292 ANDREA KA£U¯A-HA£ADYN, EL¯BIETA JAMROZ, JAKUB BEKIERSOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL Vol. 70 No. 4/2019: 292–297 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0026

ANDREA KA£U¯A-HA£ADYN*, EL¯BIETA JAMROZ, JAKUB BEKIER

Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institutes of Science and Environmental Protection ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357 Wroc³aw, Poland

Humic substances of differently matured produced from municipal solid wastes and biomass of energetic plants

Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the transformation of humic substances during composting of biomass of energetic plants and municipal solid waste. The type of the organic material to be composted and the type of technology used affect the course of the humic substances transformation and formation of maturity parameters. Compost produced from the mixture of energetic willow and hay biomass contained humic substances with higher share of low-molecular fractions and lower share of humic in than those produced from municipal solid wastes. Obtained results also showed that insoluble alkali fraction plays an important role in humification process by its convertion to a new humic substances. Share of humic and fulvic fractions in relation to the total organic carbon appears to be reliable indicator of composting as a process of enhancing humification. Keywords: compost, humic substances, maturity indexes

INTRODUCTION its fertility may be influenced by the addition to soil in the form of , , sewage sludge or compost In recent decades, a significant decrease in (Baran et al. 1996). Styszko et al. (2017) showed that resources in agricultural has been observed, as a light soil fertilization with compost from municipal result of increased mineralization processes of orga- sediments increases the content of humus and organic nic matter, which are not balanced by appropriate carbon in soil, and also raises the soil pH. organic fertilization (Zaujec 2007; Krasowicz et al. Poland, after entering the European Union, incre- 2011; Weber et al. 2014; Gonet 2015). Its presence is ased its share of heat and electricity using renewable a key element that plays an important role in the energy sources, including energy willow due to the circulation of nutrients, which transforms into proper large amount of biomass. When the subsidy from EU plant production and an appropriate quality of the envi- funds for energy willow cultivation was limited and ronment. In 2001, the European Commission in the its cultivation from the producer's point of view Sixth Community Environment Action Program became unprofitable, as, in addition, among Polish adopted a thematic strategy in the field of soil protec- power companies there was increased interest in tion, aimed at halting and reversing the processes of imported energy, which proved to be a cheaper alter- humus degradation, which may occur faster than the native to willow produced by native producers. The soil-forming and repair processes. In the communication collapse in demand for willow crops forced many "Towards a Thematic Strategy of Soil Protection" from farmers to liquidate the plantations, which in turn 2002 (COM (2002) 179), among the eight main resulted in the problem of disposal of the produced threats to soils in the EU, particular attention is paid material. On the other hand, in Europe there is a to the decline in the content of . growing interest in using materials other than peat for According to Gonet (2007), on the basis of the horticultural substrates (Lazcano et al. 2009), as the criteria in force in the international convention consequence of exploiting peat deposits is a signifi- prepared in 2001 by the European Soil Bureau (ESB), cant reduction in peatland areas in these countries, in Poland 89% of agricultural land is characterized e.g. in Germany. In the Great Britain there is also a by low or very low content of organic carbon, which reduction in the proportion of peat in the substrate oscillates around 0÷2%. The low fertility status of soils and its substitution with materials of other origin. can be effectively modified by the use of organic This arouses increasing interest in finding new solu- fertilization (Baran et al. 1996; Jamroz and Drozd tions in the field of horticultural substrates. One 1999; Leszczyñska and Kwiatkowska-Malina 2013). proposal may be the production of compost based on The increase in and the improvement of readily available plant materials, physicochemically

* Mgr in¿. A. Ka³u¿a-Ha³adyn, [email protected] http://ssa.ptg.sggw.pl/issues/2019/704 Humic substances of differently matured composts 293 appropriate, pathogen-free and environmentally TABLE 1. Basic properties of matured composts obtained in the friendly. Many studies confirm the possibility of using experiment compost as substrates for vegetable crops without retemaraP CBW CWSM 2CWSM causing a negative impact on them or the environment gk·gCOT 1– ].m.d[ 0.153 4.371 8.78 (Waldron and Nichols 2009). Additionally, based gk·gtN 1– ].m.d[ 1.51 7.41 4.31 on research, properly composted organic wastes gk·gtN:COT 1– ].m.d[ 42.32 97.11 55.6 are compatible with the requirements of peat sub- stratum in potted plants (Morales-Corts et al. 2014). )lCK(Hp 7.5 1.6 2.6 Due to the need to find new materials as horticultural substrates simultaneously with the large amounts of willow and hay biomass (WBC) – composting plant material remaining as a result of energy willow process was leading on a pile and compost made from cultivation, the concept of the production of composts unsorted municipal waste in the Katowice agglo- based on available biomass appeared. meration (MSWC), which production is based on the The main goal of the composting process is to DANO technology (Dziejowski and Kazanowska obtain a product that is fully mature, physically and 2002). Detailed description can be found in the paper chemically stabilized. Humic substances present in the by Ka³u¿a-Ha³adyn et al. (2018). The third analysed mature compost are characterized by a high degree of compost was produced from municipal waste origina- stability, so that after being introduced into the soil ting from Zielona Góra (MSWC2). The production they can effectively act as an additive improving its method was based on the use of the KKO-100 system fertility and increasing the resources of organic (separation at source and on a manual sorting line, carbon (Senesi and Brunetti 1996; Dziamski et al. aerobic stabilisation in open chambers, and forced 2005; Mielnik 2009; Zukowska et al. 2012; Dêbska aeration of solid waste), whose main purpose is to et al. 2016; Weber et al. 2018). They consist mainly stabilize waste through oxygen processes, which of humic and fulvic acids and humins. In the compo- allows their safe storage and use in accordance with sting process, i.e. transformations of organic matter, applicable regulations (Suchowska-Kisielewicz et al. changes in the share of particular groups of organic 2017). carbon compounds are observed. In fully mature Samples taken from the piles in different phases of composts, the humification index based on the ratio of compost maturity were used for the study. Compost humic to fulvic acids (C / C ) usually assumes HA FA samples were collected as a collective sample taken higher values as compared to immature composts from 5–6 places from each pile. WBC material was (Chen et al. 1996, Tuomela et al. 2000). The direction collected at 1, 37, 54, 71, 130, 167 days of compo- of transformation of organic matter depends on the sting (6 samples), compost from Katowice in 1, 7, 14, type of material undergoing the decomposition 30, 90 and 180 days (6 samples), in turn material process. representative for Zielona Góra was taken at 1, 14, The aim of the study was to assess the changes of 28, 45, 56, 70, 90, 107, 127 and 149 days (10 humic substances during composting of biomass of samples). After drying and grinding the collected energetic plants (WBC) and municipal solid waste from material, a detailed analysis in the samples of com- two different composting plants (MSWC and post in different maturity phases were made: total MSWC2) representing different composition and com- organic carbon (TOC) was analysed by the CS-mat posting technology. The quality of composts was also 5500 analyzer (Strohlein GmbH & Co., Kaarst, evaluated using the maturity indexes calculated on the Germany, currently Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, WI, basis of the quantitative and qualitative composition USA); humic substances were extracted according of humus compounds. The main hypothesis were: to the method recommended by the International – humic substances content is changing during com- Humic Substances Society (Stevenson 1994), separa- posting process in similar direction regardless of ting fractions: technology and type of organic material used, –C – fraction (containing mainly low molecular – transformation of humic substances during com- AC fulvic fraction) extracted by 0.05 M HCl posting process can be used as an index of compost –C – fraction extracted by 0.1 M NaOH; extrac- maturity. ALC tion was followed repeatedly as long as the solu- tion were in light color MATERIALS AND METHODS –CHA – carbon of humic acids –C – carbon of fulvic acids The object of the research were composts (Table FA –C – humins fraction, calculated according to the 1) produced from the mixture (1:1) of energetic h formula: Ch=TOC–(CAC+CALC). 294 ANDREA KA£U¯A-HA£ADYN, EL¯BIETA JAMROZ, JAKUB BEKIER

On the base of result obtained maturity degree of TABLE 2. Fractional composition of humic substances in the compost was determined. Maturity indexes were differently matured composts calculated based on the humic substances transforma- -opmoC COT C CA C CLA C AH C AF Ch gnits tions (Adani et al. 1997, Drozd et al. 2003): 1– syad gk·g ].m.d[ COTfo% – HR1=CHA/CFA – humification index presented direction of humification CBW 1 0.804 8.7 4.22 3.8 1.41 9.96 – HI=CAC/CALC – humification index presented share of low molecular fraction in relation to the alkali 73 0.304 7.8 4.32 5.8 9.41 9.76 fraction 45 0.193 1.7 2.42 4.8 9.51 6.86 17 0.573 7.51 6.42 3.4 3.02 7.95 – HR2=[(CAC+CALC)/TOC]·100 – humification index, presented share of humic and fulvic fractions in 031 0.163 9.41 0.82 2.5 9.22 1.75 relation to the total organic carbon 761 0.153 0.51 2.92 6.6 5.22 8.55

– HR3=CHA/(CFA + CAC) – humification index, CWSM presented share of humic acids in relation to the 1 8.242 7.71 9.73 0.41 9.32 4.44 fulvic fraction 7 1.532 3.21 8.04 3.51 5.52 8.64 –P =(C /C )·100 – percentage share of humic HA HA ALC 41 3.722 3.21 9.44 4.62 5.81 8.24 acids in relation to the alkali fraction 03 5.702 7.8 0.45 3.13 7.22 4.73 –PFA=(CFA/CALC)·100 – percentage share of fulvic acids in relation to the alkali fraction. 09 0.181 8.8 7.95 5.74 2.21 5.13 Results were statistically verified using Statistica 13. 081 4.371 7.8 4.95 1.13 3.82 0.23 2CWSM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 9.502 2.5 2.9 2.4 9.4 7.58 41 9.381 2.6 1.11 1.5 0.6 7.28 The research carried out indicates that during 82 5.551 8.8 8.31 6.5 1.8 5.77 the composting, quantitative and qualitative transfor- 54 8.531 3.11 2.02 3.9 9.01 6.86 mation of the organic matter occurred, as evidenced 65 1.621 1.31 2.22 5.01 7.11 6.46 by the decreasing with different intensity depending 07 4.611 7.01 0.32 6.01 4.21 4.66 on the composted material, the content of organic 09 8.601 4.9 5.32 3.21 1.11 2.76 carbon (TOC) (Table 2). The most intense changes 701 1.99 3.9 4.52 5.31 9.11 3.56 were observed at the time of the thermophilic phase, after which the mineralization processes were slowed 721 8.29 6.8 8.52 4.41 4.11 6.56 down and stabilization marked. Raw compost from 941 8.78 8.7 9.52 7.41 2.11 4.66 Zielona Góra contained the lowest value of 205.90 –1 g·kg of organic carbon (TOC), while the highest A slightly different course of the CHA and CFA 408 g·kg–1 TOC had compost from energetic plants. fractions can be noticed during composting of muni- Only in the compost from Zielona Góra there was over cipal waste. Despite the general upward trend in the 50% of the TOC loss in relation to the initial value, content of fulvic and humic acids, the dynamics of the which is the result of the technology used and the changes were different for individual composts. At the method of conducting the pile. time of composting the MSWC, after 7 days of

Along with the mineralization processes occurring composting, there was a significant increase in CHA during composting, simultaneous processes of humi- share from 15.31% of TOC to 26.40% of TOC. At the fication of organic matter occur. For WBC, a gradual same time there were fluctuations in CFA values, increase in CFA and CHA up to 54 days of composting which could have been caused by insufficient aeration to 8.41% of TOC can be observed. After this time of the prism, which in turn favored the course of there was a clear decrease of this fraction and another anaerobic processes that could significantly modify the small increase finally assuming the value of 6.61% of synthesis of humic compounds. In the case of Zielona

TOC. Similar results were obtained by Wójcik- Góra, the highest percentage of CHA and CFA share Wojtkowiak (1976), who found that the was found in the final composting process, i.e. after humification of plant material mainly leads to the 149 days. The CHA value increased from 4.22% TOC formation of fulvic acids. On the same day there was to 14.68% TOC, representing 56.75% CALC, and CFA a significant increase in CAC from 7.11% of TOC to from 4.95% TOC to 11.18% TOC, representing 15.68% TOC. The observed course of fractions 43.21% CALC. The course of the formation of formation is related to the type of waste subjected to fulvic and humic acids for the MSWC and MSWC2 composting processes and the thermophilic phase is in line with the conclusions of Singh and Amberger impact on a given type of waste. (1990), according to which in the initial phase of the Humic substances of differently matured composts 295 composting process fulvic acids predominate over the Table 3 presents the remaining humification inde- humic ones, after which time the proportions change xes, including HR1, whose successive increase cha- in favor of humic acids. racteristic of MSWC and MSWC2 with simultane- Humins fraction (Ch) contains organic substances ous increase in CHA content indicates an increase in that have not been dissolved in the solutions during polymerisation of humus compounds (Jiménez and the extraction with various reagents. It is widely Garcia 1992). During composting of the WBC, HR1 believed that it can be a potential source of energy and was decreasing although other parameters (HR2, Ch) carbon for microorganisms involved in composting. showed proper direction of organic matter transfor- In the composts analyzed over time, regardless of the mation, so in this case HR1 index does not reflect substrate subjected to composting, a systematic degree of maturity, as other authors believe (Chen decrease in the content of the Ch fraction was et al. 1996; Tuomela et al. 2000). observed, but the dynamics of these changes were different in the examined objects. The decreasing TABLE 3. Maturity indices of composted municipal solid tendency testifies to the occurrence of partially wastes and biomass of energetic plants undefined and non- humified organic residues and -opmoC IH RH 1 RH 2 RH 3 P AH P AF demonstrates the proper course of the composting gnits process. syad

The highest Ch share in the first days of compo- CBW sting were recorded for WBC (69.85% of TOC) and 1 53.0 85.0 2.03 83.0 9.63 1.36 for MSWC2 (85.67% of TOC), while for MSWC the 73 73.0 75.0 1.23 63.0 5.63 5.36 highest share of this fraction was achieved after 7 days 45 92.0 35.0 4.13 73.0 7.43 4.56 and amounted to 46.83% of TOC. The percentage of 17 46.0 12.0 3.04 21.0 5.71 5.28 non-hydrolyzing carbon for WBC and MSWC2 was 031 35.0 32.0 9.24 41.0 5.81 5.18 over 50% of TOC during the entire composting 761 25.0 92.0 2.44 81.0 7.22 3.77 process, according to Beffa et al. (1996), Chen et al. (1997) and Siuta (1999) this may indicate the hetero- CWSM geneous character of waste and the large share of 1 74.0 95.0 6.55 43.0 0.73 0.36 various types of organic compounds. 7 03.0 06.0 2.35 04.0 5.73 5.26 The value of HI during the composting of waste of 41 72.0 34.1 2.75 68.0 8.85 2.14 various composition was differentiated depending on 03 61.0 83.1 7.26 00.1 0.85 0.24 the type of material tested. Humification indices (HI), 09 51.0 19.3 5.86 62.2 6.97 4.02 recognized by many authors (De Nobili and Petruzzi 081 51.0 01.1 1.86 48.0 4.25 6.74 1988; Jimenez and Garcia 1992; Adani et al. 1997) as 2CWSM one of the most important compost maturity indica- 1 65.0 58.0 3.41 24.0 0.64 0.45 tors, one can notice that their stabilization took place 41 65.0 58.0 3.71 24.0 0.64 0.45 at the end of the thermophilic phase. For WBC it 82 46.0 96.0 6.22 33.0 8.04 2.95 occurred after 71 days, for MSWC after 30 days and 54 65.0 58.0 4.13 24.0 0.64 0.45 for MSWC2 after 70 days of composting (Table 3). HI value indicated a fairly high degree of humifica- 65 95.0 98.0 4.53 24.0 2.74 8.25 07 74.0 58.0 7.33 64.0 0.64 0.45 tion of organic matter indicating the CALC dominance which is particularly evident for MSWC and MSCW2, 09 04.0 01.1 8.23 06.0 5.25 5.74 701 63.0 31.1 7.43 46.0 1.35 9.64 unlike WBC, where the increasing content of both CAC 721 33.0 62.1 4.43 27.0 8.55 2.44 and CALC fraction, determined by waste composition, influenced on the different direction of HI formation. 941 03.0 13.1 6.33 77.0 8.65 2.34 Obtained results also showed that low molecular organic compounds play more important role in According to Drozd et al. (2003) the course of humification during composting of biomass of ener- changes in HR2 index point to composting as a pro- getic plants than during composting of municipal cess of enhancing organic matter humification. solid wastes (Drozd et al. 2003) (Table 2 and 3). Com- Analyzing the indicators of HR2, HR3 and PHA and parying three types of composting it can be concluded PFA, it can be concluded that the humification that the most effective, from the "humification" point process is the most marked in the final stages of the of view, is MSWC2 and KKO-100 system which le- thermophilic phase. ads to obtain organic matter with the highest portion Table 4 presents significant correlations for indi- of "core humic substances" during the process. vidual fractions and indices of maturity characteristic 296 ANDREA KA£U¯A-HA£ADYN, EL¯BIETA JAMROZ, JAKUB BEKIER

TABLE 4. Correlation coefficients between composting days and 2. Regadless of the type of organic material compo- humification parameters during composting process sted the reduce the share of Ch fraction in TOC data in humin fraction content during the process CBW CWSM 2CWSM suggest that the insoluble alkali fraction plays an syadgnitsopmoC important role in humification process by its COT *79.0- *19.0- *49.0- convertion to a new humic substances. C 87.0 46.0- 12.0 CA 3. HR2 appears to be reliable indicator of composting as C CLA *99.0 *28.0 *19.0 a process of enhancing organic matter humification.

C AH 55.0- 65.0 *79.0

C AF *39.0 51.0 *47.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS C *29.0- *48.0- *97.0- h The study was partially financed by the Wroclaw IH 95.0 76.0- *29.0- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, grant RH 67.0- 13.0 *19.0 1 no. B030/0021/18. RH 2 *29.0 *48.0 *97.0 RH 57.0- 93.0 *39.0 3 REFERENCES P AH 47.0- 83.0 *98.0

P AF 47.0 83.0- *98.0- Adani F., Genevini P.L., Gasperi F., Zorzi G., 1997. Organic *significant for p = 0.05. matter evolution index (OMEI) as a measure of composting efficiency. Compost Science and Utilization 5(2): 53–62. Baran S., Dom¿a³ H., S³owiñska-Jurkiewicz A., Kwiecieñ J., for the composts tested, depending on the time of Prangal J., 1996. Wp³yw osadu œciekowego na wodno-po- wietrzne w³aœciwoœci gleby piaszczystej. Zeszyty Problemo- composting. Based on the calculated correlation coef- we Postêpów Nauk Rolniczych 437: 53–60. ficients, it was found that with the time of the compo- Beffa T., Blanc M., Marilley L., Frischer J.L., Lyon F., Arago sting process, the content of organic carbon and the M., 1996. Taxonomic and Metabolic Microbial Diversity humin fraction significantly decreased. The data During Composting. [In:] The Science of Composting (Ber- suggest that one of the possible pathway is biodegra- toldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T. Editors). Blackie Academic & Proffesional, London, Glasgow, Wienheim, New dation and conversion to a new humic substances. York, Tokyo, Melbourne, Madras: 149–161. A significant positive correlation with the composting Chen Y., Chefetz B., Hadar Y., 1996. Formation and properties time occurred in all variants with reference to CALC of humic substance originating from compost. [In:] The and the humification index seems to be in a good Science of Composting (Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., agreement with this theory. According to Genevini et Papi T., Editors). Blackie Academic & Professional, England: 382–393. al. (2003) humin fraction plays an important role in Chen Y., Chefetz B., Adani F., Genevini P., Hadar Y., 1997. the humitication process by its solubilization to new Organic matter transformation during composting of Muni- humic substances and partial degradation of the cipal Solid Waste. [In:] The Role Of Humic Substances in soluble product. It remains an open question in which Ecosystems and in Environmental Protection (Drozd J., direction the conversion proceeds. Taking account to Gonet S.S., Senesi N., Weber J., Editors). Polskie Towarzy- the result obtained it probably depends on the type of stwo Substancji Humusowych, Wroc³aw: 795–804. COM (2002) 179, final. Brussels. Communication for the Com- organic material to be composted. Regardless of the mission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Econo- type of organic material to be composted obtained mic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions -Towards a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. results confirmed that HR2 appears to be reliable indicator of composting as a process of mobilizing De Nobili M., Petruzzi F., 1988. Humification index (HI) as organic matter humification. evaluation of the stabilization degree during composting. Journal of Environmental Technology 66, 5: 557–583. Dêbska B., D³ugosz J., Piotrowska-D³ugosz A., Banach-Szott CONCLUSIONS M., 2016. The impact of a bio-fertilizer on the soil organic matter status and carbon sequestration – results from a field- 1. The type of the organic material to be composted scale study. Journal of Soils and Sediments 16: 2335–2343. and the type of technology used affect the course of Drozd J., Licznar M., Jamroz E., Bekier J., 2003. Próchniczne the humic substances transformation and formation indeksy dojrza³oœci kompostów. [In:] Substancje humusowe w glebach i nawozach (Dêbska B., Gonet S.S., Editors). Polskie of compost maturity parameters. Composting the Towarzystwo Substancji Humusowych, Wroc³aw: 75–94. mixture of energetic willow and hay biomass leads Dziamski A., Gonet S.S., Dêbska B., 2005. Properties of humus to form humic substances with higher share of low- in relation to soil particle size fraction. Earth and Environ- molecular fractions and lower share of humic acids mental Sciences. Scientific papers University of Latvia, Vol. in total organic carbon in comparison to the trans- 692: 29–37. Dziejowski J.E., Kazanowska J., 2002. Heat production during forming process of municipal solid wastes. thermophyllic decomposition of municipals wastes in the Humic substances of differently matured composts 297

Dano – system composting plant. [In:] Microbiology of com- Senesi N., Brunetti G., 1996. Chemical and physico-chemical posting (Insam H., Riddech N., Klammer S., Editors). Sprin- parameters for quality evaluation of humic substances pro- ger-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg: pp. 636. duced during composting. [In:] The Science of Composting Genevini P.L., Tambone F., Adani F., Veeken H.M., Nierop (Bertoldi M.D., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Editors). Chap- K.G.J., Montoneri E., 2003. Evolution and qualitative modi- man & Hall, London, United Kingdom: 195–212 pp. fications of humin-like matter during high rate composting Singh C.P., Amberger A., 1990. Humic substances in straw com- of pig faeces amended with wheat straw. Soil Science and post with rock phosphate. Biological Wastes, 31: 165–174. Plant Nutrition. 49(6): 785–792. Siuta J., 1999. Kompostowanie i wartoœci u¿ytkowe kompostu, Gonet S.S., 2007. Ochrona zasobów materii organicznej gleb, [In:] Kompostowanie i u¿ytkowanie kompostu (Siuta J., [In:] Rola materii organicznej w œrodowisku (Gonet S.S., Wasiak G., Editors). Wydawnictwo Eko-in¿ynieria, Pu³awy- Markiewicz M., Editors). Polskie Towarzystwo Substancji Warszawa: 7–20. Humusowych, Wroc³aw: 7-29. Stevenson F.J., 1994. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Gonet S., Smal H., Chojnicki J., 2015. W³aœciwoœci chemiczne Reactions (second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York. gleb. Gleboznawstwo, Polskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Styszko L., Fija³kowska D., D¹browski J., 2017. Wp³yw nawo- Warszawa: 189–200. ¿enia kompostem z osadów komunalnych na jakoœæ gleby Jamroz E., Drozd J., 1999. Influence of applying compost from lekkiej pod upraw¹ wierzby wiciowej w czteroletnim cyklu municipal wastes on some physical properties of the soil. uprawy. Rocznik Ochrona Œrodowiska 19: 618–32. International Agrophysics 13(2): 167–170. Suchowska-Kisielewicz M., Sadecka Z., Myszograj M., P³ucien- Jimenez E., Garcia V., 1992. Determination of maturity indices nik E., 2017. Mechanical-biological treatmentof municipal for city refuse composts. Agriculture and Environmental 38: solid waste in Poland - case studies. Environmental Engine- 331–343. ering and Management Journal 16(2): 481–491. Ka³u¿a-Ha³adyn A., Jamroz E., Bekier J., 2018. The dynamics Tuomela M., Vikman M., Hatakka A., Itavaara M., 2000. of some physical and physico-chemical properties during com- Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. posting of municipal solid wastes and biomass of energetic Bioresource Technology 72: 169–183. plants. Soil Science Annual 69: 155–159. Waldron K.W., Nichols E., 2009. Composting of food-chain waste Krasowicz S., Oleszek W., Horabik J., Dêbicki R., Jankowiak for agricultural and horticultural use. [In:] Handbook of J., Stuczyñski T, Jadczyszyn J. 2011. Racjonalne gospodaro- Waste Management and Co-Product Recovery in Food wanie œrodowiskiem glebowym Polski. Polish Journal of Processing (Waldron K., Editor). Woodhead Publishing, pp. 680. Agronomy 7: 43–58. Weber J., Chen Y., Jamroz E., Miano T., 2018. Preface: humic Lazcano C., Arnold J., Tato A., Zaller J.G., Dominguez J., 2009. substances in the environment. Journal of Soils and Sedi- Compost and vermicompost as nursery pot components: ments 18(8): 2665–2667. effects on tomato plant growth and morphology. Spanish Jo- Weber J., Kocowicz A., Bekier J., Jamroz E., Tyszka R., Dêbic- urnal of Agricultural Research 7(4): 944–951. ka M., Parylak D., Kordas L., 2014. The effect of a sandy Leszczyñska D., Kwiatkowska-Malina J., 2013. The influence soil amendment with municipal solid waste (MSW) of organic matter on yield and quality of winter wheat Triti- compost on nitrogen uptake efficiency by plants. European cum aestivum ssp. Vulgare (l.) cultivated on soils contami- Journal of Agronomy 54: 54–60. nated with heavy metals. Ecological Chemistry and Engine- Wójcik-Witkowiak D., 1976. Przemiany zwi¹zków azotowych ering Society 20(4): 701–708. znakowanych 15N podczas humifikacji s³omy w glebie. Rocz- Mielnik L., 2009. The application of photoinduced luminescen- niki Akademii Rolniczej, Poznañ: Rozprawy 64. ce in research on humic substances of various origins. Zaujec A., 2007. Funkcje materii organicznej w obiegu zwi¹z- Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 38(3): 61–67. ków wêgla i ¿yznoœci gleby. [In:] Rola materii organicznej Morales-Corts M.R., Gómez-Sánchez M.Á., Pérez-Sánchez R., w œrodowisku (Gonet S.S., Markiewicz M., Editors). Polskie 2014. Evaluation of green/pruning wastes compost and Towarzystwo Substancji Humusowych, Wroc³aw: 31–46. vermicompost, slumgum compost, and their mixes as Zukowska G., Baran S., Wojcikowska-Kapusta A., 2012. The growing media for horticultural production. Scientia Horti- organic carbon content and fractional composition of organic culturae 172: 155–60. matter in a ground reclaimed with sewage sludge. Przemys³ Chemiczny 91(6): 1267–1269.

Received: May 1, 2019 Accepted: September 30, 2019 Associated editor: S. Gonet Substancje humusowe kompostów o ró¿nym stopniu dojrza³oœci, produkowanych ze sta³ych odpadów miejskich i biomasy roœlin energetycznych

Streszczenie: Celem pracy by³a ocena transformacji substancji humusowych podczas kompostowania biomasy roœlin energe- tycznych i sta³ych odpadów komunalnych. Rodzaj materia³u organicznego, który poddany jest kompostowaniu oraz rodzaj zastoso- wanej technologii wp³ywaj¹ na przebieg transformacji substancji humusowych i tworzenie parametrów dojrza³oœci kompostu. Kompost wytworzony z mieszaniny biomasy wierzby energetycznej i siana zawiera³ substancje humusowe o wy¿szym udziale frakcji niskocz¹steczkowych i ni¿szym udziale kwasów huminowych w ca³kowitym wêglu organicznym, w porównaniu do kompo- stu ze sta³ych odpadów miejskich. Uzyskane wyniki wykaza³y równie¿, ¿e nierozpuszczalna frakcja alkaliczna odgrywa wa¿n¹ rolê w procesie humifikacji poprzez jej przekszta³cenie w nowe substancje humusowe. Indeks kierunku humifikacji wydaje siê byæ wiarygodnym wskaŸnikiem kompostowania, jako procesu indukuj¹cego humifikacjê materii organicznej. S³owa kluczowe: kompost, substancje humusowe, indeksy dojrza³oœci