BIBLIOGRAPHY The Backdrop of Race in Tulsa: The Massacre and Beyond Source list curated by Dr. Alicia Odewale, Assistant Professor, University of Tulsa The following list of sources is not meant to be an exhaustive list of all published source material on the but a short list of non-fiction and mostly peer reviewed manuscripts, which include books, unpublished dissertations, and journal articles that pertain to the topic. As a collective these texts offer a background history of the Tulsa Race Massacre and the larger story of the Greenwood District from an anthropological perspective. However, they also offer commentary on both past and present day race relations in Tulsa and the larger state of Oklahoma from statehood in 1907 to now. This resource serves as a collection of existing scholarship to help students, researchers, activists, and educators gain a better understanding of why the city of Tulsa continues to be divided along racial lines in terms of physical space, socio-political boundaries, economic prosperity, and lingering historical trauma. With the upcoming centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre on May 31, 2021, and recent events that have caused social tensions in the city and around the world to flare – such as the countless murders of unarmed Black men and women at the hands of police officers – including the murder of Terence Crutcher by a police officer in Tulsa, it’s important to take a step back and try to understand the root of racism and racial violence that has plagued this city for over 100 years. How did this city differ from the All-Black Towns that emerged on the frontier landscape in what was Indian Territory? Was Greenwood really a mecca of Black wealth and was it completely destroyed by the Massacre? Is there a connection between past and present day incidents of racial violence in Tulsa? What did it mean to be Black in Oklahoma after Emancipation and what does it mean now? Can archaeology be used as a tool to recover lost stories, reclaim land, take back the narrative, or actually change a racist social climate? These topics and more can be explored in greater detail using this resource as a guide. This list also intentionally features the work of local Tulsa authors and scholarship from diverse sources, including the voices of Black men and women, wherever possible. The sources are grouped into seven sections:

Table of Contents 1) The Rise of Greenwood ...... 4 2) The Tulsa Race Massacre ...... 6 3) Formation of Race in Indian Territory ...... 10 4) Archaeology, History and Mapping of Racial Terror in the US after Emancipation ...... 10 5) Creation of All Black Towns and Black Institutions in Oklahoma ...... 14 6) The Aftermath of Racial Violence in Tulsa and Beyond: Connecting the Past and Present...... 18 7) Moving Forward: Community Centered, Anti-Racist and Black Feminist Archaeology ...... 21

Special thank you to everyone who contributed to the creation of this bibliography by either adding sources, offering advice, providing updates, catching errors, listening or creating space and support during an otherwise turbulent time to be a Black female academic. Thank you Jodi Barnes, Karla Slocum, Kristen Oertel, Monica Muñoz Martinez, Hannibal Johnson, Parker VanValkenburgh… This expansive bibliography was compiled from several different resource lists available through The University of Tulsa McFarlin Library Special Collections Department, The Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission, The Tulsa City- County Library African American Resource Center, The John Hope Franklin Center for Reconciliation, and the Tulsa Historical Society. However, the current list has been expanded to include scholarship produced by archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, sociologists, and African Diaspora scholars. Outside of this bibliography there are a number of institutions who have created their own resource guides/bibliographies to chronicle this history and many of their listed readings are available online. The following websites include not only books and periodicals but photos, documents, maps, videos, recorded testimony, and other archival material. There are also a number of researchers and institutions who have built interactive maps and databases that have and continue to track instances of racial terror in the . These maps provide a new level of visualization of the impact and spread of racial violence in this country. With this added visualization, users can more clearly connect past and present day race relations in communities that have historically suffered from instances of racial terror but can also more clearly see a larger picture of systemic racism that has plagued America since its founding.

Online Resource Guides:

The University of Tulsa McFarlin Library Special Collections- https://utulsa.libguides.com/c.php?g=963153

1921-2021 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission- https://www.tulsa2021.org/resources

Tulsa City County Library African American Resource Center - https://www.tulsalibrary.org/research/african- american-resource-center/1921-tulsa-race-massacre

John Hope Franklin Center for Reconciliation - https://www.jhfcenter.org/curriculum

Tulsa Historical Society - https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-massacre-kiosk/

Digital Maps and Databases:

Equal Justice Initiative Map of Racial Terror - https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/explore

Mapping Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas 1900-1930 - https://mappingviolence.com/ The Racial Violence Archive- https://www.racialviolencearchive.com/

Silenced Histories: The Archive of the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project, 1930-1955- https://www.stevengbraun.com/temp/nulawlab-crrj/index.html

Rosewood Heritage and VR Project - https://www.virtualrosewood.com/

The Texas Freedom Colonies Project - http://www.thetexasfreedomcoloniesproject.com/

Mapping Police Violence - https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/

Monroe Work Today - https://plaintalkhistory.com/monroeandflorencework/explore/

Oklahoma Historical Society 2D Map – All-Black Towns of Oklahoma https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/viewer?entry=AL009&id=26000#page/0/mode/1up

2020 Virtual All-Black Town Tour - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKZoCIqR6D8&feature=youtu.be

Black Placemaking in Texas Digital History - https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v02-06-black-placemaking-in-texas/

A Red Record Sites in North Carolina - http://lynching.web.unc.edu

Mapping Historical Trauma in Tulsa 1921-2021 – (website coming soon)

Mapping All-Black Towns – (website coming soon)

Films and Media:

PBS - https://www.pbs.org/wnet/boss/video/greenwood-and-tulsa-race-riots-tbkhcr/

Oklahoma Historical Society Black History 1974 - Through the Looking Glass Darkly, part I

Oklahoma Historical Society Black History 1974 - Through the Looking Glass Darkly, part II

Oklahoma Historical Society Black History 1974 - Through the Looking Glass Darkly, part III

Documentary of Tulsa Race Massacre Survivors - http://beforetheydie.org

Emory University Interview - The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921

Film Series by Rev. S.S. Jones - “Oklahoma Bound: The Films of Reverend S.S. Jones”

Victor Luckerson’s newsletter on Black Tulsa - Run it Back.

1) The Rise of Greenwood

Baker, T. Lindsay and Julie P. Baker (editors) 1996. The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Douglas, Clarence B. 1921. The History of Tulsa, Oklahoma: a City with a Personality Together with a Glimpse Down the Corridors of the Past into Old Indian Territory, the Five Civilized Tribes, the Creek Nation, Tulsa Recording District and Tulsa County. , IL: Clarke.

Franklin, John Hope and John Whittington Franklin (editors) 1997. My Life and an Era: The Autobiography of Buck Colbert Franklin. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Gates, Eddie Faye 1997. They Came Searching: How Blacks Sought the Promised Land in Tulsa. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.

Johnson, Hannibal 2014. Tulsa’s Historic Greenwood District. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. 1998. Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.

Little, Mabel B., Nathan Hare, and Julia Hare 1990. Fire on Mount Zion, My Life and History as a Black Woman in America. Langston, OK: Melvin B. Tolson Black Heritage Center, Langston University.

Magliulo, Myrna Colette 2006. Andrew J. Smitherman: A Pioneer of the African American Press 1909-1961. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Buffalo, New York, State University of New York at Buffalo.

Smith, Greta K. 2018. "The Battling Ground": Memory, Violence, and Resistance in Greenwood, North Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1907-1980. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Portland, Oregon, Portland State University.

Thompson, Don 2008. Hush, Somebody's Callin' My Name: A Photographic Essay Of Survival, Resilience And Perseverance. Tulsa, OK: Holbrook Printing.

Vernon AME Church 1957. Golden Jubilee, 1905-1957 : Vernon African Methodist Episcopal Church. Tulsa, OK: Oklahoma Eagle Publishing.

2) The Tulsa Race Massacre

American Red Cross. Tulsa Area Chapter 1994. Tulsa Race Riot Disaster Relief Report. American Red Cross.

Brophy, Alfred L. 2002. Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Ellis, Kimberly C. 2002. We Look Like Men of War: Africana Male Narratives and the Tulsa Race Riot, War and Massacre of 1921. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Lafayette, Indiana, Purdue University.

Ellsworth, Scott 1982. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.

Forrester-Sellers, Julia 2000. The 1921 Tulsa Race Riot and the Politics of Memory. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Tulsa, Oklahoma University of Tulsa.

Franklin, John Hope and Scott Ellsworth (editors) 2000. The Tulsa Race Riot: A Scientific, Historical and Legal Analysis. Oklahoma City, OK: Tulsa Race Riot Commission.

Gates, Eddie Faye 2006. Riot on Greenwood: The Total Destruction of Black Wall Street, 1921. Tulsa, OK: Out on a Limb Publishing.

Gill, Loren L. 1946. The Tulsa Race Riot. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa.

Halliburton, R. Jr. 1975. The Tulsa Race War of 1921. San Francisco, CA: R and E Research Associates.

1972. The Tulsa Race War of 1921. Journal of Black Studies, 2 (3): 333-357.

Hirsch, James S. 2002. Riot and Remembrance: America's Worst Race Riot and Its Legacy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Hower, Robert N. 1993. 1921 Race Riot and the American Red Cross: Angels of Mercy. Tulsa, OK: Homestead Press.

Johnson, Hannibal 1998. Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.

Jones Parrish, Mary E. 1998 [1923]. Events of the Tulsa Disaster: An Eyewitness Account of the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot. Tulsa, OK: Out on a Limb Publishing. [originally published in 1923]

Krehbiel, Randy 2019. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Madigan, Tim 2001. The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press.

Messer, Christopher M. 2008. The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: Determining its Causes and Framing. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University.

National Park Service 2005. 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey. National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.

Norris, Robert D. 2003. The Oklahoma National Guard and The Tulsa Race Riot Of 1921: A Historical, Tactical And Legal Analysis. Unpublished manuscript.

O’Brien, William M. 2002. Who Speaks for Us?: The Responsible Citizens of Tulsa in 1921. Jenks, OK: William O’Brien.

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Race Riot of 1921 2001. Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Race Riot of 1921. Oklahoma City, OK: The Commission.

Streissguth, Thomas (editor) 2018. Reporting: The Tulsa Riot: 1921. St. Paul, MN: The Archive of American Journalism.

Tracy, Marjorie A. 1996. The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: The politics of lawlessness. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Tulsa, Oklahoma, University of Tulsa.

Tulsa Chamber of Commerce 1921. The Riot -- Cause And Effect in Tulsa, OK. The Tulsa Spirit: 6 (11). Pasted in the Samuel Grant Kennedy Scrapbook

Wheeler, Ed

1971. Profile of a Race Riot. Oklahoma Impact Magazine, (4): 14-26.

Williams I, Lee E. and Lee E. Williams II 1972. Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919-1921. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.

3) Formation of Race in Indian Territory

Chang, David A. Y. O. 2010. The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Grinde, Donald A. Jr and Quintard Taylor 1984. Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post-Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907. American Indian Quarterly 8 (3): 211-229.

Feldhousen-Giles, Kristy 2008. To Prove Who You Are: Freedmen Identities in Oklahoma. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma.

Weik, Terrance (editor) 2019. The Archaeology of Removal in North America. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

4) Archaeology, History and Mapping of Racial Terror in the US after Emancipation

Babiarz, Jennifer 2011. White Privilege and Silencing within the Heritage Landscape: Race and the Practice of Cultural Resources Management. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Post-Emancipation Life, edited by Jodi Barnes, pp. 47–58. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Bachelier, Samanthé 2017. Hidden History: The Whitewashing of the 1917 East St. Louis Race Riot in the Collective Consciousness of the Greater St. Louis Metro Region. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Edwardsville, Illinois, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.

Bridges, Sara T., and Bert Salwen 1980. Weeksville: The Archaeology of a Black Urban Community. In Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America: Afro-American and Asian American Culture History, edited by R. L. Schuyler, pp. 38–47. Farmingdale, NY: Baywood Publishing.

Brundage, W. Fitzhugh 1997. Under Sentence of Death. Lynching in the South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Campney, Brent 2015. This is Not Dixie: Racist Violence in Kansas, 1861-1927. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Carrigan, William D. 2004. The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836-1916. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Catte, Elizabeth R. 2016. “No Deed but Memory”: The Public History of American Race Riots. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Middle Tennessee State University.

Collins, Ann V. 2007. “All Hell Broke Loose”: A Comparative Analysis of American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. St. Louis, Missouri, Washington University.

Cunningham, David 2014. Klansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Field, Kendra T. 2018. Growing Up with the Country: Family, Race, and Nation after the Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

González-Tennant, Edward 2018. The : An Archaeology and History of Intersectional Violence. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Hartman, Saidiya V. 1997. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, Walter 2020. The Broken Heart of America: St. Louis and the Violent History of the United States. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Krugler, David 2015. 1919, The Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Lancaster, Guy 2013. Nightriding and Racial Cleansing in the Arkansas River Valley. Arkansas Historical Quarterly 72 (3): 242–264. 2010. “Leave town and never return”: Case studies of racial cleansing in Arkansas, 1887--1937. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Jonesboro, Arkansas, Arkansas State University.

LaRoche, Cheryl 2013. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

McWhirter, Cameron 2011. : The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Muñoz Martinez, Monica 2018. The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Pfeifer, Michael J. 2006. Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society 1874-1947. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Ralph, Sarah (editor) 2013. The Archaeology of Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches. New York, NY: The State University of New York Press.

Wood, Amy L. 2009. Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Woodson, Evan 2015. on the Southern Plains: Racial Violence, Lynching, and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1830-1930. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University.

5) Creation of All Black Towns and Black Institutions in Oklahoma

Adams, Catherine L. 2010. Africanizing the Territory: The History, Memory, and Contemporary Imagination of Black Frontier Settlements in the Oklahoma Territory. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Amherst, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Baker, T. Lindsay and Julie P. Baker (editors) 1996. The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Barnes, Jodi A. and Joy W. Barnes (editors) 2011. The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Barrett, Charles F. 1941. Oklahoma after Fifty Years: A History of the Sooner State and its People, 1889-1939. Oklahoma City, OK: The Historical Record Association.

Bittle, William E. and Gilbert L. Geis 1957. Racial Self-Fulfillment and the Rise of an All-Negro Community in Oklahoma. The Phylon Quarterly, 18 (3): 247-260.

Carney, George 1991. Historic Resources of Oklahoma’s All-Black Towns. Chronicles of Oklahoma 62 (2): 116-33.

Cornwall, Willard J. 2013. Playing Between the Lines: An Examination of Negro League Baseball in Oklahoma, 1892 to 1965. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University at Tulsa.

Crockett, Norman L. 1979. The Black Towns. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Gray, Linda 1988. Taft: Town on the Black Frontier. Chronicles of Oklahoma 66 (4): 430-447.

Hamilton, Kenneth 1991. Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans-Appalachian West, 1877-1915. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Hill, Mozell C. 1946a. The All-Negro Communities of Oklahoma: The Natural History of a Social Movement. Journal of Negro History 31 (3): 254-268. 1946b. A Comparative Analysis of the Social Organization of the All-Negro Society in Oklahoma. Social Forces 25 (1): 70-77.

Hill, Mozell C. and Thelma D. Ackiss 1943. Culture of a Contemporary All-Negro Community. Langston, OK: Langston University.

Humphrey, Charles A. and Donald E. Allen 1978. Educational and Social Needs in Small All-Black Towns. The Journal of Negro Education, 47(3): 244-255.

Jessee, Sharon 2006. The Contrapuntal Historiography of Toni Morrison's Paradise: Unpacking the Legacies of the Kansas and Oklahoma All-Black Towns. American Studies, 47(1): 81-112.

Johnson, Hannibal 2002. Acres of Aspiration: the All-Black Towns in Oklahoma. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.

Knight, Thomas 1975. Black Towns in Oklahoma: Their Development and Survival. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University.

McAuley, William J. 1998. History, Race, and Attachment to Place among Elders in the Rural All-Black Towns of Oklahoma. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53 (1): 35- 45.

Myers, Leroy Jr. 2016. Land of the Fair God: The Development of Black Towns in Oklahoma, 1870-1910. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma.

Ragsdale, Rhonda M. 2005. A Place to Call Home: A Study of the Self-Segregated Community of Tatums, Oklahoma, 1894- 1970. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Denton, Texas, University of North Texas.

Roberts, Myrna R. 2019. African American Cultural Identity Salience through the Communication Practices of Members of All-Black Towns in Oklahoma. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Virginia Beach, VA. Regent University.

Slocum, Karla 2019. Black Towns, Black Futures: The Enduring Allure of a Black Place in the American West. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 2017. Black Towns and the Civil War: Touring Battles of Race, Nation, and Place. Souls, 19(1): 59-74.

Stuckey, Melissa 2017. Boley, Indian Territory: Exercising Freedom in the All-Black Town. The Journal of African American History. 102 (4): 492-516. 2009. “All Men Up”: Race, Rights, and Power in the All-Black Town of Boley, Oklahoma, 1903-1939. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University.

Tolson, Arthur L. 1970. Black towns of Oklahoma. The Black Scholar, 1(6): 18-22.

Wiese, Andrew 1993. Places of Our Own: Suburban Black Towns Before 1960. Journal of Urban History, 19(3): 30-54.

6) The Aftermath of Racial Violence in Tulsa and Beyond: Connecting the Past and Present

Baehler, Joel Edward 2012. Organizing the ‘Living Dead’: Civil Rights in Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1954–1964. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University.

Bowens, DeAunderia N. 2011. Unsettled Accounts: Political Responses to Past Racial Violence in 20th Century America. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan.

Cremin, Pat

1971. Greenwood is Fading. Oklahoma Impact Magazine, (4): 3-5.

Evans, Camille 2014. Interpreting the Unimaginable: Memorialization in the Sooner State. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Stillwater, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University.

Farmer, Paul

2004 An Anthropology of Structural Violence. Current Anthropology 45 (3): 305–325.

Franklin, John Hope and Scott Ellsworth (editors) 2000. The Tulsa Race Riot: A Scientific, Historical and Legal Analysis. Oklahoma City, OK: Tulsa Race Riot Commission.

Johnson, Hannibal (NCCJ Racial Reconciliation Project Consultant) 2003. Racial Reconciliation Project: Final Report. Tulsa, OK: National Conference for Community and Justice, Tulsa Region.

Nobles, Melissa 2008. The Politics of Official Apologies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Rothstein, Richard 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How our Government Segregated America. New York, NY: Liveright Publishing.

Shackel, Paul 2003. Memory in Black and White: Commemoration and the Post-Bellum Landscape. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.

Skipper, Jodi 2015 Saving St. Paul: Race, Development, and Heritage Politics in Dallas, Texas. The Black Scholar: Journal of Black Studies and Research 45 (3): 24–38.

Starzmann, Maria T. and John R. Roby 2016. Excavating Memory: Sites of Remembering and Forgetting. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Trekell, Ronald L. 1989. History of the Tulsa Police Department, 1882- 1990. Tulsa, OK: The Department.

Ward, Geoff 2012. The Black Child-Savers: Racial Democracy and Juvenile Justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Warner, Ross 1968. Oklahoma Boy: An Autobiography. Tulsa, OK: Independently Published.

7) Moving Forward: Community Centered, Anti-Racist and Black Feminist Archaeology

Barile, Kerri S. 2004. Race, The National Register, and Cultural Resource Management: Creating an Historic Context for Postbellum Sites. Historical Archaeology 38(1): 90–100.

Battle-Baptiste, Whitney 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology. New York, NY: Routledge.

Blakey, Michael L 1996 Race, Nationalism, and the Afrocentric Past. In Making Alternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in Non-Western Countries, edited by P Schmidt and T Patterson, pp. 213–228. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.

Carey, Mia H. 2019. Toward an Antiracist Archeology. The Activist History Review, Sept 19. https://activisthistory.com/2019/09/27/toward-an-antiracist-archeology/

Deetz, Kelley F., Ellen Chapman, Ana Edwards, and Phil Wilayto 2015. Historic Black Lives Matter: Archaeology as Activism in the 21st Century. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 15(1): 1–33.

Epperson, Terrence W 2004. Critical Race Theory and the Archaeology of the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology 38 (1): 101–108.

Franklin, Maria 1997. Power to the People: Sociopolitics and the Archaeology of Black Americans. Historical Archaeology 31(3): 36–50.

Franklin, Maria and Larry McKee (editors) 2004. Transcending Boundaries, Transforming the Discipline: African Diaspora Archaeologies in the New Millennium. Thematic issue. Historical Archaeology 38 (1).

LaRoche, Cheryl, and Michael Blakey 1997. Seizing Intellectual Power: The Dialogue at the New York African Burial Ground. Historical Archaeology 31(3): 84–106.

McDavid, Carol 2007. Beyond Strategy and Good Intentions: Archaeology, Race, and White Privilege. In Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement, edited by Barbara Little and Paul Shackel, pp. 67–88. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Shackel, Paul 2011. New Philadelphia: An Archaeology of Race in the Heartland. University of Press, Berkeley.

Streich, Gregory W. 2002. Is There a Right to Forget? Historical Injustices, Race, Memory and Identity. New Political Science 24 (4): 525–542.

Weheliye, Alexander G. 2014. Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.