English as a Second Language Course Structure

Indian English 1. National Standard & Dialects „ British English Nigel Musk 2. Two National Varieties „ American vs British English English 3 & Teachers’ Programme 61-90 hp 3. Bilingualism & Language Contact Department of Culture & Communication „ Welsh English & Welsh Linköping University 4. Pidgins & Creoles „ Caribbean English 5. English as a Second Language „ Indian English

English in South (the )

South Asia (Crystal 2003: 62-5) COUNTRY POPULATION USAGE ESTIMATE (2001) (of English)

„ India 1,029,991,000 L1: 350,000 L2: 200,000,000

„ Pakistan 145,000,000 L2: 17,000,000

„ Bangladesh 131,270,000 L2: 3,500,000

„ Sri Lanka 19,400,000 L1: 10,000 L2: 1,900,000 South Asia 2 Indian English

In terms of numbers of English speakers, the Indian 17th century – British East India Company granted a trade subcontinent has a very special position, probably monopoly by Queen Elizabeth I outranking the combined totals of speakers in the 1765-1947 – period of British sovereignty, the Raj, when English became language of administration & education throughout USA and UK. This is largely due to the special subcontinent position which the language has come to hold in 1960s –a ‘three language formula’ (Hindi, English & regional India itself […] (Crystal 2003: 46) languages) with English as main alternative to local state language (Hindi esp. in the north & regional language in the south) With a flexible notion of fluency, a third of the people Now – Hindi is the official language & English ‘associate’ official of India are now capable of holding a conversation in status (Crystal 2003: 48), as well as official language of 4 states English. (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2002: 796) & 8 Union territories

South Asian Indian English Language Families

The present Indian constitution recognises 22 languages. Consequently, English has retained its standing in Indian society, still used within:

„ the legal system

„ government administration

„ secondary & higher education (Wikipedia „ the armed forces http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages _of_India) „ the media

„ business

„ tourism English widely preferred to Hindi as a lingua franca in Dravidian- speaking areas of the south Three Circles of English 2 Three Circles of English 1 (Kachru 1985 & Crystal 2003: 60)

„ Inner circle – traditional bases of English as an L1 Expanding Circle „ e.g. USA, UK, Ireland, Caribbean English & Australia

„ Outer (or extended) circle – earlier phases of spread of Outer Circle English as an L2, where it still plays an important role in country’s chief institutions and as an L2 in multilingual setting Inner Circle, „ e.g. India, Singapore & Malawi e.g. USA, UK 320-380 million „ Expanding (or extending) circle – nations with no history of colonisation (by inner circle) nor with any special e.g. India, Singapore New Englishes administrative status for English, but recognising the 300-500 million importance of English as an international language e.g. China, (English taught as a foreign language) (Crystal 2005: 107, Russia after Kachru 1985) 500-1000 million „ e.g. China, Japan, Sweden & Poland

Cultural Distance (Crystal 2005: 358) New Norms

Cultural distance from the inner circle puts a strain on Expanding inner-circle norms. Circle Has given rise to „ English will then change to meet communicative two main Special role of Outer Circle English fostering an needs of communities in outer and expanding normative models of Standard internal standard of circle: English: Br & Am educated usage English Inner Circle, with its own status & dynamics „ phonology norm-producing

„ lexis norm- „ styles of discourse Speakers of English developing as a foreign „ structure language need to look elsewhere for „ domains of language use (Crystal 2005: 359) norm-dependent normative criteria Varieties of Indian English Indian English Accents

Continuum of spoken varieties – from Standard Prosody – tendency towards syllable-timed rather Standard English English at one end to pidgins at the other. than stress-timed, especially in rapid speech

„ e.g. what I feel is we’re giving English more priority

Several distinguishable geographical and social than Hindi now varieties, partly influenced by Schwa [ə] used far less in unstressed syllables „ language contact „ e.g. If you want to actually work in India [ˈɪndɪa] „ the highly stratified social system

Pidgins

Indian Accent 1a (Hindi speakers) (Sound clip 8 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_2.shtml) Indian Accent 1b

English is I think it’s it’s our main means of communication. I mean And we like we’re talking to you in English, because that’s only none of us, we bar- rarely converse in Hindi it maybe it’s sometimes [language which is common] between us. at home. [language which you know] However, it’s very essential to know your rouge- regional language What I feel is we’re giving English more priority than Hindi now. because if you want to actually work in India and if you want to reach out to the people, you must know the regional language, because that That is what I feel. is very important. And at the same time you must know English English is so prevalent. It’s really not like an alien tongue. I because that’s how you’re going to communicate uh with people of mean, I don’t know if it’s good or bad. Does this mean our your level and maybe at a uh at the international level. So both are culture’s going down. I don’t know. very important in their own way. Indian Accent 1c Indian Accent 2 (Tamil speaker)

In fact, I think we’ve just embraced English like we’ve … so the main sort of main mode of conversation in the embraced so many foreign things over years. In fact, our southern states, and since different states in Southern India culture’s an amalgamation [of all those foreign influences] have different languages. The main mode of conversation in [(I think it’s ) actually a] diffusion, because English has also Southern India becomes English. Whereas if you go into the imbibed certain things from [our] lan[guages and we] also have northern parts of India, Hindi becomes a primary language in [exactly] [exactly] most of the states. So conversation is usually done in Hindi in imbibed the positives of English. the northern part of India. But between the southern, within the southern states and between the southern part of India and the northern India, it's usually English.

Indian Accent 3 (Amit Chaudhuri) Indian Accent (Tamil speaker) 4 (Sound clip 4 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_2.shtml) (Sound sample India 3 from: http://web.ku.edu/idea/asia/india/india.htm)

[ʈ] It was sort of uh “Hey what are you doing, yahr?” Yahr is is I think the So this is what … I mean we’re … I mean Indians although Urdu word for friend and it would be inserted into every sentence and [ɖ] [ʈ] it still is among this group of people who speak English at school. And they didn’t like being ruled by by the Queen uhm for th- for two [ɖ] of course, yahr would become yah, because th- again as this kind of hundred years that they ruled us. But the one thing that they unconscious Anglicisation the ‘r’ would be chopped off. It would be wrong to identify this kind of hybrid kedgeree, as it’s called these days did very good to India was they united the country with all its d- after that kind of concoction made with dal and other things, let’s say uh with all its diversity. And English has now become one a kind of mishmash of things. It would be wrong to identify that or say that that is a kind of creole English or that it is a language of the unifying language in India. dispossessed or, you know, it’s very much the language of the powerful upper-middle class. Phonology Loanwords from Indian Languages 1

Vowels Hindi Received Pronunciation Indian English Pronunciation bungalow [fr Gujarati bangalo fr Hindi banglā ‘belonging to Bengal’] cot [fr Hindi khāt ̣ ‘bedstead, hammock’] [eɪ] made, late [eː] Diphthongs jungle [fr Hindi jangal fr. Sanskrit jangala ‘desert, forest’] in RP [eː] kedgeree ‘dish of fish, & eggs’ [fr Hindi khichr ̣ī ‘dish of rice & Æ pure hundreds of movies being produced each year from different states vowels in sesame’] IndEng pukka ‘real or genuine’ [fr Hindi pakkā ‘cooked, ripe, substantial’] nose, so [əʊ] [oː] pundit ‘expert’ [fr Hindi paṇḍit fr Sanskrit paṇḍita ‘learned’] shampoo [fr Hindi chhāmpo, imperf. of chhāmpnā ‘press’] [oː][oː] [oː][eː] so both are very important in their own way thug ‘violent person or criminal’ [fr Hindi & Marathi t ̣hag ‘swindler’]

Loanwords from Indian Languages 2 Lexis 1 (Jaffrey 1995: 220-1)

Tamil [fresh cheese] is used to make dozens of main dishes as well. To see them turned out in rapid succession, it is best curry [fr Tamil kari ‘sauce’] to visit a dhaba. A dhaba is a cheap, fast food joint and there is mango [fr Tamil mānkāy ‘mango-tree fruit’] no better one to go to than one on the near mulligatawny ‘highly seasoned soup’ [fr. Tamil milagutannīr the small town of Kartarpur. […] ‘pepper-water’] There are some rough tables with benches or cots to sit on. A Urdu truck driver walks in. His order is taken: one paneer bhurji with khaki ‘brownish-yellow’ [fr Urdu kākī ‘dust-coloured’] three . […] While breads get slapped on a loh on the right, pyjamas [fr Urdu pā(ē) jāma ‘leg clothing’] a wok is heated on the left. Lexis 2 Indian Restaurant Menu

Into the wok goes a little oil and some onions. They are quickly VEGETABLE DISHES and noisily stirred about. In go some green chillies, ginger, 54 VEGETABLE CURRY £4.60 55 DALL (mixed or special kali) £4.60 tomato. They are stirred about. Now some paneer, made here 56 SAG Spinach cooked punjab style £4.60 earlier, is crumbled in. The scrambled-egg-like paneer dish is 57 BAIGAN Aubergine cooked punjab style £5.40 ready. […] 58 MUTTER PANIR Cottage cheese fried with peas in spices Dhabas specialize in different foods. Some have chana- 59 GOBI ALOOCauliflower and potato cooked with spices and herbs bhatura (spicy chick peas served with deep-fried, puffed, 60 BHINDI Fresh okra cooked with herbs and spices £5.10 slightly leavened breads). Others specialize in 61 TINDA MASALA Punjabi baby pumpkin with spices £5.10 or all manner of known as tikkas, or in batter-fried, 62 CHANNA ALOO Chickpeas and potatoes cooked with spices and herbs £4.70 crisp on the outside and meltingly tender inside Amritsari river 63 PUNJABI ALOO Hot, spicy potatoes £4.30 fish.

Bibliography

Crystal, David (2005) 2nd edn. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Crystal, David (2003) 2nd edn. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Jaffrey, Madhur (1995) ’s Flavours of India. London: BBC Books. Kachru, B. B. (1985) “Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle.” In R. Quirk & H. G. Widdowson (eds.) English in the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11-30 Svartvik, Jan & Leech, Geoffrey (2006) English. One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan Trudgill, Peter & Hannah, Jean (2002) 4th edn. International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English. London: Edward Arnold Yule, G. (2006) 3rd edn. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press