XIV IAPO Manual of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

IAPO Interamerican Association of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

XIV IAPO Manual of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

Editors TANIA SIH ALBERTO CHINSKI ROLAND EAVEY RICARDO GODINHO

Coordinator TANIA SIH Copyright © 2015 Interamerican Association of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (IAPO) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. A wide variety of references or recommended readings are listed. The editors cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the editor/coordinator.

Tania Sih 306 Mato Grosso Street, suite 1510 São Paulo, SP 01239-040 Brazil Fax: (55-11) 2114-6512 E-mail: [email protected]

Alberto Chinski Charcas, 2777- 1A 1425 Buenos Aires Argentina Fax: (54-11) 4821-1272 E-mail: [email protected]

Roland D. Eavey Bill Wilkerson Center 1215, 21st Ave. South. Medical Center East South Tower, suite 6310 Nashville, TN 37232 FAX: (615) 936-0704 E-mail: [email protected]

Ricardo Godinho Rua Dr. Chassim, 208 Sete Lagoas, MG 35700-018 Brazil Fax: (55-31) 3772-2121 E-mail: [email protected]

THE DEPOSIT ESTABLISHED IN BRAZIL

ISBN International Standard Book Number: 978-85-60209-30-9 (Hardcover)

Published in 2015 by Gráfica Forma Certa Rua Major Otaviano, 239 São Paulo, SP, 03054-050, Brazil Phone: (55-11) 3672-2727 E-mail: [email protected] IAPO´s Board of Directors Edgar Perdomo (San Salvador) Officers 2014-2016 Ellen Friedman (USA) Elsa C. Marin (Cuba) PRESIDENT Sharon Cushing (Canada) Margaretha Casselbrant (USA) Hugo Rodriguez (Argentina) PAST PRESIDENTS Jack Paradise (USA) Sylvan Stool (deceased) (USA) Jorge Astocondor (Peru) Alberto Chinski (Argentina) Liliana Palma (Uruguay) Tania Sih (Brazil) Moacyr Saffer (Brazil) Roland Eavey (USA) Oscar O. Terraza Calderon (Guatemala) Teolinda Morales (Venezuela) Peggy Kelley (USA) James Reilly (USA) Ricardo Godinho (Brazil) Fernando Silva (Ecuador) Ricardo de Hoyos () PRESIDENT ELECT Robert J. Ruben (USA) Frida Sanabria (Colombia) Robin Cotton (USA) VICE PRESIDENT Ximena Fonseca () Federico Murillo (Costa Rica) SECRETARY INTERNET SERVICES Tania Sih (Brazil) IAPO´s Web Site: www.iapo.org.br ADJUNCT SECRETARY Ricardo Godinho (Brazil) (for the Board) E-mail: [email protected] Vera Santos (Brazil) TREASURER Marcelo Silber (Brazil) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Tania Sih DELEGATES 306 Mato Grosso Street, suite 1510 Amarilis Meléndez (Panama) São Paulo, SP Andrés Sibbald (Argentina) 01239-040 Brazil Augusto Peñaranda (Colombia) Phones: (55-11) 2114-6510/2114-6511 Cecilia Jové (Bolivia) Fax: (55-11) 2114-6512 Cesar Franco (Paraguay) E-mail: [email protected] Foreword

It gives me great pleasure to write the foreword to the 14th edition of the IAPO’s Pediatric Otolaryngology Manual in the capacity as the President, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology.

First of all, I wish to congratulate Dr. Tania Sih who has devoted the past two decades in this labor of love by bringing another edition to press. Having been past contributors to previous editions, I know what impact this manual has on the spectrum of healthcare personnel from medical students, nurses, pediatricians to otolaryngologists in Inter-America.

Tania and I share one common root and that is our friendship with the great teacher, Dr. Sylvan Stool, the 1st President of IAPO. The great example that he was, Sylvan inculcated in both Tania and I the great desire to disseminate information and be the best teacher that we can be.

Congratulations

Kenny H. Chan, MD Professor, Chairman, Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA President, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) 2015 - 2016 Introduction I

It is my honor and privilage as the President of the Interamerican Association of Pediatric Otolaryngology (IAPO) to thank all the contributers to the 14th IAPO Manual and thereby supporting IAPOs mission to improve the health and well being of all children in all parts of the world.

Ear, nose and throat disorders in children are a challenge for any health care provider as they cover a wide range of disorders from the simple common cold and otitis media to disorders affecting the areodigestive system requiring acute intervention and/or multidisiplinary management. The 14th IAPO Manual includes like the previous manuals virtually all aspects of ear, nose and throat disorders in children and is a very valuable tool to assist in our daily practice for all health care providers caring for children. It is also excellent for students at any level.

What is so unique with the IAPO Manual is that it contrary to many other textbooks is published yearly and therefor provides us with the latest state of the art medical and surgical knowledge written by well known authorities in Pediatric Otolaryngology from all over the world.

I also want to take this occasion to express my sincere admiration for my very dear friend and colleague Dr Tania Sih for her dedication and hard work to publish the IAPO Manual every year to provide us with this valauble source of knowledge so we can provide the best care for the children entrusted to our care.

Margaretha L Casselbrant MD, PhD IAPO's President 2014-2016 Professor of Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh Medical School Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Introduction II

The XIVth IAPO´s Manual on Pediatric ENT happens because I am lucky enough to have so many friends in the Pediatric ENT community around the globe. In 2013 and 2014, being a speaker in over 15 Medical meetings outside Brazil, in five continents, I have witnessed many excellent presentations. I invited the speakers to contribute to our Manual. Almost never I had a negative reply! Thanks to that, IAPO does a true “scientific community service”, due to the fact that the Manuals cannot be sold. They should be given (free of costs) to the members of our Organization - IAPO. Later on, they are displayed in our website (www.iapo.org.br), and our “virtual Pediatric ENT Library” in three languages (Spanish, English and Portuguese) is the most extensive of its kind! We have so many hits (over 1 million downloads) from all over the world! If someone related to medical care, reads our Manuals, for sure will help with updated subjects to treat better their children.

When someone says “a state of the art” it means excellence! I think that this particular Manual is a true commitment to give you, the reader, the most updated and broad knowledge in the area. Over 60 physicians from 10 countries contributed to this Manual. We always divide our Manuals in 5 Sections: a) General considerations; b) Mouth- Head & Neck) Nose & Sinus; d) Ear and e) Hearing & Communication Disorders. So, other than specific subjects covering Pediatric ENT we consider that Section A (General Considerations) is also important to broaden the horizons outside ear, nose and throat, as Medical general culture. This is relevant for us to help us in a more holistic approach and management of our little patients. Not too much time left in our busy life, so it is easier and convenient to have new, updated and interesting informations in one book.

Enjoy the reading!

Tania Sih, MD, PhD IAPO´s General Secretary International Federation of ORL Societies (IFOS) Chair of the Standing Committee of Pediatrics President Elect ISOM - International Society of Otitis Media Professor, Medical School, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil List of Contributors

In order of appearance in the text

• Robert J. Ruben, MD, FAAP, FACS. Distinguished University Professor, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatrics Albert Einstein College of Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA. • Roland D. Eavey, MD, SM. Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt Bill Wikerson Center for Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Nashville, TE, USA. • Lesley J. Salkeld, MBChB, FRACS, FRCSC, Dip ABO Senior Paediatric Otolaryngology Specialist, Middlemore and Starship Childrens Hospitals, Auckland, New Zealand. • Ted J. Kaptchuk, MD. Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. • Franklin G. Miller, MD, PhD. Clinical Center, Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,, MD, USA. • Richard Rosenfeld, MD, MPH. Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA. • Peter J. Koltai, MD. Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Stanford, CA USA. • Sandro Felix Perazzio, MD, Immunology Consultant, Fleury Laboratory, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. • Luís Eduardo Coelho Andrade, MD, Immunology Consultant, Fleury Laboratory, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. • Marco Antônio Chaves Gama, MD, Pediatrician. Children's and Adolescent's Mental Health Medical Area, Medical Sciences Faculty, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil. • Jessica Levi, MD. Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. • Kimberly Russell MD, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston. University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. • Ellen Deutsch, MD, MS. Pediatric Otolaryngologist, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. • Maria Luisa Tropiano, MD. Otolaryngologist, Airway Unit Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Department, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Rome, . • Marilena Trozzi, MD. Otolaryngologist, Airway Unit Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Department, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy. • Sergio Bottero, MD. Otolaryngologist Director of the Airway Unit Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery Laryngotracheal Team Coordinator "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy. • Kaitlyn E. DeMeo, MS. Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. • James Christopher Post, MD, PhD, MSS,FACS. Professor of Otolaryngology and Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine and Temple University School of Medicine Medical Director. Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. • Farrel J. Buchinsky, MD, MBChB, BSc(HONS) MED, FACS. Director Pediatric Otolaryngology, Allegheny General Hospital. Director, Respiratory Papillomatosis Program, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. • Tulio A Valdez, MD, Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA. • Nicole Murray, MD, Associate Professor of Otolaryngology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA. • Conor Devine, MD, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. • Paul Krakovitz, MD, Vice Chairman, Surgical Operations, Section Hear of Pediatric Otolaryngology Head & Neck Institute. Associate Professor of Surgery Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. • Fuad Baroody, MD. F.A.C.S, F.A.A.A.I. Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatrics. The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. • Tania Sih, MD. PhD. Interamerican Association of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (IAPO) Secretary General. International Federation of Otorhinolaringology Societies (IFOS) Chairperson of the Standing Committee Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. President of International Society of Otitis Media (ISOM), Professor Medical School University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. • Ronen Nazarian MD. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Silverstein Ear and Sinus Institute, Sarasota FL, USA. • Roy R. Casiano, MD. Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. • Ramzi Younis, MD, FACS, FAAP. Professor & Chief, Division of Peditaric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA. • Tuyet Nhung Nguyen, MD, PhD. Medical officer, Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology (IMSIE), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, . • Kija Shah-Hosseini, PhD. Statistician Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology (IMSIE), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. • Gregor Zadoyan, PhD. Project Manager Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology (IMSIE), Medical faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. • Ralph Mösges, MD, PhD, FAAAAI. Prof. and Chair of the Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology (IMSIE), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. • Gualtiero Leo, MD. Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento Milan, Italy • Cristoforo Incorvaia, MD. Allergy/Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy • Alessandro Cazzavillan, MD Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy • Dario Consonni, MD. Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy • Paola Marchisio, MD. Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. • Carlotta Pipolo, MD. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Polo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. • Dario Consonni, MD. Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico on behalf of the Shrek Study Group. Milan, Italy. • Alberto Saibene, MD. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Polo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. • Giovanni Felisati, MD. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Polo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. • Susanna Esposito, MD. Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. • Nicola Principi, MD. Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. • Tal Marom, MD. Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Holon, Israel. • Sharon Ovnat Tamir, MD. Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Holon, Israel. • Robert F. Yellon, MD. Professor of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. Pittsburgh, PA, USA. • Françoise Denoyelle, MD. Service d'ORL Pédiatrique et de Chirurgie Cervicofaciale. Centre de Références des Malformations ORL Rares Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, , . • Sarah L Prunty, MB BCh BAO. ENT Registrar Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. • Harvey Coates, AO, MS, FRCS(C), FACS, FRACS. Senior ENT Surgeon, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia. Clinical Professor, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia. • Tanja Todberg, MD Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark. Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. • Anders Koch MD,. Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. • Mikael Andersson, MD. Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. • Sjurdur F. Olsen, MD. Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. • Jørgen Lous, MD. Research Unit for General Practice Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. • Preben Homøe, MD,. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Køge University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. • William J. Parkes, MD. Clinical Fellow, Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. • Blake C. Papsin, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FACS, FAAP. Cochlear Americas Chair in Auditory Development, Otolaryngologist-in Chief, The Hospital for Sick Children, Professor, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. • Inga Bastos, MD. ENT Department, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, . • Åke Reimer, MD, PhD. ENT Outpatient Department, Höllviken, Sweden. • Lars Andréasson, MD. ENT Outpatient Department, Lund, Sweden. • Anita Jeyakumar,, MD, MS, FACS. Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University - Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA, USA. • Jennifer Lentz, PhD, MS, FACS. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence Louisiana State University - Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.