Reflection of Information About the Price of Slaves in Khiva Khanate on Russian Sources

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 12, 2020 REFLECTION OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRICE OF SLAVES IN KHIVA KHANATE ON RUSSIAN SOURCES

1Feruza Tojieva

1Lecturer, Department of History, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan. E-mail address: [email protected]

Received: 04.03.2020 Revised: 06.04.2020 Accepted: 08.05.2020

Abstract The issue of slave relations in Khiva khanate is not only one of the least studied pages the history of Khorezm, but also of Uzbekistan. There is no any finished study of the subject touching this theme. In this regard, the study and investigation of this course will also add an actuality to studying history. One of the most important features of the issue of slave relations in in Khiva khanate is the prices of slaves brought from various territories for sale. In this article, the issue of the price of slaves has been analyzed on the basis of the information from writings. In the process of analyzing slavery sources in Khiva khanate, the issue of the essence of slavery and its role in social- economic life has also been scientifically analyzed and there has been made conclusions. At the same time, the influence of slaves’ ethnic and social origination on their price and attitude towards them in Khiva khanate has also been scientifically analyzed in the article from its semantic view point.

Key words: Slavery, the price of slaves, Anthony Jenkinson, Ivan Khokhlov, Vasily Daudov, Muhammad Yusuf Kasimov, A. Bankennagel, H. Vamberi, Philip Efremov, ruble, gold, dukat, Russian slaves, Iranian slaves, embassies, Kazakhs, Naymans, Tatars.

INTRODUCTION article, a scientific analysis of the impact of the ethnic and social One of the most important aspects of the problem of slavery in origin of slaves in Khiva khanate on their prices and attitudes Khiva khanate is the question of the price of slaves brought from towards slaves was made. different regions for sale. The availability of different information about this in different sources makes it difficult to find a RESULTS complete solution to this problem, of course. In this regard, in The earliest records of the liberation of Russian slaves in Central this article, we have tried to draw some conclusions on the issue Asia date back to the 16th century and this is the information of the price of slaves in Khiva khanate, based on the analysis of Anthony Jenkinson about the liberation of 25 Russian slaves their content, involving information from all sources. during his travel in Khiva and Bukhara khanates in 1558- 1560[1]. But, unfortunately, it does not mention the price of Sources these slaves. The sources providing information on the price of slaves available in Khiva khanate can be conditionally divided into two The first information about the cost of slaves in the Khiva groups: khanate was reflected in the documents of the period of the embassy of the Russian ambassador Ivan Khokhlov, who visited 1) 16th and 19th centuries Russian and European (including Central Asian khanates in 1620 – 1622. In particular, Ivan Kazakh). Khokhlov initially released 27 Russian captives in Bukhara. 2) Sources of Iran, Bukhara and Khiva. When he came to Khiva khanate, 23 of them were captured by Habash Sultan, son of Khiva khan Arab Muhammadkhan. Interestingly, the most important of these sources are Russian However, Khokhlov released 31 Russian captives from Khiva in ones, and in the sources of Iran, Europe, Bukhara, and especially various ways. In particular, he personally bought two of them for Khiva, there is very little information about it. Therefore, we start 78 rubles. Elbars Sultan, another son of Arab Muhammad, also the analysis of sources of Russian and, in addition European freed 13 Russian slaves and sent his ambassador, Mahkamboy, sources, and consider it expedient to periodically analyze these along with Khokhlov to Russia. In total, Ivan Khokhlov managed sources. to free 44 Russian slaves[2]. But it is not exactly clear what their average price was. The value of the two slaves mentioned above We find a lot of information about the price of slaves in Russian- is not sufficient to draw a final conclusion. European sources on various topics or content of the 16th and 19th centuries. However, the fact that these data are mainly given in units of value circulating in Russia or other regions at that time DISCUSSION (including the above-mentioned Anthony Jenkinson quoted the However, the price of slaves in Khiva khanate and the factors that value of several products in Central Asia in British currency: give rise to it have not been fully resolved in any source or study, pound or pence) makes the issue a bit more complicated. This is or there is no finished research on the subject. From this point of because, although some Russian sources state the currencies in view, the issue of studying and researching this topic is of great circulation in the Central Asian khanates and their ratio to the importance in the science of history today. One of the most Russian currencies, the mutual ratios of the currencies of the two important aspects of the problem of slavery in Khiva khanate is sides have never remained in equilibrium. the question of the price of slaves brought for sale from different regions. This article analyzes the issue of slave prices based on The embassy of Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, headed by Ivan written sources. At the same time, based on the content of the Fedotov, was also instructed to release Russian captives in Khiva

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and Bukhara khanates. However, although in the Khiva khanate the Pazukhins claim that the khan of Khiva had 50 Russian slaves Ivan Fedotov was allowed to tour all the territories of the and he was also a large landowner in the khanate[5]. khanate (later no ambassador was given such an opportunity at all), the khan voluntarily did not release any Russian captives. The embassies of Vasily Daudov and Muhammad Yusuf Kasimov, Only Ivan Fedotov bought 12 Russian slaves at his own expense. sent to Khiva and Bukhara in 1675, also released 63 Russian However, even here it is not mentioned how much money was captives, but eight of them died on the way. 29 of the captives spent to buy these captives[3]. were released from Khiva khanate. An embassy mission, led by the Pazukhins, who were sent after Detailed information on the cost of the release of captives is the embassy, managed to buy 22 Russian slaves for 585 given in the documents named “Ambassadorial books of the end th th rubles[4]. Of course, the prices of these captives varied. However, of the end of the 15 and beginning of the 18 century” kept in from this information, it is possible to derive the average value of the State Archive of Ancient Documents of Russia (SAADR)[6]. Russian slaves in Khiva khanate. That is, their average price was We have found it necessary to quote this information in full here. 26.5 rubles. This embassy information is also important in that

Released Russian slaves in the Khiva khanate before January 1678 and the reasons foar their captivity, to whom they were sold and details of their release [on the basis of their post-embassy order (the agency dealing with foreign embassies in Russia in the 16th and 18th centuries)]. By whom they Social Period of time Living place How, by whom and Name and City, region or were taken as a № conditio after taken as and condition for how much they surname village captive and in n a captive as a captive were released what condition From Fedor Lived in Nogay Released by a trader Mikhailo Sadilov village in In his own village village, in from Astrakhan for 3 1 Farmer 33 years Potapov Bogorodick, by Kalmyk’s Bukhara and broadcloths, fur coats Kazan later in Khiva and 50 rubles Before sold to Khoshtal from “Followed” Russian Almamet Uratma village, In his own village Bukhara; ran 2 Tatar 12 years ambassadors passing Ilkaev Kazan by Bashkirs away to Khiva through Khiva and lived in different places Freely lived in Khiva Before sold to after being released Khiva and then Bagysh Ikkichi village, By Bashkirs on by Abukhuray, 3 Tatar 15 years to trader Bagyshov Kazan steppe “followed” Russian Abukhuray from ambassadors passing Bukhara through Khiva Bought by a munshi At the guard from Kazan in the Savva station in Sold to sart 4 Kazakh Sheshminsk city 11 years composition of Abakumov Sheshminsk city from Khiva embassy for 75 by Bashkirs rubles debt arenda In the field near Sold to Released for 17,5 Evdokiya Kazakh 8 years of 5 Zainsk city the city by Khushogha from rubles by Vasiliy Nikonova woman captive Bashkirs Khiva Daudov In the battle near Tsaricyn while returning to Moscow after Shooter being defeated by Released for 90 Khariton soldier of Sold to a sart 6 Moscow city 8 years the army of rubles by Vasiliy Ipatev Yakov from Khiva Stepan Razin, in Daudov Solovcov the desert surrounding Penza city by Bashkirs Released by Mavlonbek during the Vasiliy Daudov’s In the Lower embassy; a Zahar Volga, near Sold to Lower Novgorod broadcloth, white fur 7 Ivanov Trader 11 years Samar city, by Mavlonbek from city and two pairs of otter Zadrin Bashkirs together Khiva were gifted to the with 24 men ambassador Mavlonbek as a token of gratitude 8 Semen Trader From Syberia 11 years In Astrakhan by Before sold to Released for 96

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Artemev Tatars Turkmens and rubles by Vasiliy Derevyatin then to Khiva Daudov Sold to Released for 20 Horsema Near Lower Lom 9 Karp Ivanov Penza city 12 years Yusufkhoja from rubles by Vasiliy n shooter by Tatars Khiva Daudov Near Samara by Released for 60 Stepan Shooter Sold to Khivian 10 Samara city 12 years Bashkirs while rubles by Vasiliy Romanov soldier trader fishing Daudov By Bashkirs Мakar together with 6 Sold to Khivian 11 Maksimov Unknown Samara city 12 years people of Released by that sart sart Vorobyov fi9sher’s artel in Samara Soldier of Bought by Russian the At the battle near ambassador Peter Sold to Polvon 12 regiment Kazan city 15 years Shemsinsk by Muhammad Yusuf Panteleyev from Khiva of Matvey Bashkirs Kosimov for 75 Pushkin rubles Bought by Kosimov Near little city Afanasiy Horsema Sold to Shunay for 51,5 rubles at the 13 Kazan city 10 years Belyar by Sergeyev n shooter from Khiva expense of state Bashkirs treasury Around the Bought by Kosimov Mikhailo Shooter Mountain Tolbov Sold to Yusuf for 50 rubles at the 14 Kazan city 12 years Skobelycyn soldier in Saratov by from Khiva expense of state Bashkirs treasury On the steppe Bought by Kosimov along the river Son of Omara village, Sold to Khivian for 80 rubles at the 15 Ivan Sidorov 10 years Yayik by Bashkirs pope Kazan sart expense of state while coming treasury back from fishing Released by In the village Stepanida Kazakh Sold to Khivian Kosimov’s little sister 16 Eryklinsk city 12 years Sadilov by Onufreyeva woman “Uzbek” for 30 rubles Bashkirs borrowed from him Bought by Kosimov Near the city AkulinaVasil Kazakh Sold to Khayri for 20 rubles at the 17 Zainsk city, Kazan 8 years Zainsk by yeva woman from Khiva expense of state Bashkirs treasury Bought by Kosimov Near Saratov city Avtip Sold to Khivian for 65 rubles at the 18 Trader Little city Vasilye 11 years while fishing by Larionov sart expense of state Bashkirs treasury At first sold to Eshim korchi from Bukhara; Bought by Kosimov Near Saratov city then ran away Aleksey for 50 rubles at the 19 Trader Little city Vasilye 9 years while fishing by to Khiva and Ivanov expense of state Bashkirs was taken as treasury captive to Khudoykhoja from Khiva Sold to Soldier of Boboatka from In the battle near Bought by Kosimov the Khiva; married Timofey the city for 50 rubles at the 20 regiment Saransk city 15 years a Khivian Ivanov Sheshminsk by expense of state of Matvey woman and Bashkirs treasury Pushkin they had a son named Qutli Bought by Kosimov Near the city Sold to Terentiy Rybnoy village, for 30 rubles at the 21 Farmer 25 years Tolbov by Nodirboy from Kuzmin Tobolsk expense of state Kalmyks Khiva treasury Bought by Kosimov Miron In Penza by Sold to Rahmon for 50 rubles at the 22 Soldier Penza city 12 years Timofeyev Bashkirs from Khiva expense of state treasury 23 Hemelyan Soldier Atemar city 12 years Along the river Sold to Qilmash Bought by Kosimov

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Ivanov Volga by Kalmyks from Khiva for 80 rubles at the expense of state treasury Bought by Kosimov In the fields near Afanasiy Sold to Anyoz for 45 rubles at the 24 Kazakh Simbirsk city 10 years Arbugha by Fedorov from Khiva expense of state Bashkirs treasury Nikolsk village Bought by Kosimov Near the city Sold to Oroz Yuriy belonging to A.I. for 25 rubles at the 25 Farmer 13 years Yaitsk by Kazakh from Eremeyev Nesterov, expense of state Kalmyks Khiva Dmitriev region treasury Bought by Kosimov In the river Sold to State Penteva village, for 65 rubles at the 26 Lev Vasilyev 10 years Khoper by Rahmonkuliboy farmer Tambov region expense of state Bashkirs from Khiva treasury Bought by Kosimov In the battle on Kirey for 25 rubles at the 27 Soldier Lipinski city 18 years the approaches of Sold to Khivians Medencov expense of state Kiev by Tatars treasury Near the city Bought by Kosimov Shooter Balck Yar by Sold to Adno for 20 rubles at the 28 Ivan Ivanov Black Yar city 25 years soldier Nogay Tatars from Khiva expense of state while fishing treasury In the river Sold to Anikiy Shooter Released by 29 Red Yar city 27 years Oktoba by Tatars Kuldoshboy Matveyev soldier Kuldoshboy while fishing from Khiva

After this embassy, the number of embassies from Russia to If we compare this information with the data provided by N.N. Khiva khanate was significantly reduced, and the demands of the Muravev, we see that the price of slaves in Khiva khanate was embassies for the release of Russian slaves in Khiva khanate almost the same as the price of slaves living in Bukhara emirate. stopped for almost a century. Another major reason for the deterioration of relations between the two countries was the Based on the data of the captives in the khanate, M.I. Ivanin massacre of Bekovich-Cherkassky’s expedition in 1714-1719 by writes that in 1838 the khanate set the price for Russian citizens the khan of Khiva Sherghozikhan. Many of the soldiers in this from 30 to 90 gold coins, and for Iranians from 15 to 30 gold expedition were killed, and many were sold into slavery. coins. At that time, camels were sold in the khan’s markets for 4 However, some of these captives were released at great expense. to 12 gold coins, wheat for 60 to 1 ruble, and oats for 40 to 80 In particular, during the examination of the documents of the rubles[11]. expedition, which are kept in the State Archives of Russia, one of Arminius Vamberi, who came to the Central Asian khanates in the members of the expedition, Officer Andrei Drumand, was 1863, said that in the emirate that year strong male slaves were released by Astrakhan Tatars, who traded in Khiva khanate, for valued at 40-50 gold coins, while older women could be sold for 500 rubles. His comrade Ivan Kiselnikov was also released by up to 10 gold coins. However, he says that after the defeat of the Khiva residents after Tatars paid 200 rubles[7]. Iranian army by the Turkmen near Merv in 1861, 13,000 Iranian An important aspect of these documents for us is that in them we fighters were sent to slave markets and that year the price of can find out what the price of slaves in Khiva khanate was at the slaves in Bukhara Emirate fell tenfold to 3-4 gold coins[12]. beginning of the 18th century. Finally, according to the Orientalist A. Kun’s article in 1873, the The memoirs of Alexander Blankennagel, an ophthalmologist price of a young slave girl in the khanate markets ranged from 40 who visited Khiva khanate in 1793-1794, also provide valuable to 250 gold coins. A young, energetic slave was sold for 30 to 250 information about the value of slaves in Khiva khanate in the late gold coins. At that time, the price of 80 kg of wheat in the market 18th century. For example, he personally states that he bought was 1 gold coins[13]. Although M.I. Ivanin reported that most of two Russian slaves from Khiva for 90 chervons, and according to the people in Khiva had 10 or more slaves, and the average of his data, the prices of Russian slaves varied. Female slaves were them had 1-2 slaves at his disposal, it can be said from the above twice as expensive as male slaves and were valued at 50-100 slave prices that only the richest households in the khanate could chervons (money in circulation in the Russian Empire). The male afford to buy slaves. Therefore, a person who bought a slave for a slaves were around 40-50 chervon[8]. large sum of money would naturally become the lifelong owner of the slave. The Russian ambassador to the Khiva khanate from 1819 to 1820 was N.N. Muravev also provides valuable information about On the eve of Kaufman’s attack to the khanate in 1873, the price slavery relations in the khanate. He noted that during this period of captives rose from 100 to 200 gold coins for Russians, 70 gold the price of young and energetic Russian slaves in the khanate coins for Iranian women, and 60 to 300 gold coins for children was 1,000 rubles (about 70 gold coins) in Russian currency[9]. under 14.

It was during these years that E.K. Meyendorf, who was a CONCLUSION representative of the Russian embassy headed by A.F. Negri, In general, the prices of slaves were, of course, not always the gives information about the price of slaves in the Emirate of same. Their prices varied or were different for political, Bukhara: that is, the price of a strong male slave in the emirate – economic, and social reasons. In particular, the national origin of 40-50 gold coins (640-800 Russian rubles), a slave with a the captive or future slave was also a factor influencing his value. profession – 100 gold coins (1600 rubles), young beautiful maids In particular, according to many Russian tourists, researchers, or – 100-150 gold coins (1600-2400 rubles)[10]. ambassadors, Russian slaves were sold at a higher price than

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Iranian, Kazakh, or Afghan slaves[14]. Afghan slaves, on the other 6. Trade with the Moscow state and a world situation of Central hand, are underestimated. According to all sources, Afghan slaves Asia in XV - XVII centuries: Materials on history of the Uzbek, were “disobedient”, “vindictive” and “belligerent” towards their Tadjik and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic / under the masters[15]. edition of A.N. Samoilovich. – L., 1932. – p.p. 284-288 7. Toropicyn I.V. New data about the destiny of the participants However, as noted above, no matter how much the price of slaves of Khivan expedition of A. Bekovich-Cherkasskiy. 1718-1719 fell for various reasons, a slave was still valuable to the common // From the history and culture of the people of the Mid man. Volga region. 2016. №6. – p. 267. As mentioned above, the latest data on the price of slaves in 8. Remarks of major Blankennagelja, according to his trips from Khiva khanate dates back to 1873. Indeed, with the conquest of Orenburg to Khiva in 1793-94 / publish with comments of Khiva Khanate by Russia in 1873, slavery in the khanate ended V.V. Grigoryev. – Saint-Petersburg: typography of Sea forever. Ministry, 1858. – p. 7. 9. Travel to Turkmenia and Khiva in 1819 and 1820 of the REFERENCES Guards Joint Staff of Captain Nikolay Muraveva, sent this 1. Travel of mister Antoniy Jenkinsona from the city of Moscow country for negotiations. V. 2. – М.: Typography of August in Russia to a city of Bukhara in Bactria in 1558, described by Semen, 1822. – p.p. 99-100. him for the London merchants of the Moscow company // 10. Meyendorf E.K. Travel from Orenburg to Bukhara. – M.: Translated from English by Y.V. Gote. – Moscow: ОГИЗ, Наука, 1975. – p. 145. 1937. – p.p. 167-192. 11. Ivanin M. Khiva and the river Amu Darya // Collection of 2. Jukovsky S.V. The intercourses of Russia with Bukhara and Turkestan. V. 050. – Saint-Petersburg: Sea collection. – p. 311. Khiva for last tercentenary / Works of the Society of Russian 12. Vambery A. Travel across Central Asia. – M.: Восточная orientalists). №2. – p.p.17-18.1915. литература. 2003. –p. 93,110-111. 3. Notes of the Imperial Russian geographical society. 1851. Кн. 13. Kun A.L. Notes about taxes in Khiva khanate // Turkestan 5. – p. 310. sheets, August 14, 1873, №32; Ivanin M. Khiva and the river 4. The order to Boris and Simeon, Pazukhins, sent to Bukhara, Amu Darya. –p. 310. Balkh and Yurgench, 1669. – SPb, 1894. – p.p. 13, 61. 14. Veselovskiy N.I. Russian slaves in the Central Asian khanates 5. Jukovsky S.V. The intercourses of Russia with Bukhara and // Materials for the description of the campaign to Khiva in Khiva for last tercentenary / Works of the Society of Russian 1873. 7th edition. – SPb., 1881. – p. 5. orientalists). №2. –1915. – p. 32.1915. 15. Fayziev T. Slavery Trade in Bukhara khanate. – Tashkent: O’zbekistan, 1970. – p. 21.

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