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Preservation Of.Scenic and Outdoor Recreation Tion of Yellowstone

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Preservation Of.Scenic and Outdoor Recreation Tion of Yellowstone DOCUMENT RESUME ND 166 095 SO 01.1 475 4 AUTHOR . Nash, Roderick TITLE Nature in World DeVelopment: Patterns in the Preservation of.Scenic and Outdoor Recreation Resourceso.'Working Papers. , INSTITUTION Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N.Y. 'PUB. DATE Mar 78 NOTE 73p. AVAILABLE FROM Publication Office, The Rockefeller Foundation, 1133 Avenue of the imericas, New York, New York 10036 .(free) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC - $.3.50 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Changing Attitudes; Comparative Analysis; *Conservation (Environment); *Ecology; Economic Development; Economic Factors; Enviponmental Education; Envirodiental Influences; Forestry; Futures (of Society); Industrialization; National Programs; Natural Resources; Nature Centers; *Parks; *problems; Recreational Progranks; State Programs; Trend Analysis; *Urbanization I IDENTIFIERS Africa (East); Australia; Canada; Europe; Japan; New Zealand; United States; 'USSR ABSTRACT This report' reviews the problems of protecting nature in a heavily industrialized democracy such as the United States. .Factors contributing to'the establis ment of protected areas in the United States are traced from the c tion of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 to the present. Argumen s in, defense of wilderness areas consider nature as: (1)a reservoir of normal ecological processes, (2)a sustainer of biological diversity, (3)a formative influence on the national character, (4) a church, (5) a guardian of 'mental health, and (6)an educational asset in developing environmental responsibility. Diverse agencies, programs, and efforts exist at all levels. The National Park Service, the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the National Wilderness Preservation System function on the federal level. Coastal zone Onagementand land use laws protect natural areas on the state level, city and county parks .serve as protected areas on local levels, and private organizations such as the Sierra Club also contribute to wilderness preservation. Problems arise from the conflict between economic development and nature preservation, and the popularity of nature areas whioA leads to their destruction. Programs in Japan, Australia, New naland, East Africa,'Europe, the Sovie t/ Union, Mid Canada are also described. (KC) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supp14.ed by EDRS are the best that can be made *7 4 */ * from the original document. *****************1***************************************************** WORK ,rt APERS. The Rockefe 1979 ON TO REPRODUCE THIS U S APARTMENT OF NEALTW,I. AS 8E GRANTED:BY EDUCATION WELFARE 'H 6. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ec THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REP OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDSR THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ()RIG' c ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINI9M 141IMCATIONAL RESOURCES STATED 001NOT NECESSARILY RE OW CENTER (ERIC) AND SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE 0 EOUCATI0N POSITION OR POLICY ERIC SYSTEM.' Nature in World Developellt , v., r)0. Patterns in the Presenrati . adenic # and Outdoor Recreation urces C By Roderick Nash A A '..7-.11`.'re, .... C) PUBLICATION DATE MARCH 1978 9 ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATIONWORKING.PAPERS Conquest of Hunger Reaching the Developing World's Small 'Farmers' Food Production and the. EnergyD-iiebrna (out of print) Perspectives on Aquaculture (out of print) International Development Strategies for. theSabel (out of print) The Role of Animals in the WOrld FoodSituation The World Food Situation: ANew Initiative Food C ps in the LOw-Income Countries- . Problemin Government Planning of Nutrition Policy Notes o a Revoltftionary.Church Health and PopulatiOn 'Third Bell gio Confeience on Population Bellagio IPopulation Conference JI Arts andumanities Values in ntemporary Society Ethnic Stud es University Divinity Schools (out of print) Video: State',Of the Art The ContemPorary Humanities in an International Context (out of print) Film' and the \Humanities The Useful Humanists Changing Roles of, Women in IndustrialSocieties EqualOppor4Unity. Developing aense of Community: OaklandSchools (out of print) FellowShip Pro rams: Preparing Minority GroupMemberS for Educational Leadership Children: In Pu suit of Justice Youth Unemplo merit International Rlations The Management of Interdepe.ndence (out of print) Climate Change, \ Food Production, and InterstateConflict (out of print) China Diary \ Education for 1:)felopment Strategies forAgriculturalc Education in DevelopingCountries, I and II (put of print) The Role of the. S cial Sciences in RuralDevelopment (out of print) Higher Education:ooperation with Developing Countries (outof print) Higher Education:evised Edition Quality of the Eni4ronment International Environmental Monitoring td: WORKING PAPERS a free of charge.-If you would like toorder available repotts address requests Publication Office The Rockefeller Foundation 1133 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10036 3 Nature in World Developfilet: Patterns in the Preservation4 Scenic' and Outdoor Rezpreation *Resources by Roderick Nash PrOfessor of History and Environmental Studies University of California, Santa Barbara A series of lectures delivered to Italian leaders in nature protection at the Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, December 4 and 5, 1976. The Rockefeller Foundation March 1978 Library of Congress Cataloging in Pt lication Data Math, Roderick. Nature in world development. (Working papers - -The Rockefeller Foundation) "A series of lectures delivered to Italian leaders in nature protection at the Bellagio Studyand\Conference Center, Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Decembee\4 and 5, 1976." Bibliography: p. 1. Nature conservation-- Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. 'Outdoor recreation,-Addresses, essays, lecture 3. Nature conservation--History--Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Title. II. Series: Rockefeller Foundation. Wbrking paperg-The Rockefeller Foundati QH75.N29 333.9'5 77-2599 Published in March 1978 by The Rockefeller Foundation Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction vii Principles of Preservaticin 1 Diveisity in Presel(yation 12 Problems1 of Preservation 25 ti International Comparisons and Contrasts 42 Biblitgraphy 65 ti 0 iii PREFACE In December 1576, The Rocke- Perspective." With hip extensive feller Foundation Isponsored a personal experience in American conference at its Bellagio Con- conservation and his recognizd ference Center on Lake Como in .expertise as a historian, Dr. Nash northern Italy to review, discuss, was able to bring professional and compare the American and insight from both fields to this Italian experience with management discutqion, providing a depth and of parks, preserves, And recrea- perspective seldom found in .the tionalareas.. published literature. His presen+,._ The origins of the conference tation wat made to twenty Italian were developed, and presented to leaders resporisiblefor the, the Foundation by the Honorable management of parks, preserves Thbmas 'W.Fina, United States and recreational areas. He did Consul General, Milan. ..Mr. Fina not suggest that the 'experience of was prompted to undertake the one nation could serye-dt--6 model organizationOf this meeting for othersbut rather that the , because of interest Italian United States, with its Icing scientists . ,Jsadministrators had history of nature protection, expressed in learning more about provides an excellent case stuct, the U.S. :experience in conserva- for peview and evaluation of tion and -environmental management. altepative styate4ies. Indeed, He brought to this task his own as Dr. Nash pointed. out in bit, dedication to the improvement ,of preliminary disdussion, there are' relationt between Italy and the. numerous examples in the history United States, as well as his own of American environmental conser- deep interestin helping to vation of what not to do. is /protect the rich natural and often possible to learn asas much cultural environment of Italy. from,these/mistakes-as from the Dr. Roderick Nash, Professor American successes. The purpose of History aid Environmental of the presentation 'was not to Studies at the4-.Dniversity of celebrate the American Conserve- ; California,c'Senta Barbara, wasA tion movement but rather to/ selected to b7sent.a series of proyide kcandid,-non- political lectures andlead discussions analysis o what has and has not con&rning the "Conservation of worked in an affluent, heavily, Scenic and Outdoor Recreational industrialized democracy such as Resources: The United States the United States. March 1978 Ralph W.-Richardson, Jr. Director, Natural and Environmental, Sciences v t INTRODUCTION While Italy is in the van- , mistakes if they are presented guard in the protection of man's franklyand openly. .The purpose cultural and artistic'heeitage, of these lectures, then, is not a the United States has led the celebration but a candid analysis worldin nature ,protection. of wt a heavily industrialized Yellows one National Park, estab- .demo racy such as the United lished in 1872 in the state of States has done in the field of ,Wyomi g,wasthe first such -nature protection. reserve in the world. The "Forest Ita0.17 canno;t,,course, Preserve" (later State Patk) follow in the,,:itpdtStet*of the created in the Adirondack region United States inIgiii10*§Otion of of New York in 1885 was also tscenic and outdoOItOreatioll unprecedentedin the way it resources: Dissimilar:environ- controlled privately owned lands mental and cultUral circumstances for public purposes. In 1964 '(fOr instance, the absence in the establishment
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