Th y ust mad mild ee st l . 208 The b e st form of rivet is shown by Fig. ; it must b e made longe r than the diameter of the

s e o the e e . ock t , to all w for clinching oth r h ad I N D E

A e t i d R o e 1 47 h in sh i n s for Po es and lb r La p , C a La g l Arm G s e s 97 ed e s 1 31 a k t , L g r , ’ Artifi ci a E n R o e End 98 Ch i o s i n s 1 32 l y e o p , a r , B at wa , ’ A i 4 Ch e n o 24 rt ll e ry m an s R in g Kno t , 9 ck K t , Ch o fo R o dde s 1 1 6 ck s r p e La r , n d D i i n R o e 1 33 m i e R o e 1 48 Ba r v g p , la p , W r p , e e 1 07 e el in 1 03 B ck t , l at , B ay g , e i n 1 03 Cl e s mm o 1 28 B lay g , w , Ha ck , e 1 03 i 37 Cl at , Sa l , i h 32 47 P 1 n 1 03 Cl o v e tc , , ’ H , e i n e s no 88 Co o n i e R o e 1 0 B ll r g r K t , c a u t F br p , nd 1 0 Co i R o e 1 0 B e , r p , h o en i n 5 2 Co i e n d R o e 1 33 S rt g , ll ry Ba p , en di n R o e to oo 38 Co d e o i n 96—1 24 B g p L p , r ag W rk g, en ds 34—42 Co on o es 1 0 B , tt p , i i n 93 essem e ee i e R o e e p g , p , f l c B r St l W r Sa ’ S o d o u 1 2 C e s E e n o 27 L a , rabb r y K t , B i l i f C m o e 1 5 5 g 1 R o e D efi nition o , ra p , ck t , p , S l g1 3 C m ed a R o e o e 1 55 ra p Fl t p S ck t , l l i h 39 C n e R o e ‘ i i n h im e B ackwal H tc , ra , Sp l c g T bl o e ri n to R o e 65 i n o 1 1 Bl ck , S cu g , p , t , o i n 1 0 C oss sh i n 60 St r p p g, 7 r La g , ood no 1 5 Crovvr no or C o ni n 67 68 Bl K t , K t r w g , , , o ende 1 04 1 05 l l i B at F r , , i h R o e arn e Cru c1 b 1 e ee i e R o e te w t p y H art , St l W r p , Sa 1 05 o d ou 1 2 L a , no ho en i n 5 7 Cut i e 92 K t , S rt g , Sp l c , R i n n o 43 44 45 g K t , , , ’ o s i n s Ch i 1 31 B at wa a r , D all i an c e Kn ot , 83 B ow n o 1 9 ’ K t , n n o D ave port ro th er s K t , o i ne o n i h 28 B B wl B g t, 86—87 n o 27 K t , no 49 ’ D e lay K t , i de 5 D o e no 32 Bu l r ubl K t , i m on d n o 71 72 D a K t , n o 30 31 47 , K t , , , D o 72 ubl e, Bu1 1 P r e arl n n i o e ) p , o e R , g W r p i n e 72 1 5 1 S gl , D ogsh ank s h o rt en i n g Kn ot 5 4 n G s e s 97 S Bu t a k t , R i n K n o D o ubl e oat g t , 45 n i n i n e 1 1 5 B B u t g F r g , Ch i n n o h o e in 5 8 a K t , rt n g , o R o e n o 74 S B u y p K t, D i m n d n 72 a o K o t , ’ e d R i n no 47 C Lark s H a g K t . e Spl i e, 92, 93 abl c i h e no 79 P tc r K t , C - 1 a1 o 0 abl e d R p e 1 , 1 1 , C n o 1 8 alf K t , C an i n 80 81 En d ei i n 96 Sl g , , S z g , C i n i e R o e 1 5 0 E e Ar tifi ci al on R o e En d 98 ap p g W r p , y , , p ,

p s n R i n no 49 Fl em i sh , 97 Ca ta g K t , G i en d 37 n o s 24 - 29 arr ck B , K t ,

6 63 ef- h n d 1 41 C sp , 3 , 65 t a ed l i cin g , at aw , L , Sp h i n n o for sh i n 5 ei in 96 . 9 C a K t La g , S z g , h or en i n 5 2 i e 92 S t g , Sp l c , D o e 5 8 i e R o e i e 1 34 1 35 ubl , W r p Sp l c , . I N D EX .

ai n o C s in 49 e de 1 03 K t , ap tan R g , F rl a r , n n — 5 2 Fa cy K ot s, 66 88 Ch ain h o rt en i n g , ’ S end o 1 04 1 05 h F er at s, , C e , 24 , B ck ’ F i d for R o e i i n 91 C e s E e 27 p Sp l c g , rabb r y ,

F i ur ~ f- Ei h n 1 6 Crow n 67 68 1 1 1 g e o g t K o t , , ’ , i h e n n d D i n 83 F s rm a s e , 34 all a ce, B ’ E e no 24 D en o o h e s 86 87 y K t , av p r t Br t r , , D 4 Kn ot , 21 e lay , 9 em R o e ei h of1 2 D i m on d 71 72 F lat H p p , W g t , a , , R o e o e s 1 5 5 D o sh ank s h o en in 54 p S ck t , g S rt g , em i sh E e 97 D o e o R in 45 F l y , ubl B at g , n o 26 Ch i n h o en i n 5 8 K t , a S rt g , n o 1 6 21 D i m on d 72 K t , a , , ’ o - s an d R es 1 0 e d R i n 47 F u r tr ed op , Lark s H a g , ” ox es for i n 1 21 i h e 79 F Mat Mak g , P —tc r , F r en ch en n i t , 97 E e 24 29 S y , h o d n o 73 n 66—88 S r u K t , Fa cy ,

r i n e n i n 1 1 5 — i e - of- ei h 1 6 F g u t g , , F gu r g t , , B ’ n 2 Fi sh erma s, 1 s e 97 E e 24 Ga k ts, y , G n n no 1 8 l em i sh ra y K t , F , omm i i n 93—95 98 e 97 G e , p g , , Ey , r ’t S l c G n n e R in no t 49 r en h hr o d 73 u r s g K , F c S u , Grann y 1 8 i d B en d To sa1 1 35 nn e R i n ' 49 all ar , p , Gu r s g , H ’ mme Set for i h en i n m n n i 1 8 Ha r , , T g t g H er a s Tr ck , R o e 1 54 79 p , J ury , m m o 1 28 o R i n 44 a ck Cl ew , ark at g , H L ’B i n 1 25 —1 29 d R in 45—47 ak g , ark s ea g , M L H’ esh i for i n 1 25 e s 1 8 M St ck Mak g , Lubb r , h 27 n R in 49 M es es, 1 M an h ar ess g , eshi n 1 26 n o e 69 1 1 2 M g, Ma r p , , N i n 1 25 h e e 70 71 ett g , Matt w Walk r , , for i n oo i n 49 N eed e , r g l ak g , , M M ’ 1 25 N e s 20 ett r , in in 1 25 O en h n d 1 9 , Sl g g , p a ,

se - id R o e 1 1 E e 25 Haw r la p , ’ y em R o e e o d ou 1 2 O e h n d 1 5 1 9 21 H p p , Saf L a , v r a , , , h e e a i n 61 S av P ck g , i h — P1 ch er We g t , t , ’ e m n n 5 i k no 1 8 or ese 61 1 09 H r a Tr c K t , P tugu , , i de o e 1 0 l e 79 R p , ” P u zz H " i h 1 0 R ee 1 7 tc , f , H — i h es 30—34 — R 1 n 43 5 2 H tc , , g, o in 1 06 1 9 H ook M us , R osett e, , g o ed o e i i n 1 5 1 R n n i n E e 24 H o p S ck t , F tt g , u g y , — W nd1n R o o e 1 5 0 Sail or s 1 g p e S ck t , fl h n ded R i n 48 B ack a g , i n 80 81 R i n 49 J ar Sl g, , g , n o 79 Secu rit ' of1 0 J u ry K t , y , 1 3 h am r o ck , 8 8 S ,

i i i h 32 h ee sh n s h o en i n g. K l l ck H tc , S p a k S rt n i l es 1 05 K tt , ’ n A i e m n s R i n h or ten i n 5 8 K ot , r t ll ry a g , S g , ’ e in e s 88 h o d 72 73 B llr g r , S r u , , od 1 5 i n e D i m ond 72 Bl o , S gl a , h e 77 o t h o en i n 5 7 i tc r , B a S rt g , P — i E 24 R i n 43 45 Sl p y e, g , R in 43 B ow 1 9 l i e r g , , S pp i h ee 73 o in e 27 ri t sa l t , wl , Sp S B ’ fi r h i r e 1 6 i de s 47 Sta o ds . , B u l r ’ ’ n 42 D o b e 32 tati o er s, u l , S

o R o e 74 o e , B u y p , , St p p r Tack 69 70 ” Cal i 1 8 ,

X 1 I N D E . 5 9

R o e arn e en de w i h o e o i d ith osed p y H art , F r t , S ck t , S l , w Cl

1 oj En ds, 1 54 R o n o i h O e n En ds 1 se e 1 9 w t p , 5 4 tt K t , R o n d ei i n o e i n i e R o es 1 33—1 5 5 u S z g , S ck t g W r p , R n s R o e dde i e e 92 93 u g p La r , S p l c , Cabl , , R n n i n o i n e 28 Cu t 92 u g B wl , , n 2 E e 92 Eye K o t , 4 y , n o 29 30 on 91 K t , , L g , h o rt , 89 ’ S i o s h nded R i n n o i e R o e E e 1 34 1 3 Sa l r Back a g K t , W r p y , , 5 48 on 1 34 L g , n o 1 7 1 8 h or 1 34 K t , , S t , i n n o 49 l i ci n 89—95 R g K t , Sp g, ’ o f e i n e s n o 88 Co on R o e s 93 Sal ly B llr g r K t , tt p , c ol di n i es an d ash i n s G omm e 93—95 98 S afi g, T L g r t , , fo r 1 30—1 32 on 1 43 —1 46 , , L g , ei i n 96 e h od of i n 1 41 1 42 S z g , M t Star t g , , En d 96 i e R o es 1 33—1 5 5 , , W r p , 96 i es R i e i n 1 55 Sp k , v t g , Mi dd e 96 for i i n 1 48 , l , Sp l c g , — R o nd ri s i h ee n o 73 , u , Sp t a l S t K t , ff1 1 Stafl ordsh ir e n o 1 t u , K t , 6 S ’ h 96 e s i n T r o at , e s , 1 32 tag , a t r , S P ’ i e 1 40 t i on e s n o 42 W r , S at r K t , e ee 98 99 Stee I r e R o e a e o d on S lvag , , p , S f L a , en n i 97 ll S t , F r en ch 97 Ster n Ladde r 1 1 6 e i n 1 02 i esh u sed i n mm S rv g , St ck , M , Ha ock l l e 1 03 1 37 i n 1 25 Ma t , , Mak g , i e R o e 1 36 o e no 1 5 67 W r p , St p p r K t , ,

Set - h mm e for i h eni n n ded R o es 1 0 1 1 a r T g t g Stra p , , o e 1 54 nds 1 0 R p , Stra , h m o n o 81 83 Stro dn o 1 07 S a r ck K t , , p p g Bl ck ,

- h e l e s 1 09. e To 1 49 S ar g , Swag , p , h e e of em R o e 1 2 w o d 1 22 S av H p p , S r Mat , o e 1 2 Wi r e R p , h e h n h o en i n n o no 6 0 e s a k s rt g K t , Tack K t , 9, 7 S p— S 5 4 56 Th i mbl e 1 06 o ed n o h or en i n i i n i n o n T ggl K t S t g , Sp l c g , t Cra e

5 7 R o p e, 1 41

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