Park Management Plan Tsitsikamma Park

TSITSIKAMMA

NATIONAL PARK

MARCH 2008 PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN South African National Parks would like to thank everybody who participated and had input in the formulation of this document ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

3 This management plan is hereby internally accepted and authorised as the legal requirement for managing Tsitsikamma National Park as stated in the Protected Areas Act.

31 MARCH 2008

______BO Claassen AUTHORISATION Park Manager – Tsitsikamma National Park

______NC Songelwa Regional Manager – Garden Route Parks

______Paul Daphne Managing Executive ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN

______Sydney Soundy Chief Operating Officer ARK • P ______Dr David Mabunda Chief Executive

Recommended to SANParks Board TIONAL P

Name: ______Date: ______Ms Cheryl Caroulus Chairperson – SANParks Board

Recommended to the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism TSITSIKAMMMA NA Name: ______Date: ______Mr Marthinus van Schalkwyk Minister – Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

4 5

2.3.1 Operating Principles ...... 23 2.3.2 Vital Attributes ...... 23 Socio-Political ...... 23 Economic Attributes ...... 23 Environmental Attributes ...... 23 2.4 Setting the Details of the Park Desired State ...... 24 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.5 Objectives ...... 25

3. GUIDELINES AND PROGRAMMES TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED STATE

3.1 Biodiversity and Heritage Conservation ...... 30 3.1.1 Park expansion programme ...... 30 3.1.2 Sustainable use of natural resources programme ...... 32 3.1.3 Rehabilitation programme ...... 33 3.1.3.1 Alien plants ...... 33 AUTHORISATION 3.1.3.2 Erosion Management ...... 35 i. Table of Contents ...... 6 3.1.4 Damage-causing animal programme ...... 35 ii. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 9 3.1.5 Species of special concern (Rare & endangered species) programme ...... 35 iii. Executive Summary ...... 10 3.1.6 River Management ...... 38 iiv. Process Overview ...... 12 3.1.7 Estuary Management ...... 39 3.1.8 Marine Management ...... 40 3.1.9 Integrated fire programme ...... 40

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3.1.10 Cultural heritage resource programme ...... 41 ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN

1.1 Location ...... 14 3.2 Sustainable Tourism ...... 42 1.2 Extent ...... 14 3.2.1 Tourism Programme ...... 46 1.3 History ...... 14 3.2.2 Marketing Programme ...... 47 1.4 Urban /Rural Park Relations ...... 15 3.2.3 Commercial Development Programme ...... 47 1.5 Socio Economic context ...... 15 1.5.1 The park in its bioregional context ...... 16 3.3 Building Cooperation ARK • P 1.6 Climate ...... 17 3.3.1 Stakeholder relationship Programme ...... 48 1.7 Topography, geology and soils ...... 17 3.3.2 Educational Development Programme ...... 50 1.7.1 Topography ...... 17 3.3.3 Local socio economic development Programme ...... 51 1.7.2 Geology ...... 17 3.3.4 Communications Programme ...... 52 1.7.3 Soils / Sediments ...... 17 1.8 River and Estuarine systems ...... 17 3.4 Effective Park Management 1.8.1 Rivers ...... 18 3.4.1 Environmental Management Programme ...... 52

1.8.2 Estuaries ...... 18 3.4.2 Security and Safety Programme ...... 53 TIONAL P 1.9 Marine system ...... 19 3.4.2.1 TNP Visitor Safety & Security ...... 53 1.10 Flora ...... 19 3.4.2.2 TNP Protection Plan ...... 53 1.10.1 Marine algae ...... 19 3.4.2.3 TNP Emergency Plan ...... 53 1.10.2 Terrestrial vegetation ...... 19 3.4.3 Infrastructure Programme ...... 54 1.11 Fauna ...... 19 3.4.4 Staff Capacity Building Programme ...... 55 1.11.1 Invertebrates ...... 19 3.4.5 Institutional Development and Administration Programme ...... 55 1.11.2 Fish ...... 20 3.4.6 Financial Sustainability Programme ...... 56 1.11.3 Amphibians ...... 20 3.4.7 HIV/AIDS ...... 56 1.11.4 Reptiles ...... 20 3.4.8 Risk management Programme ...... 58 1.11.5 Birds ...... 21 3.4.9 Adaptive and Integrative strategies to sustain TNP desired state ...... 59 1.11.6 Mammals ...... 21 4. REFERENCES ...... 60 2. THE PROTECTED AREAS MANAGEMENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK

2.1 Setting the Desired Sate ...... 20 APPENDIX 1: ZONING PLAN ...... 66 TSITSIKAMMMA NA 2.2 Vision ...... 20 2.3 Operating Principles & Vital Attributes of the park ...... 23 APPENDIX 2: MAP BOOK ...... 78

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BSC Balanced Scorecard C.A.P.E Cape Action Plan for People and the Environment MPA Marine Protected Area CBOs Community Based Organisations NGOs Non- Government Organisations

CDF Conservation Development Framework ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN PAA Protected Areas Act CMAs Catchment Management Authorities PFMA Public Finance Management Act CRM Cultural Resource Management policy SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency EAP Employee Assistance Program SANParks South African National Parks EMS Environmental Management System SBR State of Biodiversity Report EXCO Executive Committee SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment GGP Gross Geographic Product ARK • P SEDA Small Economic Development Association GRI Garden Route Initiative SMME Small, medium and macro enterprises HDE Historically Disadvantaged Enterprise TNP Tsitsikamma National Park IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and natural resources TPC Threshold of Potential Concern TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In compliance with the National Environment: Protected Areas Act No. 57 of To meet this vision a desired state for the proposed Objectives Hierarchy for the TNP 2003, SANParks is required to develop management plans for each of its parks. In Garden Route NP to guide park management in its daily developing the management plan for Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP), SANParks operations and longer term planning was developed. A hierarchy of objectives for the park have been formu- has attempted to integrate, implement and review the biodiversity conservation, This required the formulation of the park’s vital attrib- lated by park management in conjunction with key tourism and constituency building components that make up its core business, utes (what makes it unique) factors stakeholders with reference to the above background whilst ensuring continual learning and compliance. determining/strengthening or threatening/eroding information, the park’s vital attributes, perceived threats these attributes, and objectives to address them. In this and constraints, guiding principles and the vision. The

The TNP, proclaimed in 1964, is situated on the southern Cape coast and forms way the management plan was customized for TNP, but objectives are listed in Table 1 table below, along with ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN part of the world renowned Garden Route. The TNP was the first marine park to within the Mega-Park context. initiatives and their associated park programmes to be proclaimed in Africa. The park straddles the Eastern and Western Cape border meet the objectives. and falls within both the Koukamma Municipality (Cacadu District Municipality TNP plans specifically to improve its ecological sustain- area, Eastern Cape Province) and the Bitou Local Municipality (Eden District ability through the inclusion of the transferred natural In addition, the table lists SANParks corporate balanced Municipality, Western Cape Province). The Tsitsikamma area is situated on a forests and contractual land into a contiguous mountain score card objectives as a means of indicating the link coastal plateau of about 85 km in extent with 8 rural communities. New housing to sea footprint, in addition to enhancing the conserva- between the parks and SANParks corporate objectives. projects around the park have led to a great influx of people, which in turn has tion of the crucial riverine corridors in conjunction with In 2004, SANParks implemented the Balanced Scorecard ARK • P seen the development of five bigger settlement areas. The Tsitsikamma economy relevant stakeholders. On the marine side plans are to management tool to provide a comprehensive business is based on a few main industries: tourism, forestry, timber processing and dairy improve marine management, addressing issues of con- measurement and management framework that allowed farming. cern in the region. the organization to translate its value proposition into achievable objectives, measures and targets. These are The park falls within the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) with its rich biodiversity under With the tourism product well established and branded divided into four operational quadrants affecting serious threat for a variety of reasons. The region has been identified as one of emphasis will be placed upon service delivery and diver- SANParks business, namely: Financial; Customer; the worlds “hottest” biodiversity hotspots. The Cape Action Plan for the sifying concessionaire involvement as a means of Internal; and Learning & Growth. The balanced score

Environment (C.A.P.E) is a strategic plan to identify the key threats and root caus- increasing the parks socio-economic footprint. Further card has the following advantages in that: TIONAL P es of biodiversity losses that need to be addressed in order to conserve the floral to the parks current zonation plan will be the develop- kingdom. The Garden Route Initiative (GRI) is one of the component landscape ment of an all-inclusive conservation development • Places SANParks business within a common frame- initiatives of the C.A.P.E. programme, working towards the implementation of the framework (CDF) for the mega-park that sets the limita- work. C.A.P.E strategy in the Garden Route region. tions for development based upon regional, biological • Communicates strategy effectively to all levels. and social informants This would be fully in tune with • Makes strategic goals operationally implement able. The process towards establishing a single consolidated mega-park in the Garden local Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) to facilitate • Align departments and activities. Route has been initiated by SANParks and forms a part of the larger GRI project. development and conservation issues. • Links remuneration to performance. The mega-park includes the currently proclaimed Tsitsikamma and Wilderness • Effects organisational change. NPs, as well as the former Knysna National Lakes Area. The vision is to manage all three of these protected areas along with national forests transferred to SANParks, and its contracting partners as an integrated whole in the regional mosaic. This will meaningfully conserve a representative sample of the Garden Route’s biodiversity heritage under a single banner. Given this broader vision for the protected areas in the Garden Route, TNP’s management plan needs to be consistent with and support the notion of the Mega-Park. The vision statement for TNP recognis- TSITSIKAMMMA NA es the importance of having to conserve this areas’ unique biodiversity in conjunction with its important cultural heritage and as a part of a larger socio- economic system.

1011 OVERVIEW OF THE SANPARKS MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS

Process overview objectives are clustered or grouped into an objectives Key functions of Park Management Plans South African National Parks (SANParks) has adopted an overarching park man- hierarchy that provides the framework for the Park agement strategy that focuses on developing, together with stakeholders, and Management Plan. Within this document only the higher The key functions of this management plan are to: then managing towards a ‘desired state’ for a National Park. The setting of a level objectives are presented. However, more detailed • ensure that the Park is managed according to the rea- park desired state is done through the adaptive planning process (Rogers 2003). objectives, down to the level of operational goals, have son it was declared; The term ‘desired state’ is now entrenched in the literature, but it is important been (or where necessary are currently being) further • be a tool to guide management of a protected area to note that this rather refers to a ‘desired set of varying conditions’ rather than developed in conjunction with key stakeholders and spe- at all levels, from the basic operational level to the

a static state. This is reinforced in the SANParks biodiversity values (SANParks cialists. Minister of Environ- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN 2006) which accept that change in a system is ongoing and desirable. mental Affairs and Tourism; Importantly, a desired state for a park is also not based on a static vision, but This approach to the management of a National Park is in • be a tool which enables the evaluation of progress rather seeks refinement though ongoing learning and continuous reflection and line with the requirements of the National Environment against set objectives; appropriate adaptation through explicit adoption of the Strategic Adaptive Management: Protected Areas Act No. 57 of 2003 (NEM: • be a document which can be used to set up key per- Management approach. PAA). Overall the Park Management Plan forms part of a formance indicators for Park staff; National Planning framework for protected areas as out- • set the intent of the Park, and provide explicit evi- The ‘desired state’ of a lined in the figure on the left. dence for the financial support required for the Park. ARK • P National & International Legislation park is the parks’ longer- term vision (30-50 years) Park Management Plans were not formulated in isolation translated into sensible of National legislation and policies. Management plans This Management Plan for Tsitsikamma National Park and appropriate objectives comply with related national legislation such as the comprises four broad sections: SANParks Strategic Framework Vision, Policies, Values, Objectives, Norms, though broad statements National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Standards, Indicators of desired outcomes. national SANParks policy and international conventions 1. The background to and outline of the desired state of These objectives are that have been signed and ratified by the South African the Park and how this was determined.

derived from a park’s key Government. 2. A summary of the management strategies, pro- TIONAL P attributes, opportunities grammes and projects that are required to move Protected Area Policy and threats and are Coordinated Policy Framework Governing towards achieving the desired state (obviously these National Decision Framework informed by the context Park Management Plans strategies, programmes and projects can extend over Making Context (international, national and many years but here we present the management local) which jointly deter- The SANParks Coordinated Policy Framework provides focus until 2010. Park Decision mine and inform manage- the overall framework to which all Park Management 3. An outline of the Strategic Adaptive Management Making Context Park Desired State ment strategies, pro- Plans align. This policy sets out the ecological, economic, methodology and strategies that will ensure that the grammes and projects. technological, social and political environments of Park undertakes an adaptive approach to manage-

Strategic Review 5-Year Cycle Park Management Plan Objectives for national national parks at the highest level. In accordance with the ment. It focuses park management on those critical parks were further devel- NEM: Protected Areas Act, the Coordinated Policy strategic issues, their prioritisation, operationalisation Adaptive Management Review oped by aligning with Framework is open to regular review by the public to and integration, and reflection on achievements to SANParks corporate ensure that it continues to reflect the organisation’s man- ensure that the longer-term desired state is reached. Annual Cycle strategic objectives, but date, current societal values and new scientific knowl- 4. Presentation of a high level budget. Monitor Annual Operations Plan defining them in a local edge with respect to protected area management. This

Implementation TSITSIKAMMMA NA and Operations context in conjunction with document is available on the SANParks website. key stakeholders. These

Figure 1: Protected Areas planning framework

1213 coastal forests of the region. The size of the park has regarding the integration of this information into the changed over the years, with the following proclama- local government planning structures. Cacadu District tions: Municipality also makes use of the STEP and EC Biodiversity Conservation Plan and an EMF is currently 1. The seaward boundary of the park between the being undertaken for the east coast form Great Kei to Groot (east) - and the Bloukrans rivers was extended Woody Cape. The Koukamma IDP notes the environ- to three nautical miles offshore (Government Gazette ment as a key economic driver. The completion of an No 8871, Notice 125, 3 September 1983). Integrated Environmental Plan is seen as a priority for 2. De Vasselot Nature Reserve was added to the coastal the following IDP review cycle. park (Government Gazette No 11068, Notice No INTRODUCTION 2814 & 2815, 18 December 1987) Collaboration also continues around the incorporation 3. The small Tsitsikamma Forest National Park was of SANParks funded projects (CoastCare, WfW and deproclaimed in 1989 (Government Gazette 1989), EPWP) into the IDP projects section of the plans, and the name of the coastal park was shortened to progress however, is determined by that of the finalisa- the Tsitsikamma National Park (Government Gazette tion of the separate IDPs. No 17298, Notice 1077, 28 June 1996). 4. In October 1991 a 30 year lease was signed with Communities from the Bitou Municipal area (Western Rand Mines Properties Limited to contractually man- Cape) includes Kurland, The Crags, Nature’s Valley 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION age the Soetkraal area, and in 1997 Soetkraal was (which is surrounded by the park) and Covie. The area proclaimed a contractual park in terms of the referred to as the Western Coastal Zone of the 1.1 Location National Parks Act, 1976 (Government Gazette No Koukamma Municipal constitutes most of the 17728, Notice 100. 17 January 1997, National Parks Tsitsikamma and includes Coldstream, Storms River, The Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) is situated on southern Cape coast, and Act, 1976 (Act No. 57 of 1976). Thornham, Nomphumelelo, Sanddrift, Witelsbos, straddles the boundary between the Western- and Eastern Cape provinces. The 5. The seaward boundary of the De Vasselot section Woodlands, Eersterivier and Oubos. centre of the park is approximately 80 km west of Humansdorp and 50 km east of was extended 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) offshore

Plettenberg Bay. (Government Gazette No 17073, Notice 538, 4 April Contact and liaison with communities adjacent to the ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN 1996), and in December 2000 the marine section of park takes place in a formal and informal manner. 1.2 Extent the park (excluding the above De Vasselot marine Formal structures include the Park Forum and area) became the Tsitsikamma National Park Marine Community Advisory committees for park projects. The terrestrial section of the park is approximately 29 000ha in extent. The sec- Protected Area (Government Gazette No. 21948, Regular contact is maintained with various levels of com- tors are as follows: Notice 1429, 29 December 2000, Marine Living munity structures as part of the parks daily operations. Resources Act 1998 (Act No. 18 of 1998). i) the long (60 km) and narrow (0.9km) ‘eastern’ sector (c. 2 000 ha), stretching 6. In 1995 Erven 382, 444 and the Remainder of Erf Along the coast, the TNP is bordered mostly by planta- ARK • P along the coast between Oubosstrand and Nature’s Valley 434, Nature’s Valley were proclaimed as a contractu- tion forests and dairy farms. The steep escarpment with ii) the broader (3-5 km) De Vasselot sector (c. 2 600 ha), extending westward al section of the park (Government Gazette No its dangerous cliffs makes it inaccessible, except for a from Nature’s Valley to Grootbank 16293, Notice 368, 10 March 1995), followed in 1996 few places where the Park can be accessed on foot from iii) the large (c. 24 400 ha) contractual Soetkraal area, which is situated in the by (Buitenverwachting) Portion 1 of Farm 299 and neighbouring farms or forestry estates. The De Vasselot Tsitsikamma Mountains Range some 15 km inland from the coast, and Portion 3 of the farm Matjies River 295 (Government section of the park is an open access area, with a net- iv) the small contractual areas near De Vasselot (viz. Erven 382, 444 and the Gazette No 16927, Notice 30, 19 January 1996) work of popular footpaths that is accessible from Remainder of 434, Nature’s Valley, and portions of Farm 299 and Matjies River Nature’s Valley and the Groot River Pass. The Soetkraal

295 ) 1.4 Urban /Rural Park Relations Contracted area is situated remotely in the mountains TIONAL P and can only be accessed by means of 4x4 vehicles. The TNP is situated in a relatively rural area with no high- The marine section of the park is about 35 100 ha in extent, and consists of: ly developed residential areas in close proximity. 1.5 Socio Economic context: However, its’ spectacular scenery and location have i) the large (34 300 ha) TNP Marine Protected Area (TNPMPA), which extends attracted developers of golf, sport and residential The TNP’s service area can roughly be divided into three between 0.5 and 3 nautical miles offshore along the length of eastern sector of estates. sub regions - the Tsitsikamma, the Langkloof and the the park, and is a no-take or restricted zone. Plettenberg Bay areas. The Tsitsikamma and Langkloof ii) the smaller (c. 800 ha) the marine section, which is adjacent to the TNPMPA The park straddles the Eastern- and Western Cape bor- areas fall within the Eastern Cape under the jurisdiction and extended 0.5 nautical miles off the De Vasselot coast, where resource uti- der and falls within both the Koukamma Municipality of the Koukamma Municipality. It is estimated that the lization is permitted in accordance with the legislation of the Marine Living (Cacadu District Municipality area, Eastern Cape current population is around 34 309 (Census 2001). A Resources Act (Act No. 18 of 1998). Province) and the Bitou Local Municipality (Eden District study done by the Constituency office in 1997 shows a Municipality, Western Cape Province). All three munici- 55% unemployment rate. A Socio-Economic and 1.3 History palities have both IDPs and SDFs in various stages of Demographic Profile of the Province, done in February completion. Within the Koukamma IDP the sections on 2004 states the prevalence of HIV/Aids estimated at After extensive negotiations between the National Parks Board and the then Integrated Environmental programme and the 16,8%. TSITSIKAMMMA NA Secretary of the Department of Forestry and his Minister, the Tsitsikamma Coastal Environmental Sector Plan are applicable to the Park and and Forest National Parks were proclaimed in 1964 (Knobel 1989, Robinson 1989) appropriate input has been provided by SANParks. The Tsitsikamma area is situated on a coastal plateau of to establish South Africa’s first marine protected area and conserve the associated Spatial information on biodiversity has been provided to about 85km in extent with eight rural communities. This all the municipalities and engagement is ongoing area has had a great influx of people as result of the new

1415 which extends approximately eight km to the base of the The Garden Route Initiative (GRI) is one of the compo- Tsitsikamma Mountain Range (Toerien 1976). The east- nent landscape initiatives of the C.A.P.E. programme, ern- and De Vasselot sectors of the park are restricted to working towards the implementation of the CAPE strate- the coast, the escarpment and the seaward portion of the gy in the Garden Route region. The GRI is a partnership plateau, while Soetkraal in Tsitsikamma Mountains programme that aims to conserve and restore the unique includes valleys and steep mountain slopes. biodiversity and sense of place in the Garden Route, while supporting the sustainable management of the 1.7.2 Geology area and the delivery of benefits to local communities. The eastern sectors of the park are underlain by the The GRI is supported by a grant as part of the C.A.P.E. quartzitic sandstone of the Goudini- (Tchando) and Programme from the GEF (Global Environment Facility) Peninsula Formations of the Table Mountain Group through the World Bank to SANParks. (Toerien 1976), while the main formations of De Vasselot are the Gydo- (shales and subordinate siltstone); The GRI’s strategic areas of implementation include the Skurweberg- and Baviaanskloof formations (Pretorius et consolidation of priority biodiversity into protected areas, al. 1980). At Soetkraal the formations are Goudini, assisting land owners to appropriately manage biodiver- Peninsula and to a lesser extent Skurweberg (quartzitic sity on their properties, and incorporating biodiversity sandstone, profusely cross-bedded) and Cedarberg housing developments, which are in the process of developing five bigger settle- priorities into land use planning and decision making, as (shale, arenceaous shale). (Director-General of Surveys ment areas. The Tsitsikamma economy is based on a few main industries – tourism, well as ensuring the sustainable management effective- 1979). forestry, timber processing and dairy farming. ness of the Garden Route’s conservation areas. 1.7.3 Soils / Sediments The Langkloof is a 140km long valley renowned for its fruit production (apples and SANParks is leading the implementation of the protected At De Vasselot (and probably in the rest of the park) the stone fruit). It includes six rural communities and two bigger villages (Joubertina area land consolidation programme for the GRI, working soils are strongly influenced by the removal of marine and Kareedouw). The Plettenberg Bay area is situated in the Western Cape and towards the establishment of the single consolidated clays on the tertiary shoreline. ‘Duplex’ soils (i.e. sandy falls under the jurisdiction of the Bitou Municipality. In proximity to the town of Garden Route National Park, as well as working with surface soils with a sharp transition to underlying clays)

Plettenberg Bay, and regarded as part of the parks’ service area, is found the rural CapeNature with the Stewardship Programme to realize are common (Pretorius et al. 1980), and the underlying ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN communities of the Crags, Kurland, Natures Valley and Covie. The total popula- the protection and appropriate management of the bio- clays are often saline, impermeable and seasonally satu- tion for the Plettenberg Bay area is 31 900 (Census 2001), with an estimated unem- diversity priorities on private land. rated. Seasonally saturated soils are prevalent on the ployment rate of 33%. Competing land uses in this area range from industry (brick plateau, while against the steep coastal slopes the soils making) and diary farming to popular tourist destinations and polo fields. 1.6 Climate are shallow and sandy. On the coast (especially in the Nature’s Valley region) the wind influence is visible, and 1.5.1 The park in its bioregional context: The climate along the coast is mild, and frost is rare. The the soils are derived from a mixture of dune sand and clay mean monthly maximum air temperatures recorded over material from underlying shale (Thwaites 1984b). ARK • P The park falls within the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). The CFR in South Africa is a 12 year period (1992 - 2003) at Storm River Mouth the smallest and richest of the six floral kingdoms in the world, and it is the only 1.8 River and Estuarine systems one to be found entirely within one country. Its rich biodiversity is under serious ranged from 19.0 - 24,8o C, and the minimum air temper- threat for a variety of reasons including conversion of natural habitat to permanent 1.8.1 Rivers agriculture, inappropriate fire management, rapid and insensitive development, atures from 9.9 - 17.8o C. The annual rainfall of 743 mm Excluding the Groot River which forms the eastern overexploitation of water resources, marine resources, and infestation by alien was fairly evenly distributed throughout the year boundary of the park, 12 perennial rivers flow southward species. The region has been identified as one of the worlds “hottest” hotspots (Hanekom 2005). The rainfall and ranges in maximum through the coastal sections of the park. The largest of

of biodiversity. and minimum temperatures increases further inland on these rivers are the Groot Bobbejaans River (west), the TIONAL P the coastal plateau and southern slope of the Bloukrans-Vark, Storms-Witteklip and Elands-Kruis sys- In response to this a process of extensive consultation involving various interested Tsitsikamma Mountains. A year round feature of the tems, which have calculated catchments of between 80 - parties, including local government and non governmental organisations resulted south coast is the prevailing westerly winds (Stone et al. 100 km?. These rivers generally extended well beyond in the establishment of a strategic plan referred to as Cape Action Plan for the 1998), while onshore easterly winds are prevalent during the boundaries of the park into the foothills of the Environment (C.A.P.E). It identified the key threats and root causes of biodiversi- summer (Schumann et al.1982). Tsitsikamma Mountains, severely limiting the protection ty losses that need to be addressed in order to conserve the floral kingdom. This offered to these systems. Soetkraal conserves the impor- resulted in a spatial plan identifying areas which need to be conserved and a series 1.7.1 Topography, geology and soils tant upper catchments of three rivers, Langbos-, Palmiet- of broad program activities which need to be undertaken over a 20 year period. and Diep rivers (Russell 2002). Based on the situation assessment and analysis of threats, three overarching 1.7.1 Topography themes that complement and reinforce one another were developed: C.A.P.E. will: The water depth in the Marine Protected Area ranges 1.8.2 Estuaries from 0m to 90m and the sea floor is mostly soft bottom Most of the rivers that flow through the coastal sectors of • establish an effective reserve network, enhance off-reserve conservation, and sediments. The major sub tidal rocky reefs are found the park have small and poorly defined estuarine compo- support bioregional planning; between Sanddrif and Nature’s Valley, and many of these nents. A notable exception is the temporarily open • strengthen and enhance institutions, policies, laws, co-operative governance, outcrops are low platforms mantled in thin gravel sheets Groot River (west) estuary at Nature’s Valley, with its sub- and community participation; and (Flemming et al. 1986). Except for a small sandy beach stantial salt marshes and ‘aquatic’ plant component TSITSIKAMMMA NA • develop methods to ensure sustainable yields, promote compliance with at Nature’s Valley, the shoreline of the park is rocky, and (Morant & Bickerton 1983), which relative to other estu- laws, integrate biodiversity concerns into catchment management, and pro- it abuts a steep, high (c. 180m) coastal escarpment that aries in the Cape Province is of intermediate botanical mote sustainable eco-tourism. flattens off onto a plateau (an ancient wave-cut platform), importance (Coetzee et al. 1997). The water quality of

16 17 The dominant vegetation of Soetkraal is Wet and Mesic • Dominant marine fauna can be grouped into marine Sandstone Fynbos (Mucina et al. 2005), with small patch- mammals (seals, dolphins, whales), birds (penguins, es of Afrotemperate Forest on protected mountain gannets, terns), fish (migratory and reef species) and slopes. highly diverse benthic fauna on the reefs. The MPA is too small to provide permanent residence for most of 1.11 Fauna the marine mammals and seabirds recorded in the park, but it is large enough to provide an important 1.11.1 Invertebrates feeding ground or nursery area. All life stages for 17 fish species that are exploited for commercial and The freshwater invertebrate fauna in the various river sys- recreational purposes (Wood et al. 2000), as well as tems of the Tsitsikamma region are poorly studied. spawning grounds for commercially exploited chokka Nevertheless preliminary surveys of the Salt River have squid have been recorded in the park (Sauer 1995). indicated a diverse community and at least three previ- the estuaries in the park ranges from reasonable to good, with elevated bacteria ously undescribed genera, 13 undescribed species and levels being a major factor decreasing the water quality (Harrison et al. 1995, 1.10 Flora some remarkable range extension of certain species (De 1996). Moor et al. 2004). Water abstraction from the catchment 1.10.1 Marine algae of the Salt River is the most serious threat to the contin- 1.9 Marine system ued existence of this macro-invertebrate community (De The rugged coastline provides a diverse habitat of Moor et al. 2004). • TNP is the oldest marine national park in Africa (Robinson & De Graaff 1994), exposed and sheltered reefs, and 211 species (which is and in 2000 most of its marine section was proclaimed a Category 1 (or no- equivalent to 25% of the seaweed flora of South Africa) The Tsitsikamma MPA coast has both exposed and shel- take) Marine Protected Area (MPA) (Government Gazette No. 21948, Notice have been recorded in the park (Bolton & Stegenga tered rocky shores, and preliminary studies have noted

1429, 29 December 2000, Marine Living Resources Act 1998). The MPA 2002, Stegenga et al. in lit. 2002). These include 22 approximately 70 and 250 invertebrate taxa in the inter- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN includes approximately 61 km of rocky shores and 5 km of sandy beaches, green-, 86 brown- and 103 red algal species, of which tidal and subtidal reefs respectively. On rocky intertidal extends between 0.5 and 3 nautical miles offshore and has a surface area of two were previously undescribed species of red algae shores the structure of invertebrate communities is some 340 km?. The subtidal area of the park consists chiefly of soft bottom (Stegenga et al. 2000; 2001). strongly influenced by wave action (McQuaid & Branch sediments (c. 79%) and dispersed platforms and reefs (c. 21%). The park pro- 1984; 1985). Filter feeders dominate wave-exposed tects seven percent of rocky shoreline of the Agulhas Biogeographical region 1.10.2 Terrestrial vegetation rocky shores of the park. Proceeding up the intertidal (Lombard et al. 2005). gradient the dominant filter feeder species are redbait The vegetation of the park largely comprises two vege- Pyura stolonifera, brown mussel Perna perna, the alien ARK • P • Vertically within the water column there is marked seasonal change in the tem- tation types/broad habitat units, i.e. Tsitsikamma Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the perature profile. In winter, when sea conditions are turbulent, the water column Mountain Fynbos and Knysna Afromontane Forest barnacles Octomeris angulosa, and Chthamalus denta- is generally well mixed. However, during the calmer summer months, strong (Cowling & Heijnis 2001), which were respectively named tus. Historically, the indigenous brown mussel was the thermoclines often develop in the upper 35 m, with temperature differences Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos and Southern dominant mussel and population densities of up to 19 being as much as 10°C (Schumann & Beekman 1984; Roberts & van den Berg Afrotemperate Forest by Mucina et al. (2005). The veg- 860 individuals per m? were recorded in the park in the 2005; Götz 2005). Periodically (c. 8 times a year) strong easterly winds, which etation of the coastal sectors may be classified into three early 1980s (Crawford and Bower 1983). However, from are prevalent in late spring and summer, displace the warm surface water and broad communities, namely Afrotemperate Forest (2506 the mid 1990s the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus

cause cold inshore upwelling events along the coast (Schumann & Beekman ha) and two Mesic Sandstone Fynbos communities (1386 galloprovincialis has steadily displaced most of the TIONAL P 1984; Hanekom et al. 1989; Roberts & van den Berg 2005). The mean month- ha) (Hanekom et al. 1989). The distribution of indige- brown mussel population in the mid and high zones of ly surface sea temperatures recorded on the Tsitsikamma coast ranges from nous forest patches in the Tsitsikamma appears to be the mussel beds (Hanekom in press). Herbivorous 15.9°C to 19.4°C (Hanekom 2005). partly determined by recurrent, but sporadic and severe limpets (especially Scutellastra cochlear) are abundant in berg-wind fires (Geldenhuys 1987), and the forests are sheltered gullies. • The nearshore current system is complex. Off the Tsitsikamma coast the surface found on moist south facing slopes and in river gorges. (5m depth) water flow is variable, but mainly in an easterly (long-shore) direc- The Groot River (west) area is important, because three A preliminary investigation of the subtidal areas in the tion (Roberts & van den Berg 2005). In contrast at depth of 31 m the average forest species (Cape teak, false horsewood and wild tree Storms River area identified three macrobenthic commu- current speed is lower (10 vs 24 cm/s) and the flow direction changes with sea- banana), with limited representation elsewhere in the nities along a depth profile (Hanekom & Coetzee 1990). son. In winter the current direction at this deep site is similar to that of the sur- Southern Cape, have small, but expanding populations Each characterized by a dominant phyla or species. The face water, but it tends to flow in the opposite (westerly) direction during mid in this area (Geldenhuys 1992; 1993). The fynbos com- first group occurs on corrugated, low relief reefs, and has summer (Roberts & van den Berg 2005). munities occur mostly on plateau and exposed slopes of an abundance of algae (seaweeds) and a sparsity of soli- the escarpment. Many of the indigenous forest species tary ascidians (primarily Pyura stolonifera). The second • Wave measurements taken by ships within 250 km of this coast show that the and common flowering plants in the southern Cape and group occurs on high relief ridges where algae are still prevailing waves come from a westerly direction, are 1.6 - 3.0 m in height, and TNP have been described in ‘field guides’ (Courtenay- present, but Pyura stolonifera are dominant. The third have a wave interval of 6 - 8 m / seconds (Swart & Serdyn 1981). Exposure to Latimer et al. 1967; Von Breitenbach 1974; Rycroft 1980; group are found at deep water (20 - 27m) sites with TSITSIKAMMMA NA wave turbulence plays an important role in determining intertidal faunal com- Moriarty 1982), and approximately 500 species from 112 medium to high relief reefs, and has an abundance of munities on rocky shores (McQuaid & Branch 1984; 1985), especially in the families have been recorded from the coastal sectors of poriferans, hydrozoans and bryozoans (Hanekom & Tsitsikamma MPA with its range of sheltered and exposed shores. the park, but few Red Data Book species. Coetzee 1990).

1819

1.11.2 Fish

The fresh water streams in the Tsitsikamma region are generally impoverished in the park (Branch and Hanekom (1987). While the blue vores (Cody et. al. 1983 in Rebelo 1992; Koen 1984). (Smith & Smith 1966), and only four indigenous fish species have been recorded in spotted girdled lizard Cordylus coeruleopunctatus and Consequently, the population density estimates of the the small sections of the rivers protected by the park (Russell 2002). However, one Knysna dwarf chameleon Bradypodion damaranum are two antelope species in these forests, blue duiker (c. 1 of these is the Endangered slender redfin Pseudobarbus tenius, which has been endemic to the southern Cape, all four turtle species are individual.5.5 ha-1) and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus recorded in the Langbos-, Diep- and Palmiet rivers in the Tsitsikamma Mountains vagrants to the park (Branch and Hanekom 1987; Branch (c. 1 individual.20 ha-1), as well as the bushpig

Range (Russell 2002). 1988). Potamochoerus porcus (c. 1 individual.25 ha-1) are very ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN low (von Gadow 1978; Odendaal & Bigalke 1979; Conversely, a rich diversity of fish is found in the marine section of the park, with 1.11.5 Birds Seydack 1990; Bowland 1990; Hanekom & Wilson 1991). a total 202 fish species from 84 families recorded (Buxton and Smale 1984; Burger 1991; Wood et al. 2000) The size and species composition of fish differ between The coastal sector of the park with its combination of Other noteworthy mammals are the Cape clawless shallow and deep reefs in the park (Buxton and Smale 1984), and the species diver- forest, fynbos, estuarine and marine habitats has a otters Aonyx capensis and Egyptian fruit bats Rousettus sity, and richness tended to increase with depth (Burger 1990). diverse assemblage (c 200) bird species. These include aegyptiacus. Some 30 otters occur along the coast of 29 Red Data Book species, of which only ten are ‘resi- the eastern sector (van der Zee 1982; Arden-Clarke ARK • P The biology and life history changes of 10 commercial or recreationally exploited dent’ and/or breed in this sector of the park. Those of 1983), while substantial numbers (c 3 000 individuals) of marine fish species conserved in the park have been studied. These include dager- special concern are the breeding seabirds (Cape cor- fruit bats have been noted in a cave along the Storms aad, roman (Buxton, 1987 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993), red steenbras (Smale 1988; morant Phalacrocorax capensis and African black oyster- River gorge (Herzig-Straschel & Robinson 1978). Four Smale & Punt 1991), blue hottentot (Buxton & Clarke 1986), hottentot (Buxton & catcher Haematopus moquini), ‘resident’ forest species Red Data marine mammal species utilize the Clarke 1992), musselcracker (Buxton & Clarke 1991), poenskop (Buxton & Clarke (Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus, Knysna wood- Tsitsikamma MPA as a feeding ground and/or a refuge. 1989), blacktail, zebra ( Mann & Buxton 1992, 1998) and carpenter (Brouwer & pecker Campethera notata and crowned eagle They are the vulnerable (Indian Ocean) bottlenose dol- Griffiths 2004; 2005; Brouwer et al. 2003). Stephanoaetus coronatus) and water-birds (African fin- phin Tursiops aduncus, (Indian) humpback dolphin

foot Podica senegalensis and halfcollared kingfisher Sotalia plumbea and Bryde’s whale Balaeoptera brydei, TIONAL P Most (c 80 %) of the above fish species are slow growing, long-lived species (>20 Alcedo semitorquata) (Skead & Liversidge 1967, as well as the Near-threatened humpback whale years), and many have a high degree of residency (Buxton 1987; Cowley 2000; Crawford 1983; Whittington 2004). Megaptera novaeangliae (Saayman et al. 1972; Best Cowley et al. 2002; Brouwer et al. 2003), which makes them vulnerable to over- 2000; Anon 2003; V. Cockcroft pers comm. 2007). The exploitation. A point highlighted by the fact that the catch rates during research bottlenose dolphin is the most abundant of these studies in the park were considerably higher than those recorded for fishers in 1.11.6 Mammals cetaceans, with >930 bottlenosed dolphins having been nearby exploited areas (Buxton & Smale 1989; Brouwer & Buxton 2002; Brouwer identified from the greater Plettenberg Bay area (V. 1999; Cowley et al. 2002; Cowley 2000). Thirty-nine terrestrial mammal species have been Cockcroft pers comm. 2007). The highest numbers are recorded for the coastal sector of the park, including recorded in summer (Saayman et al. 1972). The hump- 1.11.3 Amphibians two species of special concern: blue duiker Philantomba back dolphin is less numerous with approximately 150 monticola and honey badger Mellivora capensis. The individuals being identified from Plettenberg Bay area Thirteen frog species have been recorded in the park, including the Endangered park is narrow and largely unfenced and mammal (V. Cockcroft pers comm. 2004). They live in small Knysna leaf-folding frog Afrixalus knysnae and an endemic to the southern Cape, species move freely in and out of the reserve. This is schools (c. 7 individuals and forage in the park through- the plain rain frog Breviceps fuscus (Carruthers & Robinson 1977; Branch & particularly true of the primate- (chacma baboon and out the year (Saayman et al. 1972; Anon 2003). Small Hanekom 1987; Minter et al. 2004.). vervet monkey), carnivore (leopard, caracal and honey numbers of Bryde’s and humpback whales move through badger) and antelope (bushbuck) species. Furthermore, the area (Anon 2003; V. Cockcroft pers comm. 2007). TSITSIKAMMMA NA 1.11.4 Reptiles fynbos and forests in the Southern Cape occur on nutrient-poor soils (Van Daalen 1981; 1984), and therefore A total of 13 snake, 10 lizard, 2 tortoise and 4 turtle species have been recorded have a low carrying capacity for sustaining large herbi-

2021 year) priorities to attain the vision in cooperation with its palities, town engineers stakeholders. To set this desired state focus was placed • Management forums (catchment, PFM, other on the park’s vital attributes making this park unique, or forums - various levels of participation and gover- PROTECTED AREAS MANAGEMENT at least very special in its class. Each was discussed nance along with important factors determining/strengthening • Institutional coordination (unification / inter organi- PLANNING FRAMEWORK or threatening/eroding these attributes. Using this infor- zational and other government departments) mation helped focus the exact formulation of park • Passionate stakeholders that are organized in struc- objectives, which must strengthen positive determinants tured NGO’s strengthen relationships and build and weaken or remove negative ones, so those objec- ambassadors tives are appropriate to the uniqueness and special • Established community structures (Active function- nature of this national park. In this way the management ing street committees) 2. The Protected Areas Management plan is customized in its fullest local extent, without • Resources base with potential to deliver benefits to Planning Framework detracting from some of its more generic functions people along with certain other parks. • Diverse cultures and cultural heritage sites that has The protected areas management planning framework that has been designed for tourism opportunities the SANParks guides park management in setting up a management plan imple- 2.3 Operating Principles & Vital Attributes of the • Polarized social support. mentation thereof and the review of the plan. The essential feature of the system park • Cultural and natural resources that are sensitive to is the iterative way in which it will enable continual improvement in the manage- human disturbance. ment of the Park though annual and five-year review cycles. The first step in devel- The operating principles and unique features (or vital • Recreational and spiritual resources (experiences)

oping/revising a management plan is to develop the desired state of the park. attributes) that make Garden Route what it is and poten- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN tially can be are listed below. Economic Attributes: 2.1 Setting the Desired Sate • Established tourism route and brand 2.3.1 Operating Principles • Established partnerships (neighbouring conserva- After an extensive negotiation period, the transfer of the management responsi- tion initiatives) bility of the 97 000 ha of previously DWAF managed indigenous forest, mountain SANParks has adopted eleven corporate values, which • Ecosystem services (water catchments, scenic land- catchment and plantation areas to be rehabilitated to SANParks, took place in serve as guiding principles around which all employee scapes with its impact on property values) April 2005. This has initiated the process for the establishment of a single consol- behaviour and actions are governed and shaped. These • Extractible resources (timber, etc.) ARK • P idated Mega-Park in the Garden Route, inclusive of the current proclaimed nation- corporate values include: • Established tourism infrastructure al parks, i.e. the amalgamation of Tsitsikamma NP and Wilderness NP, as well as • Job creation opportunities the Knysna estuary. The vision is to manage all the above mentioned areas as an • show leadership in all we do • Diverse Tourism product (cultural, nature based, integrated whole by meaningfully conserving a representative sample of the • be guided by environmental ethics in all we do adventure, coasta) - attracting funding (Poverty Garden Route’s biodiversity. This is a vision SANParks is actively pursuing. Given • promote transformation within, and outside of the relief funding, etc.) this broader vision for the protected areas in the Garden Route, it is felt that the organisation • Low crime level area vision statement for the management of the TNP should be consistent and sup- • strive for scientific and service excellence at all • Educational opportunities

port the notion of the Mega-Park. The following vision statement and desired times TIONAL P state for the consolidated Garden Route Mega-Park was derived at through an • act with professionalism at all times Environmental Attributes: adaptive planning process at two protected area management planning work- • adopt, and encourage initiative and innovation by • Important aquatic ecosystems (Wetlands (Ramsar); shops involving SANParks, CapeNature and key external stakeholders in the all all estuary types Garden Route. • treat all our stakeholders with equity and justice • Potential to conserve whole ecosystems from catch- • exercise discipline at all times ments to sea. (Single largest indigenous block in 2.2 Vision • show respect to all South Africa • act with honesty and integrity • Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma sandstone fynbos An integrated protected area that effectively conserves a functionally linked • strive for transparency and open communication at • Important ecologic goods and services mosaic of diverse terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems, all times • Mountains forest and coast in close proximity + landscapes, and cultural heritage, representative of the Garden Route, that mosaic contributes to the well being of present and future generations.” These may be modified to meet local requirements • Rehabilitation drive and potential (resilience) through interaction with its stakeholders. because of high rainfall In order that the current and future extent of the park is protected and managed • Scenic beauty effectively, a desired state for the proposed Garden Route NP to guide park man- 2.3.2 Vital Attributes • Functional MPA system representing inshore marine agement in its daily operations and longer term planning was developed. This environments TSITSIKAMMMA NA desired state will be reviewed every five years in accordance with SANParks Socio-Political Attributes: • Important threatened lowland vegetation Biodiversity Custodianship Framework (Rogers 2003). It forms a bridge between • Relationships with local authorities– IDP’s, munici- SANParks policy framework and its vision for the park, and the medium term (five

2223 Table 1: Biodiversity and Heritage Objectives

High level objective Objective Sub-objective Initiative

2.4 Setting the Details of the Park Desired State:

Objectives Hierarchy for TNP

A hierarchy of objectives for the park have been formulated with reference to the above background information, the park’s vital attributes, perceived threats and constraints, guiding principles and the vision. The objectives are listed in the table

below, along with initiatives and their associated park programmes to meet the ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN objectives,

In addition, the table lists SANParks corporate balanced score card objectives as a means of indicating the link between the parks and SANParks corporate objectives. In 2004 SANParks implemented the Balanced Scorecard management tool to provide a comprehensive business measurement and management framework that allowed the organization to translate its value proposition into achievable ARK • P objectives, measures and targets. These are divided into four operational quadrants affecting SANParks business, namely: Financial; Customer; Internal; and Learning & Growth. The balanced score card has the following advantages in that:

• Places SANParks business within a common framework; • Communicates strategy effectively to all levels; • Makes strategic goals operationally implement able;

• Align departments and activities; TIONAL P • Links remuneration to performance; • Effects organisational change.

2.5 Objectives

Park specific conservation objectives are framed in a hierarchical order that is shown with links to the balanced scorecard quadrants via the far right hand column in the tables 1 and 2. TSITSIKAMMMA NA

2425 High level objective Objective Sub-objective Initiative ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

2627 High level objective Objective Sub-objective Initiative

Table 2: Socio- economic objectives

High level objective Objective Sub-objective Initiative ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

2829

GUIDELINES AND PROGRAMMES rounding land-use mosaic, and catchments to further (Table 3). This would be achieved through the inclusion the identified important aquatic processes of 43 609 ha of state land primarily managed by DWAF. TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED STATE Furthermore, it would require the inclusion of 33 268 ha The 58 512 ha (inclusive of 29 954 ha marine and 23 512 of conservation land under some co management ha contractual parts) large park currently forms part of agreement with Cape Nature and Eastern Cape Parks the largest block of Afromontane forest in the country, Board. About 4 600 ha private land be required to fill in and includes important representation of endangered the minor gaps and could be done on some form of con- 3. GUIDELINES AND PROGRAMMES TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED STATE Eastern Coastal Shale band and Garden Route Shale tractual - stewardship arrangement or purchased if avail- Fynbos that remain hardly protected (Cowling & Heijnis able. This expanded TNP would link to the Wilderness This section deals with all the discrete, but often interlinked, programs which make 2001). The area remains under threat from expanding National Park to form a mega park of about 250 000 ha up the approaches to issues, and lead to the actions on the ground. Together they agriculture, development and forestry. To meet the involving land transfers, co-managements and the odd are the Park’s best attempt to achieve the desired state. Each subsection in this desired state, via the least conflicting route, the park acquisition. management plan is a summary of the particular programme, invariably support- would need to expand to a total of about 140 000 ha ed by details in what are called operational or lower-level plans, referred to in appendices but not included here. Table 3: Ownership

The various programmes are classified into the five activity groupings as reflected ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN in the SANParks biodiversity custodianship framework, namely Biodiversity and Heritage Conservation, Sustainable Tourism, Building Co-operation, Effective Park Management, and Corporate Support. Corporate SANParks policies provide the guiding principles for most of the subsections, and will not be repeated here, except as references and occasionally key extracts.

3.1 Biodiversity and Heritage Conservation ARK • P

3.1.1 Park expansion programme:

The TNP falls within a priority terrestrial and marine conservation area as identified by the South African national conservation assessment (Driver et al. 2005, Lombard et al. 2005). The expansion of TNP remains important for SANParks in its attempt to consolidate the essential ecological patterns and processes associ-

ated with the marine-forest-mountain fynbos associations characteristic of the TIONAL P eastern portion of the Garden Route. The proposed expansion programme is in full congruence with SANParks accepted biodiversity values and follows the SANParks land acquisition framework. In this regard the park falls within the Garden Route Initiative (GRI), part of the wider regional CAPE (Cape Action Plan for the Environment) programme, that is aimed at building a comprehensive protected area system in the Cape Floristic Region fully integrated into the regional land use mosaic (Lochner et al. 2003). The envisaged expansion would include a multiple number of different land agreements across the marine, terrestrial and wetland environments, and as such expected to be affected by the environmental legislation governing these different environments. The desired state of the park, in the context of park expansion, includes:

The consolidation of ecological linkages from the Outeniqua Mountains to the sea, inclusive of the important river catchment (Groot-Bobbejaans, Bloukrans- Vark, Storms-Witteklip, Eland-Kruis) catchment systems, and their marine inter- TSITSIKAMMMA NA faces via their respective river mouths The rehabilitation of degraded lands included into the park To encourage conservation friendly land management activities in the sur-

3031

larvae being dispersed by sea currents to adjacent site in 1978 and finally complete closure of this section exploited areas (Tinley et al. 1986; Brouwer et al. in January 2001, immediately after it was proclaimed an 2003). In addition small, but a substantial proportion (5 MPA. 7%) of the post larval stock of fish, such as galjoen and carpenter, in the TNPMPA migrate beyond the bound- There have been ongoing demands from local anglers aries of the park and thereby seed adjacent exploited bordering the eastern sector of the park for rights to areas (Brouwer et al. 2003; Attwood & Cowley 2005). access the coast and fish within the TNP MPA. There have also been representations by other interested and It is therefore noteworthy that a survey of shore-angling affected parties to retain the area as a no-take zone. between Nature’s Valley and Robberg recorded the SANParks is not empowered to alter the no take status highest catch per unit effort in terms of mass in the De of the MPA, in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act Vasselot area immediately adjacent to the TNPMPA, this is vested with the Minister: Department of being more than double that recorded in the other sec- Environmental Affairs and Tourism. During 2007 Marine tors studied (King 2005). Kyle Smith (Rhodes University and Coastal Management Branch of DEAT and Department of Fisheries and Ichthyology, pers. comm. SANParks have engaged with local stakeholders on the 2006, Smith 2005) reported that long term studies have question of angling rights in the MPA, and a proposal shown a progressive migration of shore anglers towards was submitted to the Minister (of DEAT). After careful the areas adjacent to the TNP MPA in response to the consideration of the situation, the Minister decided in better catch opportunity there. November 2007 to uphold the status quo by not allow- Management initiatives could include: ing any fishing in the Tsitsikamma MPA. SANParks is When the costs of travel, accommodation, tackle, rod, obliged to enforce this decision. • Identification of under represented habitats/ecosystems. reel and bait are included, the economic benefits • Consolidate park boundaries. derived from the MPAs in the Garden Route through fish 3.1.3 Rehabilitation programme • Incorporate indigenous forests, wetlands and lowland plateau fynbos. exports in terms of larvae and adults are in the order of • Establish corridors linking TNP with mountain catchments. R33 million annually (Turpie et al. 2006). 3.1.3.1 Alien plants • Secure land tenure of Soetkraal properties • Consolidate/ Extend Marine Protected Area with appropriate use zoning ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN (including National Park status) The dominant vegetation types within the greater TNP These studies demonstrate the important role of MPAs are Sandstone Fynbos, a fire driven vegetation type, 3.1.2 Sustainable use of natural resources programme as sources of stock to replenish adjacent exploited and Afrotemperate Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). areas. The progressive concentration of shore angling The Sandstone Fynbos is the most susceptible to SANParks is committed to a policy which includes investigating avenues for com- in areas immediately adjacent to the TNPMPA suggest encroachment by alien invasive plants, followed by eco- munities to derive benefits through participation in national park development, that out-flowing stocks may be exploited before they tonal and disturbed areas of Afrotemperate Forests. while still maintaining effective conservation of resources. disperse very far, and that the MPA is in fact too small to Such plant invasions (see tables 4-6) can disturb natural ARK • P replenish the exploitation over a wide area. persistence and processes by displacing the indigenous At present, the only extractive resource utilization practices permitted in TNP vegetation, increasing the pressure on water resources occurs along a nine km stretch of the De Vasselot section of coast, outside the The park with its protected marine environment and and generally increasing the frequency and intensity of marine protected area (TNPMPA). Here recreational bait collecting and fishing is large fish stocks provides an important study area for fires through increased fuel loads. In the past a multi- permitted in accordance with the Marine Living Resources Act (1998). These activ- fish research. Much of the past research work concen- phased management approach to dealing with the alien ities are prohibited in the eastern section of the park in accordance the proclama- trated on the biology and ecology of commercially and invasive plants was used in the park. It included mechan- tion of the area, in the year 2000, as a no take Marine Protected Area in terms of recreationally exploited fish species. An important ical, chemical and biological agents, and was undertak-

the Marine Living Resources Act. In TNP SANParks personnel have been appoint- monitoring project being undertaken by Cowley (South en primarily in fynbos areas. In forested areas alien man- TIONAL P ed as fisheries control officers responsible for the enforcement of the Marine Living African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity) investigates agement focused on forest ecotone to prevent the build Resources Act. They undertake regular patrols to encourage compliance with the long-term temporal and spatial variations in shore- up of excessive fuel loads on the forest margins. Future legislation. based scientific angling catches in the marine protected research studies should investigate the rate at which the area, and will provide data from which quantifiable three bio-control agents that have become established The no take status of the MPA was decided in recognition of the growing evidence thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) may be deter- within the park and spread to adjacent uninfected areas, that extractive resource use is the biggest threat to the marine environment in the mined. as well as the best methods to rehabilitate areas cleared southern Cape (Lombard et al. 2004). The stock status of 10 angling fish species, of black wattles. An area of concern is the lack of follow which are recorded in the park, is regarded as having collapsed in South Africa and After the establishment of the TNP in 1964 in terms of up work after clearing. in urgent need of protection (Wood et al. 2000; Mann 2000; SAMLMA 2001). In the old National Parks Act, SANParks initially allowed the past, legislated quotas, bag limits, size limits and closed seasons have often some fishing, but progressively reduced the areas open The current measures to monitor, control, and eradicate proved ineffective in controlling fishing pressure (Bennett et al. 1994), and the role to fishing based upon concerns about the state of line such invasive species are initiated through the of marine protected areas in fisheries management is becoming increasingly fish stocks. Later work at TNP revealed that even mod- Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), prominent (Attwood et al. 1997; Gell & Roberts 2005). For example, within five erate rates of exploitation were unsustainable (catch through the Working for Water project (WfW), and the years of closing the Koppie Alleen section at De Hoop Nature Reserve to fishing, rate statistics in TNP are provided by Hanekom et al. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the catch rates of six shore-angling 1997).The first step was the closure of the offshore zone (DEAT) through Projects Empowering People (PEP) who TSITSIKAMMMA NA species at this site (Bennett & Attwood 1991). to fishing. Thereafter the extent of the shoreline from are the main partners contributing towards the budget- which shore angling was permitted was steadily reduced ary requirements towards ecological projects within this The protection afforded to no take MPAs results in increases in juvenile and adult from the entire coastline in 1964 to 15 sites in 1975, one Unit. Both these projects are part of the Extended abundance, which in turn leads to greater egg production and therefore more fish

3233

Management initiatives could include ongoing repairs are made as part of the parks field maintenance programme. The erosion problems experi- • Establish the distribution and density of invasive species. enced on the access road to Soetkraal has been sur- • Prioritise areas for alien removal focusing biodiversi- veyed and a cost assessment for the repairs thereof has ty restoration. been calculated. The extent of repairs to this road will • Implement removal programs for priority species not be covered by the parks operational budget. It is and areas. intended to submit the repairs to this road as part of the • Investigate options for the control of alien fishes. parks Expanded Public Works Programme application. • Future research studies should investigate the rate SANParks Work Instruction for Managing Quarrying and at which the three bio-control agents that have Soil Erosion in the Integrated Environmental been established within the park spread to other Management System for TNP deals with the manage- uninfected areas, as well as the best methods to rehabilitate areas cleared of black wattles. ment of erosion.

Alien mussels 3.1.4 Damage-causing animal programme

Publics Works Programme of The ISCU is required to facilitate the management, The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was Damage causing animals in the park are chacma co-ordination and administration of the SANParks projects. This office will handle accidentally introduced on the west coast of South baboons Papio ursinus and vervet monkeys Chlorocebus the administration of the budget, including payments for supplies and services. It Africa between the late 1970s and early 1980s, and soon aethiops. Baboons and vervet monkeys often frequent will also serve to ensure standardisation and co-ordination across the projects as became invasive (Griffiths et al. 1992). From the mid rest camps and picnic sites in the park. They are prima- well as adherence to the different contractual agreements. In addition, the inter- 1990s its abundance in the Storms River Mouth area rily attracted by food and refuse bins. On occasions nal audit section of SANParks will carry out standard financial and performance (and elsewhere in the park) increased dramatically, dis- these animals do loose their fear of humans, resulting in audits on the project activities. This is both to ensure adequate accountability and placing the majority of the indigenous brown mussels in “food grabbing” and raiding of chalets and tents. Park adherence to financial regulations. The ISCU will also serve as the communication the mid and high zones of the mussel beds (Hanekom in staff members have embarked on a program to raise

channel between the projects in the field and the relevant funding organisations. press). Experimental data suggests that selectively har- awareness levels among park visitors about the prob- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN vesting of the Mediterranean mussel results in only a lems experienced in these conflict areas. The park is Effective monitoring and control is being exercised through the Working for Water small improvement in the ‘rehabilitation’ of the indige- also modifying all refuse bins so that they are animal Programme. Management Unit Control Plans are drawn-up and implemented. nous mussel population (Branch and Steffani 2004; proof. These two initiatives are focused at minimizing Hanekom in press). This together with the substantial the people/animal conflict. alien larval recruitment that occurs along this coast, which is rugged and difficult to access, suggests that it Any sick or injured animal is carefully assessed. Should Table 4: List of alien plant species occurring in the park would be extremely difficult to implement a programme the need arise the individual animal is euthanized in ARK • P that could meaningfully control the recruitment of alien accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures for mussel and enhance the recovery of the indigenous the Management of Wildlife in South African National mussel population. Parks.

3.1.3.2 Erosion Management 3.1.5 Species of special concern (Rare & endangered species) programme Most unnatural erosion experienced in the park occurs

on hiking trails and along service roads. Erosion along The most threatened biota in the Tsitsikamma region is TIONAL P trails is carefully monitored during regular patrols of associated with rivers and wetlands. It includes the the area. Mitigation measures implemented includes, Endangered slender redfin (minnow) Pseudobarbus the use of water barriers, side drainage, filling, con- tenius in the rivers of Soetkraal (Russell 2002), the struction of bridges and boardwalks. In some cases the Endangered Knysna leaf-folding frog Afrixalus knysnae walkway is realigned and rehabilitated. in wetlands of the greater De Vasselot region (Branch & When erosion control work is conducted on hiking trails Hanekom 1987), and probably some of the previously that are regularly used e.g. the Otter Trail, a detailed undescribed genera (3) and species (13) of aquatic inver- survey of the trail is first conducted. The objectives of tebrate recorded in the Salt River (De Moor et al. 2004). Table 5: Area density statistics such a survey are to assess: Further studies are needed to provide detailed information on the distribution, abundance and habitat require- • the condition of the trail • problem areas requiring more detailed planning ments of these species. Current management actions to • sensitive areas requiring specialized planning protect: • areas that may need re-routing • The slender redfin should strive to: (i) secure long- Table 6: Extent of infestations • types of erosion term control or possession of Soetkraal, and (ii) • appropriate rehabilitation methods. The survey ensure that the alien invasive plant programme con- TSITSIKAMMMA NA informs mitigating work on the trail tinues in order to maintain good water quality and quantity in the rivers.

Erosion along service roads is monitored regularly and • The Knysna leaf-folding frog should involve efforts

3435

• Four Near-threatened bat species, Lesser long-fingered bat Minopterus fraterculus, Schreiber’s long- A total of 4 Vulnerable and 8 Near-threatened shark fingered M. schreibersii, Cape hoseshoe bat species have been recorded in the park. The four vulner- Rhinolophus capensis and Geoffroy’s hoseshoe bat able species are the great white shark Carcharodon car- R. clivosus, which roost in the caves (Herzig- charias, spotted ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus, Straschel & Robinson 1978; Craven 2007). school shark Galaeorhinus galeus and piked dogfish Squalus acanthias (IUCN 2006). No Red Data list is No special management action is taken to protect the available for South African bony fish species, but two above species, other than limiting human disturbance, TOP species frequent the park, namely white steenbras and controlling alien plants and inappropriate fires. Lithognathus lithognathus and seventy-four Preliminary TPC’s for the above fynbos species would Polysteganus undulosus (National Environmental be: Management Biodiversity Act 2004). The park is too Preliminary TPCs would be: small to provide permanently residence for many of • Frequent fires (a) in the mountainous areas of these species, but it does provide an important refuge Soetkraal, where Erica zitzikammaensis and and feeding area for them. It would be difficult to Mimetes pauciflorus occur (more than one fire every undertake meaningful censuses, as these species occur 15 years), and/ or (b) the coastal cliff near Lottering in relatively low numbers and no TPC’s have been deter- river, which sustain Delosperma saxicola (>1 fire mined. to limit inappropriate agricultural and housing developments on the borders every 10 years). of the park through publicising the status of this frog and involvement in • Signs of substantial (>100 m? extent) damage or The park also plays a very important role in protecting public scoping processes; deterioration to existing stands of plant SSC due to recreational and commercially exploited bony fish • Aquatic invertebrate species should encourage: (i) initiatives to determine the human activity. species. The stocks of many of these species are severe- ecological reserve of the Salt River and survey the aquatic macro-inverte- ly depleted (Mann 2000). Management action should brates in neighbouring rivers, (ii) better working relationships between gov- A preliminary TPC was determined (mean – standard strive to: ernment, provincial and conservation agencies and curtail inappropriate deviation) for blue duiker from population estimates • Undertake regular patrols to encourage anglers to

developments in the Salt River catchment, and (iii) stricter enforcement of the based on pellet count data of Hanekom & Wilson (1991) comply with the legislation of the MLRA, ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Water Act by DWAF. and Seydack et al. (1998). It was set at < 6 blue duikers • Encourage and assist the shore-based, fish monitor- per 100 ha on two consecutive annual counts, while any ing project of Cowley (Fisheries Science The level of change that would elicit concern in respect to non-compliance with sign of human disturbance at the major roosts (caves at Department of Rhodes University) and the park objectives to conserve the slender redfin includes: Storms- and Elands rivers) would one for the insectivo- nearshore fish programme of Götz (SAEON). • Loss of jurisdiction over the Soetkraal area. rous bat species. • Capture or sighting of any alien fish species in these upper catchments. The mean total catch per unit effort (cpue) over an 11 • Substantial re-infestation or new infestation of the riparian zone by alien inva- Several Red Data Book (RDB) marine species and year period (1995 – 2005) by Cowley (2005) was 99 (± SD ARK • P sive plants. Threatened or Protected (TOP) marine species (National = 0.14) fish / 100 angling hours. Using these data pre- Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004) are liminary TPC’s for shore-based angling fish programme Similarly, thresholds of Potential Concern (TPCs) for the Knysna leaf-folding frog found in the park. The most threatened invertebrate were determined and set at: are as follows: species is the abalone Haliotis midae, as its overall an annual cpue of < 85 fish / 100 angling hours for two • Applications to erect developments and/or impoundments in or adjacent to stocks are presently facing a severe crisis as a result of consecutive annual surveys, and / or the park that would adversely affect the drainage to key pans and streams in poaching and ecological changes in parts of its distribu- an annual cpue of < 14 blacktail (Diplogus sargus the De Vasselot area. tional range (Griffiths et. al. 2004). The distribution and capensis) / 100 hrs for two consecutive sampling years

• Infestation of key wetlands by alien invasive plants size of the abalone population, as well as the extent of (n=2). TIONAL P illegal harvesting of abalone in the park needs to be TPCs for the aquatic biota in the Salt River include applications for or implemen- assessed. A threshold of concern would be a >25% Eighteen dolphin and whale species have been record- tation of: increase in the incidence of abalone poaching in the ed in the greater Plettenberg Bay area. However, many • Construction of more impoundments in the Salt River catchment. park over any two consecutive years. of these species (e.g. bottlenose dolphin and false killer • Further large scale housing or agricultural development in this catchment. whales) are seasonal visitors (Anon 2003; V. Cockcroft • Additional large scale water abstraction from the river. The Cape cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis is the only pers comm. 2007). Substantial numbers of four Red Data • Further effluent releases into the river system. RDB seabird that breeds in substantial numbers in the Book species utilize the Tsitsikamma MPA as a feeding • The introduction of indigenous or alien fish species into this river system. park (Crawford 1983). On the west coast the number of ground and/or a refuge. They are the Vulnerable (Indian Cape cormorants that breed has been related to food Ocean) bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus, (Indian) The terrestrial biota is less threatened than the aquatic forms, but it includes of availability (Crawford & Shelton 1978, 1981 in Crawford humpback dolphin Sotalia plumbea and Bryde’s whale several Red Data Book species such as: et al. 1983). A preliminary TPC for nesting Cape cor- Balaeoptera brydei, as well as the Near-threatened • Rare fynbos species, Erica zitzikammaensis and Mimetes pauciflorus, in the morant was determined (mean – standard deviation) humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. The bot- mountain of Soetkraal (McIlleron 2002b, 2003b), and the park endemic from nest counts of Crawford (1983), Whittington (2004) tlenose dolphin is the most abundant of these Delosperma saxicola along the coast (Van Jaarsveld 2005). and Hanekom (unpubl. data), and was set at < 37 occu- cetaceans, with >930 individuals having been identified • Vulnerable blue duiker Philantomba monticola in the forests (Hanekom & pied nest on two consecutive annual assessments, done from the greater Plettenberg Bay area (V. Cockcroft TSITSIKAMMMA NA Wilson 1991). between early October and early November. pers. comm. 2007). These dolphins probably forage

3637 has the power to regulate the use, flow and control of all mouth by out-flowing water. water in South Africa. SANParks thus does not directly, • Where ever possible the estuary should be and in most cases also indirectly, manage hydraulic breached 3-4 days before springtide. processes and resource use in rivers. The Act also states • Wherever possible heavy earth moving equipment, that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry must such as a bulldozer, mechanical shovel, or similar devolve most of the catchment management issues to such equipment should be used in the breaching of Catchment Management Agencies (CMA’s) that include an estuary to maximise the length and depth of the representatives of local interest groups and relevant breaching channel; increase the probability of being government agencies. Although CMA’s will provide able to effect a breach at the desired time; and opportunity for cooperative catchment management, decrease the time required to effect a breach dur- the Gouritz CMA and Tsitsikamma-to-Fish CMA to whom ing periods of increased flooding risk. management of river catchments in the Tsitsikamma area • Current breaching method: an area across the sand will be devolved, have not yet been established. sill is identified where a natural breach is most likely to take place. A preparatory channel of 2-3 meters The most productive future role for SANParks in the wide is dug for ± 30 - 50 meters in the shallow management of rivers in parks would be the active par- waters above the sand sill. At the waters edge, a ticipation in structures and processes for cooperative gap (plug) of ± 5 meters is left. Below this gap a 2-3 catchment management involving all stakeholders. Via meter wide channel is skimmed to a level (and along the coast from Port Elizabeth to Mossel Bay (V. Cockcroft pers. comm. 2004). such mechanisms the case could be made for resource below) where natural flow would take place. The The humpback dolphin is less numerous with approximately 150 individuals being utilization that is not only equitable and efficient, but gap (plug) section is then removed to initiate flow. identified from Plettenberg Bay area (V. Cockcroft pers. comm. 2004). They live in also results in the protection of a healthy aquatic envi- Current methodology will be regularly assessed and small schools (c. 7 individuals), feed on inshore reef fish and invertebrates and ronment for present and future generations. adjusted to implement the most effective breaching remained in the area throughout the year (Saayman et al. 1972; Anon 2003). In method. addition to dolphins, part of the Bryde’s whale stock is resident off the south coast. 3.1.7 Estuary Management They are generally seen 6 – 15 km offshore and in groups of 5-6 (Anon. 2003; V. Premature breaching

Cockcroft pers. comm. 2007). The humpback whale, on the other hand, visits the Estuary management to effect hydraulic and water ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN park from June to November during their migration to feeding grounds in the chemistry changes is confined to the Groot (West) Breaching of the sandbar at the estuary mouth to effect Antarctic (Anon 2003). Management actions should concentrate on limiting human Estuary and entails the periodic artificial breaching of a linkage between the estuarine and marine environ- and boating activity in the MPA, while Scientific Services should encourage MTN the sandbar at the estuary mouth when the water level ment where the water level in the estuary is less than Centre for Dolphin Studies to extend their work on Cetaceans into Tsitsikamma is lower than when breaching could occur naturally, to 2.0m amsl, can only be undertaken if one or more of the MPA in order to assess the role of the park in providing a refuge and sanctuary for prevent flooding of some facilities (access road, parking following conditions occur: these species. area, septic tanks) in waterfront properties in Nature’s Valley, and camping sites in the Nature’s Valley rest- • Prevailing meteorological conditions or forecasts as ARK • P 3.1.6 River Management camp. provided by the South African Weather Bureau indi- The estuary is breached when water levels achieve cate that there is a high probability that water levels Many of the challenges SANParks faces with respect to managing river ecosys- between 2.0 and 2.2m amsl. The method and timing of in the estuary will exceed 2.0m amsl within a 12 tem in national parks are common to all parks. Prominent issues include: breaching are intended to maximise sediment scour by hour period. Fragmented catchment ownership: For most rivers in parks, only portion of river out-flowing waters. Deviation from the defined breach- • The health of public who may come into contact ecosystems or catchment occur within the park boundaries. In TNP only the very ing heights could be considered in response to extreme with the estuarine water is at risk, or where there is lower reaches of the major rivers (Salt, Groot [West], Bloukrans, Lottering, conditions, such as where there is strong evidence that it the obvious introduction of matter that may pose a

Elandsbos, Storms, Elands, Groot [East]), and the upper reaches of the Palmiet would be essential for the restoration of environmental significant health risk as determined by SANParks TIONAL P River in the contractually managed Soetkraal properties, occur within the park. processes or reduction in an immediate threat to estuar- personnel, and where the opportunity to prevent Many anthropogenic changes to rivers originate in catchment areas outside of ine biota, or where it reduces an immediate and signifi- exposure of the public to physical contact with the parks, and are consequently processes or activities over which SANParks has little cant pollution or flooding treat. water does not exist, and breaching of the estuary or no influence. mouth can be demonstrated to have a high proba- • The level at which the Groot Estuary may be bility of significantly reducing the health risk. Reduced ecosystem variability: Scientific studies have demonstrated that the mechanically breached is determined by authorised • The undertaking of essential construction or mainte- maintenance of inherently variable physical processes, and in particular variability SANParks personnel. This is done in conjunction nance of services infrastructure. in the flow of water, is essential for healthy functioning of river ecosystems. Past with the Bitou Municipality. • Established, essential, immovable public facilities river management by government agencies, however, was frequently directed at • The breaching of the Groot Estuary will be under- are flooded for an extended period during a time of minimizing fluctuations in flow to ensure stability of supply for off-channel, non- taken by Bitou Municipality and SANParks, and normally high usage. ecological uses. This has resulted in a legacy of, for example, water storage under the direct supervision of, authorised • Facilitation of the dispersal, dilution or removal of behind dams and regulating flow for irrigation or domestic supply, which presents SANParks personnel. chemical pollutants that have been accidentally considerable operational challenges when attempting to achieve a new ideal of • Breaching of the Groot Estuary will only be under- introduced into the system, and which pose a signif- managing for healthy river ecosystem rather than just predictable water supply. taken when water levels ≥2.0m amsl, except where icant threat to either public health, the survival of conditions are listed under 4.5 below apply. estuarine biota, or the ecological functioning of the TSITSIKAMMMA NA Legislated management: Section 3 of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) • Wherever possible it should be attempted to coin- estuarine system. clearly identifies the National Government as the public trustee of the nation’s cide estuary breaching with a receding tide to max- • There has been no time in a 24 month period where water resources, which acting through the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry imise the rate of sediment erosion in the estuary the estuary has remained continually open for one

38 39 described by Seydack (1992). Use would be made of related oral history are part and parcel of the conserva- both natural (particularly lightning) and artificial ignition tion mission of the park. and fires will be controlled in space and time according Running concurrently is an Oral History Collection and a to a predetermined set of rules. These will be deter- Cultural Mapping Project, both of which are implement- complete lunar cycle (approx 28 days) or longer, and where such an extended mined by the appropriate fire regime for the Tsitsikamma ed with the purpose of identifying and cataloguing all closed period is indicated by scientific investigation to have, or likely to have, fynbos, fire risk to private property, veld age configura- Cultural Heritage assets (tangible and intangible) associ- a long-term detrimental effect on estuarine biota, or result in salinity levels tion at a particular time, etc. Particular attention would ated with the Park. These projects are currently being exceeding the range which would normally occur in the estuary. be given to requirements and measures to protect com- developed in conjunction with local community mem- • There is scientific evidence that the failure to open the estuary would result in mercial plantations against fire damage, without jeop- bers, the organisations representing community inter- significant direct or indirect threat to species of special concern, and where the ardizing the objectives of biodiversity conservation ests, as well as relevant academic institutions and breaching of the estuary would significantly reduce such threat. Forest is not a fire-prone vegetation type and it is only in researchers. • Significant change occurs in the distribution and abundance of estuarine biota, exceptional circumstances and extreme weather condi-

or substantial die-off of biota occurs, such that the changes will have a signifi- tions that fires penetrate the forest proper (Moll, 1983; Discussion groups and presentations were hosted to cre- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN cant effect on the ecological functioning of the estuary and/or adjacent marine Van Wilgen 1987). Fire, however, has an important eco- ate awareness and encourage involvement in the pro- ecosystem, and where such changes can be indicated to be as a direct result logical function in fynbos ecosystems as well as the main- posed projects. It is envisaged that a local Cultural of the estuary being closed. tenance of natural forest/fynbos ecotones.and thus also Heritage Forum will be established to form working with regard to the maintenance of natural forest/fynbos groups that will co-ordinate activities. Local youth will 3.1.8 Marine Management ecotones. A too short rotation will not allow for the be trained as field researchers and will work in conjunc- recovery of damaged ecotones before the next fire, tion with the community working groups. In the marine environment extreme endemism is relatively rare (Hockey & Branch while a too long fire rotation can lead to a high fire inten- ARK • P 1994), and the ecological case for protection of an area is often based on the safe- sity, which could destroy small forest patches. Records The project will be managed in line with legislation relat- guarding of an important habitat for commercially or recreationally important should be kept of fires occurring in and around the park, ing to property rights and intellectual property rights species, or protection of a particularly good example of a habitat type and its asso- preferably in GIS format. Little additional monitoring is ciated communities (Robinson & De Graaff 1994). Major threats to the marine done or proposed on account of capacity constraints Programme Objectives: environment in this Southern Cape region are extractive resource use and pollu- and the small extent of fire-dependent habitat. • To facilitate the research of information and docu- tion (Lombard et al. 2005). Therefore, a key conservation function of the TNP mentation of available resources through a series of Marine Protected Area is to provide a safe and pristine refuge for exploited fish Fire security is maintained in compliance with the projects

and invertebrate species. The park will continue to ensure fishermen comply with National Veld and Forest Fire Act (101 of 1998). The • To recover the oral history and information relating TIONAL P the legislation of the Marine Living Resources Act and reduce illegal fishing/har- Visitor Safety and Security Plan for the TNP includes an to cultural heritage, specifically related to the areas vesting activities through the issuing of summons and legal prosecution, as well as emergency response and contingency plan for veld fires. incorporated within the park in collaboration with mitigate the impacts of any pollution event, especially oil spill (see Park Protection local communities, academic researchers and other Plan). Management initiatives could include: relevant sources and stakeholders • To enhance the relationship between the park and • Implement a fire management plan in accordance communities by interpreting information relating to 3.1.9 Integrated fire programme with objectives of conserving biodiversity and cultural heritage in collaboration with local commu- threatened biota. nities, academic researchers and other relevant The vegetation of the park largely comprises two vegetation types/broad habitat • Monitor impact of fire management regime. sources and stakeholders units, i.e. Tsitsikamma Mountain Fynbos and Knysna Afromontane Forest (Cowling • To identify and map Cultural Heritage sites incor- & Heijnis 2001), which were respectively named Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos 3.1.10 Cultural heritage resource programme porated within and related to sites within the park and Southern Afrotemperate Forest by Mucina et al. (2005). The Fynbos compo- • To develop management plans to ensure the con- nent occurs primarily in the mountainous Soetkraal area. Fire is the most impor- The Tsitsikamma area incorporates various cultural her- servation of cultural heritage site, relics and the tant disturbance agent in fynbos vegetation, and essential in maintaining biodiver- itage sites. These range from Khoisan cultural heritage related intangible heritage associated with the park • Enhance the relationship between the park and sity and natural ecological processes (Stock & Allsopp 1992, Van Wilgen et al. sites such as caves, shell middens and rock art to the

communities through the implementation of a part- TSITSIKAMMMA NA 1992). Of critical importance in the management of fynbos, is fire frequency, fire more historical sites such as the ruins of small fishing set- nership approach to achieve the above season and fire intensity (Van Wilgen et al. 1992, Bekker 1994). The management tlements, remnants of the past forestry industries and system envisaged is an Adaptive Interference Fire Management system, as grave sites. The conservation of these sites and their

40 41 pressures (in particular disruption of catchment areas) for the zone specify that activities which impact on the and these areas are logistically difficult for development. relatively natural appearance and character of the area Remote areas were designated to protect the environ- should be restricted, though the presence of larger num- mentally sensitive coastline east of the Dolphin Trail. bers of visitors and the facilities they require, may impact Although this area is adjacent to pine plantations, it is on the feeling of “wildness” found in this zone. In below the coastal escarpment and is visually and aes- Tsitsikamma NP, Quiet zones were designated to allow thetically isolated from these transformed landscapes. visitors access on foot to hiking trails around the major Consolidation of the coastal buffer in this section is access nodes of Nature’s Valley and Storms River. important in order to maintain the Remote characteris- Sensitive estuary areas such as the Salt River were tics of this zone. included in this zone to preclude infrastructure development. The Groot River estuary was zoned Quiet to limit Primitive Zone: The prime characteristic of the zone is access to non-motorized vessels only. As far as possible, the experience of wilderness qualities with access con- the sensitive sections of the park which were not includ- trolled in terms of numbers, frequency and size of ed into the Primitive zone were zoned Quiet to protect groups. The zone shares the wilderness qualities of the them from infrastructure development and excessive Remote zone, but with limited access roads, hiking trails tourist impacts. 3.2 Sustainable Tourism and the potential for basic small-scale self-catering accommodation facilities such as small bushcamps or Low Intensity Leisure Zone: The Low Intensity Leisure TSITSIKAMMA NATIONAL PARK ZONING PLAN trail camps. Views of human activities and development Zone is characterized by relatively high levels of tourist outside of the park may be visible from this zone. The activity, motorized self-drive access to certain areas, and The primary objective of a park zoning plan is to establish a coherent spatial frame- conservation objectives for this zone require that devia- the potential for small basic camps without facilities such work in and around a park to guide and co-ordinate conservation, tourism and vis- tion from a natural/pristine state should be small and as shops and restaurants. Facilities along roads are lim- itor experience initiatives. A zoning plan plays an important role in minimizing con- limited to restricted impact footprints, and that existing ited to basic self-catering picnic sites with toilet facilities. flicts between different users of a park by separating potentially conflicting activi- impacts should be reduced. The aesthetic/recreational The conservation objectives for this zone specify that ties such as quiet forest walks and busy day-visitor picnic areas whilst ensuring that objectives for the zone specify that activities which although deviation from a natural/pristine state should

activities which do not conflict with the park’s values and objectives (especially the impact on the intrinsically wild appearance and charac- be minimized and limited to restricted impact footprints ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN conservation of the protected area’s natural systems and its biodiversity) can con- ter of the area, or which impact on the wilderness char- as far as possible, it is accepted that some damage to tinue in appropriate areas. acteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wildness, the biophysical environment associated with tourist serenity, peace etc) should be restricted and impacts activities and facilities will be inevitable. The The zoning of Tsitsikamma National Park was based on an analysis and mapping of limited to the site of the facility. Ideally visitors should aesthetic/recreational objectives for the zone specify the sensitivity and value of a park’s biophysical, heritage and scenic resources; an only be aware of the facility or infrastructure that they that although activities and facilities will impact on the assessment of the regional context; and an assessment of the park’s current and are using, and this infrastructure/facility should be wild appearance and reduction of the wilderness charac- planned infrastructure and tourist routes/products; all interpreted in the context of designed to fit in with the environment within which it is teristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wildness etc) ARK • P park objectives. The zoning for Tsitsikamma National Park needs to be seen in the located in order to avoid aesthetic impacts. In is inevitable, these should be managed and limited to context of the park being integrated in the short term into the Garden Route Tsitsikamma NP, Primitive areas were designated to pro- ensure that the area still provides a relatively natural out- National Park. tect most of the remaining areas (that were not already door experience. Low intensity leisure areas are not incorporated into Remote zones) that were identified in widely designated within Tsitsikamma National park, as Overview of the use zones of Tsitsikamma National Park the environmental analysis as sensitive from high levels most of the park is either controlled access (i.e. of tourism activity. The controlled access Otter and Primitive) or accessed by non-motorized means only The summary of the use zoning plan for Tsitsikamma National Park is shown in Map Dolphin trails are in this zone. Primitive areas were also (Remote and Quiet zones). The only areas that are Low

4. Full details of the use zones (including high resolution maps), the activities and designated in relatively low sensitivity valleys in the Intensity Leisure are the existing old pass down the TIONAL P facilities allowed in each zone, the conservation objectives of each zone, the zon- Soetkraal section to allow management and controlled Storms River Gorge, which is used for limited vehicular ing process, the Park Interface Zones (detailing park interaction with adjacent tourist 4x4 access into the Remote zone. Primitive areas access adventure activity areas, and the “Big Tree” areas) and the underlying landscape analyses are included in Appendix One: were designated at both ends of the coastal Remote boardwalk area which allows high numbers of visitors Tsitsikamma National Park Zoning Plan. zones to buffer them from higher use tourist areas and easy access to forested areas. external impacts from outside the park. In areas where Remote Zone: This is an area retaining an intrinsically wild appearance and char- Remote zones border on the park boundary, a 100m High Intensity Leisure Zone: The main characteristic is acter, or capable of being restored to such and which is undeveloped and road- wide Primitive zone was designated to allow park man- that of a high density tourist development node with less. There are no permanent improvements or any form of human habitation. It agement access to boundaries. amenities such as shops, restaurants and interpretive provides outstanding opportunities for solitude, with awe inspiring natural charac- centers. This is the zone where more concentrated teristics with sight and sound of human habitation and activities barely discernable Quiet Zone: This zone is characterized by unaccompa- human activities are allowed and is accessible by motor- and at far distance. The conservation objectives for this zone require that devia- nied non-motorized access without specific access con- ized transport on high volume transport routes. The con- tion from a natural/pristine state should be minimized, and existing impacts should trol and permits. Tourist infrastructure is limited to trails, servation objectives for this zone specify that the great- be reduced. The aesthetic/recreational objectives for the zone specify that activi- viewpoints and hides. Larger numbers of visitors are est level of deviation from deviation from a natural/pris- ties which impact on the intrinsically wild appearance and character of the area, or allowed than in the Primitive zone and contact between tine state is allowed in this zone, and, it is accepted that which impact on the wilderness characteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, visitors is frequent. The conservation objectives for this damage to the biophysical environment associated with TSITSIKAMMMA NA wildness, serenity, peace etc) will not be tolerated. In Tsitsikamma NP, Remote zone specify some deviation from a natural/pristine state tourist activities and facilities will be inevitable. However, areas were designated in the mountainous Soetkraal sections of the park, as the is allowed, but care should be taken to restrict the devel- care must be taken to ensure that the zone still retains a environmental analysis indicated that these areas were sensitive to development opment footprint. The aesthetic/recreational objectives level of ecological integrity consistent with a protected

42 43 area. The aesthetic/recreational objectives for the zone specify although the high under the PAA legislation, but it is proposed that these Catchment Protection Areas: These are areas important visitor numbers, activities and facilities will impact on the wild appearance and areas will also be officially declared Controlled Marine for maintaining key hydrological processes within the reduction of the wilderness characteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wild- Protected Area within the Marine Living Resources Act. park. Inappropriate development (dam construction, ness etc) is inevitable, these should be managed and limited to ensure that the Specified and strictly controlled use of marine living loss of riparian vegetation etc.) should be opposed. area generally still provides a relatively natural outdoor experience. In Tsitsikamma resources is allowed in this zone. Control of alien vegetation & soil erosion as well as NP, High Intensity Leisure areas designated around the Storms River and Nature’s appropriate land care should be promoted. Valley Camps (including the staff and administrative areas), the main access routes Overview of the Park Interface Zone of Tsitsikamma

to these camps, and to accommodate major public access roads through the National Park: Viewshed Protection Areas: These are areas where ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Nature’s Valley section of the park. development is likely to impact on the aesthetic quality The Park Interface Zones shows the areas within which of the visitor’s experience in a park. Within these areas Overview of the Special Management Overlays of Tsitsikamma National Park: landuse changes could affect a national Park. The zones, any development proposals should be carefully in combination with guidelines, serve as a basis for a.) screened to ensure that they do not impact excessively Special management overlays which designate specific areas of the park that identifying the focus areas in which park management on the aesthetics of the park. The areas identified are require special management interventions were identified. These are shown on and scientists should respond to EIA’s, b.) helping to only broadly indicative of sensitive areas, as at a fine Map 4. Three special conservation area types were designated: identify the sort of impacts that would be important at a scale many areas within this zone would be perfectly ARK • P particular site, and most importantly c.) serving as the suited for development. In addition, major projects with Special Conservation Areas – Catchments: The Palmiet River catchment in the basis for integrating long term protection of a national large scale regional impacts may have to be considered Soetkraal section was designated for special protection to strictly control any park into the spatial development plans of municipalities even if they are outside the Viewshed Protection Zone. development, tourism activity or management activity which may impact on the (SDF/IDP) and other local authorities. In terms of EIA river (including its catchment and especially the riparian zone) and its biota. response, the zones serve largely to raise red-flags and Current status and future improvements do not remove the need for carefully considering the Special Conservation Areas – Forest Special Protection: Particular areas of spec- exact impact of a proposed development. In particular, The zoning for Tsitsikamma National Park needs to be

ified forest types were designated for special protection in order to reduce the risk they do not address activities with broad regional aes- seen in the context of it being integrated in the short TIONAL P of habitat loss and mitigate any ongoing environmental impacts. thetic or biodiversity impacts. term into the Garden Route National Park. This rapidly changing context will potentially require re-assessment Special Conservation Areas – Fishing and bait collection exclusion area: The Tsitsikamma National Park has three Park Interface Zone of the current park zoning. The current park use zonation marine areas of the park except the Groot River estuary, the marine areas west of categories. The first two are mutually exclusive, but the is based on the same biodiversity and landscape analy- Nature’s Valley, and Nature’s Valley beach, were designated as fishing exclusion final visual/aesthetic category can overlay the others ses undertaken for a Conservation Development areas to prevent impacts associated with fishing and bait collection. The marine (Map 6). Framework (CDF); however certain elements underlying zoning is detailed below. the CDF such as a tourism market analysis are not fully Priority Natural Areas: These are key areas for both incorporated into the park use zonation. A full CDF will In addition to the above Special Management Overlays, two marine zones were pattern and process that are required for the long term be developed for Garden Route National Park within the designated: persistence of biodiversity in and around the park. The current update cycle. zone also includes areas identified for future park expan- Marine Restricted: The marine areas of the park except the Groot River estuary, sion. Inappropriate development and negative land-use the marine areas west of Nature’s Valley and Nature’s Valley beach were classified changes should be opposed in this area. Developments as Restricted Marine Protected Areas in accordance with the appropriate legisla- and activities should be restricted to sites that are tion (Marine Living Resources Act). Effectively this declares the areas a “no-take” already transformed. Only developments that contribute TSITSIKAMMMA NA zone for any marine living resources. to ensuring conservation friendly land-use should be Marine Controlled: The remaining marine areas of the park were identified as viewed favorably. Marine Controlled areas. These are currently managed Marine Controlled areas

44 45 • To consolidate tourism products and expand tourism they only stay a short period. Most tour operators visit activities in order to enhance the tourist experience. the park for half a day. • To enhance quality of service by means of training. Based on the above profile a marketing programme is • To effectively market the TNP brand in order to currently under development. increase the unit occupancy rate by 10%. • To create opportunities for concessionaires 3.2.3 Commercial Development Programme 3.2.1 Tourism Programme Any future development in the park will be in accor- At Storms River there are two concessionaires (see table Storms River Mouth and Nature’s Valley. Storms River Mouth Rest-camp is one of dance to the park zonation plan and the infrastructure 7), namely the restaurant and shop that generate the top tourist destinations in South Africa, and even though it is well developed, plan. Developing of the existing tourism plan will focus approximately R1.1 million per year. Over a period of it is in dire need of an upgrade and some infrastructural changes. With such on increasing visitor experiences. This tourism plan must three years the income has increased by 3, 4%. This is changes developments the park could provide substantial socio-economic bene- be integrated with all other aspects of the management much lower than the inflation rate which is a cause for fits to the area. plan especially to ensure that there is no conflict of inter- concern; however these operations are making a profit

est with the biophysical objectives, which according to 3 and improve the facilities. ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Storms River is a coastal camp boasting of a number of camping and caravan sites, SANParks values, must take precedence. chalets, cottages, forest cabins, forest huts, guest houses and oceanettes, making Commercial operators and concessions potentially offer up a total of 251 beds and 91 camping sites. All of these are rated from a 2 to 4 3.2.2 Marketing Programme an important source of income for the TNP, but their star grading. Nature’s Valley has 52 beds available and the camping area has a 2 operations could have a negative effect on the environ- star grading with 45 stands available. This is an area that needs further develop- Based on market research that has been conducted by ment and would therefore require careful monitoring ment since the current accommodation has separate ablution facilities and these the Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies at North- and evaluation. Equally although outsourcing a number impacts on the price that the park can charge. Occupancy rates in 2005 ranges West University over a period of five years during the of park activities may provide the park with complimen- ARK • P from 43% in Nature’s Valley to 73% in Storms River. Facilities include that of an months of May, November and December a condensed tary skills and efficiencies, this has its own set of man- outsourced restaurant (the largest in the Garden Route with a magnificent view) profile has been developed. The profile indicates that agement challenges. It is envisaged that all concession- and shop, a conference facility, which seats up to 50 people, chalets, and a swim- the domestic tourist is mainly Afrikaans or English- aires will continue to contribute to the TNP income ming pool. Activities include those of canoeing, day walks, overnight hikes (includ- speaking and the international and domestic tourist is through the establishment of fixed fees or a percentage ing the world renowned Otter trail), snorkelling and boat rides. Additional things predominantly German. These tourists stay three days of turnover. Opportunities for public private partner- to do include the Tsitsikamma adventure trails tree top tours and to walk the new on average. The level of service in this park is rated as ships will continued to be explored. Opportunities will Dolphin trail. good, although problems still exist at the restaurant and especially be sought with small, medium and macro

kiosk. Chalets are still the preferred type of accommo- enterprises (SMMEs) from the immediate communities. TIONAL P In total there are 49 employees in tourism of which one is temporary. dation. The park attracts many foreign visitors, although

The park is easily accessibly via the Port Elizabeth and George airports and from Table 7: Concessions there on the N2. Road within the park is in a relative good condition. The total number of funds generated by tourism activities in the park in 2005 came to R 18 Activity Camp Company Contract Termination M & E million. A study conducted by Saayman and Saayman (2004) used different multi- pliers to determine the economic impact on the region for this park shows that the Restaurant Storm’s River Tiger’s Eye Yes 01.09.2001 Both facilities have quarterly park generates R86 million in terms of tourist spending. Using a multiplier of 0.45 the economic impact translates R39 million generated by this park. -31.08.2010 health and safety checks. Daily monitoring by park The park’s desired state for tourism is to: management. To remain a flagship product which is financially sustainable and to further Regular meetings with develop the tourism brand in order to support tourism and conservation park manager. regionally and nationally as part of the Garden Route protected areas. TSITSIKAMMMA NA Shop Storm’s River Tiger’s Eye Yes 01.09.2001 -31.08.2010 The objectives to achieve this desired state are as follows:

4647

BUILDING COOPERATION

Management initiatives could include inclusively and to ensure compliance with legislation through improved relationships and collaboration with 3.3 BUILDING COOPERATION: • Identify and involve all relevant stakeholders for par- government and various governing bodies. The park ticipation in the park forum. liaises with various conservation entities to ensure that it 3.3.1 Stakeholder relationship Programme • Develop effective communication mechanisms and keeps up to date with global and national trends and responsibilities for representatives. that it collaborates on management strategies that are Desired state: The park aims to enhance biodiversity conservation through the • Establish task teams and working groups (with inclu- relevant to be implemented for the local context. promotion of a conservation ethic and developing healthy community custodian- sion of the Park Forum) around key issues. Where feasible, the park enters into agreements (see ship for the park. • Establish and maintain good working relationship table 8) with various business partners to enable Co-operative, collaborative and mutually beneficial relationships are essential to with relevant government departments and local SANParks to focus on its core mandate as a conservation

reach park goals and ultimately to ensure the sustainability of the Park. To this end government. agency, whilst continuing to yield financial benefit from ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN both formal and informal partnerships are initiated, maintained and nurtured with • Define roles and responsibilities with stakeholder the provision of quality products and services to its cus- National and Provincial Government such as the Department of Environmental groups, partnerships and government through writ- tomers. Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), ten agreements. Public works, Agriculture, regional and local government planning to have park Co-operative governance systems are being developed plans integrated into the Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Spatial and strengthened for the Park. These aim to promote Development Frameworks (SDFs); Conservation entities such as Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) , Fire Associations , etc ; Tourism entities such as ARK • P South African Tourism Association (SATOUR), Easter Cape Tourism (ECTOUR), Cacadu Tourism , etc ; and the local communities through the park forum, ward Table 8: Co-management agreements. committees and the local sub-committees.

Park Forums were established to encourage the building of constituencies in support of natural and cultural heritage conservation goals of SANParks. The Park Forum facilitates constructive interaction between the park and surrounding com-

munities and other stakeholders. Park Forums are a means of providing a legiti- TIONAL P mate platform to communicate park / SANParks issues and to ensure participation of stakeholders on matters of mutual relevance affecting the Park.

The park forum currently has 14 community Representatives including two Mayors, a councillor and one ward committee member per ward (6 wards - 12 persons). Two concessionaires: Tigers Eye (shop and restaurant - alternating) and Stormsriver Adventures are also represented.

Additional representation include the Khoisan Village Trust, Natures Valley Trust, Natures Valley contracted area the Wilderness Foundation, neighbouring landowners including SAFCOL / MTO and the following local forums and associations: • Conservation Forum • Tourism Association • PFM Forum TSITSIKAMMMA NA • Angling Forum • Black Economic Empowerment Forum • Honorary Rangers • The forum meets on a quarterly basis.

4849 To reach park goals and develop a healthy community involves the park and two adjacent landowners. custodianship for the park, most projects are implement- Another example is the local community Eco-guides that ed in partnership with various Non Government guide all the trails for visiting schools or special interest Organisations (NGOs); Community Based Organisations groups. (CBOs) and community liaison structures as well as the private sector. A detailed Programme Document is Social Development Support developed for each programme to serve as guide for the implementation of programmes and activities. These Local social development initiatives are supported documents are developed in liaison with the relevant through collaboration on environmental calendar cam- stakeholders to ensure relevance and effectiveness. All paigns and other programmes where mutually beneficial programmes are included in the applicable Business arrangements supports SANParks goals and contribute Plans with its relating Budgets and Annual Plan of to local social upliftment. Operations (APOs). Government Expanded Public Works Programmes A high degree of reflexivity is built into programme design. All activities are continuously monitored and The Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) The park enhances biodiversity conservation through developing a healthy com- adjusted to ensure their continuing relevance to the var- remains a significant focus area of the organisation to munity custodianship that in itself would be able to be regarded as part of the ious user groups as well as to the park context that is effectively contribute to local socio economic develop- parks’ conservation equity. Where required, special task teams are set up to subject to change. Monitoring tools such as feedback ment. The park currently manages 3 programmes, address issues of mutual interest or to resolve potential conflict of interest. questionnaires, a suggestion box, guides’ report forms, namely Working for Water, Coast Care Working for the SANParks regards its employees as a most valuable asset and foundation for etc. will facilitate a continuous process of critical reflec- Coast and a Special Public Works Programme. These organisational competency. Therefore the park invests in staff development, tion, contextual review, and formative evaluation of pro- programmes all focus on poverty alleviation and are strives towards employment equity and endeavour to uphold employee rights. gramme processes and activities. therefore labour intensive projects that create temporary jobs in the short term (three year cycles). Great

Visitors to the park are regarded as the number one financial resource that enables 3.3.3 Local socio economic development importance is also afforded to the skills development ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN SANParks to fulfil the organisations’ conservation mandate. SANParks fosters Programme component of these programmes, with specific targets good medial relations. Not only is the media regarded as an ally to market our set for both hard and soft skills development. tourism products, but also as key communication tool to keep stakeholders The park contributes to local socio economic develop- Sustainability is further supported by investigating and informed and to promote a positive image of SANParks, including this park. ment in the following ways: implementing exit strategies through the development Skills development and capacity building of entrepreneurial opportunities for local communities. 3.3.2 Educational Development Programme Skills development and capacity building is regarded as Local Government involvement ARK • P The greatest part of the work conducted by the People and Conservation a cornerstone to enable economic activity. The park Department is directly or indirectly related to Environmental Interpretation & facilitates Skills and/or Learnership programmes annual- Co-operative governance systems are being developed Education and focuses on the various park user groups and local communities. ly. Both processes involve park staff and unemployed and strengthened for the Park with the aim to promote Local schools and communities were highlighted as potential focus groups that are members from local communities. inclusivity and to ensure compliance with legislation. not yet part of the main park user groups by the initial analysis process that guid- Improved relationships with Regional and Local ed the design of the various educational programmes. Hence, the programmes Business opportunities and support of local entrepre- Government will also ensure a more effective contribu- that form part of this plan aims to address this “imbalance”. neurs tion to local economic development. Collaboration cur-

The various programmes have each been designed with specific focus groups in rently focuses on planning i.e. the integration of park TIONAL P mind. However they are often integrated with one another. This combination of The park procures contracted services ranging from plans into the Integrated Development Plans (including processes forms an integrated network of solutions that work together to support maintenance to tourism related services. Where possi- Local Economic Development plans and Spatial each other and so ensure their sustainability (cross pollination) as well as the ble, local Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) Development Frameworks.) enhancement of park-community relations. and especially BBBEE are favoured when sourcing con- tractors, provided that all procurement conditions as Management initiatives could include; The park offers a range of day programmes as well as overnight programmes to stated in the SANParks Procurement Policy can be interpret the park’s rich natural and cultural heritage. Every programme has its adhered to. Contribute to local community development by sup- own set of interpretive activities complemented with various interpretive displays, porting the Expanded Public Works / Poverty Relief signage and information resources. Activities have different themes to ensure a The park continues to support and develop local initia- Programmes Contribute to local skills development by variety of experiences that cater for wide participant interest. Self-guided and / or tives or small businesses that provide services that are supporting the Skills Programmes and Learnership pro- guided experiences are offered. Self-guided options are supported with the nec- required during special events or functions. These initia- grammes essary information resources. When guided, the level of detail and presentation tives have in the past included craft groups, choirs or tra- are adapted to suit the audience. The various activities are sometimes grouped ditional dance groups, small catering businesses, etc. Identification and facilitating the creation of business and offered as packages or conducted as part of different programmes. This Where more continued collaboration is required, mutu- opportunities in association with the park. makes it possible to be integrated with community outreach programmes, training ally beneficial initiatives or partnerships are established. TSITSIKAMMMA NA programmes, programmes for conference groups, holiday programmes, tourist One such partnership is the Dolphin Trail Initiative that programmes, etc.

5051 3.3.4 Communications Programme 3.4.2 Security and Safety Programme the regular analysis of gathered intelligence, the aim to increase the number of Conservation staff to the The Communication objectives of TNP are to build, maintain and to constantly The Safety Security Programme for the TNP is included required level, appropriate and sufficient on-going train- improve relations between the park’s relevant stakeholders. To ensure that there in three different plans: ing of Conservation staff in terms of Law Enforcement is effective representation in both the print and electronic media, to create and and First Aid, acceptance of responsibility by all staff for maintain a positive image of SANParks, to manage media coverage of contentious 3.4.2.1 TNP Visitor Safety and Security Plan Visitor and Staff Safety and Security, general awareness issues and to inform the media of relevant emerging conservation and tourism of potential of possible criminal activities and the rele-

issues. The strategic intent of this safety and security plan is to: vant response action to be used in the case of criminal ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN activity taking place and hiking trails to be more regular- The objectives will be achieved by the formulation of a comprehensive • ensure that effective visitor safety measures are in ly patrolled/observations carried out, including at night, Communication Strategy for the park that will ensure that stakeholders and clients place, especially the Otter Trail. alike are interacted with on a continuous basis through various medium such as • ensure the safety and security of SANParks employ- Park Forums, Newsletters, PR Campaigns and the SANParks website. ees and concessionaires, 3.4.2.2 TNP Protection Plan • ensure that tourist perceptions are managed in order 3.4 EFFECTIVE PARK MANAGEMENT to protect the brand and reputation of SANParks and The purpose of the park protection plan is to provide ARK • P SA Tourism at large. park management with a dynamic reference document 3.4.1 Environmental Management Programme to describe strategies decided upon to be applied in This document comprehensively addresses both the response to problems identified. The Management Policy for the TNP details the intent and commitment of Park strategic and operational aspects of Visitor Safety and Management to a course of action that will enable the realization of the vision for Security within the framework set out by the SANParks The plan addresses the following aspects: the Park. The TNP Strategic Management Plan sets out strategies, actions, deliv- Security Plan. erables, indicators and time frames. Each Key Result Area is directed by a num- • Criminal Information and Intelligence

ber of strategies. Each strategy is implemented through a set of actions and will The Plan is informed by analysis of the following aspects: • Threat Analysis TIONAL P result in a number of deliverables. The implementation of the strategies by the • The identification of high risk/use areas. • Operational Security implementing department(s) will be monitored using indicators within a set time • Associated crime statistics for each identified area. • Species Security frame. The Park Manager is ultimately responsible for all activities of the Park, and • The associated risks and criminal behaviour for each • Physical Security plays a supervisory role for all implementing departments. area. • Authority and Jurisdiction • Planning for Crisis Management The Key Result Areas are introduced by brief statements of the SANParks corpo- The strategic intent of the safety and security plan is to • Performance Crisis Management rate approach, the current situation for the Park and the strategic intent in firstly ensure that effective visitor safety measures are in addressing these. place, and secondly to ensure that tourist perceptions 3.4.2.3 TNP Emergency Plan are managed in order to protect the brand and reputa- Indicators are established and tracked for all key result areas. For the purposes of tion of SANParks and SA Tourism Industry at large. This plan addresses various identified scenarios and monitoring the progress and performance of the TNP management in achieving actions prescribed on how to deal with various emergen- the defined strategic objectives for the park, the measurable progress on actions Most potential threats are linked to other illegal activi- cies. and the delivery of defined products shall be used as indicators in this SMP. ties in and around the park; this includes illegal entry, fishing, flower picking, - etc. Daily park activities that are (For detail see 1/TNP Visitor Safety and Security Plan; (For detail see Operational plan for Strategic Management) implemented to mitigate these activities form an impor- 2/.TNP Protection Plan; 3/. TNP Emergency Plan.) TSITSIKAMMMA NA tant part of this plan. Management measures include

5253

3.4.3 Infrastructure Programme

Tourism infrastructure in the park comprises of accommodation, roads and trails. accommodation is also available in Bloukrans, Natures tify training needs, budget for the training, and ensure The different types of accommodation ranges from family units, two sleepers, and Valley, and the Outposts along the Otter trail. It must that training occurs. The use of the SETAs for funding camping. Of the roughly 200 000 visitors visiting the park every year, about 90% also be noted that the number of accommodation for the training will be explored both at head office and visit the main rest camp at Storms River Mouth. The different types of accommo- staff has been reduced in the park since some staff live park level. dation in this area, comprise of a small block of flats (oceanettes), two outside the park.

caravan/camping sites, forest huts, forest cabins, honey moon suites and family A Work Place Skills Development Plan is also produced ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN units. These 82 accommodation units provide 253 beds and 112 camping sites. Only a small portion of the perimeter of the park is for the park every year as required by legislation. This The main visitor areas in Storms River Rest-camp are the restaurant, shop picnic fenced, and within the reserve only a few offices and the is coordinated at head office level, with input from the sites and suspension bridge. The Nature’s Valley Rest camp is mainly a waste dump are cordoned off by fencing. park and the Employment Equity Forum. Most of the caravan/camping site although some accommodation is available. staff is involved and encouraged to make inputs into The sewerage system at Storms River Mouth consists of the plan. The tourism infrastructure is maintained in a good condition through regular main- septic tanks and bio filters and the treated water is dis- tenance. Potential upgrades planned in this management cycle include the possi- charged into the ocean. This sewerage system and the Following the transfer of management responsibility of ARK • P ble extension of boardwalks, replacement of four chalets, parking at family units, water purification plant are due to be replaced and the staff of the Indigenous Forest Management section lapas on the Otter Trail, a new gate at Nature’s Valley, tree-top accommodation at upgraded within the next two years. of DWAF in the Garden Route to SANParks in April Storms River, boardwalk trails at Nature’s Valley, environmental education centre, 2005, SANParks is undertaking a re-organisation of the etc. At Nature’s Valley conservancy tanks are used. operations for the Garden Route region. There is a need for the development and implementation of a The boardwalk to and suspension bridge at the Storms River Mouth, both a major 3.4.4 Staff Capacity Building Programme staff capacity building programme. attraction to the park, have just been upgraded, as has the Otter trail, with its new

reception and starting point. The park has an establishment figure of eighty six (86). 3.4.5 Institutional Development and TIONAL P Most of these vacancies have been filled. The compe- Administration Programme The provincial road R393 links the Storms River Mouth Rest-camp to the N2. tency of the staff component is high, and if the per- Although this road forms the lifeline of the park in terms of tourists, the responsi- formance level of the park has to be maintained, a staff The TNP is fully aligned to the corporate policy, guide- bility for its maintenance rest with the Province. The Nature’s Valley rest camp is capacity building programme is required. lines and protocol on institutional development pro- accessed through the R102 which is also a provincial road. No major tourism road grammes and actions. This is communicated to the is necessary in the Nature’s Valley Rest- camp while SANParks maintain an 11 kilo- The corporate balanced score card for SANParks meas- park from time to time by corporate HQ in Pretoria. metre road system in the Storms River Mouth Rest-camp. A 20 kilometre gravel ures the percentage of employees who have achieved Administration and is also based on accepted norms & road into Soetkraal is also maintained as a 4X4 trail and main access route to the set goals within the agreed time frame. Every employ- standards as set out in various sets of legislation per- Soetkraal area. Some management roads such as the gravel roads to Bloukrans, ee will have his/her individual development plan that taining to administrative procedures. Nature’s Valley and Soetkraal also exist. will include training needs. The park management will therefore ensure that all the training and capacity The main offices building for administration is situated in the Storms River Mouth building programmes are implemented, as well as iden- Rest-camp. This building is old and will be upgraded in the next five years. Others include the reception office and technical workshop near the entrance gate and the Conservation offices at Bloukrans about 40 kilometres from the Storms River TSITSIKAMMMA NA Rest-camp and the main administrative building.

The main staff accommodation in the park is in Storms River Mouth. Limited staff

5455 Table 9: Costing

Cat 1 Cat 2 Description 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 (R’000) (R’000) (R’000) (R’000) (R’000) TNP: Current Operational Budget A. Income Conservation Fee -5,491 -5,963 -6,202 -6,698 -24,354 A. Income Concession Fees -1,428 -1,594 -1,690 -1,825 -6,537 A. Income Tourism Income -15,558 -16,233 -17,856 -19,641 -69,288 A. Income Other Income -161 -222 -288 -305 -976 B. Expenditure Human Resource 8,256 8,472 9,022 9,609 35,359 B. Expenditure Depreciation 1,524 1,052 1,104 1,137 4,817 B. Expenditure Maintenance Maintenance: Buildings 1,029 1,311 1,389 1,473 5,202 B. Expenditure Maintenance Maintenance: Veld 84 214 224 235 757 B. Expenditure Maintenance Maintenance: Other 514 809 849 892 3,064 B. Expenditure Operating Costs Rent Paid: All 178 1,215 1,294 1,378 4,065 B. Expenditure Operating Costs Municipal Fees: All 339 348 358 369 1,414 B. Expenditure Operating Costs Telecommunications 217 237 252 268 974 B. Expenditure Operating Costs Transport Costs: All 1,027 298 315 335 1,975 3.4.6 Financial Sustainability Programme B. Expenditure Operating Costs Specialist & Agent Fees 176 50 53 56 335 B. Expenditure Operating Costs All Other 2,539 3,115 3,301 3,500 12,455 Table 9 provides an estimation of the costs involved in striving towards the desired B. Expenditure Finance Costs 98 93 98 103 392 state for TNP within the proposed Garden Route NP over the next 5-year period Total Operations -6,657 -6,798 -7,777 -9,114 -30,346 through all of the objectives and associated programmes detailed in this management plan. For logistical purposes this budget reflects the budgets for the areas TNP Infrastructure Development Program (Provisional DEAT Funding) Soetkraal, Tsitsikamma, Nature’s Valley, Bloukrans, Tsitsikamma Forest estate and C. IDP Biodiversity ManagementAll Biodiversity Projects

the marine catchment area. The allocated costs account for Infrastructure C. IDP Tourism Management All Tourism Projects 12,200 ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Development Plans, Working for Water, Coast Care, Extended Public Works Total: IDP Programmes and the TNP and DWAF operational budgets. It is significant to note that there is shortfall for unfunded projects of approximately R38,5 million over the Extended Public Works Program Application next five years. This shortfall mostly accounts for additional developments, infra- D. EPWP Biodiversity ManagementAll Biodiversity Projects structure and forestry and marine operating costs, which had been applied for but D. EPWP Tourism Management All Tourism Projects allocation is unknown. The shortfall decreases significantly in the last two years as Total: EPWP most development would be in place by then. An important omission that requires ARK • P urgent attention is an estimated costing for liability and risk. Corporate support Public Private Partnerships Opportunities (i.e. not included in the TNP’s budget) will be required in the form of a technician E. PPP Tourism Management All Tourism Projects and operating budget to undertake the monitoring necessary to evaluate TPCs Total: PPP and feedback as part of the adaptive management process. No cost estimates have yet been included for the adaptive management components of non-bio- Working for Water-Wetlands physical aspects of the plan. A detailed breakdown of these figures can be found F. WfW Biodiversity Management All Projects 4,500 4,500 in the associated lower level plan, available from the park manager upon request. F. CoastCare Biodiversity Management All Projects 2,600 2,700 2,700 8,000

Total: WFW 7,100 2,700 2,700 12,500 TIONAL P 3.4.7 HIV/AIDS Marine MPA HIV & AIDS requires special attention because it is also spreading within G. Marine Biodiversity Management All Projects 2,189 2,305 2,420 2,541 9,455 SANParks. Whilst it is an integral component of the EAP (Employee Assistance Total: Marine 2,189 2,305 2,420 2,541 9,455 Programme), it is accorded priority within the SANParks programming. In the most severely affected settings, there is mounting evidence that HIV/AIDS is erod- Unfunded Projects ing human security and capacity, undermining economic development and threat- H. UFP Biodiversity ManagementAll Biodiversity Projects 1,500 2,000 2,000 5,500 ening social cohesion. Inevitably, this situation has serious impacts on business. H. UFP Heritage Management All Heritage Projects HIV & AIDS in the Tsitsikamma communities will also concern the tourism progress H. UFP Tourism Management All Tourism Projects 15,000 8,000 10,000 33,000 and general economic growth of the area. H. UFP Other All Projects Total: UFP 16,500 10,000 12,000 38,500 South Africa’s hospitality and tourism industry, of which the organization is a key role player, allows for job creation throughout the country, including rural areas, Summary where HIV prevalence is often high. It impacts on all businesses, both directly and Total Income (A) -22,638 -24,012 -26,036 -28,469 -101,155 TSITSIKAMMMA NA indirectly, resulting in increased costs and reduced productivity. Against this Total Committed Budgets (B, C) 15,981 17,214 18,259 19,355 70,809 backdrop and because SANParks values its human capital, it has now introduced Total Budgets Applied For (D, E, F, G) 2,189 9,405 5,120 5,241 21,955 a comprehensive HIV & AIDS Programme which includes Developing an HIV & Total Uncommitted Budgets (H) 16,500 10,000 12,000 38,500 AIDS Policy; Education and Awareness; Anonymous and Unlinked Prevalence Regional Management Total: TNP Short Fall* -4,468 19,107 7,343 8,127 30,109

5657 Surveys; Know-Your-Status Campaigns; Lifestyle Management; Care, Treatment & 3.4.9 Adaptive and Integrative strategies to s Given the desired state, the next step is for Park man- Support as well as Scientific Impact Analyses. The purpose of a TNP HIV & AIDS sustain TNP desired state agement to use this management plan to draw up a programme will be to enable SANParks and its adjacent communities to maintain detailed plan of action to for annual operationalisation a healthy and productive workforce. The park will inform and educate the children The desired state cannot be effectively maintained and wherever necessary down to the level of tasks and and communities of lifestyle management, prevention, care and treatment and without explicit attention given to prioritization, inte- duties. The Park Manager must be satisfied that all this support of those who are infected. SANParks could play a pivotal role in sending gration, operationalisation, and above all, reflection serves the desired state as contained in this report. A a positive message in this regard. and adaptation according to the principles in the biodi- further cross-check is contained in the Balanced versity custodianship framework. This will be further Scorecard system implemented by SANParks, which 3.4.8 Risk management Programme: developed in consultation with public participation, serves not to replace any objectives contained in this

especially in the light of the proposed Garden Route plan, but to support their effective implementation. ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Risk awareness and management within the TNP is adhered to on an ongoing National Park. basis. This entails the implementation of corporate policies, procedures and pro- Most objectives as indicated in objective hierarchy table If these obligatory feedbacks are effectively honoured, it tocol. contained above need to be seriously addressed in the is believed that the TNP will be practicing an acceptable The purpose of corporate risk management is to ensure that strategic, business next 5 year management cycle. A balance must be if not sophisticated level of adaptive management, and and operational objectives are met and that continued, sustained growth and bio- struck between the energy needed to deal with immedi- in accordance with SANParks’ overarching values around diversity management takes p-lace. This is achieved by proactively identifying and ate threats, and the necessity of laying the all-important complex systems, will have a good chance of achieving understanding the factors and events that may impact the achievement of the set groundwork for longer-term strategic success. The the desired state in a sustainable way. ARK • P objectives, then managing, monitoring and reporting on these risks. desired state will take a while to achieve, and difficult trade-offs will need to be made along the way. It is The process for the identification of risk is an objective driven process which hoped that the guidance offered in this section assists assesses the impact that risks would have on the viability of the objectives. Senior that decision-making in a structured way, though obvi- executives and line management within divisions, down to each business unit are ously ongoing evaluation is imperative. accountable for risk. Each individual Park Scorecard (Balanced Scorecard) reflects the goals, objectives, targets and performance indicators for all its operations. Biophysical and socio economic goals seem compatible

They need to meet all applicable laws and regulations as a minimum and, where given the current formulation of the desired state. The TIONAL P appropriate, apply best practice (Table 1). effort to work towards the proclamation of the Garden Route National Park need to be kept high in convincing Section 51 (1) (a) (i) of the PFMA requires of the Accounting Authority of a Public the stakeholders of the key objectives to do so. On the Entity to establish and maintain effective, efficient and transparent systems of other hand, it may be difficult to achieve all the goals financial and risk management and internal control. within the next five years.

Reporting on Risk Management occurs monthly at EXCO. Currently the existing corporate risk registers (per division) are being aligned with the divisional scorecard objective-setting. The process to integrate park level scorecards with that of the Director: Parks is currently in progress but park managers must in the interim advice the Manager Admin Parks of any significant risk arising for that park that falls outside the scope of ongoing management issues. The Head Risk Management or Manager: Corporate Insurance can be contacted in this regard. TSITSIKAMMMA NA

5859 of marine Science 25: 395 - 402. Tagging News 13: 9 – 11. BURGER, L.F. 1990. The distribution patterns and community structure of COWLEY, P D. 2005. Monitoring of inshore linefish resources in the Tsitsikamma rocky littoral ichthyofauna. M.Sc. thesis. Rhodes Tsitsikamma National Park. Report submitted to Department of University, Grahamstown, R.S.A. Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 25pp. BUXTON, C.D. & J.R. CLARKE 1986. Age, growth and feeding of the COWLEY, P D., BROUWER, S.L. & R.L. TILNEY 2002. The role of the blue hottentot Pachymetopon aeneum (Pisces : Sparidae) with Tsitsikamma National Park in the management of four important notes on reproductive biology. South African Journal of Zoology shore angling fishes along the south-east Cape Coast. South 33 - 38. African Journal of marine Science 24: 27 - 36. BUXTON, C.D. & J.R. CLARKE 1989. The growth of Cymatoceps nasutus COWLING, R.M. & HEIJNIS, C.E. 2001. The identification of Broad REFERENCES (Teleostei: Sparidae), with comments on diet and reproduction Habitat Units as biodiversity entities for systematic conservation South African Journal of Marine Science 8: 57 - 67. planning in the Cape Floristic Region. South African Journal of BUXTON, C.D. & J.R. CLARKE 1991. The biology of the white mussel- Botany 67:15-38. cracker Sparodon durbanensis (Pisces: Sparidae) on the eastern CRAVEN, S.A. (ed) 2007. South African Spelaeological Association Cape coast, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science Bulletin. Volume 39. P.O. Box 4812, Cape Town. 10: 285 - 296. CRAWFORD, R.J.M. & D.F. BOWER. 1983. Aspects of growth, recruit- ANON 2003. Garden Route Guide from Still Bay to Storms River. JacanaMaps. Johannesburg BUXTON, C.D. & J.R. CLARKE 1992. Aspects of the biology of the ment and conservation of the brown mussel Perna perna along the ARDEN -CLARKE, C. 1983. Population density and social organization of the Cape clawless otter Aonyx bronze bream, Pachymetopon grande (Teleostei: Sparidae) from Tsitsikamma Coast. Koedoe 26: 123 - 135. capensis Schinz in the Tsitsikamma National Park. Msc thesis. University of Pretoria. Pretoria, R.S.A. the southeast Cape coast. South African Journal Zoology 27: 21 - CRAWFORD, R.J.M. & G.A. ROBINSON. 1984. History of the blue duik- 202 pp. 32. er Cephalophus monticola populations in the Tsitsikamma Forest ATTWOOD, C.G., & P.D. COWLEY 2005. Alternative explanations of the dispersal pattern of galjoen BUXTON, C.D. & M. J. SMALE. 1984. A preliminary investigation of the and Coastal National Parks. Koedoe 27: 61 - 73. (Dichistius capensis). African Journal of Marine Science 27: 141 – 156. marine ichthyofauna of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. CRAWFORD, R.J.M. 1983. Seabirds breeding in the Tsitsikamma Coastal ATTWOOD, C.G., HARRIS, J.M. & A.J. WILLIAMS 1997. International experience of marine protected Koedoe 27: 13 - 24. National Park. Koedoe 26: 145 - 153. areas and their relevance to South Africa. South African Journal of marine Science 18: 311 – 332. BUXTON, C.D. & M. J. SMALE. 1989. Abundance and distribution pat- CRAWFORD, R.J.M. 1984. Activity group structure and lambing of blue BARBER-JAMES, H.M. 2000. Preliminary investigation of the freshwater macroinvertebrates in the Salt terns of three temperate marine reef fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in duikers Cephalophus monticola in the Tsitsikamma National Parks,

River, in relation to the proposed stocking of trout into the upper salt river, Farm236, the Crags. exploited and unexploited are off the southern Cape coast. South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 14 (3) 65 ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Albany Museum Environmental Impact Assessment Report. 18pp Journal of Applied Ecology 26: 441 - 451. - 68. BEKKER, S.J. 1994. The management of fynbos mountain catchments. In: Van der Sijde, H.A. (Ed.). BUXTON, C.D. 1987. Life history changes of two reef fish species in CRAWFORD, R.J.M., SHELTON, P.A., & A. BERRUTI. 1983. Cape South African forestry handbook. Southern African Institute of Forestry. Pretoria. pp. 691-714. exploited and unexploited marine environments in South Africa. Cormorants as potential indicators of pelagic fish stocks off BENNETT, B.A. & C.G. ATTWOOD. 1991. Evidence for the recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage follow- Ph.D. thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 79: 466 – 468. ing the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Marine Ecology BUXTON, C.D. 1989. Protogynous hermaphroditism in Chrysoblephus CRAWFORD, R.J.M & P.A. SHELTON 1978. Pelagic fish and seabird Progress Series 75: 173 - 181. laticeps (Cuvier) and C. cristiceps (Cuvier) (Teleostei: Sparidae). interrelationships off the coasts of South West and South Africa. BENNETT, B.A., ATTWOOD, C.G. & J.D. MANTEL 1994. Teleost catches by three shore-angling clubs in South African Journal of Zoology 24 (3): 212 - 216. Biological Conservation 14: 86 – 109. ARK • P the South-western Cape, with an assessment of the effect of restrictions applied in 1985. South BUXTON, C.D. 1990. The reproductive biology of Chrysoblephus lati- CRAWFORD, R.J.M & P.A. SHELTON, 1981. Population trends for some African Journal of Marine Science 14: 11 - 18. ceps and C. cristiceps (Teleostei: Sparidae). Journal of Zoology, southern African seabirds related to fish availability. In BEST, P.B. 2000. Coastal distribution, movement and site fidelity of right whales Eubalaena australis off London 220: 497 - 511. Proceedings of Symposium on Bird of Sea and Shore. Cooper, J. South Africa 1969 – 1998. South African Journal of marine Science 22: 43 - 57. BUXTON, C.D. 1992. The application of per-recruit models to two South (ed) African Seabird Group, Cape Town, 15 – 41. BOLTON, J..J. & H. STEGENGA 2002. Seaweed species diversity in South Africa. South African Journal of African sparid reef species, with special consideration of sex DAY, J.H. 1981. Coastal hydrodynamics, sediment transport and inlet marine Science 24: 9 – 18. change. Fisheries Research 15: 1 - 16. stability. In: Day, J.H. (Ed.) Estuarine Ecology with particular refer- BOWER, D. F. & CRAWFORD, R.J.M. 1983. Two new bird records for the Tsitsikamma National Park. BUXTON, C.D. 1993. Life-history changes in exploited reef fishes on the ence to southern Africa. A.A. Balkema Cape Town. 7-25.

Koedoe 26.: 173 east coast of South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 36: 47 DE MOOR F. C. AND BARBER-JAMES H. M. 2001. Report on the sec- TIONAL P BOWLAND, A.E. 1990. The ecology and conservation of blue duiker and red duiker in Natal. Ph.D. thesis, - 63. ond survey of macroinvertebrates to assess the potential impact University of Natal. CARRUTHERS, V. C. & G. A. ROBINSON. 1977. Notes on amphibia in the of trout stocking in the upper Salt River, the Crags. Albany BRANCH, G.M. & STEFFANI, C.N. 2004. Can we predict the effects of alien species? A case-history of the Tsitsikamma National Parks. Koedoe 20: 115 - 124. Museum Environmental Impact Assessment Report. 32pp. invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine CLARKE, J.R. & C.D. BUXTON. 1989. A survey of the recreational rock- DE MOOR, F.C., DE MOOR, I.J., JAMES, N.P.E. & H.M. BARBER-JAMES Biology and Ecology 300: 189–215. angling fisheries at Port Elizabeth, on the South-east Coast of 2004. An autumn survey of the freshwater macroinvertebrates in BRANCH, W.R. & N. HANEKOM 1987. The herpetofauna of the Tsitsikamma National Park. Koedoe 30: South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 8: 183 - 194. the Salt River, Southern Cape. Albany Museum Investigational 49 - 61. Contract Report for Nature’s Valley Trust. September 2004. BROUWER S.L. & C.D. BUXTON 2002. Catch and effort of the shore and skiboat linefisheries along the CODY,M. L., BREYTENBACH,G.J., FOX, B., NEWSOME, A.E., QUINN, DE RONDE, N. 1995. Exploring the Southern Cape. Human & Rousseau. South African Eastern Cape coast. South African Journal of marine Science 24: 341 - 354. R.D. & W.R. SIEGFRIED 1983. Animal communities: diversity, den- Cape Town. BROUWER S.L. & M.H. GRIFFITHS 2004. Age and growth of Argyrozona argyrozona (Pisces: Sparidae) in sity and dynamics. In Mineral nutrients in Mediterranean ecosys- DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF SURVEYS 1979. 1: 250 000 Geological series. a marine protected area: an evaluation of methods based on whole otoliths, sectioned otoliths and tems (ed Day, J.A.) South African National Scientific Programmes Sheet 3322 Oudtshoorn. Government Printers mark-recapture. Fisheries Research 67: 1 - 12. Report 71, 91 – 110. FLEMMING, B., MARTIN, K. & W. AKKERS. 1986. Agulhas Bank studies. BROUWER S.L. & M.H. GRIFFITHS 2005. Reproductive biology of carpenter seabream (Argyrozona argy- COETZEE, J.C., ADAMS, J.B. & G.C. BATES 1997. A botanical impor- Marine geology off the Tsitsikamma Coast. Poster paper, Agulhas rozona) (Pisces: Sparidae) in a marine protected area. Fisheries Bulletin 103 (2): 258 - 268. tance rating of selected Cape estuaries. Water SA 23 (1): 81 - 93. Bank Symposium, Cape Town. TSITSIKAMMMA NA BROUWER S.L. 2004. Biology, population structure and management of carpenter (Argyrozona argyro- COURTNEY-LATIMER, M, SMITH, G.G., BOKELMANN, H. & A. BATTEN. FRIEDMANN, Y. & B. DALY (eds) 2004. Red Data Book of the mammals zona) an endemic South African reef fish. Ph.D. thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 1967. The flowering plants of the Tsitsikamma Forest and Coastal of South Africa: A conservation assessment: CBSG Southern BROUWER S.L., GRIFFITHS, M.H. & M.J. ROBERTS 2003. Adult movement and larval dispersal of National Park. National Parks Board. Pretoria. Africa, Conservation Breeding specialist Group (SSC/IUCN) Argyrozona argyrozona (Pisces: Sparidae) from a temperate marine protected area. African Journal COWLEY, P. D. 2000. Shore-tagging in the Tsitsikamma National Park. Endangered Wildlife Trust. South Africa.

6061 Internal report for Tsitsikamma National Park. De Vasselot. . Progress report for South African National Parks for HANEKOM, N., HUTCHINGS, L., JOUBERT, P. & P. VAN BYL. 1989. 2002. 3pp + attachment. Upwelling and fish mortalities off the Tsitsikamma Coast. South Mc ILLERON, J. 2003b. A checklist of the plant species of Soetkraal and African Journal of Marine Science 8: 145 - 153. De Vasselot. . Progress report for South African National Parks for HANEKOM, N., JOUBERT, P. & P. KENYON, 1987. New bird and mam- 2002. 2pp mal records for the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Koedoe 30: McQUAID C.D. & G.M. BRANCH. 1984. Influence of sea temperature, 168 - 171. substratum and wave exposure on rocky intertidal communities: HANEKOM, N., MANN-LANG, J.B., MANN, B.Q. & T.V.Z. CARINUS an analysis of faunal and floral biomass. Marine Ecology Progress 1997. Shore-angling catches in the Tsitsikamma National Park, Series 19: 145 - 151. 1989 - 1995. Koedoe 40(2): 37 - 56. McQUAID C.D. & G.M. BRANCH. 1985. Trophic structure of rocky shore HANEKOM, N., SOUTHWOOD, A. & M. FERGUSON. 1989. A vegeta- intertidal communities: response to wave action and implications tion survey of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Koedoe 32 for energy flow. Marine Ecology Progress Series 22: 153 - 161. (1): 47 -66. MINTER, L.R., BURGER, M. HARRISON, J.A. BRAACK, H.H., BISHOP, P.J. HANEKOM, N. & V. WILSON. 1991. Blue duiker Philantomba monticola & D. KLOEPFER, (Eds) 2004. Atlas and Red data Book of the frogs densities in the Tsitsikamma National Parks and probable factors of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SI/MAB Series #9. limiting these populations. Koedoe 34 (2) 1991. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. HARRISON, T.D., COOPER, J.A.G., RAMM, A.E.L. & R.A. SINGH. 1995. MOLL, E.J., 1983. The Southern Cape Forests. South African Forestry Health of South African estuaries, Palmiet - Sout. Executive Report Journal 127: 31-34. for Department of Environment Affairs. CSIR, Congella. MOLL, E.J. & L. BOSSI. 1984. Vegetation map of the fynbos biome. GELDEBLOM, C. & L. ROWLINSON 1999. Working for Water Programme. Management plan for alien HARRISON, T.D., COOPER, J.A.G., RAMM, A.E.L. & R.A. SINGH. 1996. Director of Survey and Mapping, Mowbray. vegetation in the Keurbooms catchment. Report No. ENV/S-C 98057A. Environmentek, CSIR, Health of South African estuaries, Groot (wes) - Great Fish. MORANT, P.D. & I.B. BICKERTON. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II: Stellenbosch. Executive Report for Department of Environment Affairs. CSIR, Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report GELDENHUYS, C.J. 1986. Nature’s Valley: Refugium for rare Southern Cape Forest species. Congella. no 19: Groot (wes) (CMS23) & Sout (CMS 22). CSIR Research Palaeoecology of Africa 17: 173- 181. HARRISON, T.D., COOPER, J.A.G., RAMM, A.E.L. & SINGH, R.A. 1996. Report 418. CSIR Stellenbosch. GELDENHUYS, C.J. 1987. Bergwind fires determine forest distribution in the southern Cape. Poster paper. Health of South African estuaries, Groot (Wes) – Great Fish. MORIARITY, A. 1982. Outeniqua, Tsitsikamma and eastern Little Karroo. National conference on long-term data series relating to South Africa’s renewable natural resources. Executive Report, Coastal and Catchment Environmental South African Wild Flower Guide 2. Botanical society of South

CSIR, Pretoria. Programme, CSIR, Durban. Africa, Kirstenbosch, Claremont. 206 pp. ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN GELDENHUYS, C.J. 1992. Disjunctions and distribution limits of forest species in the Southern Cape. HERZIG - STRASCHIL, B. & G.A. ROBINSON. 1978. On the ecology of MUCINA, L. & M.C. RUTHERFORD (Eds) 2006. The vegetation map of South African Forestry Journal 161: 1 - 14. the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii (A. Smith, 1829) in the South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African GELDENHUYS, C.J. 1993. Floristic composition of the southern Cape forests with an annotated checklist. Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Koedoe 21: 101 - 110. National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. South African Journal of Botany. 59 (1): 26 - 44. HOCKEY, P.A.R. & G.M. BRANCH. 1994. Conserving marine biodiversity ODENDAAL, P.B. & R.C. BIGALKE. 1979. Home range and groupings GELL, F.R & C.M. ROBERTS 2003. The fisheries effects of marine reserves and fishery closures. WWF-US, on the African coast: implications of a terrestrial perspective. of bushbuck in the southern Cape. South African Journal of 1250 24th street, NW, Washigton, DC 20037, USA. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 345 - Wildlife Research 9 (3/4): 96 - 101. GELL, F.R & C.M. ROBERTS 2005. Benefits beyond boundaries. The fisheries effects of marine reserves. 362. PRETORIUS, G., BOND, W., ODENDAAL, P., GELDENHUYS, C. & J. ARK • P Trends in Ecology & Evolution 131: HOCKEY, P.A.R. & VAN ERKOM SCHURINK, C. 1992. The invasive biol- BREYTEN-BACH. 1980. De Vasselot Natuurreservaat Bestuurplan GÖTZ, A. 2005. Assessment of the effect of Goukamma Protected Area on community structure and fish- ogy of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis on the southern African 1979/80 - 1983 - 84. Internal Report. Department of Forestry, RSA. eries dynamics. Ph.D. thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown coast. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48 (1): 123- REBELO, A.G. 1992. Preservation of biotic diversity. In The Ecology of GRIFFITHS, C.L. & HOCKEY, P.A.R. 1987. A model describing the interactive roles of predation, compe- 139. Fynbos: nutrients, fire and diversity. Ed. Cowling, R.M. Oxford tition and tidal elevation in structuring mussel populations. In: Payne, A.I.L., Gulland, J.A. & K.H. KERWATH S.E., GOTZ A, ATTWOOD C.G., COWLEY PD, & W.H.H. University Press. Cape Town. 309 – 344 Brink (eds). The Benguela and Comparable Ecosystems, South African Journal of Marine Science SAUER 2007. Movement pattern and Chrysoblephus laticeps. ROBERTS C.M. & N.V.C. POLUNIN. 1991. Are marine reserves effective 5: 547 – 556. African Journal of marine Science 29: 93-103. in management of reef fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and

GRIFFITHS, C.L., HOCKEY, P.A.R., VAN ERKOM SCHURINK, C. and LE ROUX, P.J. 1992. Marine invasive KING, C. M. 2005 - Towards a new approach to coastal governance with Fisheries 1: 65 - 91. TIONAL P aliens on South African shores: implications for community structure and trophic functioning. In: an assessment of the Plettenberg Bay shore based linefishery. ROBERTS, M.J. & M. VAN DER BERG 2005. Currents along the Payne, A.I.L., Brink, K.H., Mann, K.H. and R. Hilborn (eds). Benguela Trophic Functioning, South M.Sc. Thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 172pp Tsitsikamma coast, South Africa, and potential transport of squid African Journal of Marine Science 12: 713 – 722. KNOBEL, R. 1989. Knibbel oor see-grens. Custos 18 (6): 6. larvae and ichthyoplankton. African Journal of marine Science 27 GRIFFITHS, C.L., VAN SITTER, L. , BEST, P.B., BROWN, A.C., CLARK, B.M., COOK, P.A., CRAWFORD, KOEN, J.H. 1984. A study of the distribution, population composition, (2): 375 – 388. R.J.M., DAVID, J.H.M., DAVIES, B.R., GRIFFITHS, M.H., HUTCHINGS, K., JERARDINO, A., KRUGER, movement and feeding of the Knysna elephants Loxodonta ROBINSON, G.A. 1976a. Notes on the mammals encountered in the N., LAMBERTH, S., LESLIE, R.W., R. MELVILLE-SMITH, TARR, R. & C.D. VAN DER LINGEN 2004. africana africana (Blumenbach 1797). Unpublished report. S84/6. Tsitsikamma National Parks. Koedoe 19: 145 - 152. Impacts of human activities on marine animal life in the Benguela: Historical overview. Department Environment Affairs. ROBINSON, G.A. 1976b. Two new bird records for the Tsitsikamma Oceanographic and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 42: 303 – 392. LE ROI LE RICHE, H. & D. HEY 1947. Survey of the southwestern dis- National Parks. Koedoe 19: 175. HAMMOND, W. 2001. Factors affecting the infauna associated with mussel beds. M.Sc. thesis. tricts. Cape Town: Inland Fisheries Department, Provincial ROBINSON G.A. & G. DE GRAAFF 1994. Marine protected areas of Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Administration of the Cape of Good Hope. Report No. 4: 19 – 27). the Republic of South Africa Council for the Environment. IUCN HAMMOND, W. and GRIFFITHS, C.L. 2004. Influence of wave exposure on south African mussel beds and LOMBARD, T.A., STRAUSS, T., HARRIS, J. SINK, K. ATTWOOD, C. & L. ROBINSON, G.A. 1989. Tsitsikamma – 25 years of marine conservation. their associated infaunal communities. Marine Biology 144: 547–552. HUTCHINGS 2005. South African National Spatial Biodiversity Custos 18 (6) 4 – 5. HANEKOM, N. 2005. Weather and sea temperature patterns occurring in the Tsitsikamma National Park. Assessment 2004: Technical Report. Volume 4: Marine ROBINSON, T.B. & GRIFFITHS, C.L., McQUAID, C.D. & M. RIUS. 2005. . Progress report for SANParks. 2 pp Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Marine alien species of South Africa – status and impact. African TSITSIKAMMMA NA HANEKOM, N. in press. Invasion of an indigenous Perna perna mussel bed on the south coast of South Institute. journal of Marine Science 27 (1): 297 – 306. Africa by an alien mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and its effect on the associated fauna. Biological MANN, B.Q. (ed.) 2000. Southern African Marine Linefish Status Reports. ROUX, P.J. 1992. Marine invasive aliens on South African shores: impli- Invasions. Special Publication Oceanographic Research Institute 7: 1-257. cations for community structure and trophic functioning. In: Payne, HANEKOM, N. & D. BOWER 1996. Management Plan for the Tsitsikamma National Park. 2nd Draft. Mc ILLERON, J. 2002b. A checklist of the plant species of Soetkraal and A.I.L., Brink, K.H., Mann, K.H. and R. Hilborn (eds). Benguela

6263

limpet Scutellastra argenvillei and the alien mussel Mytilus gallo- TOERIEN, D.K. 1976. Geologie van die Tsitsikammakusstrook. Koedoe Trophic Functioning, South African Journal of Marine Science 12: 713 – 722. provincialis along a gradient of wave energy. African Journal of 19: 31 -41. RUSSELL, I.A. 2002. Freshwater fishes of Tsitsikamma National Park. Koedoe 45 (2): 13 – 17. Marine Science 25: 195–212. VAN DAALEN, J.C. 1981. The dynamics of the indigenous forest-fynbos RYCROFT, H.B. 1980. Trees of the Tsitsikamma National Parks. Aurora Press for National Parks Board. STEFFANI, C.N. and G.M. BRANCH 2003c Temporal changes in an inter- ecotone in the southern Cape. South African Forestry Journal 119: Pretoria, R.S.A. 126 pp. action between an indigenous limpet Scutellastra argenvillei and 14 - 23. SAAYMAN, G.S., BOWER, D. & C.K. TAYLOR. 1972. Observations on inshore and pelagic dolphins on an alien mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis along a gradient of wave VAN DAALEN, J.C. 1984. Distinguishing features of forest species on the south eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Koedoe 15: 1 -24. energy. African Journal of Marine Science 25: 213–229. nutrient-poor soils in the Southern Cape. Bothalia 15, 1 & 2.229 - SAMLA 2001. South African Marine Linefish Management Association Executive Committee meeting STEGENGA, H., ANDERSON, R.J. & J.J. BOLTON 2000. Notes on 239. minutes. January 2001. Oceanographic Research Institute. Ceramicaceae from the eastern Cape Province, south Africa III. VAN DER MERWE, I. 1998. The Knysna and Tsitsikamma forests - their

SAUER, W.H.H. 1995. South Africa’s Tsitsikamma National Park as a breeding area for the commer- Three new records Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park, with a history, ecology and management. Chief Director Forestry: ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN cially exploited chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. South African Journal of marine Science description of Scageliopsis tsitsikammae nov. spec. Blumea 45: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria. 16: 365 - 373. 485 – 494. VAN ERKOM SCHURINK, C. & GRIFFITHS, C.L. 1990. Marine mussels of SCHUMANN, E.H. & L.J. BEEKMANN. 1984. Ocean temperature structures on the Agulhas Bank. STEGENGA, H., ANDERSON, R.J. & J.J. BOLTON 2001. Hypoglossum southern Africa – their distribution patterns, standing stocks, Transactions of the Royal Society of Africa 45 (2): 191 - 203. imperfectum nov. spec. (Rhodophyta, Delesseriaceae), a new exploitation and culture. Journal of Shellfish Research 9 (1): 75 – SCHUMANN, E.H., PERRINS L.A. & I.T. HUNTER 1982. Upwelling along the South Coast of the Cape species from the South African south coast. Botanica Marina 44: 85. Province. South African Journal of Science 78: 238 - 242. 157 – 162. VAN ERKOM SCHURINK, C. & GRIFFITHS, C.L. 1991. A comparison of SCOTT, H.A. & K.C.D. HAMMAN. 1984. Freshwater fishes of the Cape. Cape Town: Cape STOCK, W.D. & ALLSOPP, N. 1992. Functional perspective of ecosys- reproductive cycles and reproductive output in four southern ARK • P Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation (Cape Conservation series no. 5) tems. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.). The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, African mussel species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 76: 123 – SEYDACK, A.H.W. 1990. Ecology of the bushpig potamochoerus porcus linn. 1758 in the Cape fire and diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town. pp. 241- 134 Province, South Africa. Ph.d. thesis. University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 259. VAN JAARSVELD, E. 2005. Finale navorsingverslag - Besoek aan SEYDACK, A.H.W. 1992. Fire management options in fynbos mountain catchment areas. South STONE, A.W., WEAVER, A.B., AND W.O. WEST 1998. – Climate and Tsitsikamma Nasionale Park, Vrydag 12 Nov.2004 - Saterdag 13 African Forestry Journal 161: 53-58. weather. In Field Guide to the Eastern and Southern Cape Coasts. November 2004. Progress report for South African National SEYDACH, A.H.W, HUISAMEN, J. & R. KOK 1998. Long-term antelope population monitoring in Eds Lubke, R. & I. De Moor. University of Cape Town Press, Cape Parks. 4pp. Southern Cape Forests. South African Forestry Journal 182: 9 - 19. Town. 41 – 49. VAN WILGEN, B.W., 1987. Fire regimes in the fynbos biome. In:

SKEAD, C.J. & R. LIVERSIDGE. 1967. Birds of the Tsitsikamma Forest & Coastal National Parks. SWART, D.H. & J. DE V. SERDYN 1981. Statistical analysis of visually Cowling, R.M., Le Maitre, D.C., McKenzie, B., Prys-Jones, R.P. & TIONAL P Koedoe 10: 43 - 62. observed wave data from voluntary observing ships for South Van Wilgen, B.W. (Eds.). Disturbance and the dynamics of fynbos SKELTON, P.H. 1980. Systematics and biogeography of the redfin Barbus species (Pisces: Cyprinidae) African East Coast. N.R.I.O. (C.S.I.R.). Report 38 & 39. biome communities. South African National Scientific from southern Africa. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Stellenbosch, R.S.A. 141 each. Programmes Report No. 135. CSIR, Pretoria. pp. 6-14. SKELTON, P.H. 1988. A taxonomic revision of redfin minnows (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from southern TARR, R.J.Q. 1989 . Abalone. In Payne, A.I.L. & R.J.M. Crawford (eds) VAN WILGEN, B.W., BOND, W.J. & RICHARDSON, D.M. 1992. Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum 16 (10): 201 – 307.. Oceans of Life off southern Africa. Vlaeberg Publication. Ecosystem management. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.). The ecology of SKINNER, J.D., & R.H.N. SMITHERS 1990. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. THWAITES, R.N. 1984. Cenzoic reconnaissance study on the Tsitsikamma fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity. Oxford University Press, University of Pretoria. Pretoria. Plateau. Directorate of Forestry Report No. S.84 / 21, File Cape Town. pp. 345-371. SMALE, M.J. & A.E. PUNT. 1991. Age and growth of the red steenbras Petrus rupestris A23/2/2/2/2. Saasveld Forestry Research Centre, George , RSA. VON BREITENBACH, F. 1974. Southern Cape forests and trees. (Pisces:Sparidae) on the southeast coast of South Africa. South African Journal of Marine 18 pp & appendices. Government Printers, Pretoria. R.S.A. 328 pp. Science 10 : 131 - 139. TILNEY, R.L., NELSON, G., RADLOFF, S.E. & C.D. BUXTON 1996. VON GADOW, K. 1978. A pellet count of blue duiker and bushbuck in SMALE, M.J. 1988. Distribution and reproduction of the reef fish Petrus rupestris (Pisces:Sparidae) off Ichthyoplankton distribution and dispersal in the Tsitsikamma the Knysna forests. South African Forestry Journal 107: 77 - 81. the coast of South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 23 (4): 272 - 287. National Park marine reserve, South Africa. South African Journal WHITFIELD, A.K. 2000. Available scientific information on individual SMITH, M. K. S. 2005. Towards a new approach to coastal governance with an assessment of the of marine Science 17: 1 - 14. South African estuarine systems. Water Research Commission Plettenberg Bay near shore linefisheries. M.Sc. Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 218 TURPIE, J., CLARK, B. & K. HUTCHINGS 2006. The economic value of Report No. 577/3/00. WRC, Pretoria. 217pp. TSITSIKAMMMA NA pp. Marine Protected Areas along the Garden route Coast, South WHITTINGTON, P. A. 2004. New breeding locality for Crowned cor- STEFFANI, C.N. & BRANCH, G.M. 2003a. Growth rate, condition, and shell shape of Mytilus gallo- Africa, and implications of changes in size and management. morant. provincialis: response to wave exposure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 246: 197–209. Anchor environmental consultants & FizPatrick Institute, UCT, STEFFANI, C.N. and G.M. BRANCH 2003b. Spatial comparisons of populations of an indigenous Report prepared for WWF-SA.

6465 APPENDIX 1

TSITSIKAMMA NATIONAL PARK ZONING PLAN

1. INTRODUCTION 2. RATIONALE FOR USE ZONES

The primary objective of a park zoning plan is to establish a coherent spatial frame- The prime function of a protected area is to conserve biodiversity. Other functions work in and around a park to guide and co-ordinate conservation, tourism and vis- such as the need to ensure that visitors have access to, and that adjoining com- itor experience initiatives. A zoning plan plays an important role in minimizing con- munities and local economies derive benefits from the area, potentially conflict

flicts between different users of a park by separating potentially conflicting activi- with and compromise this primary function. Use zoning is the primary tool to ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ties such as game viewing and day-visitor picnic areas whilst ensuring that activi- ensure that visitors can have a wide range of quality experiences without compris- ties which do not conflict with the park’s values and objectives (especially the con- ing the integrity of the environment. servation of the protected area’s natural systems and its biodiversity) can continue in appropriate areas. A zoning plan is also a legislated requirement of the Further, people visit a park with differing expectations and recreational objectives. Protected Areas Act, which stipulates that the management plan, which is to be Some people are visiting a park purely to see wildlife as well as natural landscapes. approved by the Minister, must contain “a zoning of the area indicating what activ- Others wish to experience intangible attributes such as solitude, remoteness, ities may take place in different sections of the area and the conservation objec- wildness, and serenity (which can be grouped as wilderness qualities), while some ARK • P tives of those sections”. visit to engage in a range of nature-based recreational activities, or to socialize in the rest camp. Different people have different accommodation requirements The zoning of Tsitsikamma National Park was based on an analysis and mapping of ranging from extreme roughing it up to luxury catered accommodation. There is the sensitivity and value of a park’s biophysical, heritage and scenic resources; an often conflict between the requirements different users and different activities. assessment of the regional context; and an assessment of the park’s current and Appropriate use zoning serves to minimizing conflicts between different users of planned infrastructure and tourist routes/products; all interpreted in the context of a park by separating potentially conflicting activities such as game viewing and park objectives. The zoning for Tsitsikamma National Park needs to be seen in the day-visitor picnic areas whilst ensuring that activities which do not conflict with the

context of it being integrated in the short term into the Garden Route National park’s values and objectives (especially the conservation of the protected area’s TIONAL P Park. This was undertaken in an iterative and consultative process. This document natural systems and its biodiversity) can continue in appropriate areas. Use zones sets out the rationale for use zones, describes the zones, and provides manage- serve to ensure that high intensity facilities and activities are placed in areas that ment guidelines for each of the zones. are robust enough to tolerate intensive use, as well as to protect more sensitive areas of the park from over-utilization. TSITSIKAMMMA NA

6667 Table 1: Summary of Use Zones Characteristics ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P

Table 2: Summary of the percentage area of the park covered by each zone, as well as the percentage of the highly environmentally sensitive and valuable areas (defined as areas with values in the top quartile of the sensitivity value analysis) that are in each zone. Note that the values are for the entire proposed Garden Route National Park. TSITSIKAMMMA NA

6869 reserve). Planned infrastructure and tourism products routes should be defined so that no signs can be seen or were also accommodated where these were compatible heard between the groups. The principles of “Pack it in with the environmental informants. These were all inter- Pack it out” must be applied. preted in the context of the park objectives. This was undertaken in an iterative and consultative process. Interaction with other users: There is no interaction between groups. The numbers of groups within the area Map 5 shows the relationship between the use zoning will be determined by the ability to ensure that there is and the summary products of the biodiversity and land- no interaction between groups. scape sensitivity-value analysis. This indicates that in general it was possible to include most of the environ- Objectives of the zone (Limits of acceptable change) mentally sensitive and valuable areas into zones that are strongly orientated towards resource conservation rather Biophysical environment: Deviation from a natural/pris- than tourist use. Table 2 summarizes the percentage area tine state should be minimized, and existing impacts of the park covered by each zone, as well as the percent- should be reduced. age of the highly environmentally sensitive and valuable areas (defined as areas with values in the top quartile of Aesthetics and recreational environment: Activities 3. PARK USE ZONATION SYSTEM the sensitivity value analysis) that are in each zone. The which impact on the intrinsically wild appearance and analysis suggests that although the zonation scheme character of the area, or which impact on the wilderness The zoning system helps protect most environmentally sensitive areas, this characteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wild- protection is a function of the high proportion of conser- ness, serenity, peace etc) will not be tolerated. SANParks has adopted a dual zoning system for its parks. The system comprises: vation orientated zones, rather than a function of these a) Visitor use zones covering the entire park, and zones being particularly well located. Almost 87% of the Facilities b) Special management overlays which designate specific areas of a park that park is covered by zones that are strongly conservation

require special management interventions. orientated in terms of their objectives (i.e. Remote and Type and size: No facilities are provided. Should ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Primitive), with a very significant 38% zoned Remote, the overnight facilities be required to serve this zone, these The zoning of Tsitsikamma National Park is shown in Map 4, and summarized in most strongly conservation orientated zone. The result is should be placed in the adjoining zones. Table One. that almost 85% of the highly sensitive habitats of the park are protected by conservation orientated zones. Sophistication of facilities: No facilities except self car- The Zoning process and its linkage to the underlying environmental analysis Unfortunately, as a legacy of existing infrastructure and ried portable tents. Guidelines for washing, ablution and use patterns (especially around the sensitive lake sys- cooking must be defined according to the “Pack it in The park use zonation plan is a lean version of the Conservation Development tems), there isn’t a strong spatial correlation between Pack” it out principles. Camping only at designated ARK • P Framework (CDF). The park use zonation is based on the same biodiversity and highly sensitive habitats and the conservation orientated sites. landscape analyses undertaken for a CDF. However, certain elements underlying zones. It should however be noted that many of the sen- the CDF may not be fully incorporated into the park use zonation. In particular, the sitive habitats present in high use areas are covered by Audible equipment and communication structures: park use zonation plan will usually not incorporate elements such as a full tourism Special Conservation Overlays. None. market analysis. Typically the park use zonation approach is applied developing parks such as Tsitsikamma National Park, though the long term objective is to have Remote Zone Access and roads: Public access is non-motorized. a full CDF for all parks. Vehicular access and parking is provided in the adjoining

Characteristics Primitive zone. Established footpaths may be provided TIONAL P The zoning for Tsitsikamma Park was undertaken in conjunction with the zonings where erosion risks occur. for all the areas anticipated for inclusion into the Garden Route National Park. The This area retains an intrinsically wild appearance and zoning for Wilderness National Park was underpinned by an analysis and mapping character, or is capable of being restored to such, and is Location in Park of the sensitivity and value of a park’s biophysical, heritage and scenic resources. undeveloped and roadless. There are no permanent This analysis examined the biophysical attributes of the park including habitat improvements or any form of human habitation. It pro- In Tsitsikamma NP, Remote areas were designated in the value (in particular the contribution to national conservation objectives), special vides outstanding opportunities for solitude with awe mountainous Soetkraal sections of the park, as these habitat value (the value of the area to rare and endangered species), hydrological inspiring natural characteristics. If present at all, sight areas are both logistically difficult for development and sensitivity (areas vulnerable to disruption of hydrological processes such as flood- and sound of human habitation and activities are barely sensitive to development pressures (in particular disrup- plains and wetlands), topographic sensitivity (steep slopes), soil sensitivity (soils discernable and at far distance. The zone also serves to tion of catchment areas). Remote areas were designat- that are vulnerable to erosion) and vegetation vulnerability to physical disturbance. protect sensitive environments from development ed to protect sensitive coastline east of the Dolphin Trail. In addition, the heritage value and sensitivity of sites was examined (including impacts and tourism pressure. Although this area is adjacent to pine plantations, it is palaeontological, archaeological, historical and current cultural aspects). The visu- below the coastal escarpment and is visually and aes- al sensitivity of the landscape was also examined in order to identify sites where Visitor activities and experience thetically isolated from these transformed landscapes. infrastructure development could have a strong aesthetic impact. This analysis was Consolidation of the coastal buffer in this section is used to inform the appropriate use of different areas of the park, as well as to help Activities: Access is strictly controlled and on foot. important in order to maintain the Remote characteris- TSITSIKAMMMA NA define the boundaries between zones. The zoning was also informed by the park’s Groups must be small, and can either be accompanied tics of this zone. current infrastructure and tourism products, as well as the regional context (espe- by a guide or unaccompanied. Several groups may be in cially linkages to neighbouring areas and impacts from activities outside the area at the same time, but if necessary densities and

7071

tions should be designed to limit impacts. panied) access, mainly on foot, for a wide range of experiences. Larger numbers of visitors are allowed than in Aesthetics and recreational environment: Activities the Primitive zone and contact between visitors is fre- which impact on the intrinsically wild appearance and quent. The main accent is on unaccompanied non character of the area, or which impact on the wilderness motorized access. Larger numbers of visitors are allowed characteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wild- and contact between visitors is frequent. It is important ness, serenity, peace etc) should be restricted and to note that this zone may have different interpretations impacts limited to the site of the facility. Ideally visitors in different parks and the CDF documentation for each should only be aware of the facility or infrastructure that park should set the objectives specific to that park. Thus, they are using, and this infrastructure/facility should be in some instances horses, non-motorized water craft, designed to fit in with the environment within which it is and mountain bikes could be accommodated. This zone located in order to avoid aesthetic impacts. can also provide non motorized access within Low and High Intensity Leisure zones away from vehicular access Facilities roads.

Type and size: Facilities are small, often very basic, and Visitor activities and experience are distributed to avoid contact between users. Alternatively facilities designed for high levels of luxury, Activities: Hiking, canoeing, sailing, rock climbing, bird Primitive Zone but limited visitor numbers can be accommodated here watching, self guided constructed trails and walks. (e.g. controlled access private camps or concession Characteristics sites). Interaction with other users: Interaction between groups of users is frequent. The prime characteristic of the zone is the experience of wilderness qualities with Sophistication of facilities: Generally facilities are small, the accent on controlled access. Access is controlled in terms of numbers, frequen- basic and self-catering, though concession facilities may Objectives of the zone (Limits of acceptable change) cy and size of groups. The zone shares the wilderness qualities of Wilderness areas be significantly more sophisticated.

and Remote zones, but with the provision of basic self-catering facilities and Biophysical environment: Some deviation from a natu- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN access. It also provides access to the Remote zone and Wilderness Area. Views of Audible equipment and communication structures: ral/pristine state is allowed, but care should be taken to human activities and development outside of the park may be visible from this None. restrict the development footprint. Infrastructure, espe- zone. cially paths and viewpoints should be designed to limit Access and roads: Vehicular access to facilities is limit- the impacts of large numbers of visitors on the biophys- This zone has the following functions: ed to low-spec roads, often 4x4 only. Tourist and game ical environment. • It provides the basic facilities and access to serve Wilderness Areas and viewing roads are 4x4 only. Established footpaths are Remote zones. provided to avoid erosion and braiding. Aesthetics and recreational environment: Activities ARK • P • It contains concession sites and other facilities where impacts are managed which impact on the relatively natural appearance and through strict control of the movement and numbers of tourists, for example if Location in Park character of the area should be restricted, though the all tourists are in concession safari vehicles. presence of larger numbers of visitors and the facilities • It serves as a buffer to the fringe of the park and other zones, in particular In Tsitsikamma NP, Primitive areas were designated to they require, may impact on the feeling of “wildness” Wilderness and Remote. protect most of the remaining sensitive areas that were found in this zone. • It serves to protect sensitive environments from high levels of development. not incorporated into Remote zones from high levels of tourism activity. The controlled access Otter and Dolphin Facilities

Visitor activities and experience trails are in this zone. Primitive areas were also designat- TIONAL P ed in relatively low sensitivity valleys in the Soetkraal Type and size: Hiking trails, footpaths, bird hides. No Activities: Access is controlled in terms of numbers, frequency and size of groups. section to allow management and controlled tourist 4x4 accommodation. Ablution facilities may be provided in Activities include hiking, 4x4 drives and game viewing. Access is controlled either access into the Remote zone. Primitive areas were des- high use areas. Heritage structures may be used for through only allowing access to those with bookings for specific facilities, or alter- ignated at both ends of the coastal Remote zones to recreation purposes. natively through a specific booking or permit for a particular hiking trail or 4x4 buffer them from higher use tourist areas and external route. Several groups may be in area at the same time, but access should be man- impacts from outside the park. In areas where Remote Sophistication of facilities: Where provided these aged to minimize interaction between groups if necessary. zones border on the park boundary, a 100m wide should be basic. Primitive zone was designated to allow park manage- Interaction with other users: Interaction between groups of users is low, and care ment access to boundaries. Audible equipment and communication structures: must be taken in determining the number and nature of facilities located in the Allowed, but should be managed to retain a relative area in order to minimize these interactions. Quiet Zone level of solitude.

Objectives of the zone (Limits of acceptable change) Characteristics Access and roads: Essentially pedestrian access, but in certain parks horse and Mountain bikes can be accom- Biophysical environment: Deviation from a natural/pristine state should be small This zone is characterized by unaccompanied non- modated. Pedestrian only or in some cases cycles. No TSITSIKAMMMA NA and limited to restricted impact footprints. Existing impacts should be reduced. motorized access without specific access control and access for tourists by vehicle. The only roads are essen- Any facilities constructed in these areas, and activities undertaken here should be permits. Visitors are allowed unaccompanied (or accom- tial two wheeled management tracks. In lake and estuary done in a way that limits environmental impacts. Road and infrastructure specifica-

7273 aged and limited to ensure that the area still provides a relatively natural outdoor experience. Visitor activities and experience

Facilities Activities: Traditional game viewing routes with associated more sophisticated infrastructure, sight seeing at Type and size: Picnic sites, view sites, information cen- tourist destinations, picnicking, walking, cycling, rock tres, ablution facilities, parking areas, education centres climbing, hiking, adventure activities (orienteering, etc. Small self-catering (including camping) camps of scuba diving, fun runs), activities associated with ameni- low to medium density 25-35 beds. Additional facilities ties such as dining in restaurants. can include swimming pools. Trails for 4x4 trails can also be provided. Day visitor sites must relate to the general Interaction with other users: High self-catering characteristic of the zone. Objectives of the zone (Limits of acceptable change) Sophistication of facilities: Self contained self-catering units with bathroom facilities. Camp sites will include Biophysical environment: The greatest level of devia- ablution facilities. These camps are without modern tion from deviation from a natural/pristine state is facilities such as shops and restaurants. allowed in this zone, and, it is accepted that damage to areas, the Quiet zone implies that only non-motorized vessels will be allowed the biophysical environment associated with tourist access. Audible equipment and communication structures: activities and facilities will be inevitable. However, care Cell phone coverage in vicinity of camps. Code of use must be taken to ensure that the zone still retains a level Location in Park for cell phones and radios required to retain relative of ecological integrity consistent with a protected area. level of solitude. In Tsitsikamma NP, Quiet zones were designated to allow visitors access on foot to Aesthetics and recreational environment: Although the hiking trails around the major access nodes of Nature’s Valley and Storms River. Access and roads: Motorized self drive sedan car high visitor numbers, activities and facilities will impact Sensitive estuary areas such as the Salt River were included in this zone to preclude access (traditional game viewing) on designated routes on the wild appearance and reduction of the wilderness

infrastructure development. The Groot River estuary was zoned Quiet to limit which are preferably gravel roads. Roads are secondary characteristics of the area (solitude, remoteness, wild- ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN access to non-motorized vessels only. As far as possible, the sensitive sections of gravel tourist roads or minor game viewing roads. ness etc) is inevitable, these should be managed and the park which were not included into the Primitive zone were zoned Quiet to pro- limited to ensure that the area generally still provides a tect them from infrastructure development and excessive tourist impacts. Location in Park relatively natural outdoor experience.

Low Intensity Leisure Zone: Low intensity leisure areas are not widely designated Facilities within Tsitsikamma National park, as most of the park is Type and size: High density camps providing tourist Characteristics either controlled access (i.e. Primitive) or accessed by accommodation with modern amenities. Restaurants, ARK • P non-motorized means only (Remote and Quiet zones). shops, education centres, botanical gardens. Day visitor The underlying characteristic of this zone is motorized self-drive access with basic The only areas that are Low Intensity Leisure are the sites are provide outside of main camps. Day visitor sites self-catering facilities. The numbers of visitors are higher than in the Remote and existing old pass down the Storms River Gorge, which is or picnic sites may provide catered facilities and kiosks. Primitive zones. These camps are without modern facilities such as shops and used for limited vehicular access adventure activity In some parks it may be necessary to provide high den- restaurants. Relatively comfortable facilities are positioned in the landscape areas, and the “Big Tree” boardwalk area which allows sity recreational sites with a wide range of intensive retaining the inherent natural and visual quality which enhances the visitor experi- high numbers of visitors easy access to forested areas. activities (edutainment centres) close to the periphery of ence of a more natural and self providing experience. Access roads are low key, the park. Picnic sites, view sites, information centres,

preferably gravel roads and/or tracks to provide a more wild experience. Facilities High Intensity Leisure Zone ablution facilities, parking areas, education centres etc. TIONAL P along roads are limited to basic self-catering picnic sites with toilet facilities. In Staff villages and administrative centres restricted to some parks, large busses and open safari vehicles are not permitted. Characteristics core staff. Non essential staff housing, administration and industrial activities should be positioned outside of, Visitor activities and experience: The main characteristic is that of a high density tourist or peripheral to, the park. Activities: Self drive motorized game viewing, picnicking, walking, cycling, game development node with modern amenities such as viewing, rock climbing, hiking, adventure activities. restaurants and shops. This is the zone where more con- Sophistication of facilities: Moderate to high density centrated human activities are allowed. As impacts and facilities. Self catering and catered. These camps have Interaction with other users: Moderate to high particularly cumulative impacts are higher, such facilities modern facilities such as shops and restaurants. should be placed on the periphery of the park. Staff not Objectives of the zone (Limits of acceptable change): directly associated with tourism facilities should be Audible equipment and communication structures: Cell Biophysical environment: Deviation from a natural/pristine state should be mini- accommodated outside of the park if possible. All phone coverage in vicinity of camps. Code of use for cell mized and limited to restricted impact footprints as far as possible. However, it is industrial type facilities such as laundries, abattoirs, phones and radios required to retain relative level of accepted that some damage to the biophysical environment associated with maintenance depots and workshops should ideally be solitude. tourist activities and facilities will be inevitable. located outside of the park within suitably zoned adjoining urban or rural areas. Accessible by motorized trans- Access and roads: The zone is highly motorized includ- TSITSIKAMMMA NA Aesthetics and recreational environment: Although activities and facilities will port (Car/bus) on high volume transport routes. More ing busses and delivery vehicles on designated routes impact on the wild appearance and reduction of the wilderness characteristics of concentrated activities occur than in than Low Intensity which are often tarred. Care must be taken to distinguish the area (solitude, remoteness, wildness etc) is inevitable, these should be man- leisure. between roads that serve as high access delivery routes

7475 4. THE PARK INTERFACE ZONE Catchment Protection: These are areas important for maintaining key hydrolog- The Park Interface Zones shows the areas within which ical processes (surface and groundwater) within the park. landuse changes could affect a national Park. The zones, in combination with guidelines, will serve as a basis for Development guidelines: a.) identifying the focus areas in which park management Within these areas inappropriate development such as and scientists should respond to EIA’s, b.) helping to dam construction, loss of riparian vegetation and exces- identify the sort of impacts that would be important at a sive aquifer exploitation should be opposed. In addition, particular site, and most importantly c.) serving as the the control of alien vegetation, the control of soil ero- basis for integrating long term protection of a national sion, and appropriate land care (e.g. appropriate stock- park into the spatial development plans of municipalities ing rates) should be promoted. (SDF/IDP) and other local authorities. In terms of EIA response, the zones serve largely to raise red-flags and Viewshed protection: do not remove the need for carefully considering the These are areas where developments could impact on exact impact of a proposed development. In particular, the aesthetic quality of a visitors experience in a park. to camps, link roads between camps, and game viewing roads to minimize conflict they do not address activities with broad regional aes- This zone is particularly concerned with visual impacts between users. thetic or biodiversity impacts. (both day and night), but could also include sound pollution. Location in Park: Tsitsikamma National Park has three Park Interface Zone In Tsitsikamma NP, High Intensity Leisure areas designated around the Storms River categories (Map 6). The first two are mutually exclusive, Development guidelines: and Nature’s Valley Camps (including the staff and administrative areas), the main but the final visual/aesthetic category can overlay the Within these areas any development proposals should access routes to these camps, and to accommodate major public access roads others. be carefully screened to ensure that they do not impact through the Nature’s Valley section of the park. Priority Natural Areas: excessively on the aesthetics of the park. The areas iden-

This zone aims to ensure the long term persistence of tified are only broadly indicative of sensitive areas, as at ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Overview of the Special Management Overlays of Tsitsikamma National Park: biodiversity, within and around the park, by identifying a fine scale many areas within this zone would be per- the key areas on which the long term survival of the park fectly suited for development. In addition, major proj- Special management overlays which designate specific areas of the park that depends. This includes areas important to both biodiver- ects with large scale regional impacts may have to be require special management interventions were identified. These areas are shown sity pattern (especially reasonably intact high priority considered even if they are outside the Viewshed in Map 4. natural habitats) and processes (ecological linkages, Protection Zone. catchments, intact hydrological systems, etc.). This does Two overlay types were designated: not imply any loss of existing rights (e.g. current agricul- 5. CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS ARK • P Special Conservation Areas – Forest Special Protection: Particular areas of speci- tural activities or legal extractive biodiversity use such as fied forest types were designated for special protection in order to reduce the risk fishing), but rather aims to ensure the parks survival in a The zoning for Tsitsikamma National Park needs to be of habitat loss and mitigate any ongoing environmental impacts. living landscape. seen in the context of it being integrated in the short term into the Garden Route National Park. This rapidly Special Conservation Areas – Catchments: The Palmiet River catchment in the Priority natural areas include areas identified for future changing context will potentially require re-assessment Soetkraal section was designated for special protection to strictly control any park expansion as well as reasonably natural areas of of the current park zoning. The current park use zonation development, tourism activity or management activity which may impact on the high biodiversity value which are critical for the long- is based on the same biodiversity and landscape analy-

river (including its catchment and especially the riparian zone) and its biota. term persistence of biodiversity within the park. These ses undertaken for a Conservation Development TIONAL P include adjacent natural areas (especially high priority Framework (CDF); however certain elements underlying In addition to the above Special Management Overlays, two marine zones were habitats) which function as an ecologically integrated the CDF such as a tourism market analysis are not fully designated: unit with the park, as well as areas critical for maintain- incorporated into the park use zonation. A full CDF will ing ecological links and connectivity with the broader be developed for Garden Route National Marine Restricted: The marine areas of the park except the Groot River estuary, landscape. the marine areas west of Nature’s Valley and Nature’s Valley beach were classified 6. REFERENCES: as Restricted Marine Protected Areas in accordance with the appropriate legisla- Development guidelines: tion (Marine Living Resources Act). Effectively this declares the areas a “no-take” Inappropriate developments and negative land use Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 2003. zone for any marine living resources. changes (such as additional ploughing of natural veld, National Environmental Management: Protected Areas development beyond existing transformation footprints, Act (Act 57 of 2003). Department of Environmental Marine Controlled: The remaining marine areas of the park were identified as urban expansion, intensification of landuse through golf Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. Marine Controlled areas. These are currently managed Marine Controlled areas estates etc) should be opposed within this area. under the PAA legislation, but it is proposed that these areas will also be officially Developments with site specific impacts (e.g. a lodge on SANParks. September 2005. Sensitivity-Value analysis declared Controlled Marine Protected Area within the Marine Living Resources a game farm) should be favourably viewed if they con- Manual. Unpublished. SANParks , Pretoria. Act. Specified and strictly controlled use of marine living resources is allowed in tribute to ensuring conservation friendly land use within TSITSIKAMMMA NA this zone. a broader area. Guidelines applicable for the Catchment SANParks. November 2005. CDF Planning Manual. Protection Section would also apply to these areas. Unpublished. SANParks , Pretoria.

7677 APPENDIX 2

Map 1 – Regional Map ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

7879

Map 2 – Physical features of the park ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

8081

Map 3 – Land tenure and park expansion ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

8283 Map 4 – Zoning map ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

8485 Map 5 – Zoning with sensitivity value ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

8687

Map 6 – Buffer Areas or interface zones ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

8889

Map 7 – Infrastructure and development ARK MANAGEMENT PLAN ARK • P TIONAL P TSITSIKAMMMA NA

9091 TSITSIKAMMA NATIONAL PARK P O STORMS RIVER 6308

Tel: (042) 281 1607 Fax: (042) 281 1843