Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation of Pipes Tools to Manage Buried Infrastructure August 2018

• Consequences of Pipe Failure

• Changes in Water Utility Planning

• Pipeline Inspection & Condition Assessment

• Trenchless Technologies for Pipelines Consequences of Pipe Failure Pipe Failures can be Catastrophic Los Angeles Sept. 2009 • 6” water • 64” water Pipe Failures can be Catastrophic

Atlanta GA Sept 22, 2009

Stormwater Culverts washed away during large storm Impacts of Pipe Failures . Traffic Delays . Commercial Losses . Health and Safety . Pipe Replacement . Emergency Personnel & Equipment . Replacement Costs 5-10 x higher Changes in Water Utility Planning Water Utility Planning Traditional Approach – Capacity

1. Basis of Planning / Demand Forecast 2. System Evaluation 3. Capital Investment Plan

. Hydraulic model determines the needs . Demand forecast sets the priorities Change in Planning . Planning for Growth AND Replacement . Replacement Planning o Reactive • Replace after failure • Replace when too costly to maintain o Proactive • When to Replace??? » … a pipe is old? . Risk-based planning Asset Management and Condition Assessment Projects and Programs Focus on Managing and Reducing Relative Risk Assessment System Water Utility Planning Establish a Condition Assessment Prioritization Framework

. Measure pipe condition . Develop risk model o Likelihood of failure o Consequence of failure . Establish condition assessment and management program Measuring Pipe Condition . Pipe Data . Break Data . Pipe Survival Curves Risk Model . Likelihood (Probability) o Physical attributes o Condition attributes o Environmental Attributes o Operation Attributes

. Consequence (Criticality) o Critical Customer o Pipe Size Triple Bottom o Pipe Location Line Plus o Constructability o Redundancy

Pipeline Inspection and Condition Assessment Components of Pipeline

Condition Assessment Model . Failures o Premature failure of PVC o Premature corrosion failures o At joints Root-Cause o HDPE welds Analysis of o Poor construction practices Failures

. Inspection . Failure rates o Non-invasive Detailed o Pipe size o External direct assessment Condition Statistical o Age o In-pipe condition assessment Assessment Analysis of & Evaluation Failures o Corrosivity of Assets

. Missing information . Risk Analysis Prioritization o Historic failures o Likelihood Model for Supplemental Testing & Data o Material, class, coating, linings o Consequence Renewal of Collection o Environmental Assets • Soils, bedding, groundwater o Loading Transmission and Distribution Systems Require Different Approaches . Transmission o Consequence/criticality to prioritize o Root causes o Opportunistic inspections . Distribution o Start building information/collecting data o Find areas of active corrosion o Do hot-spot protection o 1970s • Pre-1970 – Cast iron, more sensitive to surges • Post 1970 – Ductile iron, more sensitive to corrosion » Cathodic protection Condition Assessment is a Multi-disciplinary Engineering Art . Determining and documenting the physical state of infrastructure at a point in time . Improve operations and maintenance of the structures to extend asset life . Prioritization of improvements in a Capital Improvement Plan Traditional Assessment is Tried and True

1. Corrosion 2. External Direct Survey Assessment The Perfect Assessment is Infinitely Expensive . Need to balance o Access o Customer service o Costs / Benefits o Other alternatives

. Best to adopt multiple methods . No single method finds all defects . Most methods are blind in some areas Goal of Condition Assessment is to Turn Data into Information

Initial Engineering Renewal Project Planning Field Inspection Assessment Analysis Information

Life Inventory Criticality Technology Extension Rehabilitation Data Data Data Analysis Large Diameter Pipe Materials Vary in Design and Construction . PCCP AWWA C301 . RCP AWWA C302 . CCP AWWA C303 . Lock Bar Pipe . Rivet Steel Pipe . WSP AWWA C200 . DIP AWWA C150 . CIP AWWA I You nformation Will Always

Condition Assessment Information Surface Surface Potential Mapping Shutdown , Tool Insertion, Soil Soil Corrosivity/Chemistry Operating Characteristics Design Design & Operating Data Inspection or Excavation Pipe Pipe Material & Vintage Technology Application External Examination Internal Examination Pressure Monitoring Alignment Alignment Recon Prior Prior Inspections Surge Protection Groundwater M ake D 5% ecisions 25% Level of Investment Level Investment ($$) of with with a Deficit Deficit 100% % <100 of Inspection Technologies

External Direct Assessment, using: In-pipe condition assessment:

 Magnetic flux  Remote-field electromagnetic scan  Ultrasonic  Remote-field transformer-coupled  Electromagnetic scan  Visual exams  Magnetic flux leakage scan

  In-pipe leak detection Specific DefectsSpecific Coupon sampling  Electrical potential  In-pipe acoustic velocity wall thickness measurements  Other methods, where applicable Statistical Studies, using: Non-invasive methods:  Leak/break history  External acoustic velocity wall  Age thickness measurements

Degree of Inspection  Diameter  Leak-noise correlation  Corrosivity and other soil  Other active leak detection properties  Pipe-to-soil potential measurements

General Conditions  Material class  Pressure testing  Pressure and other data Conditions Inferred from Samples Conditions Directly Measured Inspection Coverage

Applicability to Pipe Materials

Soil Remote Field Magnetic Flux Broadband Method Corrosivity Surveys Acoustic Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Leakage Electromagnetic Other Typical Recommended Approach Description Various electro- Acoustic velocity: Changes in Reflection of sound Changes in magnetic Changes in Sampling of pipes for GENERAL APPOACH (all pipe types): magnetic, electrical, pipe wall stiffness is electromagnetic signals waves is used to fields are used to electromagnetic signals various physical tests 1. Statistical analysis of available data and laboratory calculated from the indicate broken wires, measure the thickness detect corrosion pits indicate corrosion pits and 2. Risk prioritization (likelihood and methods characterize speed of sound corrosion pits, and of various types of and other defects. changes in thickness. Manned entry for visual consequence of failure) the corrosivity of soils, transmission changes in wall materials. Tool must Tool must be at Scanner held near pipe, and sounding 3. Records review (leak/break repairs, detect/measure thickness and stress have direct contact or constant, close but works through (delamination testing) drawings, specs, reports, soil info) corrosion activity, and Acoustic monitoring: anomalies. liquid coupling with distance from pipe coatings, linings, and 4. Site reconnaissance (accessibility, assess effectiveness of alerts and pinpoints material being wall. scale. Petrographic (micro- traffic conditions, other utilities) corrosion protection / the location of wire measured. scopic) examinations of 5. Inspection planning (shut downs, cathodic protection. breaks concretes and mortars bypass, permits, alternatives) 6. Leak detection and/or field condition assessment inspection Asbestos Cement Assess potential for Acoustic velocity can n/a n/a n/a n/a Testing of samples: 1. Tests of opportunity samples from (AWWA C402) AC (concrete) detect gross  Phenolphthalein stain repairs and service taps deterioration (pH and deterioration  SEM/EDS 2. GIS mapping of soil data, breaks, sulfates)  petrography and condition assessment data 3. Targeted condition assessment of high-consequence pipes Prestressed Concrete Assess potential for Acoustic monitoring Used to detect broken n/a n/a n/a Internal sounding to 1. Risk analysis based on pipe type, Cylinder Pressure Pipe metal and concrete for detection of wire wires detect delamination manufacturer, wire type, year of (AWWA C301 and C304) deterioration. breaks. Acoustic manufacturer, corrosivity velocity can be used Internal visual (manned 2. Manned entry/sounding (if feasible) Detect active for prioritization of entry or CCTV) 3. Electromagnetic scanning corrosion. other assessments. 4. Acoustic monitoring Non-Prestressed Assess potential for n/a Emerging method to n/a n/a External spot External direct assessment 1. Corrosivity survey Concrete Pressure Pipe metal and concrete detect broken bars and assessments. Emerging 2. External direct assessment where (AWWA C300, C302, deterioration. cylinder corrosion method for internal Petrographic analysis of corrosion risk is highest and C303) scanning. mortar / concrete 3. Manned entry examination Detect active 4. Electromagnetic scanning corrosion. Ductile Iron Assess corrosivity to Acoustic velocity can Detailed internal scan Used for external spot Internal scanning of External spot Petrographic analysis of 1. Corrosivity survey Cast Iron iron. detect gross of pipes and external assessments non-CML lined pipes. assessments. Emerging mortar 2. Remote field electromagnetic (AWWA C150 & C153) deterioration spot assessment. External spot method for internal Monitor corrosion Works with cement assessments scanning. activity. mortar and tuberculation Steel Assess potential for Acoustic velocity can Used for detailed Used for external spot Internal and external External spot Petrographic analysis of 1. Corrosivity survey (AWWA C200) metal and concrete detect gross internal scan of pipes. assessments scanning of both CML assessments. Emerging mortar 2. Pipe-to-soil potential; cathodic deterioration. deterioration Works with cement and non-CML pipes for internal scanning. protection assessment Monitor corrosion mortar and 3. Remote field electromagnetic or activity tuberculation magnetic flux leakage Copper Assess potential for n/a Used for detailed n/a n/a n/a Forensic examinations of 1. Evaluate construction methods and metal deterioration internal scan of pipes failed pipes standards 2. Evaluate soil corrosivity Electrochemical noise 3. Forensic exams of failures monitoring Plastic Pipes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Forensic examinations of 1. Review of drawings, specs, and (HDPE – AWWA C906) failed pipes, using inspection records (PVC – AWWA C900) laboratory and mechanical 2. Forensic examination, if early or tests. frequent failures have occurred LEAK DETECTION METHODS apply to all pipes. Leak noise correlation is most effective on small diameter, metallic pipes. Internal leak detection tools apply on large diameter pipes with few appurtenances. Leak detection methods can also detect gas/air pockets. Copyright: HDR Pressure Pipe Assessment . PURE . Data Depends on Pipe o Smart Ball Material o Acoustic o Metallic • PWA • Wall Loss • Pipe Diver • Pitting o Sahara • Stresses • CCTV • Leaks • PWA • Air Pockets o PCCP . Echologics • Leaks . PICA • Wire Breaks o Sea Snake o Plastic . WACHS • Leaks Pure EM TM . Proven platform for water pipelines . BWP, RCCP, Metallic Pipes o Broken bars and circumferential breaks PICA has Developed an EM Tool that Focuses on Cylinder Damage . Inflatable and scaleable Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) for Steel Pipe WRF Projects Trenchless Technologies AWWA M28 Provides Guidance for Pressure Pipe Rehabilitation . Non-Structural (Class I) . Semi-Structural (Class II or Class III) . Fully Structural (Class IV) Constraint and Considerations

. Hydraulic Capacity . Dewatering . Bypass Pumping . Community Impacts . Connections Pipeline Renewal Methods Water Line Cleaning . Flushing . Air Scouring o Removes light weight debris and film . Mechanical Cleaning Techniques o Cable-attached devices o Fluid-propelled devices o Power boring . Other methods o Ball cleaning o Ice Pigging Rehabilitation of Water Lines

. Slip Lining . CFRP o Loose fitting . SIPP o Closed-fit Liners . Cement mortar lining . Swagelining . Epoxy lining . CIPP . Polymer lining o Felt-based o Polyurea o Woven hose o Polyurethane o Membrane (corrosion) . Pipe Bursting o Cement-Polyethylene composite . Open Trench Replacement Class I – Non-structural Lining . Act only as corrosion barriers

Epoxy Lining Mortar Lining Class II – Semi-Structural Spray-on Lining . Semi-structural liners designed to cover small holes or gaps in the host pipe Class III – Semi-Structural . Semi-structural liners are designed to cover small holes or gaps in the host pipe

Swage Lining

Cured-in-place Pipe Deform/Reform Liner Tight Fit HDPE Class IV – Structural Linings . Fully structural liners can carry the full internal pressure without support from the host pipe

Thermal Expansion (Duraliner)

Loose Fit Slip Lining Tight Fit PVC Class IV - Structural . Segmental Slip Lining o FRP o Steel Class IV - Structural . Spiral Wound Lining Application Class IV - Structural . Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Class IV - Structural . Pipe Bursting o Typically Polyethylene Pipe o Static or Pneumatic o Almost all pipe types up to 48” o 1 to1.5 x host diameter is typical o Heaving and disturbing other utilities is a concern o HDPE pulled behind BH Class IV - Structural SWAGELINING . Close/compressive fit within the host pipe . Diameter Reduction (swagelining) o HDPE pipe, butt-fused, pulled through reducing dies or rollers o 16” through 65” diameter o Fully structural solution . Advantages o Typically very cost-effective o Less down time than CIPP and open trench o Little or no loss of hydraulic capacity . Disadvantages o Potential for pipe sliding Class IV – Structura . SIPP Composite System o 48-inch and larger pipes o Two dissimilar polymeric materials encapsulating carbon fiber filaments o Closed cell internally porous elastomer (CCP) o High tensile carbon fiber filament (CFF) o High tensile rigid elastomer (RE) SIPP Composite System . Closed Cell Internally Porous Elastomer (CCP) o Low Poisson’s ratio o High elongation o Timed expansion o Internally porous o High adhesion properties o Hydrophobic SIPP Composite System . Carbon Fiber Filament (CFF) o 867,000 psi tensile strength o 37,000,000 psi tensile modulus o 1% -2% elongation o Curable resin impregnated fiber strands fuse to CCP layer o Up to 150,000 fiber strands per linear inch SIPP Composite System . High Tensile Rigid Layer (RL) o 10,000 psi tensile strength o 670,000 tensile modulus o 3% - 4% elongation o Minimal shrinkage o High bonding strength SIPP . CREEP – High tensile rigid Layer and carbon fiber winding significantly reducing creep. . ADHESION – Closed cell porous layer absorbs and protects rigid layer from strain during pipe failure events. . ANNULUS – Closed cell porous layer expands with rigid layer radial shrinkage and fills and seals annulus. . LINING FAULTS – Self propelled and autonomous lining technologies eliminate all lining faults . THICKNESS VERIFICATION – On board thickness measurement device reports exact liner thickness in real time. Discussions, Questions, and Answers THANK YOU © 2014 HDR ©©Architecture, 20142014 HDR,HDR, Inc., Inc., all all rights rights reserved. reserved.