September 29, 1972

— China's achievements in socialist economic construction

China and Togo Establish Diplomatic Relations Vol. 15, No. 39 September 29, 1972

REVIEW Published in English, French, Spanish, Japanese and German editions

CONTENTS

THE WEEK 3 Chairman Mao Meets Prime Minister Tanaka i He Visit of the Shahbanou of Iran China-Zambia Friendship Grows China and Togo Establish Diplomatic Relations

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka Arrives in Peking 5 At Banquet Welcoming Prime Minister Tanaka Premier Chou's Toast 7 Prime Minister Tanaka's Toast 8 We Are Advancing — China's achievements in socialist economic construction — Chi Wei 9 China-Iran: Speeches at Premier Chou's Banquet in Honour of Her imperial Majesty Farah Pahlavi 13 27th Session of U.N. General Assembly Opens: China Opposes Deferring Dis­ cussion of Korean Question 14 For Your Reference: The So-Called "United Nations Commission for the Uni­ fication and Rehabilitation of Korea" 16 Nanta Production Brigade: Collective Strength Brings Prosperity — Shen Kao 17

ROUND THE WORLD 20 Arab Countries: Israeli Aggression Condemned Zambia: Kaunda Calls on People to Defend the Country Mozambique: Patriotic Armed Forces Open New War Front Brazil: Peasants' Struggle Against Exploitation and Plunder Guyana: Caribbean Festival Britain: Prime Minister Heath Visits Japan U.S. and U.S.S.R.: Frequent Underground Nuclear Tests Coffee Producers: Growing Struggle Against Plunder

ON THE HOME FRONT 23 Taching Oilfield's Fresh Victories Tibet's Industries First Large Sluice in Tarim

Published every Friday by PEKING REVIEW Peking (37), China Post Office Registration No. 2-922 Printed in the People's Republic of China THE WEEK Chairman Mao Meets Prime Minister Tanaka Chairman Mao Tsetung met Prime Minister of Present on the Chinese side were Chou En-Iai, Japan Kakuei Tanaka at Chungnanhai on the eve­ ning of September 27. They held earnest and friendly Premier of the State Council; Chi Peng-fei, Minister discussions for one hour, beginning 20:30. of Foreign Affairs; Liao Cheng-chih, Adviser to the Present on the Japanese side were Masayoshi Foreign Ministry and President of the China-Japan Ohira, Minister for Foreign Affairs; and Susumu Friendship Association: and Lin Li-yun and Wang Nikaido, Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat. Hsiao-hsien, interpreters.

September 29, 1972 3 The Visit of the Shahbanou Both China and Iran have in the Of Iran past suffered imperialist aggression China and Togo Establish and oppression. The peoples of the Diplomatic Relations China and Iran arc two ancient two countries have waged protracted countries with time-honoured his­ heroic struggles for independence On September 19, Chi Peng- torical ties. Today, under new his­ and freedom. Today, they are faced fei. Minister of Foreign Affairs of torical conditions, the traditional with the common task of safeguard­ the People's Republic of China, friendship between the two countries ing national independence and state and Joachim Hunlede, Minis­ has made further progress. The suc­ sovereignty and building up their ter of Foreign Affairs of the Re­ cessful visit to China by Her Imperial respective countries. On the basis of public of Togo, signed a joint Majesty Farah Pahlavi, the Shahba­ the Five Principles of Peaceful Co­ communique in Peking on the nou of Iran, is a vivid illustration of existence, Sino-Iranian friendship is establishment of diplomatic re­ sure to show a new lustre. lations between the two coun­ tries. In Poking, Chinese leaders Acting The joint communique said: Chairman Tung Pi-wu. Premier China-Zambia Friendship "The Government of the Peo­ Chou En-lai, Madame Chiang Grows ple's Republic of China and the Ching and Vice-Premier Li Hsien- Government of the Republic of nien met with Her Imperial Majesty: Vice-President of the Republic of Togo, in conformity with the in­ Premier Chou held friendly talks Zambia M.M. Chona and Mrs. Cliona terest and desires of the two with her. The distinguished Iran­ and the Zambian Goodwill Mission countries, have decided by agree­ ian guests also visited the Great led by him have concluded their visit ment to establish diplomatic re­ Wall the Ming Tombs and the to China.. While in Peking. Vice- lations at the ambassadorial level Palace Museum, an institute of President Chona and Premier Chou and to exchange ambassadors. higher learning, a people's com­ En-lai held talks on the question of "The Government of the Peo­ mune on the outskirts of the capital, further strengthening the friendly ple's Republic of China supports the exhibition of arts and crafts and relations and co-operation between the Government of the Republic attended a ballet performative. The China and Zambia and on important of Togo in its struggle against distinguished guests showed particu­ international questions of common imperialism and colonialism and lar interest in the cultural relies ex­ concern. The talks proceeded in a in defence of national indepen­ cavated in various parts of China, cordial and friendly atmosphere and dence and state sovereignty. including gold and silver Persian were highly successful. coins unearthed in Turfan of China's "The Government of the Re­ public of Togo recognizes the Sinkiang, then hub of the world- In Peking, Tientsin and Shenyang, Government of the People's Re­ renowned "Silk Road." At the the Zambian guests visited universi­ Capital Gymnasium. 18,000 Peking public of China as the sole legal ties, factories and people's communes government of China. citizens greeted the distinguished and were warmly welcomed by "The two Governments agree guests who saw an exhibition match the Chinese people wherever they to develop the diplomatic rela­ between the visiting Iranian table went. The Zambian friends' visit has tennis players and the Chinese tions, friendship and co-opera­ deepened the understanding and players. tion between the two countries friendship between the two peoples. on the basis of the Five Princi­ The guests also visited China's A typical day was the one they spent ples of Peaceful Coexistence." biggest city Shanghai, the ancient at the well-known Tachai Production city of Sian, the start of the old Brigade in Hsiyang County, Shansi "Silk Road," and scenic Hangchow. Province. Tachai had been hit by a pro­ The Shahbanou's 10-day visit to They asked in detail how the Ta­ longed dry spell this year, but thanks China has made positive contribu­ chai Brigade had improved soil, built to the fight put up by the brigade tions towards increasing mutual un­ water control projects, applied fer­ members, this year's grain output was expected to approach last year's. derstanding and promoting friend­ tilizer and selected seeds. They The Zambian guests highly praised ship between the two peoples and the called at a brigade member's house the brigade members' revolutionary friendly relations and co-operation and saw the many layers of terraced spirit of hard struggle and shared between the two countries. Since the fields. When the Vice-President and their happiness in getting good har­ establishment of diplomatic relations other distinguished guests joyfully vests. Upon their departure, the bri­ between the two countries in August took spades from brigade members gade members presented the Zam­ last year, China and Iran have ex­ who were building a water storage bian friends with walnut, turnip and changed trade delegations and civil pond up a mountain and joined them Chinese cabbage seeds, expressing aviation delegations; a Chinese pe­ in shovelling earth, the brigade mem­ the hope that these seeds would grow troleum study group and a table ten­ bers, men and women, warmly well on the soil of Zambia just as nis delegation too have visited Iran. applauded the African friends. the friendship of the two peoples.

4 Peking Review, No. 39 Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka Arrives In Peking

Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka of Japan arrived in Japan. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka, Foreign Minister Peking from Tokyo on the morning of September 25 Masayoshi Ohira, Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat Susu- by special plane with the national flags of Japan and mu Nikaido and others alighted from the plane at 11:30 China on its nose. He is visiting China at the invitation a.m. Chou En-lai, Yeh Chien-ying, Kuo Mo-jo, Chou of Chou En-lai, Premier of the Stale Council of the Chien-jen, Chi Peng-1'ei and others shook hands with People's Republic of China, to negotiate and settle the then: in welcome. question of the normalization of relations between China and Japan. Accompanying him are Masayoshi A welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. Ohira, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Susumu Nikaido, The band played the national anthems of Japan and Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat, and others. China. Prime Minister Tanaka. accompanied by Premier Chou, reviewed a guard of honour made; up of men of Greeting them at the airport were Premier the ground, naval and air forces of the Chinese People's Chou En-lai; Yeh Chien-ying, Vice-Chairman of Liberation Army. the Military Commission and Vice-Chairman of the National Defence Council; Kuo Mo-jo, Vice-Chair­ Among the members of Prime Minister Tanaka's man of the Standing Committee of the National parly are Kenzo Yoshida, Director-General of the Asian People's Congress and Honorary President of the China- Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Japan Friendship Association; Chou Chien-jen. Vice- Masuo Takashima, Director-General of the Treaties Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Akitane People's Congress; Chi Peng-fei, Minister of Foreign Kiuchi, Tadashi Sugihara and Keiichi Konaga, Private Affairs; Wu Teh, Chairman of the Peking Municipal Revolutionary Committee; Fang Yi, Minister of Secretaries to the Prime Minister; Shigezo Hayasaka, Economic Relations With Foreign Countries; Pai Hsiang- Secretary (personal) to the Prime Minister; Shinya kuo, Minister of Foreign Trade; Liao Cheng-chih, Nishida, Private Secretary to the Chief of the Cabinet Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and President Secretariat; Toshio Tanaka, Secretary (personal) to the of the China-Japan Friendship Association; Han Nien- Prime Minister; Teruji Akiyama, Head of the Regional lung, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs; Wang Kuo- Policy Division of the Asian Affairs Bureau of the chuan, President of the Chinese People's Association for Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Shinichiro Asao, Head of Friendship With Foreign Countries and Vice-President the Press Division of the Public Information and Cul­ of the China-Japan Friendship Association; and others. tural Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Peking Airport today flew the national flag of the Hiroshi Hashimoto, Head of the China Division of the People's Republic of China and the national flag of Asian Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and Takakazu Kuri- yama, Head of the Treaties Division of the Treaties Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Also accom­ panying Prime Minister Tanaka on the visit are the press corps and technical personnel.

Also present at the airport to greet the visitors were Members of the Standing Com­ mittee of the National People's Congress and leading members of departments concerned and personages from various circles. Premier Chou shakes hands with Prime Minister Tanaka at (he airport.

September 29. 1972 Accompanied by Premier Chou, Prime Minister Tanaka reviews the P.L.A. guard of honour.

Kaheita Okazaki, Shunichi Matsumoto and Tomo- Prior to the talks, the participants on the two sides haru Okubo, leading members of the Japan-China had a friendly meeting. Memorandum Trade Office of Japan who are now in Peking; and Yoshizo Yasuda, Chief Representative of Premier Chou Gives Banquet the Peking Liaison Office of the Japan-China Memoran­ On the evening of September 25, Premier Chou gave dum Trade Office, and Kimio Fujida and Eiichi a banquet in honour of Prime Minister Tanaka at the Himeno, Representatives of the Liaison Office, and their Banquet Hall of the Great Hall of the People. family members were also at the airport. In the Banquet Hall hung the national flags of Japan Talks Held and the People's Republic of China. Premier Chou and Prime Minister Tanaka proposed toasts at the banquet In the afternoon, Premier Chou En-lai and Prime (for full texts see following pages). After their toasts, Minister Kakuei Tanaka held talks. the band played the national anthems of Japan and Taking part in the talks on the Japanese side were China. During the banquet the band played Japanese Masayoshi Ohira, Minister for Foreign Affairs; Susumu tunes Sakura Sakura, Sado Okesa and Konpira Fune- Nikaido, Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat: Kenzo Yo- fune and Chinese tunes Great Peking, Ode to the So­ shida, Director-General of the Asian Affairs Bureau of cialist Motherland and selections from The White- the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Masuo Takashima, Haired Girl. Director-General of the Treaties Bureau of the Ministry Attending the banquet on the Japanese side were of Foreign Affairs; Akitane Kiuchi, Private Secretary Masayoshi Ohira, Susumu Nikaido, and other mem­ to the Prime Minister; Hiroshi Hashimoto, Head of the bers of the Prime Minister's party including Kenzo China Division of the Asian Affairs Bureau of the Minis­ Yoshida, Masuo Takashima, Akitane Kiuchi, Tadashi try of Foreign Affairs; Takakazu Kuriyama. Head of Sugihara, Keiichi Konaga, Shigezo Hayasaka, Shinya the Treaties Division of the Treaties Bureau of the Nishida, Toshio Tanaka, Teruji Akiyama, Shinichiro Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and Atsushi Hatakenaka. Asao, Hiroshi Hashimoto and Takakazu Kuriyama. Also staff member of the China Division of the Asian Affairs present were the accompanying Japanese press corps Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. and technical personnel. Taking part in the talks on the Chinese side were Present on the occasion were Yeh Chien-ying; Kuo Chi Peng-fei, Foreign Minister; Liao Cheng-chih, Adviser Mo-jo; Ngapo Ngawang-Jigme and Chou Chien-jen, to the Foreign Ministry and President of the China- Vice-Chairmen of the N.P.C. Standing Committee; Fu Japan Friendship Association; Han Nien-lung, Vice- Tso-yi, Vice-Chairman of the National Defence Council Foreign Minister; Chang Hsiang-shan, Adviser to the and Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of the Foreign Ministry; and Lu Wei-chao, Director. Wang Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference; Chi Hsiao-yun, Deputy Director, and Chen Kang, Division Peng-fei; Wu Teh; Fang Yi; Pai Hsiang-kuo; Liao Chief, of the Asian Affairs Department of the Foreign Cheng-chih; Han Nien-lung; Hsiao Ching-kuang, Vice- Ministry; and staff members Lin Li-yun, Wang Hsiao- Minister of National Defence; Yu Sang, Vice-Minister hsien, Lien Cheng-pao and Chao Chung-hsin. of Public Security; Wang Kuo-chuan, and others.

6 Peking Review, No. 39 Hsiang-shan. Liu Hsi-wen, Wang Hai-jung, Lu Wei-chao, Warg Hsiao-yun, Han Hsu, Peng Hun, Chang Tsan-ming, Present at the banquet were Kaheita Okazaki, An Chili-yuan, Yang Teh-chung, Ti Fu-isai, Kao Fu- Shunichi Matsumoto and Tomoharu Okubo; Yoshizo yu, Ting Chiao, Ting Kuo-yu, Hsieh Ching-yi and Sun Yasuda, Kimio Fujida, Eiichi Himeno, and their families. Ping-hua; Also present at the banquet were: Members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Hu Ya-chih, Lin Chino-chih and Mao Yi-sheng. Leading members of Chinese government departments, the Peking Municipal Revolutionary Committee, the Chinese People's Association for Friendship With Foreign Countries and Peking press circles Ma Wen-po, Fu Hao, Li Ching-chuan, Kuang Jen-nung, Ma Jen-hui, Su Chieh, Hsieh Hsin-ho, Hao Chung-shih, Chiao Pei-hsin, Wang Yeh-chiu, Yen Chun, Chih Chun, Wu Chung, Members of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the National Wu Ching-tung, Shen Kuang, Liu Cheng-ching, Chu Mu-chih, Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Chang Chi-chih, Shih Shao-hua, Teng Kang, Wu Conference Chou Pei-yuan, Liu Fei, Chu Yun-shan and Jung Yi-jen; Members of the C.P.P.C.C. National Committee Cheng Tung-kuo and Tu Yu-ming; noted personage Cheng Ssu-yuan; and Chao Pu-chu, a leading member of the Buddhist Association of China; and

Leng-hsi, Lu Ying, Tai Cheng-yuan, Tung Lin, Chang Personages from foreign trade, scientific, art, cultural and sports circles including Li Hsi-fu, Wu Chieh-ping, Wu Wei-jan, Wu Huan-hsing, Chou Yi-liang, Hsieh Ping-hsin, Ku Yuan, Li Meng-hua, Sung Cung, At Banquet Welcoming Prime Minister Tanaka Chuang Tse-tung, Yu Hui-yung, Hao Liang and Liu Ching-tang. Premier Chou's Toast

Your Excellency Respected Prime Minister Kakuei of Japanese friends visiting China each year exceeded Tanaka, the number of friends from other countries and the Distinguished Guests From Japan, volume of China's trade with Japan based on equality and mutual benefit surpassed that with other countries. Friends and Comrades, This has created favourable conditions for the normali­ We are glad that His Excellency Kakuei Tanaka, zation of Sino-Japanese relations. Prime Minister of Japan, has come to visit our country At present, tremendous changes are taking place upon invitation to negotiate and settle the question of in the world situation. After assuming office, Prime the normalization of relations between China and Minister Tanaka resolutely put forward a new policy Japan. On behalf of Chairman Mao Tsetung and the towards China, stated that the normalization of rela­ Chinese Government, I express warm welcome to Prime tions with the People's Republic of China would be Minister Tanaka and the other distinguished guests from expedited and expressed full understanding of China's Japan. three principles for the restoration of diplomatic rela­ Prime Minister Tanaka's visit to China opens a tions and has, to this end, taken practical steps. Pro­ new page in the history of Sino-Japanese relations. ceeding from its consistent stand, the Chinese Govern­ Friendly contacts and cultural exchanges between our ment has made positive response. There is already a two countries have a history of two thousand years, good basis for the normalization of relations between and our two peoples have forged a profound friendship; the two countries. It is the common desire of the all this we should treasure. However, in the half- Chinese and Japanese peoples to promote Sino-Japanese century after 1894, owing to the Japanese militarists' friendship and restore diplomatic relations between aggression against China, the Chinese people were made China and Japan. Now is the time for us to accom­ to endure tremendous disasters and the Japanese peo­ plish this historic task. ple, too. suffered a great deal from it. The past not Your Excellency Mr. Prime Minister, before you forgotten is a guide for the future. We should firmly left for China, you had said that agreement can be bear the experience and the lesson in mind. Following reached in the negotiations between the two countries Chairman Mao Tsetung's teachings, the Chinese people and that agreement must be reached. I am deeply con­ make a strict distinction between the very few mili­ vinced that, through the efforts of our two sides, con­ tarists and the broad masses of the Japanese people. ducting full consultations and seeking common ground Therefore, since the founding of the People's Republic on major points while reserving differences on minor of China, although the state of war between the two points, the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations can countries has not been declared terminated, friendly certainly be realized. contacts and trade relations between the Chinese and Japanese peoples have continuously developed instead The social systems of China and Japan are different. of being interrupted. In the past few years, the number However, this should not be an obstacle to our two

September 29, 1972 7 countries living together as equals and in friendship. Today, leaders of China and Japan have already The restoration of diplomatic relations between China begun their talks of great significance on the question and Japan and the establishment of friendly and good- of the normalization of relations between the two coun­ neighbourly relations on the basis of the Five Principles tries. We expect that our talks will achieve complete of Peaceful Coexistence will open up broad prospects success. for the further development of friendly contacts between our two peoples and the expansion of economic and In conclusion, I propose a toast cultural exchanges between our two countries. Sino- to the health of His Excellency Prime Minister Japaneso friendship is not exclusive; if will contribute Kakuei Tanaka. to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the safeguard­ ing of world peace. to the health of His Excellency Masayoshi Ohira. Minister for Foreign Affairs, and His Excellency Snsumu Both the Chinese and Japanese nations are great Nikaido, Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat. nations. Both the Chinese and Japanese peoples are industrious and valiant peoples. The Chinese and Japa­ to the health of the other distinguished guests from nese peoples should live in friendship from generation Japan. to generation. On behalf of the Chinese people. I wish to the health of all our friends and comrades present, to extend here to the Japanese people our greetings and as well as our sincere wishes for their still greater suc­ cesses on the road of advance. to Sino-Japanese friendship!

Prime Minister Tanaka's Toast

Your Excellency Respected Premier Chou En-lai, tions with its friendly countries and on the other make Gentlemen. contributions to peace and prosperity in Asia and in the world at large. I am very happy to be able this time to set foot on the soil of our neighbour China in my capacity as Prime It goes without saying that Japan and China have Minister of Japan, at the invitation of Your Excellency different political convictions and social systems. Yet, Premier Chou En-lai. My heart is very much warmed by I think, in spite of all this, it is possible for Japan and such a grand evening banquet held here today to wel­ China to establish good-neighbourly and friendly rela­ come us. I hereby express my deep thanks to you tions and, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, gentlemen from various quarters concerned for your strengthen contacts, respect each other's stand and carry considerate attention. out co-operation. I flew non-stop from Tokyo to Peking on this trip. It The normalization of relations is absolutely neces­ makes me once again deeply aware that Japan and sary to the establishment of good-neighbourly and China are close neighbours with only a strip of water friendly relations between Japan and China on a solid in between. The two countries are not only so close to basis. Of course, the two sides have their own basic each other geographically, but have a history of 2.000 positions and peculiar conditions. But despite the fact years of rich and varied ties. that some minor differences exist between the posit ions However, it is regretful that for several decades in and views of the two sides, I believe it is possible for the past the relations between Japan and China had Japan and China to overcome their divergence of views unfortunate experiences. During that time our country and reach agreement in the spirit of seeking common caused great trouble to the Chinese people for which I ground on major questions and of mutual understand­ once again make profound self-examination. After ing and mutual accommodation. I am willing to World War II the relations between Japan and China accomplish this important task and take a new step remained in an abnormal and unnatural state. We can­ forward along the road of long-standing Japan-China not but frankly admit this historical fact. friendship. But we should not for ever linger in the dim blind Finally, I avail myself of my host's wine to propose alley of the past. In my opinion, it is important now that we raise our glasses with His Excellency Premier lor the leaders of Japan and China to confer in the Chou En-lai and other gentlemen in a toast interest of tomorrow. That is to say, to conduct frank to the happiness and health of His Excellency Chair­ and sincere talks for the common goal of peace and pros­ man Mao Tsetung, perity in Asia and in the world as a whole. It is pre­ cisely for that goal that I have come here. We hope that to the health of His Excellency Premier Chou En-lai we can establish friendly and good-neighbourly rela­ and the success of his work, and tions with great China and its people and that the two to the lasting friendship between the peoples of countries will on the one hand respect each other's rela- Japan and China and peace and prosperity in Asia:

8 Peking Review, No. 39 We Ate Advancing

— China's achievements in socialist economic construction

by Chi Wei

CTOBER 1 this year marks the 23rd anniversary of sabotage and interference of the counter-revolutionary O the founding of the People's Republic of China, revisionist line of Liu Shao-chi and other swindlers. Guided by Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, the peo­ (1) Our country has steadily developed its ple of all nationalities in our country have, through self-reliance and hard struggle, won great victories in agriculture after surmounting difficulties, reaped socialist revolution and socialist construction over the rich harvests for many years running, and is now past 23 years. China has developed from a poor and more than self-sufficient in grain. backward semi-colonial and semi-feudal country into a By implementing the Party's principles and policies socialist country which has taken the first steps on the for the rural areas as laid down by Chairman Mao and road to prosperity. overcoming difficulties resulting from various kinds of In the short span of three years following the birth natural adversities, the commune members and cadres of New China, the Chinese people led by the Party have consolidated and developed the collective economy Central Committee headed by Chairman Mao success­ of the people's communes. The mass movement "In fully completed recovery of the national economy which agriculture, learn from Tachai" is in full swing. (The had been ravaged by long years of war. In 1953 we Tachai Production Brigade in Shansi Province is the began to carry out the First Five-Year Plan for the national pace-setter in agriculture.) Farm production Development of the National Economy. Its fulfilment with grain as the key link is developing in an all-round coupled with the basic completion of the socialist trans- formation of capitalist industry and commerce and the realization of co-operation in agriculture and handicrafts ushered in a new period of socialist revolution and construction. At this important juncture in history, Chairman Mao delivered his famous report On the Cor­ rect Handling of Contradictions Among the People and put forward the general line of "going all out, aiming high and achieving greater, faster, better and more economical results in building socialism." Later, he laid down the general principle of "taking agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading factor" for developing the national economy and the strategic way. In 1971 grain output was 492,000 million jin, an principle of "being prepared against war, being pre­ increase of 100,000 million jin over that of 1957 and more pared against natural disasters, and doing everything than twice the amount in the early post-liberation years. for the people," and formulated a complete set of As in grain production, forestry, animal husbandry, side­ Marxist-Leninist theories, line, principles and policies line occupations, fishery and industrial crops have also for the Chinese people to continue the revolution under made much headway. Despite serious natural calami­ the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Great Prole­ ties, many areas this year have gathered in rich harvests tarian Cultural Revolution smashed the counter-revolu­ of summer crops and early rice. Today, China has not tionary revisionist line pushed by Liu Shao-chi and only achieved self-sufficiency in grain, but the state as other political swindlers and cleared the way for a great­ well as many production teams and peasant families er and more rapid development of the national economy. have grain reserves. Over the past two decades and more, the Chinese people Agriculture is the foundation of the national econo­ in their hundreds of millions, advancing along the my and grain is the corner-stone of this foundation. As course charted by Chairman Mao, have achieved far back as the early days of the founding of the Soviets, splendid results on all fronts of the national economy by Lenin pointed out: "The food question now lies at the overcoming one obstacle after another and defeating the bottom of all socialist development." Chairman Mao

September 29, 1972 9 also clearly put forward the general principle of "taking Grain-deficient areas in north China which used to de­ agriculture as the foundation and industry as the lead­ pend on the south have by and large become self-suffi­ ing factor" for the development of the national economy. cient, thus initially changing the situation in which grain As farm production develops, output of grain, cotton has to be shipped in from the south. and other farm and side-line products rises, and this in turn provides a solid foundation for the entire (2) There is an all-round leap forward in in­ national economy. This is of tremendous political and dustry; a relatively independent and integrated economic significance. modern industrial system has initially taken shape.

The first problem New China had to face was to There was practically no modern industry in pre- feed a population of several hundred million. No liberation China. Only a few light industries of a co­ government in the old China had ever solved this prob­ lonial or semi-colonial character could be found in the lem. It was not the fault of the industrious and courage­ coastal cities, but heavy industry was virtually non­ ous Chinese people, but was the result of ruthless op­ existent. Compared to developed capitalist countries, pression and exploitation by imperialism, feudalism, our industry at that time was at least a century or even and bureaucrat-capitalism. Once the Chinese people two to three centuries behind. To develop industry on have taken their destiny into their own hands, they such a basis presented enormous difficulties. The cap­ work wonders. Chairman Mao has wisely pointed out: italist countries developed their industry by exploiting "Revolution plus production can solve the problem of the people at home and plundering the colonies. As a feeding the population." Under the guidance of Chair­ socialist country, not only must we not follow their man Mao's revolutionary line, we carried out the agra­ example, but we should do all we can to help the other rian reform, set up agricultural producers' co-operatives developing countries. The capitalist countries started and then people's communes. These measures have once with light industry and only after a long period of cap­ and for all uprooted the causes of the peasants' poverty, ital accumulation did they begin to develop heavy in­ promoted the rapid development of the productive dustry. Our socialist country cannot follow that beaten forces and helped achieve self-sufficiency in grain. path. In order to consolidate the dictatorship of the

The newly built No. 11 blast furnace of the Anshan Iron and Steel Company.

An irrigation project just completed in Anhwci Province.

Wang Chung-lun (right), a nationally renowned model worker and member of the Party committee of the General Machine Repairing Factory of the Anshan Iron and Steel Company, is swapping experience with comrades of other lactones.

10 Peking Review, No. 39 Chairman Mao has taught us that in developing 1971 STEEL industry we must "take steel as the key link." Before Output: liberation, the few shabby and outdated iron and steel mills were concentrated in a few coastal cities, and there were no iron works in the vast hinterland. Since liber­ 131 times that ation. China's iron and steel industry has developed of ihe early rapidly. Old plants in the coastal cities have been ren­ ovated and expanded, and new ones have been built post-liberation in the interior. As a result, steel output in 1971 reached years. 21 million tons, or 131 times that of the early post- liberation years and nearly four times the 1957 figure of 5.35 million tons. proletariat and build up a prosperous and powerful so­ Chairman Mao has said: "Grain and steel — with cialist China, we must exert our utmost efforts, outpace these, everything is easier." The increase in grain and the imperialists and develop our national economy at the quickest possible tempo. Since we had a "poor and iron and steel output has provided favourable conditions blank" basis, we were inevitably confronted with a great for developing the various branches of the economy and many difficulties in funds, raw materials and techniques pushed industrial development forward. In 1971, total in our endeavour to simultaneously modernize agricul­ industrial output value rose by about 20 times and out­ ture, industry, national defence and science and tech­ put of coal, electric power, cotton yarn, cotton cloth, nology. However, under the leadership of the Party and machinery of various types and chemical products went the Government, the people of the whole country have up several or even scores of times as compared with worked hard, ignored the imperialist blockade, firmly 1919. Progress in the petroleum industry has been even resisted great external pressures, and achieved conspicu­ more rapid. Gone are the days when we had to rely ous progress in the modernization of agriculture, indus­ on ••foreign oil." Besides meeting our own needs, we try, national defence and science and technology. are exporting small quantities as our aid to friendly

Below left: Members of the "Iron Girls' Team" of Shansi Province's Hsiyang County where the Tachai Brigade, national pace-setter in agriculture, is located.

Bottom: A miner of Uighur nationality in Sinkiang entertains his Han comrades at home on a holiday.

September 29, 1972 11 countries. The myth spread by the imperialists that By the end of 1971, the total mileage of railways "China is poor in oil" was exploded and the scheme open to traffic nearly quadrupled that just before liber­ of the U.S. imperialists and Soviet revisionists to exert ation in 1949. Trunk railway lines have been extended pressure on us in the supply of oil smashed. Last year's to the frontier areas in northwest and southwest China. oil output increased more than 300-fold over 1949. With the exception of Tibet, every province, municipali­ Following increased production in 1971, the output of ty and autonomous region can now be reached by rail. many major industrial products has continued to climb Thus a change has been made to old China's extremely this year, with a steady improvement in quality and irrational concentration of railways in northeast China increase in variety. and along the coast. Only some 80,000 kilometres of high­ ways were built in several decades in the old China and 1971 all were of inferior quality and long out of repair. On the eve of liberation, only 75,000 kilometres were open to PETROLEUM traffic. The total mileage today is more than eight times Output: A more that of 1949. This has played an important role in ac­ celerating our socialist construction and making the than 300-fold economy in the cities and countryside prosper. increase over China has many long rivers and numerous lakes. By the end of last year, the length of inland navigation 1949. routes had doubled as compared with that in the years immediately after liberation. China did not have a Guided by Chairman Mao's correct principle of single ocean-going freighter until 1961, when the first bringing into play the initiative from two sources [i.e., such freighter made its maiden voyage. Since then, the both the local and central authorities], local small and tonnage of ocean-going vessels has rapidly risen. medium-sized industries have mushroomed. Locally run small iron and steel works turned out several million Before liberation, postal service was confined to the tons of pig iron and steel in 1971. Output of cement coastal areas and a few cities and towns, while in the and chemical fertilizer from small factories last year vast countryside and national minority areas, it was made up 44 and 60 per cent respectively of the nation's virtually a blank. Compared with 1949, the number of total. Even the Tibetan Plateau, where no industry post offices and agencies has multiplied 6.5-fold, and existed before, now boasts of coal-mining, electric power, the increase in the countryside is more than 100-fold, textile, machine processing and other local industries. with postal service reaching more than 90 per cent of Ninety-six per cent of the counties throughout the coun­ the production brigades. try have their own plants for making and repairing farm machines. The growth of local industries will play an (4) Swift advances have been made in science increasingly big role in improving the distribution of and technology, propelling the sustained leap for­ industry, supporting agricultural production and ward in industrial and agricultural production. strengthening our preparedness against war. China's workers and staff members and scientific (3) Transport and communication lines link up and technical personnel have over the past 20 years and all parts of the country, thereby meeting the needs more consistently followed Chairman Mao's teaching of rapid development of the national economy. that "the Chinese people have high aspirations, they have ability, and they will certainly catch up with and Communications were extremely backward before surpass advanced world levels in the not too distant liberation. The situation has been gradually changed, future." Relying on their own efforts, they have since and notable successes have been achieved since 1949. 1964 successively exploded atomic and hydrogen bombs A network of railways, waterways and highways has and launched man-made earth satellites. We develop been initially set up, with both passenger and freight nuclear weapons solely for the purpose of defence and for breaking the nuclear monopoly by the two super­ powers — the United States and the Soviet Union, and RAILWAY finally eliminating nuclear weapons and nuclear war. Mileage Open to We designed and built by our own efforts the Yangtze Traffic by End of River Bridge at Nanking, a bridge that is up to the advanced world standard. We also successfully solved 1971: Nearly 4 the problem of surface subsidence in Shanghai, made a 125,000-kw. generator with inner water-cooled stator times the figure and rotor, and innovated the new technique of carrying- on the eve of the on operations on live super high-tension lines with a liberation. voltage of 220,000. In the petroleum industry, the record of drilling 100,000 metres a year by one drilling rig set up in 1966 was outstripped in 1971 by another record traffic steadily increasing year by year. A postal net­ work now covers the whole country. (Continued on p. 19.)

12 Peking Review, No. 39 China-Iran Speeches at Premier Chou's Banquet in Honour Of Her Imperial Majesty Farah Pahlavi

Her Imperial Majesty Farah Pahlavi, the Shahbanou towards increasing the mutual understanding between of Iran, paid a state visit to China from September 18 China and Iran and promoting the further development to 27. of the friendship between our two peoples and the A grand welcome banquet was given by Premier friendly relations and co-operation between our two Chou En-lai on September 19 in honour of the Shahba­ countries. nou.. Her Imperial Majesty also gave a grand banquet on September 22. Following are excerpts of speeches by H.l.M. Farah Pahlavi Says: Premier Chou En-lai and Her Imperial Majesty Farah The very warm and splendid welcome which was Pahlavi at the September 19 banquet: extended to us on our arrival in your historical and Premier Chou En-lai Says: beautiful capital, characterizes our two people's genuine feeling's of affinity towards each other. It is thus a Iran is a country with a long history and an ancient great source of gratification for me to have brought for civilization. The industrious, courageous and talented your industrious and noble people a message reflecting Iranian people created the splendid Persian Culture, several thousand years of cordial and amicable relation­ which remains a rich legacy for mankind and adds ship. I ardently hope that this visit will herald a new era lustre to the treasury of world civilization. Under the in the strengthening of this age-old friendship between leadership of His Imperial Majesty Pahlavi, the Shahan- our two countries and our nations. shah of Iran, the Government and people of Iran have Almost from its commencement, the history of ray made continuous efforts and achieved successes in safe­ country has been linked with that of China. Persian guarding state sovereignty, projecting national re­ literature is full of charming references to your country, sources, developing national culture and building their the most beautiful of which are to be found in the works country. The Chinese Government and people sincerely of Nizami, one of the greatest Persian poets. In the wish you continuous new victories on your road, of realm of fine arts, especially painting and the art of advance. the miniature, the relationship between our two coun­ Friendly contacts and traditional friendship be­ tries over centuries has been so profound that in our tween the Chinese and Iranian peoples date back to literature the expression "Negarestane Chin" (Chinese ancient times. The world-famous "Silk Road" opened up more than 2,000 years ago is the best testimony to picture gallery) stands for the embodiment of artistic these contacts and friendship. It, played a great historic beauty, while a painter expressing a magical power of role: in promoting political, economic and cultural ex­ portraiture is described as a "Chinese portraitist." changes between the East and the West. However, It is now more than 2,000 years since the first diplo­ owing to sabotage and obstruction by imperialism, the matic missions were exchanged between Iran and China, friendly ties between our two countries were interrupted and this precedent was followed for many centuries. for a period of time. Today, we are glad to see that, Parallel with these ties, extensive commercial contacts with the joint efforts of our two sides, the traditional were maintained, especially through the famous "Silk friendship between the Chinese and Iranian peoples and Road" and by the Persian Gulf and the ports of China. the friendly relations and co-operation between the two In view of these historical ties, it is natural that countries have resumed and developed on the basis of members of my party and I here tonight do not regard' the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and ourselves as mere recently arrived guests, but feel that territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-inter­ we have come here as old acquaintances and as repre­ ference in each other's internal affairs, equality and sentatives of ties which have lasted for several thousand mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. Last year years between our two civilizations and cultures which Her Royal Highness Princess Ashraf and Her Royal are amongst the purest and most ancient in the world. Highness Princess Fatemeh visited our country, leaving I am certain that during my stay in your great and with us deep impressions. China's special envoy at­ beautiful country I shall gain a first-hand acquaintance tended upon invitation the grand celebrations of the with many of the works of China's cultural heritage and 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Em­ at the same time with your country's widely diffused pire and was accorded warm and cordial reception by and dynamic contemporary art and culture. the Government and people of Iran. In paying the But the things we find interesting and praiseworthy present friendly visit to our country, Her Imperial Ma­ in your country are not limited to China's cultural heri­ jesty and the other distinguished Iranian guests have tage or to the historic and artistic ties between our two brought us the profound friendly sentiments of the countries. We are interested particularly in a closer as­ Iranian people; this will surely make a new contribution sociation with the great new society that is being built

September 29, 1972 13 today in your vast country under the wise leadership of that this growing collaboration between us may not Chairman Mao Tsetung. only benefit our two countries and peoples, but may I am certain that the background of our ancient ties, at the same time serve to strengthen world peace and the similarity of our national efforts in this present age, understanding, in which our two nations have expressed and the great possibilities for the growth of economic, their deep interest and concern. In the progress of our commercial, scientific and cultural co-operation between national efforts to raise the material and spiritual levels us, provide the basis for an ever-growing expansion of of life in our societies, no factor is more vitally necessary our mutual ties in all walks of life. It is my earnest wish than peace.

27th Session of U.N. General Assembly Opens China Opposes Deferring Discussion of Korean Question

The 27th Session of the United Nations General Assembly opened at the U.N. Headquar­ ters on the afternoon of September 19. With delegates from more than 130 countries partici­ pating, the present session is expected to last till the latter part of December. The Chinese Delegation led by its Vice-Chairman Huang Hua attended the opening ceremony. Chiao Kuan- hua, Chairman of the Chinese Delegation and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, will arrive some time later. The President and 17 Vice-Presidents for the present session and the chairmen of seven- Main Committees under the General Assembly were elected at the plenary meetings on Sep­ tember 19 and 20. Together they form the General Committee for discussion of the agenda to be submitted to the plenary meeting for approval. At its first meeting on the afternoon of September 20, the General Committee held a de­ bate on the inclusion in the agenda of the General Assembly Session of the item entitled "Crea­ tion of Favourable Conditions to Accelerate the Independent and Peaceful Reunification of Korea" put forward by Algeria and other countries. Representatives of many countries, in­ cluding China, favoured its inclusion. But with the support of the representatives of the United States and some other countries, the British representative tabled a motion request­ ing that the item be postponed for consideration at the next session of the U.N. General As­ sembly. This motion was passed when put to vote. When the question was discussed again at the plenary meetings on September 22 and 23, representatives of many countries including Algeria, Albania, China, Romania, Cuba, Malta, Yugoslavia, Burundi. Chile and Finland ex­ pressed opposition to the postponement of the discussion of the Korean question by the General Assembly. Many delegates pointed out in their speeches that the aim of the United States, Britain and other countries in obstructing the inclusion of the item was to perpetuate the division of Korea and continue to interfere in its internal affairs. Owing to the stubborn opposition of the United States, Britain and other countries to the inclusion of the item in the agenda, the General Committee's recommendation for deferring discussion of the Korean question urns finally adopted. Following are excerpts from the speech by the Chinese Delegation's Vice-Chairman Huang Hua during the debate on the afternoon of September 22. Subheads are ours. — Ed.

Algeria and 28 other countries have asked for the But to date there is only a military armistice agreement inclusion of the item "Creation of Favourable Conditions without any further arrangement, still less the achieve­ to Accelerate the Independent and Peaceful Reunifica­ ment of the reunification of Korea, and Korea remains tion of Korea" in the agenda of the 27th Session of in a state of division. The prolonged division of north the General Assembly. This initiative has been sup­ and south Korea has brought the entire Korean people ported and endorsed by all the justice-upholding coun­ untold miseries and sufferings. It is the common aspira­ tries and peoples. The Chinese Delegation cannot agree tion of the people of north and south Korea to realize to the recommendation of the General Committee for the independent and peaceful reunification of their deferring the discussion of the draft resolution spon­ fatherland at an earliest possible date. sored by Algeria and 28 other countries. North and south Korea used to be a unified country. A Good Beginning The Korean people belong to a unified nation. Twenty- seven years have elapsed since the artificial division of Not long ago, north and south Korea held high-level Korea, and 19 years since the end of the Korean war. talks and issued a joint statement, in which both north

14 Peking Review, No. 39 and south Korea affirmed the three principles for the to the Korean people's independent and peaceful re­ reunification of their fatherland, namely. 1. reunifica­ unification of their fatherland. It should declare that tion should be achieved independently, without reliance the foreign troops in south Korea have no right to use upon outside force or its interference; 2. reunification the U.N. flag and that the activities of the "United Na­ should be achieved by peaceful means, without recourse tions commission for the unification and rehabilitation to the use of arms against the other side; 3. great na­ of Korea" should be suspended, thus leading to the with­ tional unity should be promoted first of all as one na­ drawal of foreign troops from south Korea. Now is tion, transcending the differences of ideology, ideal and the time for the United Nations to earnestly discuss the system. Korean question and take measures to create conditions These developments mark a good beginning for the to accelerate the independent and peaceful reunification cause of the independent and peaceful reunification of of Korea. Korea and will produce positive influence on the devel­ opment of the situation in Asia and the world. The Fallacies Refuted contacts between north and south Korea and the pro­ At the General Committee meetings on September gress made in settling the question of reunifying their 20. the U.S. and U.K. representatives asserted that the fatherland have won the great attention and warm sym­ decision of the previous session of the U.N. General pathy of the peoples of the world. This shows that the Assembly to postpone the discussion on the Korean 40 million Korean people's demand for the reunification question had led to negotiations between north and of their fatherland has become an irresistible historical south Korea, and that in order not to hamper these trend. The United Nations Organization is duty-bound negotiations the current session of the General Assem­ to take note of this development of the Korean situa­ bly should again postpone discussions. This logic is tion and do its utmost to encourage and accelerate such most absurd. According to such a logic, does it mean a development, and not to continue to obstruct and that the peaceful reunification of Korea would be most undermine such a development. benefited only if the U.N. General Assembly refrains The new item and draft resolution proposed by Al­ from discussing the Korean question for ever and geria and 28 other countries are precisely aimed at en­ only if such illegal institutions as the "United Na­ couraging and accelerating such a development and at tions commission for the unification and rehabilita­ eliminating the whole series of man-made obstacles in tion of Korea" and the "United Nations command" the way of the cause of independent and peaceful re­ are maintained permanently? Some said that the unification of Korea. People can see clearly that com­ discussion of the Korean question now at the U.N. pared with the two old items the new item and draft General Assembly would produce adverse effect on the resolution tabled by Algeria and 28 other countries meet negotiations between north and south Korea. This ar­ better the requirement of the new situation which has gument is also totally untenable. In fact, the start of emerged in Korea. Discussion and adoption of such a negotiations between the two sides makes it all the more draft resolution will surely create favourable conditions necessary for the United Nations to discuss the Korean to accelerate the independent and peaceful reunification question so as to create favourable conditions for the of Korea. independent and peaceful reunification of Korea. If the interference From Outside Forces discussion should be postponed to the next year because Must Be Eliminated of the conduct of negotiations between the north and The key to the peaceful solution of the Korean south this year, does this mean that there will be no question is to let the Korean people settle their own more negotiations between the north and south next problems by themselves free from foreign interference. year? Does it follow from their assertion that the ne­ The Chinese Government and people have consistently gotiations between the north and south will be facili­ held that the affairs of a country should be handled by tated only by maintaining the so-called "United Nations its own people and that there is no justification for any commission for the unification and rehabilitation of foreign interference. The Korean people are the masters Korea" and "U.N. command" permanently? This can­ of Korea. The question of the reunification of Korea not hold wafer. must be settled by the Korean people themselves with­ There is another erroneous argument saying that out interference from outside forces. the discussion of the Korean question will only aggra­ The U.S. aggression against Korea in the past was vate the tension in Korea and make the positions of carried out under the name of the United Nations. the two sides more rigid. The peaceful reunification of There still exist a so-called "United Nations commission Korea is the internal affair of the Korean people, which for the unification and rehabilitation of Korea" and calls for no discussions in the United Nations. The Ko­ a "United Nations command" in south Korea. U.S. rean people alone have the right to discuss the peaceful troops have continued to stay in south Korea. These reunification of Korea, and the United Nations have foreign interferences imposed on the Korean people are no right to do so. The past U.N. discussions of this the root cause for the prolonged division of Korea and question were illegal and constituted a violation of the a serious obstacle to the independent and peaceful re­ principles of the U.N. Charter. Nevertheless, what is unification of Korea. to be discussed under the item proposed by the 29 coun­ Under the present new situation, the United Nations tries is definitely not the question of Korea's peaceful is duty-bound to take actions to eliminate the obstacles reunification as such, which purely concerns the internal

September 29, 1912 25 For Your Reference

The So-Called "United Gallons Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea"

The so-called "United Nations commission for tions and slanders against, the D.P.R.K. The com­ the unification and rehabilitation of Korea" is a mission's despicable1 acts arc firmly opposed by tool of aggression of U.S. imperialism which, the peoples of Korea and of the whole world. On usurping the flag of the United Nations, is trying September 12, 1971, the D.P.R.K. issued a state­ to obstruct the unification of Korea and perpet­ ment which solemnly pointed out that "the uate its forcible occupation of south Korea. 'United Nations commission for the unification On June 25, 1950, U.S. imperialism launched and rehabilitation of Korea' is a tool of aggression a war of aggression against Korea. Under the which protects U.S. imperialism in carrying out leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea headed its policy of colonial enslavement of south Korea," by Comrade Kim Il Sung, the people of Korea and that "the 'United Nations commission for the rose in resistance and dealt the aggressor troops a unification and rehabilitation of Korea' must be telling blow. On October 7 that year, with the dissolved." During the 26th Session of the U.N. voting machine manipulated by the United States, General Assembly last year, delegates from a a resolution slandering the Democratic People's number of countries strongly demanded that the Republic of Korea as an aggressor was illegally commission be dissolved. In a statement issued adopted at the 5th Session of the U.N. General on July 31 this year, the Government of the Assembly, and a decision was made to set up the D.P.R.K. pointed out clearly: "First of all, meas­ so-called "United Nations commission for the ures should be taken to declare that the Ameri­ unification and rehabilitation of Korea" which can troops who occupy south Korea have no right was formed by seven member states. In Septem­ to use the flag of the U.N., that the activities of ber 1955, a committee was created under the the 'United Nations commission for the unifica­ commission to act on its behalf during its tion and rehabilitation of Korea' should be sus­ adjournment. pended, followed by the withdrawal of foreign troops from south Korea, so as to ensure the last­ To date, the "United Nations commission for ing peace of Korea and the realization of national the unification and rehabilitation of Korea" and unification of the Korean people." On September the committee under it are still stationed in south 15, the permanent missions of Algeria and other Korea as "representatives" of the U.N. Over the countries to the U.N. put forward the draft resolu­ past 20 years and more, the notorious commis­ tion "Creation of Favourable Conditions to Accel­ sion has acted as a U.S. imperialist tool of aggres­ erate the Independent and Peaceful Reunifica­ sion, carrying out "observations" in south Korea, tion of Korea" and demanded the suspension of collecting political, military and economic in­ activities of the "United Nations commission for formation and submitting to the U.N. General the unification and rehabilitation of Korea." Assembly a yearly report which is full of fabrica­

affairs, but the question of how to eliminate foreign In short, the spread of these fallacies serves only interference and create favourable conditions for the one aim, i.e., to perpetuate the foreign interference in independent and peaceful reunification of Korea. Con­ Korea and the division of Korea, thus to prevent further sequently, there can be no question about the General detente in Korea. If one genuinely wishes to create Assembly's discussion causing tension and rigidity in favourable conditions for the independent and peaceful the positions of the two sides. People who feel tense reunification of Korea and has no intention to obstruct and take a rigid stand and thus fear the discussion of and sabotage, he will have no reason to oppose the the Korean question are none other than those who earliest possible termination of foreign interference in insist on interfering in the internal affairs of Korea Korea and elimination of all man-made obstacles and, and stand for the postponement year after year. They even describe the correct demand for suspending the consequently, he will have no reason to postpone the activities of the "United Nations commission for the discussion on the draft resolution tabled by Algeria and unification and rehabilitation of Korea" and annulling 28 other countries. the right of the foreign troops in south Korea to use In view of the above, the Chinese Delegation firmly the U.N. flag as an outside interference in Korea, as opposes any erroneous idea to defer the discussion on if the maintenance of these illegal institutions in south the Korean question and strongly demands that the item Korea would, on the contrary, constitute no outside in- proposed by Algeria and 28 other countries be inscribed terference in Korea. This is all the more confounding on the agenda of the current session of the General black and white and turning things upside down. Assembly.

16 Peking Review, No, 39 Nanta Production Brigade

Collective Strength Brings Prosperity

— Visit to a vegetable-growing brigade in suburban Shenyang

by Shen Kao

THE city of Shenyang, in northeast horse-carts and 230 draught animals. Then came the flood. With his China, is famous for its heavy As the collective prospered, the cabbages drowned under a metre of industry. At one time it depended commune members' standard of water, he never got so much as om on a dozen outside provinces and living also rose. Members of the 816 head from his nine mu by the bene c: cities to supply its population of families of the brigade own, among the river. On top of that, his mud several million with fresh vegetables. them, 1,400 bicycles and 972 wrist- house was washed away. The co-op. In recent years, however, it has been watches. Radio sets and sewing- on the other hand, came out well. supplying its own needs. How did machines are also very common. They had the numbers and the power this change come about? To find to fight the flood, and managed to our. I visited the vegetable-growing Collectivization bring in a good harvest". Liu's hopes Nanta Brigade on the city outskirts. Prosperous and thriving as Nanta of making" up his losses the following is, the people do not forget the year were dashed by another flood. Nanta Brigade Thriving poverty, oppression and exploitation But the co-op reaped another good Southeast of the city on my way. of the past. Before liberation, 324 harvest. This was not lost on Liu. I came across trucks and horse-drawn people here were hired by landlords who now reassessed his original carts loaded with vegetables heading to work for a pittance which barely idea. "Going it alone." he concluded, for the market. I knew I was ap­ enabled them to keep body and soul "means the poor peasant gets poorer proaching Nanta Brigade, which together. A hundred and thirty-four and poorer while the rich peasant cultivates 3,500 mu and grows some other peasants, having no way out, gets richer and richer. Only under 53 million jin of vegetables each abandoned their homes to seek a collectivization, with all pulling to­ year, supplying Shenyang with an living elsewhere, while 13 families gether, can there be prosperity for all average of about 150.000 jin a day. were in such dire straits that they the people." The brigade also raises a special had to sell their children. In 1955 he joined the co-op. and breed of chickens and produces After the liberation of Shenyang in that year his family earned more than 380,000 eggs annually. Its huge elec­ 1948, the exploited and oppressed 1,000 yuan. Part of it was spoilt on tric incubator can hatch 48.000 eggs people of Nanta held accusation a new bicycle. Before another two at each "brooding." The chicks, meetings against the landlords and years were out, Liu's family had a farmed out to the production teams divided up the land. They rose to brick and tile house. to raise, return as fat chickens to the their feet and stood up as masters of After the people of Nanta took the brigade's packing shed which pro­ their own destiny. But in the early road of collectivization, they pooled cesses 200 tons of frozen chicken each years after liberation, with each their wisdom and strength to start year. The brigade's livestock farm family fanning its own plot, the remaking their natural environment. includes herds of horses and mules. peasants could not completely shake From the old society the co-op had and pigs numbering' almost a thou­ off their poverty. inherited some cultivated land plus a sand. The fruit-trees were heavy When Chairman Mao's call to get huge tract of swamps and hollows. with fruit. Snow-white ducks wore organized reached Nanta, 26 poor and The members decided to level the sporting on the lake and the fish­ lower-middle peasant families volun­ dunes and fill in the swamp- and ponds were gleaming with carp. A tarily joined together in 1953 to form hollows to grow vegetables, Li Vung- machine-repair plant, starch factory, the first agricultural producers' co­ ho. the brigade Party secretary, who winery and truck park were neatly operative there. had worked as a hired hand for 16 laid out in front of the brigade's Was it better to join (he co-op or years, took the lead. They all worked offices. continue to go it alone? Not all of hard at it, and Li never spared him­ When Nanta was set up as a the peasants were clear about this self. When his mother gently urged producers' co-operative in 1953. its question in the beginning. For him to take better care of his health. sole assets were some plots of land example, Liu Kuo-hsi, a former hired Li reminded her of their life in the covered with thin soil and half a hand, reasoned this way: "I've been old days. "We- were driven like dozen horses. Today its collective leading a new life and working on slaves in those days and never had assets amount to 4.100.000 yuan — my own as a free man only a few enough to eat. Today we're working 1,450,000 yuan in the bank, plus 8 years. Why not - wait a bit? I'm so that all labouring people can lead trucks, 14 tractors, 108 electric mo­ strong and I can work hard. When a decent life, so what's a little sweat tors, 13 lathes, 79 pneumatic-tyred I'm a little better off I'll join." and dirt?"

September 29, 1972 17 Each year the Nanta peasants worked on their project during the slack season in winter. By the time the people's commune was established, the brigade had finished levelling 78 dunes and filling in five swamps and eight drop hollows. All night came the donkey in all, by moving some 5.2 million was bedded down and cubic metres of earth, they wrested men were put on. The from the swamp 3,500 mu of fine landlord loved animals market-garden land yielding good better than humans beings, crops regardless of drought or excessive rain. that's why! We'd Gradual Mechanization push that wheel round and round until we got The bright of summer finds the dizzy and fell flat on our Veteran grower Chu Lien-sheng and young agro-technicians Nanta peasants busily putting in their faces. In the early years summing up experience in tomato-growing. autumn vegetable crops. Formerly, after liberation we used even when every able-bodied member wooden water-wheels, but "The alliance between the workers turned out, they simply could not fin­ we couldn't water all the land we wanted. Now and peasants is a new type of relation with the strength of the commune behind us, we ish, in time; work as they might. How in our socialist society. The workers were they to solve this? Collectiviza­ don't worry about even a big drought." Serving the People in the factories and we on the land tion, especially after the people's com­ Nanta as a collective are both working for the revolution. mune was set up, brought into play has grown stronger year The comrades in the factories have not only more manpower, but greater by year and raised ever come up with all sorts of innova­ financial and material resources. greater quantities of vege­ tions — are we vegetable-growers Many problems that the small, tables for the city. This, going to let a little thing like weather individual peasant economy could of course, has meant a tie our hands down?" He found not cope with were rapidly overcome. steadily rising standard of living for support on all sides. They deter­ Following Chairman Mao's teaching its members. As old Liu Kuo-hsi mined to go ahead with it, depending that "the fundamental way out for said after his two attempts to go it on the collective wisdom to think up agriculture lies in mechanization," alone failed, "Collectivization brings ways and means. the people of Nanta invested part of prosperity to all." This has been Drawing on their long years of ex­ their collective funds in farm ma­ borne out by events. But the motive perience, they gradually devised a chinery. Step by step, they built up force propelling the Nanta people plan. Since April and May were off their tractor force to fourteen, while forward is not personal prosperity. It months, they planted spinach in the brigade machine repair shop is, in their own words, growing winter instead of in spring so that it designed and built 73 horse-drawn vegetables for the revolution. Or, to would be ready some twenty days planters. Today the ploughing is all put it another way, serving the earlier. They put in spring vegetables done by tractor and the autumn people. earlier, erecting shelters to protect sowing by mechanical planter. The The summer before last the brigade the seed beds while taking measures experience of the Nanta Brigade reaped a bumper harvest. The lead­ to raise the temperature and keep it bears out Chairman Mao's thesis that ing comrades of the brigade's general even. During the summer they forced "in agriculture, with conditions as Party branch together with some certain vegetables and held back they are in our country co-operation veteran growers went to town and some to avoid glutting the market. must precede the use of big ma­ look their place by the side of the They also erected greenhouses and chinery (in capitalist countries agri­ shop assistants behind the vegetable built protected plots facing the sun culture develops in a capitalist way)." counter. They solicited first-hand to hasten the growth of others. Now Over the last dozen years or so the suggestions from the customers. One at the end of January during the Nanta peasants have sunk 51 deep of the many criticisms they received coldest part of the winter, people in wells by their own efforts, so that, was from some workers: "If you Shenyang can buy chives, garlic today, at the flick of a switch, the could do something about spreading shoots and celery. By April, when whole cultivated area of the brigade out the supply more evenly through­ can be given a watering within 24 out the year, there'd be less waste in hours18 . Peking Review, No. 39 the peak periods and more vegetables Yang Shih-hsin, who used to tend in the off-seasons." vegetablainiscesturne landlord'd : e thpatc"Ies n vegetablhpumthos durinep timesge t oth gardene, watedaya .donke, r Wheremthyne­ hsiangthiishortperiot Thcouldn's aftee.d , Olcadreirn howeverd t the thpoobsee y andoner gonortheaspeasand, t ,growerhome tooas kt tth .Wan eswathi Somdiscussefrost-fresg eChunratheview saider-: the thaw is just setting in, cucumbers, in socialist construction." Chu reflected, is now experimenting with vegetables green peppers and parsley are "Their tastes are different. from Albania and other foreign countries available in winter, the Nanta Surely we can do something for them." When he explainedIn his addition ideas to growing 102 varieties Brigade draws on the 21 million jin to the brigade leaders, they agreed of vegetables commercially, Nanta of crisp Chinese cabbage it has stowed and began to carry them out. An has an experimental team working (Continuedaway in the eightfrom bigp. concrete 12.) collars experimental group was formedwit andh the people's livelihooon 70 others.d hav Thee brigadebeen hascut alsoon many oc­ of it120,00 had built0 metresby its own. efforts.In additio This n to theseits, members China wereis sentthe to Peking,casions . In 1969 anotheinstitutedr bi ag system pric eof intercroppingcut throughou t the firscabbaget countr can ybe keptin throughthe worl to d to chemicallShanghai,y synthesiz Hangchow,e Changsha, countr y brought the thatprice ensuress o fthe medicine city a constants dow n to only April the following year, so there is Chengtu and other centres to learn supply of vegetables and enables the crystallinno shortagee bovinof vegetablese insulin for the. how to raise different kinds of2 warm-climate0 per cent of what brigadethey tower growe somein 1950 grain. forA fodder.n improve d and secure life has made it possible for the people to market(5) throughoutThe market the winter. in China is thriving,vegetables prices which peopleare of Last year it brought in 370,000 jin of maize. One day when Chu Lien-sheng, a the south like. The group has sincedeposi t spare moneyThe in relatively the people' rapid economics banks . The big stable and the people's living standard has steadily veteran vegetable farmer and a model successfully grown many suchincreas varietiese of savings depositdevelopments in ofth thee citie Nantas Brigadeand countrysid e improved.worker, was unloading at the market, on a trial basis. In Nata's plots serves as an example for all the other he overheard two southerners chatting and greenhouses one can nowan seed Shanghaithe stabl cauliflowers,e marke Ningsiabrigadest price green ofs thesignif commune,y the which stabilit are y of the nostalgicallyThe rapi aboutd developmen the vegetablest of industriapeppersl and andfar 60m otherpro kinds­ fromRenminbi . All thesealso ar advancing.e in strikin g contrast to life in ductioof southn ha China.s provide "Industriald th expansione marke t with avariousn abundan parts oft China.sup­ The brigadepre-liberatio n China characterized by inflation, sky­ ply hasof brought goods a .great Wit manyh southernersmore an d more commodities sup­ rocketing prices and abject poverty. plietod Shenyangto dail yto takethrivin part g markets, the commercial depart­ ments have increased their purchases and sales as well State revenue and expenditure are sound and show as their stocks. The volume of retail sales in 1971 was substantial increases, with a small favourable balance. In 1965, China repaid ahead of time all her loans from the Soviet Union. National bonds plus interests, due in 1988, were all redeemed. Today, China is a country 1971 Volume of with neither internal nor external debts. RETAIL SALES: The achievements we have made are great, but they are only the first steps in a long march. Ours is a devel­ More them oping country; the level of our economy, science and technology is not high, and per-capita output of steel 6 times that and grain is still quite low. What is significant to us, however, is the fact that we have developed our econo­ of 1949. my at high speed. History has proved and will continue to prove that the proletariat of the East can accomplish what the bourgeoisie of the West has accomplished and more than six times that of 1949. This is abundant proof do what it has not been able to do. Sixteen years ago, of the continued increase in personal incomes and steady Chairman Mao pointed out: "She [China] will have improvement of living standards. become a powerful socialist industrial country. And Prices of grain, cotton cloth, edible oil, salt, coal that is as it should be. China is a land with an area and other necessities have remained stable ever since of 9,600,000 square kilometres and a population of 600 1949, and there have been gradual cuts in the retail million people, and China ought to make a greater con­ piices of many commodities. For example, prices for tribution to humanity." We Chinese people will surely chemical fertilizer, insecticides, diesel oil and other com­ bridge the gap between China and the economically modities closely related to farm production have drop­ developed capitalist countries in not too long a period ped by one-third to two-thirds compared with 1950, and build our country into a great socialist state with while the prices of medicines, medical equipment and a modern industry, modern agriculture, modern national Chinese herbal medicines which are closely connected defence and modern science and technology.

September 29, 1972 19 Pools African "reserve" in Rhodesia was injured by a landmine planted ROUND THE WORLD by local people.

MOZAMBIQUE ARAB COUNTRIES Lebanon may ask for. Kazafi. Chair­ man of the Libyan Revolutionary Patriotic Armed Forces Israeli Aggression Condemned Command Council, in his cable to the Under air and artillery cover Lebanese President expressed the Open New War Front Israeli aggressor troops on Septem­ readiness of the Libyan forces to As announced recently by Pres­ ber IB unleashed a massive incursion fight on the Lebanese side. The ident of the Mozambique Liberation into southern Lebanon. This was Sudanese Foreign Ministry also Front Samora in a message to the another crime of Israeli Zionism issued a statement in full support of Mozambique people, the Mozambique after its dispatch of many planes on Lebanon. patriotic armed forces on July 25 September 8 to carry out wanton air Abdul Aziz Hussain. Minister of launched their first attacks in raids deep over the Syrian and State for Cabinet Affairs of Kuwait, Manica-Sofala Province on the stra­ Lebanese territories. The Arab coun­ said in a statement that Israeli tegic positions of the Portuguese tries and world public opinion have aggression on Lebanon was aimed at colonial troops, thus pushing their come down upon this. Lebanese sowing discord between Lebanon armed struggle for national liberation armed forces and Palestinian guer­ and the Palestinian commando further south and opening a new rillas fighting heroically against organizations. He stressed that com­ front of liberation war in the Israeli aggression have inflicted mando actions should be strengthen­ province. rather heavy losses on the enemy. ed to face repeated Israeli aggressions Situated in the central part of the Lebanese President Franjia and on Arab states. country. Manica-Sofala Province now Prime Minister Salam on the day of under Portuguese colonialist control the incident called on the people to is rich in mineral deposits and has close their ranks and fight the ZAMBIA important industries, communication enemy. Paying tribute to the Kaunda Calls on People to networks and a big port, Beira. Lebanese troops for their persevered The message pointed out that the resistance to the Israeli aggressor Defend the Country armed struggle in Manica-Sofala troops, the President said that "the Speaking at a mass rally in Living­ Province was "an event of extreme bravery of our troops and the unity stone on September 16, Zambian importance in the development of our of our people are the guarantee President Kaunda called on the Zam­ fight" and that "the opening of the which protects the motherland from bian people to unite in defence of the new front is a major defeat for Por­ all dangers." country and announced that Zambia tuguese colonialism and imperialism." had been put on a "new footing of Egyptian President Sadat and alertness." The outbreak of struggle in the Chairman Kazafi of the Libyan Rev­ province, the message declared, was olutionary Command Council in a The President said: "We have a result of the courage, patriotism joint statement called on the Arab called on the party, civil service, and consciousness of the people there countries to embark on a unified army, police and air force to partici­ and also an outcome of the strength action in support of the Palestinian pate in the operation to defend the and struggle of all the Mozambique- people now .subjected to a campaign Republic of Zambia." of annihilation by Israel and the people, particularly people in prov­ United States. The statement em­ He told a crowd of over 20,000 that inces already engaged in armed phasized the light of the Palestinian this had been necessary since Zam­ struggle. bia's enemies had been planning Resistance Movement to carry on The message noted: "We must in­ action against Zambia. He then con­ their heroic resistance to regain the tensify fighting, consolidate the demned South African and Rhodesian legitimate rights of the Palestinian struggle in Manica-Sofala Province racists and other enemies for having people. and other provinces and extend tried to destroy Zambia. struggle to new fronts." An Egyptian government statement Zambia would not use its strength denounced the United States for pro­ and technology to destroy other na­ tecting Israel by vetoing at. the U.N. tions, but Zambia had the right to BRAZIL Security Council a draft resolution defend itself, President Kaunda said. in connection with the recent Israeli Peasants' Struggle Against aggression against Syria and Zambia Daily Mail reported on Exploitation and Plunder Lebanon. Both Syrian President September 14 that Smith, chieftain Assad and Vice-Chairman Saddam of the Rhodesian white racist regime, Peasants in some parts of Brazil Hussein of the Iraqi Revolutionary recently threatened to take action have waged struggles of various Command Council offered Franjia against Zambia, on the pretext that forms to oppose ruthless exploitation over the telephone any aid that a white settler-farmer in Mana and plunder by monopoly groups.

20 Peking Review, No: 39 In the name of "developing" of Creative Arts (Carifesta) held in BRITAIN northern and northeastern Brazil Guyana from August 25 to September and building the trans Amazonas 15. Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Prime Minister Heath Visits Highway, Brazilian and foreign Burnham called on the people of the Japan monopoly groups have been plunder­ various countries to strengthen unity ing the resources there, seizing large British Prime Minister Edward and defend their independence. tracts of land and forcing local Heath left Tokyo for home on Sep­ tember 19 after a four-day visit, the peasants and Indian tribes to quit. The festival, sponsored by the Gu­ The Suia-Missu Foundation in Sao first visit to Japan by a British Prime yanese Prime Minister, was aimed at Paulo and the U.S.-owned King's Minister since World War II. promoting , understanding and unity ranch have seized 880,000 and 300,000 among the various nations of the During his visit. Heath held sep­ hectares of land respectively in these arate talks with Japanese Prime areas. Caribbean. This is the first festival of this kind ever held in the region. Minister Kakuei Tanaka and Foreign An article carried in Jornal do The Government and people of Minister Masayoshi Ohira. Brazil said that. 75 per cent of Guyana, the host country, have done A joint communique issued at the peasant households in Pernambuco much preparatory work for the end of the talks said that Healh, State were suffering from hunger festival. Beginning from August 26, Tanaka and Ohira held talks on a after they had lost their land. 4,300 men of letters, artists and per­ broad range of questions of common Eighty peasant households in Rio formers of 28 countries in Central interests to Japan and Britain. They Formoso District displayed great agreed that it was most opportune resolve in preventing their 800 and South America and the Carib­ to hold these talks at a moment of hectares of land from being seized by bean region including Guyana. Mexi­ co. Cuba. Venezuela, Jamaica and far-reaching and swift changes in in­ the plunderers. Three thousand arm­ ternational relations both in Europe Brazil held various kinds of art ac­ ed Indians of the Chavantes tribes in and Asia which are of vital concern Mato Grosso State have prepared tivities at more than a dozen centres to the two nations. themselves for the fight to recover in Georgetown, capital of Guyana. their land, reported the same paper. The communique said that Tanaka The Carifesta was opened at. the explained the objectives of his forth­ Peasants in Para State, who lost National Park in Georgetown on the coming visit to the People's Republic their land, have launched guerrilla evening of August 25. After Guya­ of China and that Heath welcomed warfare. Troops were sent to sup­ nese President Arthur Chung for­ this as a significant contribution to press the peasants and news blackout peace and stability. was imposed. mally' declared the opening of the festival before an audience of 10,000. The communique also dealt with The peasant armed struggle, start­ Prime Minister Burnham gave a such problems as the international ed in the village of Sao Domingos speech, saying that in the Caribbean, monetary system, the trade relations Das Latas last April, has now spread the Guyanese people have their between Japan and Britain and the to Sao Joao and Conceicao of Ara- English speaking brothers, Spanish Indochina. Korea and Middle East guaia. It has won the support and speaking brothers, French speak­ issues. sympathy from peasants in the ing brothers and Dutch speaking northern part of Goias State and the Before his visit to Japan, in an in­ brothers. "We are one people who western part of Maranhao State and terview with the B.B.C. on Septem­ passed through the same melting the southern part of Para Stale. ber 15 in London on the world and pot," he noted. He called on the Referring to the situation in the west European situation. Prime peoples of the Caribbean to rule the Minister Heath declared that ". . . in­ armed conflicts in Para State, an edi­ waves in Caribbean not only in stead of the world really consisting torial carried in the magazine Visao political and economic terms, but only of the United States and the said, "The conflicts between the colo­ also in cultural terms. "The size of a Soviet Union, we are going to have a nialists and the residents in the re­ nation, Guyanese or Caribbean, united Europe, and we are going to mote area have become daily more should not inhibit it from being great have China and we have Japan, and frequent." "These conflicts, like those so this is a very important change, in the states of Para and Mato in the sense of being proud of its past and what is going to be important for Grosso, assume the character of and moulding its present to make a the future is the relationship between violence." better and brighter future," he said. each of these great world countries." He pointed out that the Caribbean has the right "to speak out in the world, He stressed, "We are part of GUYANA not as satellites or appendages to Europe and we shall, in the com­ Caribbean Festival other nations but as one single na­ munity, be part of Europe economi­ tion." He said: "Our world of the cally, monetarily and politically." He In his speech at the opening cere­ Caribbean we can mould according noted that the community "will be mony of the 1972 Caribbean Festival to our heart's desire." the largest and the most powerful

September 29, 1972 21 trading and monetary bloc which showed a new development in the came to a deadlock shortly after it the world has ever seen and we shall united struggle of the coffee pro­ began on August 14. At the meeting, use our influence wisely." ducers against plunder. the producers proposed that the cof­ Referring to British-Japanese rela­ The International Coffee Council, fee indicator prices should be fixed tions, Heath said, "I feel that it's very an organ supervising the execution by taking account of changes in mon­ important now when the balance of of the international coffee agreement, etary parities in major importing forces in the world is changing so is composed of 41 developing coun­ countries and of inflation, and that rapidly and so much, that our coun­ tries of Asia, Africa and Latin Amer­ if the value of the dollar changes tries should come as close together ica which are coffee producers and again before the end of the next as possible." exporters and 21 "developed" coun­ coffee year, the coffee prices should be adjusted automatically in propor­ He indicated that during his Japan tries which are big coffee importers and consumers. However, manipu­ tion. Other proposals made by the visit he would talk with the Japanese producers included an export quota of Prime Minister about all aspects of lated by the United States, the world's biggest coffee consumer, the 49 million bags for the 1972-73 coffee international problems, first of all year and the indicator prices of all the political aspects, and also "the council has long become an extor­ tionate instrument against the coffee gi'oups of coffee worked out in the very important set of problems" such light of the current price situation on as the reform of the monetary and producers. For a long time, in ac­ cordance with certain provisions in the world market. However, these trading systems of the capitalist reasonable proposals were rejected by world. the coffee agreement, the council has practised a system which prevents a small number of consumers headed the coffee producers from simultane­ by the United States. On the other hand, certain consumers tried hard U.S. AND U.S.S.R. ously obtaining bigger export quotas and comparatively reasonable prices. to impose their proposals, which ben­ Frequent Underground As a result, coffee prices today are efit themselves at the expense of others, on the producers. According Nuclear Tests even lower than those 20 years ago, and the producers have so far lost to a proposal, the producers will incur Both the United States and the some 10,000 million U.S. dollars. at least a loss of 330 million dollars Soviet Union carried out under­ Moreover, the devaluation of the to the great detriment of their na­ ground nuclear test explosions on dollar at the end of last year has tional economies. September 21, the U.S. Atomic caused them new heavy losses. After Energy Commission announced the a series of multilateral consultations It was reported that the United same day. among themselves this year, the pro­ States, in an attempt to keep the The commission said that the U.S. ducers raised coffee export prices producers in line, brought strong blast was the fifth underground test and, in order to maintain these prices, pressure to bear on them through fi­ this year and the 244th since 1963 cut down supplies to the world nancial, commercial, political and when the partial nuclear test ban market in spite of the export quota other channels. Facing this situation, treaty was signed in Moscow by the imposed on them for the year of 1971- the producers closed their ranks Soviet Union, the United States and 72 (which ended at the end of Sep­ steadfastly. The membership of the Britain. tember this year) and the threats on Producers' Co-ordination Committee the part of the principal consumers increased from 13 to 15 during the According to the commission's meeting. The Inter-African Coffee statistics, the Soviet detonation was headed by the United States. This is the first such action since the in­ Organization, which groups 18 Afri­ the ninth known underground test can producers, declared its resolute this year and the 70th known since ternational coffee agreement came into force in 1963. support for the committee's proposals 1963. at the council meeting. "The pro­ The London council meeting was ducers' front is stronger than ever." held against the background of such said the President of the organiza­ COFFEE PRODUCERS sharp confrontation. Prior to the tion. Growing Struggle Against meeting, 13 countries, which produce more than 80 per cent of the world's As the fundamental contradiction Plunder coffee, mot in Geneva in early Au­ between the two sides was so diffi­ A meeting was held recently in gust. They agreed on a common cult to solve, there was not any London by the International Coffee policy to be adopted at the London agreement on major questions and Council to discuss coffee prices and meeting and established a Producers' most items on the 22-point agenda export quota for the coffee year of Co-ordination Committee to put for­ remained undiscussed up to August 1972-73. During the meeting which ward their proposals en bloc. The 31 when the meeting was scheduled ended its 20 days' discussion without consumers also held secret consulta­ to close. The meeting was pro­ adopting any formal resolutions, the tions in Paris and other places before longed till September 2. It was de­ coffee exporters resolutely opposed the meeting. cided that other issues will be dis­ the self-seeking proposals put for­ Because of the big differences cussed at the next council meeting ward by some coffee importers. It between the two sides the meeting scheduled for next December.

22 Peking Review, No. 39 in Tibet are ex-serfs, and many of ON THE HOME FRONT them today hold leading posts.

First Large Sluice In Tarim Taching Oilfield's Fresh capitalists bought large quantities of Victories wool, skins and hides, butter, musk, A 223-METRE-LONG barrage with 32 gates has been completed on borax, gold and other materials at the upper reaches of the Tarim River TACHING Oilfield workers con- very low prices and sent in manu­ in Sinklang, northwest China. Over A Unued to push up their daily out- factured goods which were sold at pui of crude oil in curly September the sluice is a 4.5-metre-wide double- exorbitant prices. Historical records after impressive achievements in the arch bridge. It is the first sluice-gate reveal that profits from the several first eight months. of this size to be built in the formerly thousand tons of wool they took out barren Tarim Basin. January-August output of crude oil each year amounted to some one mil­ The sluice-gate is at the head of a by the newly formed No. 5 Extrac­ lion U.S. dollars. tion Unit was more than 17 times the trunk irrigation canal that runs nation's 1949 production. The only "industry" in Tibet was through the Tarim reclamation area. a tiny hydroelectric station built by Its completion greatly increases the The No. 1202 Drilling Team, a the imperialists on the outskirts of volume of water in some of the res­ national model, sank two top-quality Lhasa providing electricity to light ervoirs along the Tarim River to en­ wells in the first week of September the Potala Palace where the reac­ sure adequate irrigation for 36.000 to set up two new records— 1.000 m. tionary Tibetan rulers were en­ hectares of farmland. It will also be a day with one single bit and 621 m. important for further reclamation in trenched. in one shift. Tarim. Tibet today has more than 200 The 11-year-old Taching Oilfield's The upper Tarim River cutting mines and factories. There are power average annual increase is 35 per across the central Tarim Basin has a plants, coal-mines, tanneries, and cent. January-August crude oil pro­ negligible flow during the low-water lumber, metallurgical, woollen tex­ duction exceeded by move than 20 season. Dams built to raise the tile, chemical, machine building per cent that of the same period of water level to provide; irrigation in and building materials industries. last year and urgently needed oil the low-water season were frequently Eighty per cent of them are small products showed substantial in­ battered down by floods during the enterprises built by the Tibetan peo­ creases. Quality has improved and high-water season. This happened ple by exploiting local resources. In costs of many products and projects on many occasions, and led to the the Lhasa and Chamdo areas, there have been lowered. Some units have Production and Construction Corps are sizable state-built hydroelectric of the Chinese People's Liberation already fulfilled their annual targets. stations as well as a large number Army stationed in the reclamation of small power plants built by the area building the present sluice­ local people. At the end of last year, Tibet's industries gate. 59 small power plants were com­ The project was started in May pleted in the Lhasa. Shigatse and HE Tungka Coal-Mine in Tibet's last year. One of many difficulties Loka areas. Many more are under T Shigatse area was built only re­ that had to be overcome was the construction. Emancipated serfs who cently, but this small mine has thick layer of sand lying 35 me­ developed so rapidly that it now sup­ in the past depended on yak butter tres around the projected founda­ plies coal for the local industries as lamps for lighting their homes now tion pit. Constant seepage and well as for domestic use. Briquettes use electricity. severe washing by floods could have replaced the dried yak drop­ undermine the foundations if this State aid to Tibet for developing pings the local people had used as was not solved. The armymen, small-scale industries is many-sided. fuel over the centuries for cooking leading cadres and technicians In addition to building a number of and heating. There are also coal­ finally overcame this obstacle by large factories, the state also provides mines now in Lhasa, Chamdo and sinking a row of interlinked deep specially made machines and equip­ other areas of Tibet. shafts into the sand and filling them ment oriented to local conditions. with concrete. The rich natural resources of pre- Workers and technicians from other liberation Tibet were never made parts of the country have gone there As they had no heavy-duty hoist­ use of. Foreign aggressors plundered to pass on their experience and ing equipment to install the 263 pre­ industrial raw materials and dumped technical know-how and outstanding fabricated reinforced concrete parts their surplus goods there. Old Tibet workers of the many nationalities in each weighing up to 7.5 tens, the did not make a single metal screw, Tibet have gone to attend universi­ builders improvised two hoists, each and even matches had to be shipped ties in the interior. More than 70 per able to lift 10 tons, and completed in from outside. Every year, foreign cent of the workers and technicians the task in 11 clays.

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