Oklahoma Native Plant Record 3 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

THE SPERMATOPHYTA OF OKLAHOMA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA EXCLUSIVE OF THE GRASSES, SEDGES AND RUSHES A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND BACTERIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE SCHOOL

BY U. T. WATERFALL Norman, Oklahoma, 1942

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION collected in Virginia by John Clayton. They were described by This paper represents a the Italian botanist Gronovius preliminary taxonomic study of in his Flora Virginica (1739), the flowering plants indigenous and later given binomial to Oklahoma County. Collections designation by Linneas in the during the springs, summers and Species Plantarum. Thus the type falls of 1939, 1940, and 1941 and locality for these Linnean also during the spring of 1942. species, which are based on After the first general but Clayton's material, is in extensive collections were made southeastern Virginia. a number of special stations of Collections from that region widely varying ecological were often found to differ from structures were selected. the wider-ranging inland plants Collections were made from these referred erroneously, by most at regular intervals of about two botanists, to the Linnean weeks throughout the growing species. Fernald’s restudy of season, or at a corresponding many of these types has shown time during the next year. In that the variety occurring in a addition a search was made for restricted range along the coast stations containing different, is usually the typical one, i.e., ecological elements. Thus the the variety which Gronovius had finding of a maximum number of before him when writing the species over a limited period of description upon which Linneas time was assured by a combination based his generic and specific of extensive and intensive name, while the wide-ranging methods of collection. The plant of the interior must, in specimens were pressed in the the large majority of cases, be standard way used in the leading given a new varietal name. A herbaria. Duplicates were similar situation has been found obtained in nearly every case and to be true for plants collected were deposited in the Bebb along the coast and named by Herbarium of the University of other botanists. This will help Oklahoma. to account for the appearance of Among the most outstanding many of the varietal of the recent investigations, designations in this paper that which may be applied to the flora are not found in the existing of this region, are Fernald's floras and manuals pertaining to series of "Virginia" papers Oklahoma. published annually in Rhodora 1 1 Ferna1d and Griscom, Three since 1935. Fernald reported Days of Botanizing in Southwestern that a number of wide-ranging Virginia, Rhodora 37, pp. 129-13l, continental plants were first 1935. Waterfall, U.T. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100003 4 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

CHAPTER II HISTORY also mentioned briefly the "Cross Timbers."8 One of the first Americans A large number of plants to traverse what is now Oklahoma from Oklahoma County have County was Washington Irving, who undoubtedly been collected by with Charles Latrobe and his Thomas R. Stemen and W. Stanley fellow travelers, made a trip Meyers in the course of their through this region in the fall of investigations on which the Oklahoma Flora9 1832. Irving, in his Tour on the is based. These Prairies, recorded the events and have not been available for study his impressions of this trip. His by the author. companion, Latrobe1, may have had 1 Rambler in some botanical training as he Charlee Latrobe, North America mentioned various genera of , (excerpts in Tour on the Prairies plants seen on the journey. Irving's , The Party approached the edited by Joseph B. Thoburn and present site of Edmond on the 23rd George C. Wells. xxv. Harlow of October. Their line of search Pub1ishing Company, Oklahoma took them past the sites Arcadia, City, Oklahoma, 1930). 2 Tour on Spencer, Oklahoma City and, on the Washington Irving, the Prairies 28th, over what is now the , (1.c.), pp. southern boundary of Oklahoma 240-243. 2 3Ibid County in the direction of Moore . ., p 145. 4Ibid Irving gave a good description of ., p. 173. 5Ibid., p. 151. the post oak-blackjack woods, 6 even mentioning the dwarf oak, W. E. Bruner, The Quercus prinoides, although not Vegetation of Oklahoma, 3 Ecological Monographs by name , and of the prairies he Vol. 1., saw when emerging from the No. 2, p. 128, April, 1931. 4 7Ibid. woodland near Oklahoma City . He 8Ibid. also tells of the cottonwoods, 9 sycamores and willows found along Thomas R. Stemen and W. 5 Oklahoma Flora the streams . Stanley Myers, , Josiah Gregg, a Santa Fe Harlow Publishing Corporation, trader, in Commerce of the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1937. Prairies (1844), told of eight expeditions across the prairies. CHAPTER III PHYSICAL FEATURES Two of these were along the course Location and Size of the Canadian River, hence Oklahoma County is in probably through Oklahoma County. Central Oklahoma, being a part of He also described the "Cross the region known before the run as Timbers" (post oak-blackjack "Old Oklahoma". It is bounded on associes), dwarf oaks and prairie 6 the north by Logan County, on the fires. [See editor’s note at east by Lincoln and Pottawatomie end.] Counties, on the south by Sitgraves and Woodruff, Cleveland County and on the west with S. W. Wodehouse as by Canadian County. It is naturalist, surveyed the northern rectangular in shape, extending boundary of the Creek Indian thirty miles from east to west, country in 1849 and 1850, and twenty-four miles from north returning to Ft. Gibson by way of 7 to south. It covers an area of 720 the North Canadian. square miles. Bigelow (1856) discussed The total population of the the vegetation of Oklahoma as seen county is 224,159. Oklahoma City in traveling from east to west. He has a population of 204,424.

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Edmond is next with 4,002, while Geology and Soils Bethany has 2,590 and Britton Oklahoma County is in the 2,239. Other towns in the county, 2 Permian System of rocks, which all under 1,000 in population, are has been called the Permian Harrah, Arcadia, Luther, Nicoma Redbeds. The western half of the Park, Newalla and Marion. county is in the lower part of the Enid formation of the Permian Topography system.3 This system consists of layers of thin red sandstones The county is drained and soft red shales. chiefly by the North Canadian The soil in the western River and its tributaries. The part of the county is a majority of the creeks, prairyerth4, which is a mature especially the small ones in this soil composed mostly of clay, but drainage system have water containing some sand. Near running in them only during the Bethany and the northern part of spring and after rains during the Lake Overholser there is a small 5 rest of the year. Especially in area of aeolian sandhills. The the hot summer and early fall eastern part of the county is covered with a residual sandy months one is apt to find them 6 dried up. soil. Running through the A tier of sections along prairyerths and the sandy soils is another type of transported the southern boundary south and 7 southwest of Oklahoma City are in soil. This is alluvial soil found chiefly along the North the watershed of the South Canadian River and its tributary Canadian River. The North creeks. Canadian enters the county west of Oklahoma City. Here it has 1 Map of been dammed to form Lake C. E. Thornwaite, Soils, University of Oklahoma Overholser, which furnishes the (unpublished). city's water supply. It runs 2Hugh D. Miser, Geologic Map through the southern part of of Oklahoma, U.S. Geologic Survey, Oklahoma City, then swings 1926. 3Ibid northeast, through Spencer into . 4C. W. Thornwaite, op. cit. the central part of the county. 5 Ibid. It then bends southeast, to leave 6Ibid. the county near Harrah, l8 miles 7Ibid. east of Oklahoma City, having curved 10 miles north between these two places. CHAPTER IV CLIMATE The eastern part of the The Climate of Oklahoma county is made up of sandy County is of the continental type oak-covered hills and small modified to some extent by winds prairies, together with from the Gulf of Mexico. The outcroppings of red sandstone. annual range in temperature is, The western townships are, for therefore, rather marked. The the most part, rolling prairie. summer temperatures are quite Near Bethany there is a region of high, while in winter there are aeolian sand hills1, which often cold spells when the support a vegetation similar to thermometer hovers near zero for that found on the sandy soils in several days. In summer there are often droughts of several weeks the eastern part of the county. duration.

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The prevailing winds are CHAPTER V ECOLOGY from the south with an average velocity at Oklahoma City of 11.3 Oklahoma County has two miles per hour.1 The monthly principal vegetational regions. The average at this station varies eastern three-fifths of the county is occupied by a post oak-black jack from slightly more than 9 miles post [sic] climax, while the western per hour in August to nearly 14 part supports a mixed grass miles per hour in March and formation. In addition there is to April. The highest wind be found a flood-plain forest of a velocity recorded here for a distinct nature running along the five-minute period was 57 miles streams through both the prairie and per hour on June 24, 1915, and the savanna. The range of the latter again on June 29, 1918. two is determined by the type and texture, as well as by the pH of the Temperature records have soil. The oak savanna is found in been kept in Oklahoma City since sandy soil, which would show a high 1891. Between that year and pH value, while the mixed-grass 1941 inclusive, the average prairie begins abruptly in the temperature for January was finer-textured clay soils of a lower found to be 37.5 degrees F. For pH value. Since these soils occur in July it was 81.3 degrees. The intermixed spots, zones and belts maximum temperature recorded where they merge together, their over this fifty-one year period resulting vegetational expressions are similarly interrupted, although was 113 degrees on August 11, separated from one another. 1936, and the minimum was -17 on The dominants in the savanna February l2, 1899. The average are Quercus marilandica and Q. date of the last, killing frost is Stellata. There is not much hickory March 29, while in the fall the associated with these two oaks average date of the first killing although some plants of Carya frost is November 5, giving a Buckleyi var. arkansana may growing season of 221 days. befound. The average annual precipitation is 31.37 inches. The association of grasses February is the driest month of the in the true prairie in the western part of the county has been called year, having an average 1 stipa-Koeleria precipitation of 1.13 inches, by Bruner the while May is the wettest month with association after the grasses that an average of 4.89 inches. The are dominant in the prairie states largest total monthly farther north. In our area, precipitation was in June 1932, however, their places have been taken to a large extent by the when 14.12 inches were recorded. 2 This was 10.40 inches more than the bluestems of southern origin. The average for this month, and 2.13 chief dominants are species of Andropogon Bouteloua inches more than May 1902, the and . wettest month previous to this time. The wettest year was 1902 The flood-plain forests are Populus Salix when there were 52.03 inches of characterized by a - precipitation. associes*. In association with these is often found Cephalanthus 1Annual Meteorological occidentalis, while farther from Summary with Comparative Data, the water Ulmus americana and U. 1941, fulva always occur, often with Compiled under the direction Celtis laevigata of H.F. Walgren, Weather Bureau and rather scattered specimens of Prunus Office, Oklahoma City. Published in mexicana Oklahoma City, 1942. .

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The forests often merge into The overgrazed prairies are the prairie with a narrow band of characterized not only by the chaparral consisting of short grass species already characteristic shrubs. Between mentioned, but also by such weedy the flood-plain forests and the inedible species as Vernonia grassland these are usually Rhus Baldwinii var. interior, Achillea glabra, R. copallina var. lanulosa, Gutierrezia latifolia, Diospyros virginiana, dracunculoides, Artemesia Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, and gnaphalodes, and Cirsium Prunus augustifolia if any sand is undulatum. In fact these species present. always serve as indicators of The ecotone between the post overgrazing. Their prominence in oak-black jack associes and the a pasture or field should be a prairie is characterized by warning to the farmer or cattleman Quercus prinoides, to decrease the number of cattle Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus, pastured in a given area, or to Rhus copallina var. latifolia, change pastures long enough to Rhus glabra, and Prunus allow the original vegetation to angustifolia var. Watsoni. Some assume its normal dominance. of these shrubs are common to both It is interesting to note that ecotones, but Sambucus canadensis different species of the same genus may is characteristic of the be used as indicators of soil types. Thus transition from flood-plain Tradescantia occidentalis is found, in forest to prairie, while Quercus the prairyerths while T. canaliculata prinoides is found only in the grows in the sands. Liatrus punctata may ecotone between the post grow in clay soil, but L. squarrosa var. oak-black jack associes and the intermedia is found in sandy soil or on prairie. sandstone outcroppings of soils that may There are two common contain some clay. Lithospermum incisum disclimaxes, or disturbance is found in clay, but L. caroliniense climaxes, present. One is made up grows only in sandy soil in the post of cultivated crops.3 Here man oak-black jack associes. Other species, determines what the climax characteristic of sandy soil, are vegetation shall be. The second Psoralea cuspidata, P. villosum, consists of overgrazed Ipomoea leptophyllum, and Penstemon pasturelands. Where this laxiflorus. condition exists in the prairies Prevernal societies on the the taller grasses are replaced by prairies include Anemone Bouteloua hirsuta and B. gracilis caroliniana, Claytonia virginica, associated with Buchloe Houstonia minima, Lithospermum incisum, dactyloides. Thus the pasture Draba brachycarpa, D., reptans, assumes the aspect of the short- Northoscordum bivalve, and Androsace grass plains farther west. occidentalis. Forming a Between the two disclimaxes succession on previously there is often very little of the cultivated soil one finds original vegetation left. The Stel1aria media, Viola botanist is often confined to Kitabeliana var. Rafinesquii, following railroad tracks or Capsella Bursa-pastoris, searching for out-of-the-way Taraxacum laevigatom, and Lamium corners if he is to find much of amplexicaule. In the post interest. Even in the post oak-black jack region the common oak-black jack woods overgrazing plants of this society are has played a destructive part. In Antennaria fallax, Sagina some cases about all that remains decumbens, and a small sedge, is buck brush. Carex microrynchia. Scattered

Waterfall, U.T. 8 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001 individuals of Viola papilionacea puncticulosum, and Ruellia grow along the creeks through such caroliniensis. In succession on environments but there is not the disturbed areas are found Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, abundance of forbs which may be Croton monanthogynous found in the prairie. , C. capitatus, C. texense and several Some of the conspicuous Polygonum P components of the vernal species of including . punctatum, P. opelousanum, and P. societies on the prairies are Muhlenbergii. Cardiospermum Sisyrinchium Bushii, Baptisia leucophaea australis Halicacibum is also abundant , B. var. Vitis minor Senecio plattensis here. Several species of in , , Ampelopsis Valerianella stenocarpa combination with var. cordata, and Parthenocissus parviflora, Tradescantia quinquefolia lianas occidentalis Callirhoe form . , Commelina erecta var. typica is a involucrata, Specularia biflora Linum Lewisii species tolerant of shade, which , var. can be found under those layers. pratense, and Achillea lanulosa Some of the serotinal prairie . Forbs now form a more dominants are Euphorbia marginata, conspicuous component of the Gutierrezia dracunculoides, postoak-black jack flora. They Liatrus punctata Chrysopsis Lithospermum , include Berlandieri, Aster ericoides, Aster caroliniense and Astranthium oblongifolius rigidulus integrifolium iliatum var. , var. c . In Vernonia Baldwinii var. interior, more open spots and along fields Solidago radula, Artemisia and roadways Coreopsis gnaphalodes, Ambrosia grandiflora, Schrankia Coronopifolia, Helianthus unciniata, Penstemon laxiflorus Maximi1ianus and Heterotheca and Tradescantia canaliculata aubaxillaria. Growing in the post are often found abundance. In oak-black jack associes one finds Desmondium marilandicum D succession on disturbed soils , . Linaria canadensis paniculatum, Aster patens var. often occur gracilis Acalypha gracilens var. texana, Lepidium and . densiflorum, L. virginicum, Common along the wooded creek sides Silene antirrhina Descurainia are Acalypha rhomboidea, Ambrosia , trifida texana Aster pinnata var. brachycarpa, and var. , Drummondii, Aster exilis, Verbesina Chaerophyllum Tainturieri var. virginica, Solidago petiolaris, floridanum. Irensine rhizomatosa and Euphorbia Prairie aestival societies heterophylla. include Petalostemum purpureum, In summing up the ecological P. candidum, Psoralea floribunda, aspects of the county one finds that Sabatia campestris, Coreopsis it lies in a climate favorable to the tinctoria, Rudbeckia hirta var. development of a grassland sericia, Rudbeckia formation, but due to the presence amplexicaulis, Oenothera of sand the eastern three-fifths of serrulata, Ruellia the area is largely covered by a post caro1iniensis, Krameria oak-black jackpost climax. A second secudiflora, Amorpha canescens, post climax is the flood- plain Acacia angustissima var. hirta, forest found along the North Ratibida columnifera,4 Canadian River and its tributaries. Asclepiodora decumbens, Two disclimaxes are present, one Thelesperma trifidum, Physalis caused by overgrazing, the other by mollis, Solanum eleaegnifolium cultivation. and Solanum Torreyi. In the oak postclimax are found Petalostemum villosum, Psoralea cuspidata, Galium pilosum var.

Waterfall, U.T. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 9 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

1 W. E. Bruner, The Oklahoma he had seen no material. Vegetation of Oklahoma, Cyperus rivularis was Ecological Monographs , Vol. 1, found in the eastern portion of No. 2, pp. 110-111, April, 1931. the county. It seems to be a 2W.E. Bruner, The Vegetation of Oklahoma rarely collected species. Dr. F. , J. Hermann of the U.S. Department Ecological Monographs, Vol. 1, of Agriculture has seen no No. 2, l.c. 3 material from Oklahoma. Dr. Hugh Weaver and Clements, O'Neill of the Catholic Plant Ecology, pp. 86-89, University of Washington, D.C., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, 5 New York, 1938. writes that he has seen only two 4W. W. Fernald, New sheets from the state, both of Species, Varieties and which are in the Gray Herbarium Transfers, Rhodora 40: 353, of Harvard University. This 1938. station is west of the range as given in all the published floras and manuals. CHAPTER VI RANGE EXTENSIONS AND Xyris torta was an unusual PLANTS NEW TO THE COUNTY "find". My station in the In the course of the southeastern part of the county investigations on which this seems to be the identical one study is based several plants from which Dr. Milton Hopkins of were collected which have been the University of Oklahoma previously unrecorded from the collected this species two years earlier. At any rate this appears state. These include Typha 1 to be the most northwestern truxillensis, Medicago minima, 2 station in the state. Gaura filiformis var. typica , Acer Negundo interior Achillea lanulosa var. , forma previously unrecorded from the rubicunda Tragopogon major 3 and . state was found along the North The latter has since been found Canadian River in the extreme in several sections of the state. eastern part of the county near The pink-rayed form of Achillea Harrah. Bergia texana lanulosa is fairly common, but , collected apparently has escaped previous north of Oklahoma City, is neither listed by Jeffs and Little in their notice. Check List Eloecharis parvula , nor by Stemen and Myers , var. Oklahoma Flora anachaeta in the . However, its was collected near occurrence was to be expected as it Oklahoma City, definitely falls within the range as given by establishing its occurrence Rydberg's Flora. Professor M. L. within the state. In his Fernald wrote6 that there is a sheet monograph4 Svenson included in the Gray Herbarium "from Oklahoma in the mapped range of Arkansas, Indian Territory, var. anachaeta (Map 3, page 387) September 28, 1894, B.F. Bush, No. but no specimens we recited from 33". our area. This leads one to In an investigation of Ambrosia aptera and Ambrosia conclude that Svenson assumed trifida7 the author came to the the presence of the variety in conclusion that all of our Oklahoma, but had no actual specimens should be reduced to specimens from the state. varietal rank. Professor Fernald8 Herbarium sheets were cited by agreed that this entity should be him from Iowa, Colorado, New accorded varietal status as Ambrosia trifida texana Mexico and Texas, but from var. Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Scheele, the first available varietal designation.

Waterfall, U.T. 10 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

Some highly localized 1M. L. Fernald, Midsummer species were found in the Vascular Plants of Virginia. southeastern part of the county. Rhodora 37: 385-387, 1935. One station where several were 2U. T. Waterfall, Interesting found was in marshy springy soil Plants of Oklahoma. Rhodora 42: surrounding a small lake about 499-502, 1940. three miles south of Harrah. The 3Ibid. lake had been made by damming a 4H. K. Svenson, Monographic small creek, but presumably the Studies in Eleocharis III. Rhodora spring and marsh, and hence the 36: 386-389, 1934. species characterizing them, 5Correspondence with the were inexistence previously. author. Here were found Cyperus 6Correspondence with Dr. rivularia, Agrimonia parviflora, Milton Hopkins. Rotala ramosier var. interior, 7U. T. Waterfall. Interesting Prunella vulgaris var. Plants of Oklahoma, l. c lanceolata, Mimulus ringens, and 8M. L. Fernald, as editor of Mimulus glabratus var. Rhodora, in editor’s footnote to oklahomensis. Waterfall's paper. Growing in alluvial soil 9Norman C. Fassett, Notes in the wooded valley of the from the Herbarium of the University North Canadian River about a of Wisconsin - XVII. Rhodora, 41: mile south of Harrah were found 525, 1939 Acer Negundo var. interior, Ampelopsis arborea, Polymnia Uvedalia var. densipilis, Pluchea purpurascens, and again Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata. Most of these were probably at the western limit of their range. Mimulus glabratus var. oklahomensis however is found farther west9, but this is the only station the author has found in the county. Pluchea *Ed. Note: purpurascens may be found According to J.E. Clements and F.E. Weaver, Plant elsewhere. In their extreme forms, Ecology (p46) McGraw Hill 1929; the term associes is it and P. camphorata (P. petiolata) “the developmental equivalent of the association … used where the community is not permanent but is seem distinct, but there are several replaced by another in the process of development of sheets in the Bebb Herbarium of the succession”. [B.H.] University of Oklahoma which appear difficult positively to assign to either species.

Waterfall, U.T. Oklahoma Native Plant Record 11 Volume 1, Number 1, December 2001

CHAPTER VII SPERMATOPHYTA OF Iridaceae OKLAHOMA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA Sisyrinchium Bushii Bickn. EXCLUSIVE OF THE GRASSES, Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. SEDGES AND RUSHES Sisyrinchium graminoides (Based on Collections of the Author) Bickn. Sisyrinchium varians Bickn. ANGIOSPERMAE Monocotyledonae Orchidaceae Typhaceae Spiranthea cernuus Typha truxillensis HBK L. Typha latifolia L. Dicotyledoneae Alismaceae Salicaceae Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Populus deltoides Marsh. Griseb. forma lanceolatus Salix interior Rowlee. Engelm.) Fernald. Salix interior Rowlee var. Wheeleri Rowlee. Salix nigra Marsh. Xyridaceae Xyris torta J. E. Smith Juglandaceae Carya Buckleyi Durand var. Commelinaceae arkansana Sarg. Commelina communis ludens L. var. Carya Pecan (Marsh) Engler and (Miquel) Clark. Graebner. Commelina diffusa Burm. F. Juglans nigra L. (C.nudiflora of authors, C. longicaulis Jacq.). Commelina erecta typica Fagaceae L. var. Quercus bicolor Fern. Willd. Commelina erecta typical Quercus macrocarpa Michx. L. var. Quercus Marilandica Fern., forma intercursa Moench. Quercus prinoides Willd. Fern. Quercus stellata Commelina erecta L. var. Wang. angustifolia (Michx.)Fern. forma crispa (Wooton) Fern Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. Drummondiana Weddell. Pontederiaceae Celtis laevigata Heteranthera limosa Willd. (Sw.) Willd. Celtis reticulata Torr. Maclura pomifera (Ref.) Schneider. Morus Alba Liliaceae L., var. tatarica (L.) Allium canadense L. Loud. Allium mutabile Morus rubra L. Michx. Parietaria pennsylvanica Allium Nuttallii Wats. Muhl. Androstephium coeruleus Ulmus americana L. Ulmus fulva (Scheele) Greene. Michx. Asparagus Officinalis L. Nothoscordium bivalve Loranthaceae (L.) Phoradendron flavescens Britton (Pursh) Smilax Bona-nox L. Nutt. Smilax hispida Muhl. Yucca glauca Nutt. Polygonaceae Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. Amaryllidaceae Polygonum buxiforme Small. Polygonum convolvulus Cooperia Drumondii Herb. L. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. Polygonum dumetorum L.

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Polygonum exsertum Small. Illecebraceae Polygonum lapathifolium L. Paronychia Jamesii Polygonum longistylus T. & G. Small. Paronychia Wardii Small. Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Polygonum opelousanum Riddell. Aizoaceae Polygonum pennsylvanicus L. var. Mollugo verticillata L. laevigatum Fernald. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonum scandens Caryophyllaceae L. Cerastium brachypodum Polygonum tenue Michx. (Engelm.) Tovaria virginiana (L.) Adams. Robinson Cerastium nutans Raf. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Chenopodiaceae Silene antirrhina L. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silene antirrhina L. var. Chenopodium ambrosioides L., ss. divericata Robinson. Eu-ambrosioides Aellen. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen. (C. hybridum of Portulacaceae Am. Authors). Claytonia virginica Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. L. Claytonia virginica L. forma (C. leptophyllum of most robusta authors). (Somes) Palmer & Chenopodium Standleyanum Aellen. Steyermark. Portulaca oleraceae L. (C. Boscianum moq.in Portulaca parvula P pilosa part). Gray. ( . ) Cycloloma atriplicifolium Talinum parviflorum Nutt. (Spreng.) Coult. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Nymphaeaceae Wats. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Salsola kali tenuifolia L. var. Wood. G.F.W. Mey Nelumbo pentapetala (Walt.) Saueda linearis (Ell.) Moq. Fernald.

Amaranthacaeae Ranunculaceae Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. Amaranthus graeciszans L. Delphinum virescens Nutt. Var. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. camporum (Greene) Martin. Amaranthus spinosus L. Myosurus minimus L. Amaranthus Torreyi (Gray) Benth. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Ranunculus sceleratus L. Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. Froelichia gracillis Menispermaceae Moq. Cocculus carolinus Iresine rhizomatosa Standley. (L.) DC. Menispermum canadense L.

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. Papaveraceae Argemone intermedia Sweet.

Nyctaginaceae Oxybaphus albidus Fumariaceae (Walt.) Sweet. Corydalis aurea Oxybaphus floribundus Chois. Willd. Var. Oxybaphus hirsutus ocidentalis Engelm. (Pursh.) Corydalis campestris Robinson. (Britton) Buckholz & Plamer.

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Cruciferae Rubus sp. Arabis virginica (L.) Poir. Sanguicorba annua Nutt. Brassica campestrus L. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Leguminosae Acacia angustissima (Will.) Kuntze. Medic. hirta Cardamine parviflora L. var. var. (Nutt.)Robinson. arenicola Amorpha canescens Pursh. (Britt.) Amorpha fruticosa O.E. Schultz. L. var. Chorispora tenella angustifolia Pursh. DC. Apios americana Descursinia pinnata (Walt.) Medic. brachycarpa Astragalus canadensis L. Britton. var. Astragalus Nuttallianus (Richardson) Fern. DC. Draba brachycarpa Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Nutt. Baptisia australis Draba cuneifolia Nutt. (L.) R. Br. Helleri var. minor (Lehm.) Fernald. var. (Small) O. E. Baptisia leucantha Schultz. T. & G. Draba reptans Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. (B. (Lam.) Fernald. bracteata) Erysimum repandum L. Lepidium densiflorum Cassia fasciculata Michx. (C. Schrad. (L. chamascrista) apetalum) Cassia marilandica C Medsgeri) Lepidium oblongum L. ( . Small. Lepidium virginicum Cercis canadensis L. L. Desmanthus illinoenis Rorippa islandica (Oeder ex (Michx.) MacM. Murr) Borbas. Desmodium ciliare Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) DC. Hitchc. (D. obtusum). Desmodium Dillenii Darl. Rorippa sinuata (Nutta.) Greene. Sisymbrium altissima Desmodium illinoense Gray. L. Desmodium paniculatum Sisymbrium officinale Scop. (L.) DC. var. Streptanthus hyacinthoides pubens T. & G. Hook. Desmodium sessilifolium Thlaspi arvense L. (Torrey) T. & G. Galactia volubillis (L.) Britton. Capparidaceae var. mississippiensis Vail. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Gleditsia tricanthos L. Polansia trachysperma T. & G. Gleditsia tricanthos L.forma inermis C.K. Schneider Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. Saxifragaceae Gymnocladus diocica Ribes odoratum (L.) Koch. Wendl. Hosackia Americana (Nutt.) Piper. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. Krameria lancolata Platanaceae Torr. Lespedeza capitata Platanus occidentalis L. Michx. Lespedeza intermedia (L.) Britton. Lespedeza intermedia (L.) Britton, Rosaceae forma Hahnii (Blake) Hopkins. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Lespedeza procumbens Crataegus Michx. sp. Lespedeza repens (L.) Barr. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Lespedeza striata illinoensis (Thub.) H. & A. var. (Prince) Lespedeza Stuevei Nutt. Gray. Lespedeza Stuevei Geum canadense Nutt, forma Jacq. augustifolia (Britt.) Prunus angustifolia Marsh. v Watsoni Hopkins. ar. (Sarg.) Medicago lupulina L. Waugh. Medicago minima Prunus gracilis L. Engelm. Gray. Medicago sativa L. Prunus mexicana Wats. Rosa foliosa Nutt.

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Melilotus alba Desv. Rutaceae Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Ptelea trifoliate L. Neptunea lutea (Leavenw.) Benth. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Oxytropus Lambertii Pursh. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Polygalaceae Polygala alba Nutt. Britton. Polygala incarnata Petalostemum candidum Michx. L. Petalostemum occidentale Polygala verticillata L. var. (Gray) isocycla . Fernald. Fernald Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Euphorbiaceae Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Acalypha gracilens Gray pubescens Rydb. Forma Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Fassett. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. (A. Petalostemum villosum Nutt. virginica L.) Psoralea digitata Nutt. Croton capitatus Michx. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. Croton glandulosis L. var. Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele. Schrankia Nuttallii (DC.) Croton monanthogyhous Michx. Standley. Croton texenis (Klotzsh) Muell. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Arg. Britton Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & Gray. Strophostyles pauciflora Euphorbia Chamaesyche L. (E. malaca ( Benth.) Wats. (Small) Little). Stylosanthes biflora (L.) BSP. Euphorbia corollata L. hispidissma var. (Michx.) Euphorbia corollata L. var. mollis Pollard & Ball. Millsp. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Euphorbia heterophylla L. holosericia var. (Nutt.) Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. T. & G. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex. Trifolium carolinianum Michx. Gray. Trifolium pratense L. Euphorbia maculata L. (E. Preslii Vicia caroliniana Walt. Guss.) Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Vicia villosa Roth. Euphorbia missurica Raf. (E. zygophylloides Boiss.) Euphorbia missurica Linaceae Raf. Var. Linum Berlandieri intermedia (Engelm.) L. Hook. E. petaloidea Linum Lewisii Pursh. var. C.Wheeler. ( pratense Norton. (Engelm.) L. C. Linum rigidum Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. Pursh. Euphorbia serpens Linum sulcatum Riddell. HBK. Euphorbia strictospora Engelm. Euphorbia supine Raf. (E. maculata Oxalidaceae L.) Oxalis stricta L. Jatropha texana Muell Arg. Oxalis violaceae L. Stillingia sylvatica L.

Geraniaceae Anacardiaceae Geranium carolinianum L. Rhus copallina L. var. latifolia Engelm. Rhus glabra L. Zygophyllaceae Rhus radicans L. Kallstroemia intermedia Rydb. Tribulus terrestris L.

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Celastraceae Lechea villosa Ell. Celastrus scandens L. Evonymis atropurpureus Jacq. Violaceae Viola Kataibeliana Roem. & Aceraceae Schultes, var. Rafinesquii Acer Negundo L. Greene) Fern. Acer Negundo L. var. interior Viola missourienses Greene. (Britton) Sarg. Viola papilionaceae Pursh. Acer Negundo L. var. texanum Viola primulifolia L. var. villosa Pax. A. Eaton.

Sapindaceae Passifloraceae Cardiospermum Hallicacabum L. Passiflora incarnata L. Sapindus Drummondii H. & A. Loasaceae Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Rhamnaceae Ceanothus evatus Desf. var. Cactaceae pubescens Wats. Mamillaria similes Engelm. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Vitaceae Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. Lythraceae Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Ammannia coccines Rottb. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Lythrum lanceolatum Ell. Planchl. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Vitis palmata Vahl. Onagraceae Vitis riparia Michx. (V. vulpina Gaura filiformis Small. Var. typica auth.) Munz. Vitis vulpina L. (V. cordifolia Gaura parviflora Dougl. Var. typica Michx.) Munz. Garua parfiflora Dougl. var typica Munz. forma glabra Munz. Malvaceae Gaura tripetala Cav. var. Callirhoe alcaeoides (Michx.)Gray. triangulata (Buckl.) Munz. Callirhoe involucrate (T.& G.) Jussiaea diffusa Forsakal. Gray. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Hibiscus trioneum L. Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. var. Sida spinosa L. Americana (DC.) Fern. & Sphaeralcea coccinea (Pursh.) Grisc. Rydb. Oenothera canovirens Steele (Oe. biennis in part). Oenothera lacinata Hypericaceae Hill. Oenothera lacinata Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. Hill, var. grandiflora multicaule (Michx.) Fern. (Walt.) Hypericum multilum L. Robinson. Oenothera linifolia Hypericum punctatum Lam.var. Nutt. Var. typica pseudomaculatum (Bush) Munz. Oenothera missourienses Fern. Sims. Var. oklahomensis (Norton) Munz. Oenothera rhombipetala Elatinaceae Nutt. Oenothera serrulata Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert. Nutt. Var. typica Munz. Oenothera serrulata Nutt. Var. Cistaceae Drummondii T.& G. forma Lechea tenuifolia Michx. var. flava occidentalis Munz. Hodgdon. Oenothera speciosa Nutt.

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Oenothera triloba Nutt. Loganiaceae Stenosiphon linofolium (Nutt.) Polypremum procumbens L. Britton. Gentianaceae Umbelliferae Sabatia angularis (L.) Bursh. Ammoselinum Butleri (Engelm.) Coult Sabatia campestris Nutt. & Rose. Chaerophyllum Tainturieri Hook. Apocynaceae var. floridanum Coult. & Apocynum cannabium L. var. Rose. glaberrimum A. DC. Chaerophyllum texanum Coult. & Apocynum cannabium L. var. Rose pubescens (R. Br.) A. DC. Cicuta maculata L. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Daucus pusillus Michx. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Var. Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) Farwellii (Greene) Woodson. Coutl. & Rose. Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Asclepiadaceae Coult. & Rose. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Pastinaca sativa L. Acerates viridiflora (Rar.)Eaton. Polytaenia Nuttallii (DC.) Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. Britton. (Gonolobus laevis sensu Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Vail). Raf. Asclepias amplexicaulis J.E. Smith. Sanicula Canadensis L. Asclepias galioides HBK. Spermolepis divericata (Watt.) Asclepias incarnata L. Britton. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Spermolepis echinata (Nutt.) Asclepias stenophylla Gray. Heller. Asclepias tuberosa L. Spermolepis inermis (Nutt.) Asclepias tuberosa L. forma lutea S. Mathias & Constance ( Clute. patens ). Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) Torilis japonicus (Houtt.) DC. Gray. T. anthriscus ( (L.) Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) Gray. Bernh.) Gonolobus gonocarpos (Walt.) Perry.

Cornaceae Convolvulaceae Cornus Drummondii C. Convolvulus ambigens House. Meyer. ( Convolvulus sepium asperifolia of authors). L. Cuscuta arvensis Bevrich. Evolvulus Nuttallianus Schultze. Primulaceae (E. pilosus Nutt.) Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Samolus pauciflorus Raf. (S. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. floribundus HBK.) Ipomoea longifolia Benth.

Sapotaceae Hydrophyllaceae Bumelia lanuginose (Michx.) Ellisia nyctelea (L.) Pers. Nemophila phacelioides Nutt. Phacelia hirsute Nutt. Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros virginiana L. var. Boraginaceae platycarpa Sarg. Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnston. (Lappula virginiana Oleaceae (L.) Greene. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Heliotropum tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. var. Americana (Borkh.) Lappula texana (Scheele) Britton. Sarg. Lithospermum arvense L.

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Lithospermum caroliniense serrata (Torr.) Robinson. (Walt.) MacM. (L. Gmeleni Gerardia heterophylla Nutt. in part). Llysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) Lithospermum incisum Lehm. (L. Robinson. angustifolium Michx.) Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida). Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Verbenaceae texana Lippia cuneifolia Var. Pennell. (Torr.) Mimulus glabratus HBK. var. Steud. Oklahomensis Fassett. Lippia lanceolata Michx. var. Mimulus ringens recognita L. Fern. & Grisc. Penstemon cobaea Nutt. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Penstemon laxiflorus Verbena bracteata Pennell. Lag. & Rodr. Penstemon oklahomensis Pennell. Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton. Verbascum Thapsus Verbena hastate L. L. Veronica arvensis L. Verbena pumila Rydb. Veronica peregrina Verbena stricta L. var. Vent. xalapensis (HBK.) Pennell. Verbena urticaefolia L.

Bignoniaceae Labiateae Catalpa speciosa Warder Hedeoma camporum Rydb. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Lamium amplexicaule L. Acanthaceae Lycopsus americanus Muhl. Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Mondarda clinopodioides Gray. Spreng. Monarda mollis L. Ruellia caroliniensis (Walt.) Prunella vulgaris L. var. Steud. (R. ciliosa Pursh.) lanceolata (Barton) Fern. Ruellia strepens L. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Scutellaria lateriflorus L. Scutellaria parvula Plantaginaceae Michx. var. Plantago aristata australis Fassett. Michx. Teucrium canadense Plantago Purshii R. & S. L. var. Plantago pusilla virginicum (L.) Eaton. Nutt. Plantago rhodosperma Dcne. Plantago Rugelii Dcne. Solanaceae Plantago virginica L. Datura Stramonium L. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Physalis ixiocarpa Brot. Rubiaceae Physalis lobata Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Torr. Cephalanthus occidentalis Physalis macrophysa Rydb. L. var. Physalis mollis pubescens Raf. Nutt. Diodia teres setifera Physalis pendula Rydb. Walt. var. Physalis pumila Fern. & Grisc. Nutt. Galium aparine Vaillantii Physalis subglabrata Mack. & L. var. (DC.) Koch. Bush. Galium circaezans Solanum carolinense L. Michx. var. Solanum elaeagnifolium hypomalacum Fern. Cav. Galium obtusum Solanum nigrum L. Bigel. Solanum rostratum Galium pilosum Ait. var. Dunal. puncticulosum Solanum Torreyi Gray. (Michx.) T. & G. Galium virgatum Nutt. Scrophulariaceae Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. Buchnera americana L. H. angustifolia Michx.) Gerardia densiflora Benth. Houstonia minima Beck. Gerardia grandiflora Benth. var.

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Caprifoliaceae Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Var. Sambucus canadensis L. rigidulus Gray. Symphoriocarpos orbiculatus Aster patens Ait. Var. gracilis Moench. Hook. Virburnum rufidulum Raf. Aster praealtus Poir. (A. salicifolius) Astranthium integrifolium Valerianaceae ciliatum Valerianella amarelle (Michx.) Nutt. Var. (Lindl.) Larsen. Krok. Baccharis salicina Valerianella radiata T. & G. (L.) Dufr. Bidens bipinnata L. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm) Bidens cernua parviflora L. (Krok.) var. Bidens involucrate (Nutt.)Britton. Dyall. Bidens vulgata Greene. Chaetopappa asteroids DC. Chrysopsis Berlandieri Cucurbitaceae Greene. Chrysopsis pilosa Cucurbita foetidissima HBK. Nutt. Cirsium undulatum Melothria pendula L. (Nutt.) Spreng. Cirsium virginianum (L.) Michx. Coreopsis cardaminefolia Campanulaceae (DC.) Specularia biflora T.& G. (R.& P.) Coreopsis grandiflora F. & M. Hogg. ex Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Sweet. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Gray. Echinacea angustifolia Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. DC. Elephantopus carolinianus Raeuschel. Lobeliaceae Erigeron canadensis Lobelia splendens Willd. L. Erigeron diverticatus Michx. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Compositae Erigeron ramosus Achillea lanulosa Nutt. (Walt.) BSP. Achillea lanulosa Eupatroium coelestinum L. Nutt. forma Eupatorium perfoliatum rubicunda Farwell. L. Actinea linearifolia Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (Hook.) Evax multicaulis Kuntze. DC. Actinomeris alternifolia Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. (L.) Gaillardia suavis DC. (Gray) Britt. & Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Rusby. Gaillardia trinervata Small Steud. Gnaphalium obtusifolium Ambrosia artemesifolia L. var. L. elatior Gnaphalium purpureum L. (L.) Descourtils. Gutierrezia dracunculoides Ambrosia coronopifolia T. & G. (DC.) Ambrosia trifida texana Blake. Amphiachyris L. var. dracunculoides Scheele (A. aptera DC.) ). Antennaria fallax Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Greene. Helianthus annus Anthemis Cotula L. L. Aphanostephus Helianthus hirsutus Raf. skirrobasis (DC.) Helianthus Maximiliani Trel. Schrad. Aplopappus ciliatus Helianthus mollis Lam. (Nutt.) DC. Helianthus petiolaris Aplopapous divericatus (Nutt.) Nutt. Helianthus tuberosus L. Gray Heterotheca subaxillaris Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. (Lam.) Aster azureus Britt. & Rusby. Lindl. Hieracium Gronovii Aster Drummondii Lindl. L. Aster ericoides A. Hieracium longipilum Torr. L. ( Hymenopappus tenuifolius multiflorus) Pursh. Aster exilis Ell.

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Iva ciliata Willd. pulcherrima (DC.) Fern. Krigia occidentalis Nutt. & Standl. forma pulcherrima Kuhnia eupatorioides L. (DC.) Fern. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. Rudbeckia hirta L. var. sericea corymbulosa T. & G. (T.V. Moore) Fernald. Lactuca campestris Greene. Senecio glabellus Poir. Lactuca canadensis L. var. Senecio plattensis Nutt. latifolia O. Ktze. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Lactuca Canadensis L. var. Kuntze. longifolia (Michx.) Farwell. Silphium asperrimum Hook. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Silphium laciniatum L. Lactuca scariola L. Solidago Canadensis L. Liatrus acidota Engelm. & Gray. Solidago Hellari Small. Liatrus punctata Hook. Solidago leptocephala T. & G. Liatrus squarrosa Willd. var. Solidago petiolaris Ait. intermedia (Lindl.) DC. Solidago radula Nutt. Matricaria matricarioides Solidago rigida L. (Less.) Porter. Solidago serotina Ait. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Pluchea marilandica (Michx.) Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Cass. Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Pulchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Lam. & Polymnia Uvedalia L. var. DC. var. vulgare (Lam.) Fern. densipilis Blake. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir) Polypteris macrolepis (Rydb.) Britton. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Tragopogon major Jacq. (Walt.) DC. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Gray. Pyrrhopappus scaposus DC. Verbesina virginica L. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. var. Woot. & Standl. interior (Small) Schuberr. Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Xanthisma texanum DC. Woot. & Standl. forma Xanthium italicum Moretti.

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CHAPTER VIII TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES OF THE SPERMATOPHYTA

Classes, Families, etc. Genera Species/ Var-form Monocotyledonae 25. Ranunculaceae 5 5/1 1. Typhaceae 1 2 26. Menispermaceae 2 2/1 2. Alismaceae 1 1 27. Papaveraceae 1 1 3. Xyridaceae 1 1 28. Fumariaceae 1 1/1 4. Commelinaceae 2 5/3 29. Crucifera 14 18/3 5. Pontederiaceae 1 1 30. Capparidaceae 2 2 6. Liliaceae 6 9 31. Saxifragaceae 1 1 7. Amaryllidaceae 1 1 32. Platanaceae 1 1 8. Iridaceae 1 4 33. Rosaceae 8 8/2 9. Orchidaceae 1 1 34. Leguminosae 31 52/12 Dicotyledonae 35. Linaceae 1 3/1 10. Salicaceae 2 3/1 36. Oxalidaceae 1 2 11. Juglandaceae 2 3 37. Geraniaceae 1 1 12. Fagaceae 1 5 38. Zygophyllaceae 2 2 13. Urticaceae 6 7/2 39. Rutaceae 2 2 14. Loranthaceae 1 1 40. Polygalaceae 1 2/1 15. Polygonaceae 3 15/1 41. Euphorbiaceae 5 23/3 16. Chenopodiaceae 6 9/1 42. Anacardiaceae 1 2/1 17. Amaranthaceae 4 9/1 43. Celastraceae 2 2 18. Phytolaccaceae 1 1 44. Aceraceae 1 1/2 19. Nyctaginaceae 1 3 45. Sapindaceae 2 2 20. Illecebraceae 1 2 46. Rhamnaceae 1 1/1 21. Aizoaceae 1 1 47. Vitaceae 3 7 22. Caryophyllaceae 4 5/1 48. Malvaceae 4 5 23. Portulacaceae 3 4/1 49. Tamaricaceae 1 1 24. Nymphaceae 2 2 50. Hypericaceae 2 1/2

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51. Elatinaceae 1 1 74. Solanaceae 3 14 52. Cistaceae 1 1/2 75. Scrophulariaceae 9 11/4 53. Violaceae 1 2/2 76. Bignoniaceae 1 1 54. Passifloraceae 1 1 77. Acanthaceae 2 3 55. Loasaceae 1 1 78. Plantaginaceae 1 6 56. Cactaceae 2 2 79. Rubiaceae 4 5/5 57. Lythraceae 3 3 80. Caprifoliaceae 3 3 58. Onagraceae 5 12/6 81. Valerianaceae 1 2/1 59. Umbelliferae 11 14/1 82. Cucurbitaceae 2 2 60. Cornaceae 1 1 83. Campanulaceae 1 3 61. Primulaceae 2 2 84. Lobeliaceae 1 1 62. Sapotaceae 1 1 85. Compositae 60 95/15 63. Ebenaceae 1 1/1 Total** 15 26/3 Monocotyledonae 64. Oleaceae 1 1/1 Total** 283 449/84 Dicotyledonae 65. Loganiaceae 1 1 Total** 298 475/87 ANGIOSPERMAE 66. Gentianaceae 1 2 Total** 298 475/87 SPERMATOPHYTA 67. Apocynaceae 1 1/3 68. Asclepidaceae 4 12/1 **Ed. Note: While numbering of species in the chart has 69. Convolvulaceae 5 7 been edited, errors in totals have not been corrected. Editor counts 25 species of monocots and 456 species of dicots 70. Hydrophyllaceae 3 3 making angiosperm and spermatophyte totals of 481. Also, a total of 85 varieties or forms of dicots and 3 monocot 71. Boraginaceae 4 6 varieties total 88 varieties and forms. Author did not have the benefit of an electronic calculator. [S.S.] 72. Verbenaceae 2 8/1 73. Labiateae 8 8/3

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS North America based on Foliage and Twig Characteristics. The author is deeply Rhodora 38: 53-63, 1936. grateful to Dr. Milton Hopkins, Dyal, Sarah C, Valerianella in Associate Professor of Botany North America. Rhodora 40: in the University of Oklahoma, 185212, 1938. under whose supervision this Fassett, Roman C. Notes from the work was done. His inspiration Herbarium of the University of and encouragement, his Wisconsin. XIII. Rhodora 38: suggestions and guidance have 94-97, 1936. been of great assistance. Fassett, Norman C. Notes from the He is also indebted to the Herbarium of the University of curators of several herbaria, Wisconsin. XV. Rhodora 39: and to various specialists for 377-379, 1937. identifications of difficult, Fassett, Norman C. Notes from the or critical specimens. These Herbarium of the University of include Dr. M. L. Fernald and Wisconsin. XVIII. Rhodora 41: other members of the staff of 524-529, 1939. the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Fernald, M. L. Midsummer Vascular University, Dr. E. J. Alexander Plants of Southeastern of the New York Botanical Virginia. Rhodora 37: 378-413, Gardens, Dr. P.A. Munz of Pomona 423-455,1935. College, Dr.Francis R. Pennell Fernald, M. L. Contributions from of the Academy of Natural the Gray Herbarium. XIII. Sciences of Philadelphia, and Rhodora 38: 165-l82, 261-239 Dr. S. F. Blake of the Bureau of [sic],1936. Plant Industry of the United Fernald, M. L. Plants from the Outer States Department of Coastal Plain of Virginia. Agriculture. Rhodora 38: 376-404, 414-452, 1936. Fernald, M. L. Petalostemum occidentae. Rhodora 39: 28, 1937. Fernald, M. L. Nomenclatural BIBLIOGRAPHY Transfers and New Varieties and Forms. Rhodora 39: 309-320, Anderson, Edgar, and R. E. 1937. Woodson, Jr. The Species of Fernald, M. L. Local Plants of the Tradescantia Indigenous to Inner Coastal Plain of the United States. Contr. Virginia. Rhodora 39: 321-366, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard 379-415, 433-459, 465-491, University. 9: 1-132, 1935. 1937. Britton, N. L., and A. Brown. An Fernald, M. L. Noteworthy Plants of Illustrated Flora of the Southeastern Virginia. Rhodora Northern United States, 40: 364-424, 434-459, 467-485, Canada, and the British 1935. Possessions. Three vols. 2nd Fernald, M. L. New Species ed. revised and enlarged. Varieties and Transfers. Lancaster Press, Inc., Rhodora 40: 331-358, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 1938. Deam, Charles C. Flora of Fernald, M. L. New Species Indiana. Department of Varieties and Transfers, Conservation, Division of Rhodora 41: 423-461, Forestry. Indianapolis, 1939. Indiana, 1940. Fernald, M. L. Last Survivors Dyal, Sarah C. Key to the in the Flora of Tidewater Species of Oaks of Eastern Virginia. Rhodora 4l:

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465-504, 529-558, 564-574, Leyendecker, Jordon Phillip Jr. A 1939. Taxonomic Study of the Genus Fernald, M. L. Campestrian Galium in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Variety of Froelichia Sci. XLVII. 101-114, 1940. floridana. Rhodora 43: McVaugh, Rogers. Studies in the 336, 1941. Taxonomy and Distribution of Fernald, M. L. Another Century of the Eastern North American Additions to the Flora of Species of Lobelia. Rhodora 38: Virginia. Rhodora 43: 485553, 214-263, 276-298, 305-329, 559-630, 635-657, 1941. 346-362, 1936 Fernald, M. L. Some Forms in the Mathias, Mildred E., and Lincoln Aliasmaceae. Rhodora 38: 73, Constance. New Combinations and 1938. New Names in the Umbelliferae. Fernald, M.L., and Ludlow Bul. Torre Bot. Club. 68: 128124 Griscom. Three Days Botaniing [sic]. 1942. in Southeastern Virginia. Merrill, E. D. On Houttuyn's Rhodora 37: 129-157, 167-189, Overlooked Binomials for Native 1935. or Introduced Plants in Eastern Fernald, M. L., and Ludlow North America. Rhodora 40: 228- Griscom. Notes on Diodia. 293, 1938. Rhodora 39: 306-308, 1937. Munz, Philip A. Studies in Freeman, Florence L. Variations Onagracea. IV. A Revision of the of Psoralea psoralioides. Subgenera Salpingia and Rhodora 39: 425-428. 1937. Calylophis of the Genus Henson, Dorthy H. The Genus Oenothera. Amer. Journ. Bot. Monarda in Oklahoma. American 16: 702-715, 1929. Midland Naturalist 25: 358360, Munz, Philip A. Studies in 1941. Onagraceae XI. A Revision of the Hodgdon, Albion R. Taxonomic Genus Gaura. Bul. Torr. Bot. Study of Lechea. Rhodora 40: Club. 65: 105-122, 211-228, 29-69, 87-131, 1938. 1938. Hopkins, Milton. Notes on Pennell, Francis W. Commelina in the Lespedeza. Rhodora 37: 265- United States. Bull. Torr. Bot. 266, 1935. Club. 43: 96-111, 1916. Hopkins, Milton. Arabis in Pennell, Francis W. Scrophulariaceae Eastern and Central North of Eastern Temperate North America. Rhodora 39: 63-98, America. Acad. Nat. Sciences of 106-148, 155-186, 1937. Philadelphia, Monograph I. Hopkins, Milton. Cercis in North 1935. America. Rhodora 44: 193-211, Pennell, Francis W. Commelina 1942. communis in Eastern United Larisey, Mary M. Monograph of the States. Bartonia, No. 19: 19-22, Genus Baptisia. Annals of the 1937. Missouri Botanical Gardens. Pennell, Francis W. A Supplemental 27: 119-244, 1940. Note Concerning Commelina Larsen, Esther L. Astranthium and nudiflora. Proc. Acad. Sciences Related Genera. Annals of the of Philadelphia. 40: 39, 1938 Missouri Botanical Perry, Lily M. Evolvulus pilosus an Gardens. 20: 23-44, 1933. Invalid Name. Rhodora 37: 63, Leonard, Emery C. The North 1935. American Species of Perry, Lily M. A Revision of the North Scutellaria, Contrib. from American Species of Verbena. the U.S. Nat. Herb. Vol. 22, Annais Mo. Bot. Gard. 20: Part, 10, Govmt. Printing 239-352, 1933. Office, Washington, D. C., 1927.

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Perry, Lily M. Gonolobus Within Stemen, Thomas R., and W. Stanley the Gray's Manual Range. Rhodora Myers. Oklahoma Flora. Harlow 40: 281-287, 1938. Pub. Corp., Oklahoma City. Rickett, H. W. Cornus asperifolia and 1937. its Relatives. Stevens, G. L. The Flora of Robinson, B. L., and M. L. Oklahoma. Unpublished original Fernald.Gray's New Manual of deposited in the Widener Library Botany. Amer. Book Co., New York. of Harvard University, 1916. 1908. Steyermark, Julian A. Spring Flora Rydberg, P. A. Flora of the of Missouri. Mo. Bot. Gard. and Prairies and Plains of Field Mus. Nat. History. Central North America. New Chicago, 1940. York Bot. Gard. New York, Waterfall, U. T. Interesting Plants 1932. of Oklahoma. Rhodora 42: 499- Sargent, C. S. Manual of the 502, 1940. Trees of North America. Weatherby, C. A. Typification of Riverside Press. Cambridge, Acalypha virginica. Rhodora 39: Mass. 3rd. ed., 1933. 14-16, 1937. Schubert, Bernice C. Notes on Wheeler, L. C. Euphorbia Subgenus Vernonia. Rhodora 38: 369- Chamaesyche in Canada and the 372. 1936. United States Exclusive of Small, J. K. Flora of the Southern Florida. Rhodora 43: Southeastern United States. 97-154, 168-206, 231-236, Pub. By J. K. Small. New 1941. York. 2nd ed., 1913. Woodson, Robert E. Apocynaceae. N. Small, J. K. Manual of the Am. Flora 29, part 2: 188-192, Southeastern Flora. Pub. by 1938. J. E. Small. New York, 1933.

*Ed. Note: For historical purposes much of Waterfall’s original format has been retained. Species epithets derived from a person’s name are capitalized and margins are left-justified only. A similar font has been used. However, we have edited the thesis for readability. Footnotes have been moved from the bottom of each page to the end of each chapter. Italics have been substituted for underscoring of scientific names and the text has been formatted in two columns. [S.S.]

Waterfall, U.T.