PAGE 2-APRIL 1950-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Resistance District of Columbia _A Special J exl (Continued from Page 1) (Continued from Page 1) p_reme Court. extended its ban on ra. eta! segregation to all tax-suppOrted But in Congress, the manifesto, in colleges. The case involved three N the eyes of many, marked a reopen­ 'Southern Manifesto' Criticizes Supreme Court gro undergraduates enrolled at ~ ing of the split which often has guarantee of equality." constitu­ years of patient effort by the good University of . Tm: UNWARRANTED decision o£ the This harassed the Democratic party. tional doctrine began in the North­ people of both races. It has planted Many Republicans privately ex­ Supreme Court in the public hatred and suspicion where there has school cases is now bearing the fruit not in the South, and it was followed pressed jubilation over the growing not only in Massachusetts, but in been heretofore friendship and un­ Ten more school systems, mostly· in-party rift. always produced when men substi­ cast and northeast Oklahoma haUl Connecticut, New York, lllinois, In­ derstanding. ' l't Some Democrats showed marked tute naked power for established law. announced plans for desegregati The founding fathers gave us a diana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Without regard to the consent o£ reserve. Senators Richard Neuberger Jersey, Ohio, P ennsylvania and other the governed, outside agitators are this fall. 011 of Oregon and Hubert H. Humphrey constitution of checks and balances because they realized the inescapable northern states until they, exercising threatening immediate and revolu­ of Minnesota were calm but grave in their rights as states through the con­ tionary changes in our public school their answers to the southerners. lesson of history that no man or group Fourteen new pro-segrega~ of men can be safely entrusted with stitutional processes of local sel£­ systems. If done, this is certain to de­ There was no bitterness that usually government, changed their school stroy the system of public education mea.sures were en~cled by the l9iA unlimited power. They framed this sesston of the legtslature, includin goes along with floor discussion of systems. in some of the states. civil rights. They urged moderation constitution with its provisions for one which forbids NAACP member~ change by amendment in order to se­ In the case o£ Plessy u. Ferguson in With the gravest concern for the and recommended that a White explosive and dangerous condition ship to state, county, school district House conference on civil rights be cure the fundamentals of government 1896 the Supreme CoUI-t expressly and municipal employes. A test is against the dangers of temporary declared that under the Fourteenth created by this decision and inflamed called. by outside meddlers: planned: .continued economic boy. Sen. Herbert Lehman of New popular passion or the personal pre­ Amendment no person was denied colt achvtty was reported from the dilections of public office holders. any of his rights if the states provided We reaffirm our reliance on the York said in a Senate speech the Constitution as the fundamental law predominantly Negro Lowcountry. words of the manifesto, while calling We regard the decision of the Su~ public facilities. prcme Court in the school cases as a This decision has been followed in of the land. Tcnnes<,ee for "lawful means" were actually in We decry the Supreme Court's en­ support of "action in some states to clear abuse of judicial power. It cli­ many other cases. It is notable that A three-judge federal court In croachments on rights reserved to the defy the law and to prevent its en­ maxes a trend in the federal judiciary the Supreme Court, speaking through Nashville grantI'd a continuance in 1 forcement." undertaking to legislate, in deroga­ Chief Justice Taft, a former president states and to the people, contrary to city desegregation suit; the school tion of the authority of Congress, and of the United States, unanimously established law and to the Constitu­ board, admitting unconstitutionality RECALLS PROHIBmON to encroach upon the reserved rights declared in 1927 in Lttm u. Rice that tion. of 's segregation laws, will This criticism caused Sen_ A. Willis of the states and the people. the "separate but equal" principle is We commend the motives of those have at least seven months to work ~ Robertson (D-Va.) to recall the The original Constitution does not " ... within the discretion of the state states which have declared the inten­ out a plan of compliance. There was North's fight against the Prohibition mention education. Neither does the in regulating its public schools and tion to r esist forced integration by continued acti\'ity by pro-segrega. amendment in urging recognition of Fourteenth Amendment nor any does not conflict with the Fourteenth any lawful means. tion forces but moderation was re­ the "justice" of the South's fight other amendment. The debates pre­ Amendment." We appeal to the states and people pol'led to be still the keynote in tbt against integration. ceding the submission of the Four­ This interpretation, restated time who are not directly affected by these state. On March 31 Chattanooga, first He said New York and other teenth Amendment clearly show that and again, became a part of the life decisions to consider the constitu­ city to announce compliance,saidde­ northern states fought against the there was no intent that it should of the people of many of the states tional principles involved against the segr·egation would be delayed "prob­ 18th Amendment, which banned liq­ affect the systems of education main­ and confirmed their habits, customs, time when they too, on issues vital to ably for five years." uor, just as the South "now objects tained by the states. tradition and way of life. It is founded them, may be the victims of judicial lo a prohibition against separate but The very Congress which proposed on elemental humanity and common encroachment. equal schools" for whites and Ne­ the amendment subsequently pro­ sense, for parents should not be de­ The Democratic executive commit. Even though we constitute a mi­ tee is making interposition a topic groes. Robertson said that Lehman vided for segregated schools in the prived by government of the right to nority in the present Congress, we I in 1933 while governor of New York District of Columbia. direct the lives and education of their Cor local and state party conventions have full faith that a majority of the this year. A newspaper survey called the 18th Amendment "and the When the amendment was adopted own children. American people believe in the dual related enforcement act 'sumptuary' in 1868, there were 37 states of ti•e showed that 11 more school dlstricb Though there has been no consti­ system of government which has en­ were planning desegregation this fall legislation which, according to the union. Every one of the 26 states that tutional amendment or act of Con­ abled us to achieve our greatness and dictionary, means law designed to had any substantial racial differences and that about 1,650 Negroes are now gress changing this established legal will in lime demand that the reserved attending school with whites without regulate habits primarily on moral among its people either approved the principle almost a century old, the rights of the states and of the people or religious grounds by the use of operation or segregated schools al­ friction but with some scholastie Supreme Court of the United States, be made secure against judicial problems. the state's police powers. ready in existence or subsequently with no legal basis for such action, usurpation. Political writers predict the mani­ established such schools by action of undertook to exercise their naked ju­ the same law-making body which We pledge ourselv~s to use all law­ festo has increased the threat of a dicial power and substituted their ful means to bring about a reversal The Prince Edward County case southern bolt from the national con­ considered the Fourteenth Amend­ personal political and social ideas for ment. o£ this decision which is contrary to (one of the ori~inal five before the vention this summer. But southern the established law of the land. the Constitution and to prevent the U.S. Supreme Court) has been re­ Senate leaders are talking down any As admitted by the Supreme Court in the public school case (Brown v. This unwarranted exercise of power use of force in its implementatioiL opened with an expected NAACP chances of a third, or pro-segrega­ by the court, contrary to the Consti­ In this trying period, as we all seek petition. Five pro-segregation bilh tion, party. The question of any split Boord of Education), the doctrine of tution, is creating chaos and confu­ to right this wrong, we appeal to our were adopted by the legislature In "depends on what happens" at the separate but equal schools "apparent­ sion in the states principally affected, people not to be provoked by the agi­ March, but it was said that in gen. 1 Democratic conclave, they say. lv originated in Roberts v. City of Boston .. . (1849), upholding school It is destroying the amicable relations tators and troublemakers invadin~ eral the state had made an about· MARSHALL HEARD seeregation against attack as being between the white and Negro races our slates and to scrupulously refrain face on the need for early passage of J Speaking at a Washington conven­ violative of a state constitutional that have been created through 90 from disorder and lawless acts. laws to pre\•ent desegregation. 1n111 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJ!lll~~·- tion last month, Thurgood Marshall I I ------"1! ------ warned Presidential candidates that ing and arithmetic. School officials what else?" But staff members of A suit has been filed against Logan "~ey can holler, scream, beg and SCHOOL BOARDS hope to screen these students into the District Employment Service County, charging first grade deseg· caJole, but there's not a candidate , AND SCHOOLMEN special remedial classes but haven't said Ulat Lane was badly mistaken regation now in force there is a who can get the Negro vote until he the budgeted funds to hire addition­ if he thought "jobs grow on trees" "meaningless" program. Suits were can produce something close to civil for young people without a high reported under consideration in the rights." There wer·e many developments al teachers for this purpose. sc-hool education. five remaining counties which have The chief counsel of the National last month in the Washington public school integration picture. ASKS BACKING Employers seeking to fill the most not yet taken any action on desegre· Association for the Advancement of In pushing for his wholesale de­ galion. Colored People criticized the Demo­ Bl'ig. Gen. Thomas A. Lane, Dis­ menial jobs "won't look twice at the trict Engineer Commissioner, startled motion plan, Lane called for the co­ young person who wasn't steady cratic party and Stevenson for fail­ operation of Negro leaders. He said: educators here with a recommenda­ enough to finish school,'' they said. students and regrouping them ac· 1 ing to "divorce" themselves from "Let me say a word to the colored tion Cor mass demotion of public cording lo achievement in city Sen. J ames Eastland (D-Mlss.). "No leaders of our community because I 1\l ANY DROP OUT party," he said, "is going to get my school children who show achieve­ schools. ment lags. feel that my comment has a special Asst. School Supt. Carl F. Hansen vote and Sen. Eastland's at the same si-gnificance for you. Your children said Lane's proposal is not the an­ Board member Margaret Just Lane, one of the three Commis­ Butcher, a Howard University pro. time." He warned the fight for Ne­ have been the victims of a segre­ swer. He pointed out that nearly 1 sioners charged with runnlng the fessor, said: "Maybe the study is a gro rights will be "mean nasty and gated system in which equal stand­ 1,000 high school students have dirty." • city government, said the "unman­ good way to bring this Lane non· ageable" educational achievement ards were not maintained. dropped out of school since last fall. To date, Pr·esident Eisenhower has Records show these youngsters sense to an end." failed to answer a proposal by a problems existed principally in for­ "It would appear, therefore, that if we started the next school year nren't leaving to take J'obs Hansen Corning agreed to give board group of House Democrats that he mer Negro schools since 1949. They said. ' members the school system study. • declare he will not permit federal are no better today under integra­ with all children placed in grades according to the level of work which Since las.t September, Hansen bas He emphasized that his officers and funds to go lo a school district re­ tion, he said. faculty "have not been inactive" in fusing to comply with the desegl·e­ It is unrealistic, Lane said, to think they are prepared tQ pursue, more been studymg ways of making school colored children than white would interesting for teen-agers who don't meetins~ the present problem of serv· gation decision. that 50 per cent of the integrated ing 106,000 students, the bri¢\t, the An amendment by Rep. Adam school students can be advanced by be set back a grade or two. "take" to books. He hopes to give them a special course in which they normal and the dull. Clayton Powell (D-N.Y.) which one or two years up to their normal "There could be a clamor against H ard-pressed for funds and hamp­ achievement level through special such an adjustment unless our col­ can prepare for a job and at the would accomplish the same thing ered by a costly dual school system. I ored citizens understand that this is same lime, learn to read ~d spell has bogged down a federal aid t~ remedial classes and other devices. the District lagged behind the the only way lo correct the disease and add. rest school construction bill in both of the country in getting smaller TRY AGAIN which has produced our present . As th~ comment over Lane's school h~u~es of Congress. Powell, a Newo li a student can't make the grade class size. mmtster, has said he would with­ condition." ~tews (t~cl';ld ing an end to coeduca­ he should stay back and lry again, Here in Washington, this cam· draw his amendment if Mr. Eisen­ DRAWS CRmCISM tional JUntor and senior highs) Lane told an education convention ~ ··ew loudet·, Commissioner Samuel paign didn't ~eally begin to roll un· hov:er made the statement. A $1.6 Shortly after his addt·ess, which bilhon, four-vear school aid bill cur­ attended by many top Distr·ict school Spencer offered another suggestion. til after the start of integration. officials. drew immediate criticism from ed­ rently is bottled up in the House when par·ents put aside self-interest As a consequence of integration, ucators and some support from cit­ Spe,r;cer proposed a "thot·ough requests and demanded a }oy,-er Rules Committee, which must give izens, Lane sent a memorandum to st';ldy of school operations to deter­ the legislation clearance for floor ac­ Lane said, "we have united in one pupil-teacher ratio in the school class students of widely varying ed­ top Washington civic leaders. It pri­ rome :vhether teacl1ers and facilities rooms. Heeding these demnnds, the tion. m·e herng put to their best use. Sub­ ucational standing." He said teachers marily said that D istrict public school hoard agreed to change its UP TO COURTS now are faced in one class with pu­ schools can afford to teach only those sequently the Board of Education grade school pupil teacher ratio from U. S. Education Commissioner pils prepared to pursue a level of children "who have the capacitv to orde~ed School Supt. Hobart M. 36 to 30 children as soon as the Samuel M. Brownell last month instruction and "others who are to­ take advantage of it." Commg to make a full-scale sur­ funds were available to hire the 540 told Congress he has no responsibil­ tally unprepared." vey ~( present school standards and "U they won't leam. kick them prachces. additional instructors needed. ity Cor blocking federal aid for school In the segregated school system, out of school," Lane said, addin~. districts which defy the Supreme the educational lag was also segre­ "that's the way they do it at West lURK ' PROPO AL As a start on the program, school people asked for 180 more teachel1 Court desegregation order. He said gated, Lane said. and "we had some Point.'' Lane is a former Anny This was done on the suggestion of it is the job of the courts to deter­ unUormity of student ability to teacher. next fall The commissioners said member Rowland F. Kirks, a law­ the ctty could only afTord 40 mort mine what schools are operating in which a teacher could address him­ School people and parents cried yer and former university presi­ violation of the Constitution. sell." out: "There's a law against such a teachers. dent, who many months ago scored Pat·ents plan to renew their re­ Brownell also told the House Ap­ School officials have discovered practice." Lane replied: "Chan~e it." the school system for promoting stu­ qucst Cor· 180 teachers-Obtain~ propriations Committee during since the start of integration two He said he thought it was unneces­ dents by a "weight and height" for­ closed-door budget testimony thal years ago many Negro junior and sary to hold some children in school mula. without transfer·- bcforc the Senate he opposes the proposed Powell senior high students who can work until their 16th birthday. Appropl'iations Committee. It "'ill amendment to bar aid to any such . Leanin.g in the direction of Lane's the teacher fi~hl that started Lant only on a third, fourth or fifth grade Asked what these young people vtews, Ktrks asked Corning to tud school districts. level in such basic subjects as read- would do, Lane said, "Why, work, th 'b'l' s y thinking about the administration of e posst t tty of testing all school the schools. SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-APRIL 1956-PAGE 3 xas DeiDocratic Committee Puts 'Interposition' to Front AUSTIN, Texas guarantee state control over oil gas £.'CAS DEMOCRATIC Executive and other natural resources. H~ has others as a mark of our freedom­ we should not be intolerant of their nittee has decided to make suggested that Texas legislators adopt such a resolution. views." sition" a topic for the locrtl Shep~erd is actively supporting a CARRY PLACARDS .? party conventions to be held resolution to remove natural re­ Placards of the pickets outside said (See "Legislative Action.") SOU;fCes fr?m federal jurisdiction, "We Want Integration Not Shivers"; Allan Shivers promised a v.hach was mtroduced in Congress b "Not Anti-TSU, Just Anti-Shivers"; campaign to throw Texas' Rep. Walter Rogers (D-Tex.) ' Y "Separate but Equal is Dead"; and "Shivers Is Against Humanity." with those favoring this Francis L. Williams, attorney who >f protecting state t•ighls. He heads the Houston chapter of NAACP, that liberal Democrats in called the picketing "a complete suc­ ed by Speaker , At Beaumont Mrs. Versie Jackson cess." He said many Negroes stayed ng to use U. S. Sen. Lyndon and James Anthony Cormier both away from the inaugurat.ion in pro­ test over Shivers. Newspaper reports 50n, Senate majority !coder, as reside~ts of the county, filed s~it for admiSSJon to Lamar Technological indicated that more than 1,500 people ·ite son" to split the conserva­ were present in an auditorium seat­ jority in Texas. College. Defendants are President R. L. McDonald and the board of regenlo;. ing 1,845. ~egroes filed suit in U.S. Dis­ (Styled Jackson et al v. McDonald Presidents of three Negro civic ourt at Beaumont to enter et al.) clubs refused to go along with the rechnological College, a state­ boycott of Sruvers' speech. The applicants said they are quali­ ed school there. Seven~n Gov. Allan Shivers ( left) walks through a line o( placard-carrying pickets .x-supported colleges now ad­ fied graduates of Texas high schools. 70% APPROVE MIXJNG Attorneys for the National Associa­ protesting h ~ appearance as speaker at the inauguration o( a new president groes in Texas. (See ''Legal o( Texas Southern University. With him are Jack Dillard (center) o( the Polls at Baylor University and ") tion for the Advancement of Colored Southwest Texas State Teachers Col­ People are representing lhem. governor's stall and Dr. Samuell\1. Nabrit, new TSU president. rvey of 40 integrated school lege showed that students favor in­ ( s by The Dallas M oming News said it probably will set up a "free fonner speaker of the House in the tegration. d that about 1,650 Negroes ac­ choice" system. Texas legislature. Baylor is at Waco, supported by the lre attending school wath white Supt. P. A. Tanksley of Del Rio, Another prospective candidate, Baptist church. The Daily Lariat. its in Texas, less than one per ~hose board voted for "free choice" James P. Hart of Austin, called the student newspaper, polled 647 stu­ total Negro enrollment. One htegration last fall but rescinded the interposition movement "futile" and dents in all grades. Seventy per cent is teaching white students. In­ order after lhe legal status of re­ "dangerous." Hart formerly served on said they would not object to attend­ on has resulted in no ft"iclion, ceiving state funds became involved the Texas Supreme Court and later ing college with Negroes. A student 'groes generally have serious A survey by the Dallas Monling in a court fight at Big Springs, said as chancellor of the University of opinion poll at Baylor three years tic problems, according to the News disclosed these facts about in­ the district likely will renew its plan Texas. He now practices law in Aus­ ago showed a smaller majority favor­ 1tendents. Several schools plan tegration in Texas schools: in September. tin. ing integration. r integration next fall. (Sec About 1,650 Negroes arc attending Other prospective integration: "I consider interposition a futi.le Southwest Texas Teachers College, r Survey.") classes with approximately 80,000 McCamey, in West Texas, Negro effort to nullify the decision o£ the a stnte-supported school in San white students in West and South students already use some of the Supreme Court o£ the United Stntes," Marcos, 35 miles south of Austin, Texas. The Texas Education Agency white schools' shop and special equip­ said Hart. "Moreover, I think that showed 76 per cent of its students estinlates that 65 districts started de­ ment; Harlingen, South Texas, high interposition is dangerous because it favor integration. The survey was segration this year, but this has been school integrated, citizens committee tends to create national disunity in conducted by the Student Congress. confirmed officially for fewer than 50 recommended abolishing segregation these critical times when all Ameri­ Aboul13 per cent of its student body schools. in junior high; Edinburg, South cans in all states should stand and took part in the poll. It is known, however, that some Texas, junior and senior high inte­ work together . . ." San Marcos High School abolished fifth segregation last fall. . Shivers recommended that districts with a few Negroes abolished grated; next year, fourth and O'DANIEL OUT segregation without publicity. The grades will be, leaving 21 Negro W. Lee O'Daniel, Fort Worth in­ Democrats put on the July pupils in first three grades; P ecos, primary ballot a referendum estimate of SoUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS surance man, announced for gover­ that 10,500 Texas Negroes are in "in­ West Texas, high school integrated, nor without taking sides on the ques­ {for further constitutional safe­ grades 5 through 8 will be added next s for state powers. ter;rated situations"-that is, living in tion. O'Daniel, now 66 years old, is distrirts where integration has started fall. a former governor and former United pro-Shivers Stale Executive -see:ns accurate in view of findings titlec meeting at Houston OTHER STEPS Stntes Senator. in the Dallas News poll. A Citizens Council was formed at ~ a resolution calling "inter­ Calhoun County (Port Lavaca), Prof. Wylie Davis of the Univer­ The state h3S 224,894 Negroes and Gulf of Mexico coast town, high sity of Texas Law School told a Longview, in East Texas, to promote m'' a "legal and democratic segregation. More than 700 citizens Il 1,448,707 whites enrolled. school integrated, next lower grade church group at Austin that inter­ iure." said precinct, county signed the petition of organization :ate Democratic conventions in Superintendents of 40 schools, in­ will be integrated each year, moving position has no legal basis. He pre­ cludmg all where integration has through junior high in three years; dicted also that any government sub­ stating its purpose to be "non-profit hould decide whether the ques­ and non-political and that its activi­ oes on the ballot. a'Iected more than a few pupils, re­ Bishop, Gulf coast, high school inte­ sidy to segregated private schools plied to the questionnaire, which was grated, further integration planned likewise would be held invalid by the ties will be conducted without viol­ '·Shivers pitched the battle in a this year; Kingsville, South Texas, U.S. Supreme Court. ence." Robert Cargill, an oil man, was h to the committee. He noted prepared with help from the Texas senior high integrated, ninth grade Dr. William H. Jones, professor o£ named chairman of the Longview iberal Texas Democrats led bv Erlucation Agency. JO likely will be added; Robstown, South sociology at Huston-Tillotson College Council and Walter Hurst was named ,q ter Sam Rayburn are recom·­ in MAY RUN WGHER Texas, high school integrated, de­ (for Negroes) at Austin, said that secretary. ing that Sen. Johnson head the iv The replies showed that at least cision due July 1 on further desegre­ some Texas communities are ready Principal speaker at the rally was :S > delegation to the Democn:alic 16 districts abolished segregation gation, tentatively scheduled for post­ for integration. But he called for former State Sen. R. A. Stuart of raal convention both as delef.(a­ at~- completely this year. It is believed ponement to 1957 or 1958; Fort Stock­ gradualism where there is a large Fort Worth. II :hairman and favorite son can­ that several of the non-answering ton, West Texas, high school inte­ Negro population. An estimated 150 persons attended ol e. distric-t..,, with few Negro students, grated, "probably" will int.ega·ate a Citizens Council meeting at Dallas. '"e ab:o integrated fully. The total num­ CHURCHMAN HEARD They heard Rev. Earl Anderson, 63, lo vers' supporters have been more. ol ng the governor for chairmnn. ht>r m;~y run as high as 25 completely Amarillo has about 1,000 Negro A prominent New York Negro pastor o( the Munger Place Baptist .u integrated, the survey indicated. scholastics. 5 per cent of totnl enroll­ churchman said in Dallas that the Church in Dallas, plead for an organi­ :h { 1\IP CARD' The reporting districts said no case ment. Aside from these, the above South is doing better "two to one" zation drive. Bible in hand, Anderson '" e governor said he is a friend and lo o( triction between white and Negro integration proposals probably would than the North in improving the said: "We should treat Negroes as rer of Sen. Johnson. But he At students has been reported. Negro aficcl no more than 200 Negro stu­ treatment of Negroes. Dr. Richard H. Christians-in their own churches. II· ~ed that Rayburn's group is at­ U• pupils have been accepted generally Dixon, Sr.. pastor of Second Temple Negroes best serve God in their own ling to use Johnson as "their denlo;. ':3 into school activities, athletics and, in Baptist Church at Bufialo, N.Y., also churches. Negroes who understand ld p card in their game to tnke over is director of the National Goodwill God's teachings don't want to mix >O late convention, the Texao; dele­ several places, school dances. Negroes \P dance only with others of their race, Commission, affiliated with churches with us." •n n-and Lyndon Johnson." totaling 7,000,000 Negro members. ol however. At Austin, a conference sponsored 1111 ivers noted that Johnson had dc­ The minister grew up in East Texas, lp A ft'W superintendents reported by the Council of Churches discussed d to sign the manifesto of south­ where his father was director of a ,. that Kegroes do well scholastically in methods of smoothing the path of td congressmen for slntes rights. integratro schools, but most of them Negro orphanage. "How we iron out integration. About half of the 130 per­ cy . Sen. of Texns, who our troubles is not only a matter of &Ons present were Negro. Speakers said U1e Negro students are making A surprise candidate for governor '"Ill •unced as a candidate for gover­ poor gn;.des. Negroes in integrated national record-but it becomes a included ministers and educators. Jll did sign the declaration, along of Texas announced for the Demo­ world record also," he said. "One ex­ ch hi-5h schools were described as being cr·atic nomination on a plaUorm nf three of the slate's 22 reprcscn­ about two years behind white stu­ cellent example of behavior is our es. s tres.o;in~ segregation, interposition people among the baseball players. Av dcllts by several superintendents. and states' rights. VI I Senate majority leader, Johnson They have set the very rughest rec­ :ally could avoid signing the 19 JOBS ABOLISHED He is J. Evetts Haley, 54, well­ ord of respect among the races all J~"' known writer and rancher, former re­ ,a ilesto, Shivers said. "But here we At least 19 Negro teaching jobs along." MISCELLANEOUS d< talking of a majority leader for ~ere abolished in Texas this year· by search historian at the University of In San Antonio, the United Church ~ Texas and now on the board of ),5 as Democrats," the governor add­ integration. Largest number reported Women of Texas, with 200 delegates At San Antonio, the City Council , directors at Texas Technological Col­ •Ia '1 do not see how Sen. Johnson, wa:; nt San Angelo. repa·esenting eighL Protestant de­ abolished segregation in all municipal hi lege in Lubbock. Although a long­ nominations, reaffirmed last year's ny other aspirant for that honor, Supt. J R. Barry of Hondo, 40 mil.es time active Texan in conservative facilities including swimmng pools. resolution to support the Supreme All pubic functions in municipally­ d avoid taking a stand on inter­ west of San Antonio, reported thalats politics, Haley never before made a tion." Court ruling on desegregation. They owned facilities shall be open to all NCfrO teacher was kept as a h~lper political race. 1ivers concluded: "Lyndon, I'm in th~ school library and a substitute urged each local church to build a persons regardless of race, said City you-if you're for us." teacher. Barry said the woman, ap­ But he is campaigning actively, fellowship "wilhout barriers." Atty. Carlos Cadena. The city started parently the only Negro teaching speaking mainly at rallies called by integrating its public schools last fall. he governor declared that politi­ local Citizens Councils. At Fort iberals are pushing race questions white pupils in Texas, is "an excellent The Jefferson County Medical So­ teacher" and that the school board Worth, Haley reportedly spoke to ciety (Beaumont-Port Arthur) ad­ he foreground. 4,000 people. Other tnlks have been plnns to give her full-time teaching mitted four Negro members, its first. E OF ISSUES mad<' at Dallas and Baytown. duties next fall. Hondo has 13 Negro Texas Southern University at McLennan County Medical Society 'nlegration merely happens to be and 800 white students. Like many of OTIIER CANDIDATES Houston installed Dr. S. M. Nabrit as (Waco) also admitted its first Negro. of the issues involved," said the other integrated districts of While Haley is the most outspoken president as 150 Negroes paraded At Austin, three students from a vers. "There are many others. The Texas, it has a sizable Latin-American advocate of segregation in the gov­ with picket signs protesting the ap­ white high school (which this year n ifsue, and the real question, is: population. ernor's race, two other candidates pearance of Gov. Allan Shivers. The admitted its first Negro students) I'OU, or do you not, believe in locnl The survey disclosed that several go,·ernor, principal speaker at the were arrested for throwing rocks, emment? have taken pro-segregation stands. distdcts plan further integration next They are U. S. Sen. Price Daniel, reremony, did not mention picketing eggs, and water filled balloons at a .feanwhile, Atty. Gen. John Ben fall. who joined other Southern congress­ or segregation in his speech, but made Negro housing project. No damage !ppcrd pushed an efiort for usc of men in the states' rights manifesto, a plea for tolerance. was done, and the boys were released "interposition" method of adopt­ 'FREE CHOICE' and Reuhcn E. Sentcrfilt of San Saba, ''... If we demand tolerance from after a warning from police. a constitutional amendment to Supt. Charles M Rogers of Amarillo

..,, IV' !01 IYI e1es 01 seq l'""f11:) __.,..... ___ __.,.,. >li· Nolchot J 6'4 • News end Cout•or pu'Orsn ser1es 4 wee: runs oftnv Qeft off Je :5 PAGE 4-APRIL 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Three-Judge Court Gives Tennessee SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS • the official publication of the Southern Educatio11 Soul hern Sc hoo I News II bl" h d b Re port1n. g Servtce, · an o b "J ective , fact-finding egenc• y esf ta " "dle Y southern City More Time; Another Will Delay ·t d ducaton with the atm o provt ng eccurate, newspaper e d1 ors an e . ff" • I d . unbtase• d ·tn forma t"ton t o s chool administrators ' publtc o 1c1ah s Uan tnlerS elied NASHVILLE, Tenn. lion appropriations were for segre­ .,. developments in education arising from t e • S. upreme gated schools only. Iay Cl tzens on . • th bl" h I THR.EE-JUDCE FEDERAL COURT in . • f u 17 1954 declaring segregatton m e pu tc sc oo s A C ourt opmton o may • . . Nashville granted a continuance Nat Tipton, assistant state attorney •t t" 1 SERS is not an advocate is netther pro·segregatton nor uncons t1 u tona . ' • d h b until the fall term of court in a suit general, told the court the Federa­ • t" but simply reports the facts as tf fin s t em, state y date. tion's arguments were invalid. He and anlt-segrega ton, . _.. S • t 1109 19'-'- filed by parents and relatives of 21 Published monthly by Southern Educ.afton Repontng arvtce a m Negro and two white children seek­ A. B. Humphreys, assistant attorney general, argued for approval of the Ave., S., Nashville, Tenn. • ing desegregation of the Nashville Second class mail privileges authorized at Nashvtlle, Te nn., under the au. state integration plan and for co~­ public schools. thority of the act of March 3, 1879. In so ruling, the court gave the tinued use of state funds at Austm OFFICERS Nashville Board of Education an ad­ Peay. . . • D b . • ...... • • . Chairman VtrgmtUI a nay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v· Ch 0 ditional seven months in which to Chancellor William J. Wade of Nashville Chancery Court Look the Thomas R. Waring . • . . . • . . . . . • • . . . . . t~e - .mman devise and adopt a plan for the de­ Don Shoema ker . • ...... ~ecultve Dire ctor segregation of the city's public matter under advisement and gave no Patrick McCauley, Assistant to the Executive Dtrector schools. indication when he would render an On March 31 the Chattanooga opinion. BOARD OF DIRECTORS school board announced there would In early March, the plaintiffs asked Fra nk Ahlgren, Editor, Memphis Charles s_. Johnson: President, Fisk be no desegregation in the city system that the suit be extended to include Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Universoty, Nashvolle, Tenn. for "probably five years or more." East Tennessee State. Tenn. C. A. McKn ight, Editor, Charlotte Observer, Charlotte, N.C. The statement was the first since the Gordon Blackwell, Director, Institute Charles Moss, Executive Editor, July 22, 1955 declaration that Chatta­ for Research in Social Science, Na shville Banner, Nashville, Tenn. nooga planned a "prompt and reason­ University of N.C. able start." (SSN, August, 1955.) Don Shoemaker, Exec. Director Sou. Harvie Branscomb, Chancellor, Van­ Educ.alion Reporting Service The board's month-end statement, Earlier in the month, the Nashville derbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. which reportedly came as a surprise, Thomas R. Waring, Editor, Charle~oo Board of Education held an open Virginius Dabney, Editor, Richmond said: "We have proceeded in good ton News & Courier, Charleston, meeting during whlch it listened to TimeJ-Dispatc:h, Richmond, Va. faith, in line with our announced spokesmen for and against desegre­ s. c. Henry I. Willett, Superintendent of policy, to seek a solution to our prob­ gation. Coleman A. Harwell, Editor, Nash­ Tennessee constitution in denying Schools, Richmond, Va. lem. As a result of all that bas hap­ admittance of Negroes to white Heralded as the meeting in which vill e Tennessean, Nashville, Te nn. pened in our community and else­ the board planned to adopt a desegre­ Henry H. Hill, President, George P. B. Young Sr., Publisher, Norfolk schools, and that the plaintiffs were Journal & Guide, Norfolk, Va. where, we are finnly convinced that s~king an injunction to restrain the gation plan, the board, shortly after Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn. any measure of integration within the board from enforcing a constitutional the meeting opened, informed lhe ap­ CORRESPONDENTS foreseeable future would do the com­ proximately 80 people present that it provision it now admits is unconstitu­ munity irreparable damage. tional." had decided to take no action on such Robert La sch, Editorial Writer, St. "Events in the last year have con­ William H. McDonald, Editorial a plan that nicllt. Instead, the board W riter, Mo ntgomery Advertiser Louis Post-Di spatch vinced the Chattanooga Board of BOTH GRANTED said, it would be glad to hear com­ Educalion that the commu,nity will On the following day, the court ment on the subject from anyone NORTH CAROLINA not accept any form of integration ... Thomas D. Davis, Asst. City Editor, granted both motions offered by the present who desired to speak. Jay Jenkins, Raleigh Bureau Arkansas Gazette at any time within the near future. defendants. It dissolved the three­ Speakin({ in favor of delaying ac­ Chief, Charlotte Observer (See SSN, December, 1955.) judge court and continued the suit tion on a desegregation olan until "the "We, therefore, take thjs opportun­ until the next term of court which will of the people is fully and clearly William P. Frank, Staff W riter, OKLAHOMA ity to report to the community our convenes the first Monday in October. made known through legislative ac­ Wilmington News Leonard Jackson, Staff Writer, decision to postpone any change in the In granting the motion the court tion" were members of the Tennessee DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Oklahoma City Oklahoman-Timts public schools for a period of at least ruled, in part: "It is obvious that no Federation for Constitutional Gov­ Jeanne Rogers, Education Writer, SOUTH CAROLINA a few years-probably five years or necessity for the hearing of the cause ernment, and individual citizens, in­ W eshington Post & Times Herald more. (We believe) this decision to by a three-judge district court exists, cluding a housewife. an odd-jobs man W. D. Workman Jr., Special Cor­ be in harmony with the spirit of the respondent, Columbia, S. C. since the unenforceability of the con­ and a retired public school teacher. Bert Collier, Staff Writer, Miami two U. S. Supreme Court rulings on stitution and statutes of Tennessee Speakinf! for desegregation were Herald TENNESSEE the question ... has been conceded by the defend­ citizens includinGEORGIA James Elliott, Staff Writer, Nash­ Citizens Committee for the Public Joseph B. Parham, Editor, The ville Banner spell may restore a spirit of good will three-judge district court is, there­ Schools of Nashville and Davidson to our community, an atmosphere fore, granted, and the case is remand­ Ma con News Wallace Westfeldt, Staff Writer, where free discussion is possible County. the executive secretary of the ed to be heard by a district judge. Nashville Association of Churches, Nashville Tenneuean without bitterness and hate ..." "It further appearing to the court Weldon James, Editorial Writer, Elsewhere in Tennessee. the and a professor of philosophy at Van­ that the Board of Education of the derbilt University. Louisville Courier-Journal TEXAS strength of the pro-segregation forces City of Nashville announced at an LOUIS IANA Richerd M. Morehead, Austin Bu­ appeared to be firmer, although the early date that it would comply with OFFER STATEMENT Leo Adde, Editorial Writer, New reau, Dalles News tone of moderation remained domi­ the ruling of the [ U. S.l Supreme On March 21, the board of educa­ Orleans Item VIRGINIA nant throughout the state. Court in integrating the public tion's instruction commHtee--as­ Overton Jonas, Editorial Writer, schools of Nashville and has pro­ signed the task of drafting a desegre­ Edgar L. Jones, Editorial Writer, Richmond Times-Dispatch ceeded to take steps toward that end, -gation plan for Nashville-offered the Baltimore Evening Sun and is now acting in good faith and board a statement of policy pending with appropriate dispatch in awaiting WEST VIRGINIA decision on its suit in Federal court. Kenneth Toler, Mississippi Bureau, Frank A. Knight, Editor, Charles.- the taking of the school census and Said the board, in part: Memphis Commercial-Appeal ton Gazette factors giving careful consideration to "The Nashville Board of Education all factors involved, so as to arrive at will discharge its duties, including the MAIL ADDRESS On March 27, hearing on the case a workable plan of integration, which implementation of the decision of the P.O. Box 6156, Adlen Station, Nashville 6, Tenn. filed by parents and relatives of 21 appears to be a reasonable start Supreme Court of the United States Return Postage Guaranteed Negro and two white children against toward full compliance with the May in compliance with the Jaw of the the Nashville Board of Education 17, 1954 ruUng of the Supreme Court, land ... it is therefore ordered that the appli­ (Robert W. Kelty, etc. et al v. the "The board views the problem as ate attitude being taken by the state Congress making a public pledge to Board of Education of the City of cation for a continuance is granted. government and that the executive reverse a decision of the Supreme and the cause is continued until the serious ... and thus worthy of its Nashville, etc. et al) opened in Nash­ best judgment ... The complexity seemed completely satisfied. Court," but freely endorsed the ville. Six days prior to the convening next term of court." Southern Manifesto. of the problem in Nashville is illu­ COPE HEARD of court, the board of education an­ DEFENDS PLAN strated by the fact that at the present Ba..-;s termed the Manifesto a "poll· nounced it would not adopt a plan of State Education Commissioner tical document" and said he fe~ Atty. Gen. George F. McCanless has time 35.6 per cent of the students at­ Quill Cope, speaking to superinten­ desegregation before the court met, deftmded Tennessee's plan for grad­ tending the city schools are Negroes, it might lessen regard for constitu· dents at the Tennessee Education As­ and would ask the court for a con­ ual desegregation of colleges as i.e., 17.208 white students and 9,512 lional government. sociation's 88th annual convention: tinuance of the suit. Basis for the colored students. SotrrHERN ScHOOL a means of preventing "race riots "All of you know the problem we board of education's action-passed such as have occurred in neighboring NEWs for March, 1956 gives statistics by an 8-1 vote (the board's sole Ne­ showing school enrollment. with are facing in our schools. I plead with states." each of you to keep emotionalism out gro member dissenting)-was the In a brief which has been filed be­ Nei!To percental!e of all southern and of this matter as far as possible. We contention that the board did not fore the U. S. Court of Appeals in border states. These figures establish have more than 100 local school sys­ have before it "all the essential facts Cincinnati, the attorney general ex­ that a higher percentage of Negroes James C. Piersol, Shelby County tems in Tennessee and I don't pre­ ... upon which appropriate planning pressed "firm belier• that the Tennes­ attend school in Nashville than arc chairman for the Pro-Southerners. sume to tell any one of them how to must be predicated." see plan "will tend to prevent such l.'nrolled in Georgia or Alabama." has been appointed temporary na· meet this problem. I urge you to con­ outbreaks and demonstrations and to tional chairman of the organization. sult with your local leaders on it" TWO MOTIONS make the processes of integration He replaces Hat·ry W. Pyle, who re­ In an hour-long hearing, attorneys stable and peaceful." At a pro-segregation rally in Mem­ signed declaring that "a radical ele· Cor the board of education offered The brief was a reply to an appeal phis, Curt Copeland of Little Rock, mcnt'" in the group had destroyed two motions to the court: by five Negro undergraduates who Ark.: Southern preachers "are so l'\·erylhing he had done toward build­ That the three-judge panel be dis­ were denied admission to Memphis Warning that the South is "now carried away with this brotherhood ing the o•·ganization. Pyle commen!-ed solved because it did not have juris­ State Collef.( e. Federal Judge Marion divided by racial animosity," 52 mess of trash they haven't got the lhat "the organization is falling diction in view of the fact that the S. Boyd of Memphis accepted the Negro clergymen in Memphis have guts to preach the doctrine of segre­ apart." board of education admitted that the slate's plan for year-by-year desegre­ advocated moderation among the ~alion which is the doctrine of God. state's compulsory school segregation J!alion beginning with graduate stu­ races, at the same time deploring The National Association for the UNIOl\'lST JEERED law was unconstitutional. Conse­ dents this year. segregation. The ministers are mem­ Advancement of Colored People is the A Detroit union official drew a worst organization to come along quently, said the board, there was no The Negroes appealed, arguing it bers of the Interdenominational Min­ storm of jeers in Memphis in early constitutional question involved. isterial Alliance of Memphis and ! c omin~ state school census, did not SUIT FILED tor of the Tennessee Industrial De­ between Local 988 of the United have the necessary facts on which to Sixteen members of the Tennessee velopment Commission, reported that lhc Memphis newspapers were edited and managl.'d by Northerners who Automobile Workers of America and base a plan of desegregation. Federation for Constitutional Gov­ industrialists planning establishment its policy-making leaders. Both motions were opposed by at­ ernment are seeking to bar expendi­ of new factories in Tennessee arc "arc ca1·pel-baggers in the true sense of the word." Herschel Davis of Detroit, one ol torneys for the plaintiffs who declared tures of state funds at Austin Peay showing little concern so far over de­ segregation problems in the state. the UAW 's administrative assistaJI!s (l) that the board had plenty of time State College in Clarksville, whlch BASS STAND told the meeting: "You're no longer in which to prepare a plan of de­ recently admitted two Negro grad­ Whitlatch said the commission had In a Nashville press conference, holding meetings for union busin~ segregation and (2) that the board uate students. received only one query on the sub­ U.S. Rep. of Pulaski ques­ you're meeting to fight integration. had rei ied upon provisions of the The suit contends that 1955 educa- ject. He said he explained the moder- tioned the "propriety of members of (Continued on Next Page) SOUTH ERN SCHOOL NEWS-APRIL 1956-PAGE 5 ~itizens in Alabama Wilson told a rally of the Associa­ tion of Citizens Councils of Alabama that the uruversity needed a "house­ cleaning.'' He said: "I believe there are people from bottom to top who are not following the mandate of the taxpayers. I am going to do all I can.'' ATIACKS mRITATE Wilson's attacks irritated even some White Citizens Council leaders. Alston Keith of Selma, one of the organizers of the Dallas County group, first in the state, criticized Wilson's "intemperate statements.'' The university board of trustees announced March 12 it was expell­ ing Wilson, suspending four, and disciplining 25 other students for their parts in the "recent distubances at the university." Mentioning only Wilson by name, the board said that because of his "unwarranted and outrageous public attacks" since Feb. 6 upon the "integrity of the presi­ dent and faculty and officers'' of the university: " ... It appears ... that this stu­ FINANCES FIRST dent's conduct and charges represent The March special session was far more than the mere exercise of called by Gov. Folsom to consider his right to freely debate the ques­ six matters, with educational LEONARD WILSON tion of segregation . . . Wilson . finances having the top priority. Also Expelled is hereby permanently expelled. Only one of Gov. Folsom's proposals to the lawmakers was directly re­ At the Feb. 29 hearing in Bit·ming­ \.· A lated to the segregation problem: ham, Judge Grooms remarked in . MISCELLANEOUS his recommendation that the legisla­ court: ture create a bi-racial commission to "There are some people who be­ The excitement over the race issue The Alabama Association of Cit­ settle disputes (sec SSN, March). lieve this court should carve out a izens Councils, which claims to rep­ has been infiated even more by the The commission plan appeared a province, man the battlements and four-montit-old boycott of Mont­ resent 65,000 members from 62 OLSO!\il ON STUMP dead issue late in March after oppo­ defy the U. S. Supreme Court. This chapters in 30 counties, took its first gomery buses by Negroes. The legis­ court does not have that preroga- Folsom was busy slumping the sition of White Citizens Councils and major political action. State Sen. lature, convening in early Mat·ch in some legislators. live.'' ate, ostensibly in a "report to the Montgomery for the 5th special ses­ Sam Engelliardt of Macon County, eople" on the accomplishments of Late in the session, five admin­ segregation leader in the legislatw·e sion in 14 months, reflected this con­ ista·alion leaders in the Senate in­ is administration. However, his cern by introducing a number of and author of the school placement :leaking tour, which began in North troduced a resolution to rescind the law, announced that segregation pro-segregation bills. (Sec "Legisla­ nullification resolution passed by the Jabama with the governor vigor­ tive Action.") questionnaires had been sent to 208 usly defending himself against those legislature in January. The resolu­ candidates for statewide office, con­ tho have attacked his moderate tion notes that nullification, which gressional seats, etc. By March 27, tand on the segregation question, became "law" after Gov. Folsom de­ he said, he had had 49 answers-all nounced it as "hogwash" and re­ Hours after U. S. District Judge pro-segregation. 'as generally regarded as a cam­ H. Hobart Grooms of Birmingham aign in behalf of his candidacy for fused to sign it, is "entirely futile Engelhardt also anDounced a sim­ and legally unenforceable.'' had ordered Miss Autherine Lucy ilar questionnaire would be prepared ational Democratic committeeman readmitted to the University of Ala­ 1 the May 1 primary. and sent out to all officials and fac­ bama (see "Legal Action"), the uni­ ulty members of white colleges in Folsom is opposed in the primary The state Senate, by unanimous versity's board of trustees "perma­ Alabama to determine in writing y Charles W. McKay Jr. of Talla­ vote the day after the University of nenUy expelled" her. their views on race matters. ega, author of the legislature's nul­ Alabama permanently expelled Miss Reason given by the board was .fication resolution and outspoken Autherine Lucy, petitioned the U. S. Several hours before the Univer­ Miss Lucy's "outrageous, false and l'tDD-APRIL MAILING •ro-segregationist. Thus the contest Congress to provide federal funds to sity of Alabama's board of trustees baseless accusations" in alleging that Purpose, he said, is to infonn the >viewed by many as a possible test move Negroes out of the South. The "permanently expelled" Miss Au­ the university had "conspired" in people of Alabama "the attitude of f public concern over the race ques­ resolution was still in a House com­ therine Lucy (see "In the Colleges"), the violent demonstrations which re­ those to whom they send their sons ion. mittee at the end of March. U.S. District Judge Hobart Grooms sulted in her temporary suspension and daughters for an education.'' ruled Feb. 29 in Birmingham that In reply to the criticism that he had Also on the opening day of U1e Feb. 6. the university must readmit the stu­ Engelhardt said the college ques­ ;, ailed to answer the wee race ques­ special session, March 1, the House :S dent befo1·e 9 a.m. Monday, March 5. Thurgood Marshall, chiel counsel tionnaire, ready for mailing about ionnaire, Folsom said March 29: approved (75-0) a resolution calling She had been temporarily suspend­ for the NAACP, amended the orig­ mid-April, would permit more com­ 5r~- "My views are well known on the for an investigation to determine if inal complaint to drop all charges plete answers than the candidate ,, the Alabama chapter of the National ed from classes by the board follow­ •h ubject. I was and am Cor scgrcga­ ing campus violence Feb. 6. that the Tuscaloosa dots were a questionnaire, which follows: ol ion. That's all I have to say on the Association for the Advancement of "cunning strategem" to keep Miss "1. Will you give your whole­ c Colored People had b~n infiltrated March 10, Miss Lucy's attorney, Lucy off the campus. "After careful lo ubject ... T am not going to swear Arthur Shores of Birmingham, filed hearted support to the action which ol Jlegiance to the leadership of any by Communists. The resolution, investigation," said Marshall, "we has already been taken by the legis­ .u sponsored by Rep. T. K. Selman of a motion in Judge Grooms' court are unable to produce evidence to ::Is :roup that's trying to tear up the seeking readmittance of the first lature of Alabama toward maintain­ :>emocratic party in Alabama.'' Pre­ Walker County, would have made support these allegations.'' ing segregation? '" ~ Miss Lucy the first witness to be Negro student in the history of the lo •iously, Folsom had labeled his race "2. Are you willing to advise those At subpoenaed. The proposal was bur­ university. Shores challenged the le­ CHARGE WITHDRAWN or committeeman as "Democracy v. voters, Negro or otherwise, who fa­ ,,. gal effectiveness of the board's ex­ University lawyers objected to the U• t. and Sam 0. Bates, attorneys, co­ in this state have broken down or pus riots. Since the Feb. 6 demon­ fore the May 1 primary, Engelhardt regional offices will be established in :hainnen, and attorney J ack Petree, that the law enforcement agencies of stration which resulted in Miss said, but added that his organization ecretary. Middle and East Tennessee soon. this stale are unwilling or inade­ Lucy's being temporarily suspended, will not endorse any candidate. A prime objective of the "Citizens Twenty-one Mcmphians have quate to maintain law and order at Wilson, a White Citizens Council of­ The Montgomery County Citizens or Progress" as expressed by Mc­ agreed to become directors of. the the university." ficer in the Tuscaloosa chapter, has Councils, meanwhile, called for a Greater Memphis Race Relataons )onald and Bates will be to elect a Judge Grooms therefore ordered repeatedly denounced university legislative investigation of Alabama Committee. bringing to 44 the direc­ ~slative delegation in August who that the suspension of Miss Lucy officials and challenged the board of colleges for "possible subversive ac­ vall support interposition bv the state torship or a newly formed organiza­ should be lifted by 9 a.m., March 5. lrustees to expel him. tivities." ,f Tennessee to the Supreme Court tion devoted to intenacial harmony.

Nalchct J 6:4 • News ond COU"er pllbiSh 'one WCC: runS 8ftny QCR off Je ~ : 5 PAGE b--APRIL 1956--SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS

BALITMORE, Md. 3,134 white and 1,327 colored children. While the southern part of the place by the beginning of the 1956 school year ... T HREE or THE CITIZENS desegregation A citizens advisory group has been county is 53 per cent Negro, the only advisory groups appointed by appointed by school officials to study !tlegr() high school is in Annapolis, "5) That the Board of Education, county boards of education turned in desegregation problems but has not which lies in the northern haii of the after considering the Advisory Com­ their recommendations during March, yet reported its findings. county. This means that colored stu­ mission's report, promptly adopt and make public a clear cut policy and and all three favored making a start In a quite unrelated legal action, a dents in going to classes by bus n()W program for desegregation ... toward compliance with the Supreme grand jury in Baltimore County de­ pass by white schools closer at hand. "6) That care he taken to ensure Court decision next fall. A date was clined to indict Mr. and Mrs. Roland Anne Arundel put two special schools set in a fourth county for Negroes to P. Howard of Cockeysville, who have for handicapped children on a non­ that the difficulties which may arise in make applications for transfers to refused since September to send their segregated basis last fall without in­ the desegregation program not be white schools. and two other counties eight- and ten-year-old daughters to cident, and this February opened a given a racial interpretation ... which already have some mixed an Integrated school. The County racially mixed elementary school at "7) That building programs include classes made moves leading toward Board of Education had originally Fort Meade. the improvement or the abandonment further integration. filed a petition in juvenile court, but The decision of the Anne Arundel of all substandard school facilities at when Lhe Howards requested a jury County Board of Education to appoint the earliest possible date ... The Howard County desegregation "8) Assignment o£ all school per­ committee's recommendation that trial, the case fell within the juris­ an advisory commission on desegre­ sonnel should be made on the basis children regardless of race be per­ diction of the criminal court, there gation was taken on May 11, 1955, or mitted to apply for transfers to other· being no provisions for trial by jury just prior to the final action or the of requirements for personnel, the schools in the fall was immediately in juvenile court. Supreme Court. In its final report qualifications or the person to f-ulfill adopted by the county board of edu­ March 1 the commission notes that these requirements and the best in­ cation and led shortly thereafter to some people had assumed incorrcelly terests of the school system. the dropping of the complaint al(ainst that its purpose was "to find out "9) Methods of handling social the county which had been filed in whether or not the schools in the or other extra-curricular activities federal district court bv lhe National county should be desegregated." This should be arrived at by the respon­ Asc:ociation for the Advancement of question, the report said, has been sible school officials with considera­ Colored People. (See "School Boards decided by the Supreme Court and tion ~ivcn to all of the circumstances and Schoolmen.") Almost simultan­ The significance o( the Anne the function of the commission was involved eously, NAACP attorneys filed suit Arundel County desegregation study to study and recommend "the best "10) That all matters concerning arcainst St. Mary's County in southern group's recommendation that "a sub­ way to proceed with desegregation." desegt·egation be handled in a frank Maryland. (See "Legal Action.") In stantial start in the desegregation The commission said that it had pro­ and open manner and that a wide­ a separate move, the Mont~tomery program should take place by the ceeded on the premise that "a transi­ spread progt·am of ohtaininl! public Counlv branch of the NAACP pro­ beginning of the 1956 school year" tion without incident will be a credit under!rtanding and cooperation be tested in March that county school lies in the nature of the county. Run­ to the county and to the board or adopted by the Board of Educa­ officials had not carried out in full ning due south from the Baltimore education and conversely that any tion ..." their inte~ration policy. city line and including Annapolis, the adverse incident would reflect dis­ The Board of Education immediate­ The most significant of the desegre­ state capital, Anne Arundel is a mix­ credit on the county and on the ly began its study of the advisory )!ation reports was probably that of ture of cultures: tidewater, southern maturity of its citizens." commission's recommendations and the citizens group in Anne Arundel rw·al and northern industrial. It has The unanimous recommendations unanimously resolved that a start County. It has the second highest a large encampment of military fam­ of the commission included: toward desegregation would be made number of Negro school children ilies around Fort Meade and, of "1) That strong emphasis be placed next September. Just what type of among the 23 counties in the state course, all the seafaring traditions at­ on the principle that the primary pr·ogram will be adopted deoends in and is confronted with the twofold tached to the Naval Academy at function of the school system is to part on information currently being problem of an overburdened school Annapolis. provide the best possible education gathered for the board's consideration system and some previously ex­ Racially, Anne Arundel ranges from for all children in the county in the by Dr. David S. Jenkins, superin­ pressed public opposition to mixed predominantly white in its northern most efficient and economical manner. tendent of county schools. Dr. Jen­ classes. suburban sections to predominantly "2) That the program for the pro­ kins is quoted in the county press as Negro in its southern rural areas. vision of adequate classroom space be saying, "I expect t() have a program DATE SET Anne Arundel's population is grow­ accelerated as rapidly as possible. which can be considered by the board The county which set a date for ing at the rate of about 10 per cent "3) That the practical goal of the not later than its May meeting." Negro transfer applications was Tal­ a year, which has put a severe strain desegregation program be considered bot, on the Eastern Shore. About one­ on the school system. Despite the to be: a) The elimination of the third of Talbot school children are spending of about $30 million in the designation of 'colored' or 'white' colored, and the county board of edu­ past seven years on school construc­ schools. b) Insofar as it is adminis­ cation in announcing an April 26 ap­ tion, every high school in the county tratively practical every child shall The Board of Education of Harford plication date made clear that it is greally overcrowded, and at least have the choice of: attending the County disposed early in March of "reserves the right to refuse any one junior high will go into double nearest school; attending his present the suit brought by the National As­ transfer for reasons good and suffici­ sessions next fall. Four new high school; requesting admittance to an­ sociation for the Advancement of ent unto itself." (See "School Boards schools have been approved, but con­ other school through the board of Colored People by adopting in short and Schoolmen.") struction has been delayed by the education ... order the recommendation of its The Baltimore Countv Board of difficulties o£ obtaining sites at rea­ " 4) That a substantial start in the "citizens consultant committee." Con­ Education, which last fall opened 28 sonable prices. desegregation program should take sisting of 29 white and six Negro schools to Negroes, added 25 more to the list in March, bringing the total of potentially mixed schools next fall to 43 elementary, three junior high and six senior high schools and one Delaware Board Stays Integration of 8 Districts special school for mentally retarded youngsters. WILMINGTON, Del. The Deeper Cleft "Your letter dated Feb. 10, 1956, the original public school integration The other tw() counties where steps T HE STATE BOARD of Education, r·elating to requests to the State case of Delaware was heard. toward integration were taken in which officially favors a gradual Board of Education to desegregate The school districts involved are: March were Frederick, in western integration program in Delaware, immediately certain schools men­ Christiana School, New Castle Maryland, and Montgomery, on the refused on March 15 to order eight tioned therein were presented and County-251 pupils, through sixth outskirts of Washington. Frederick, school districts in the state tG inte­ considered very carefully at the reg­ grade. The Negro children in this where school officials had already an­ grate immediately. ular board meeting Thursday eve­ area go to various Negro schools nounced their intentions regarding Political leaders throughout the ning, March 15, 1956. It was the nearby, but the potential Negro at­ compliance, heard during the month stale sighed with relief at this-since unanimous opinion of the board that tendance at Christiana would be 21 !rom its citizens advisory group, they have been trying desperately to it could not comply with these re­ The John M. Clayton School. (See "School Boards and School­ convince the public that segregation­ quests. Sussex County- 547 white oupils men.") Montgomery, which currently desegregation is not an issue in this "The State Board has recognized No estimate of Negro potential. has more Negr<>es in mixed classes year's election campaign. the fact that communities differ from Laurel, Sussex Counly- 1.338 in than any other Maryland county, had Segregationists and moderate in­ one another in tradition and atti­ the white school through senior bil!h a new Facilities program adopted by tegrationists also cheered the State tudes and, therefore, the desegrega­ school; 312 Negroos in separate the county board of education. Board of Education's stand with ref­ tion process will require a longer schools throu~h the junior high erence to the eight school districts; period of time in some parts of the school. only the NAACP and its followers state than in others.... Seaford, Sussex County - 1,673 disliked the decision, and it is now "Certain local school authorities white pupils through senior hi~ taken for granted that the way has have, either for lack of facilities or school: 393 in Negro school through been cleared for the NAACP to file -Wilmington Journal Eve'll Evening for other reasons caused by unique junior high school. suit in the Court of Chancery, call­ Grecnw~. Sussex County-482 ing upon the court to order imme­ local conditions, indicated that de­ segregation of schools was imprac­ white pupils throu~h senior hi~h The suit filed in federal district diate desegregation plans. Redding told the State Board of Education that these districts have ticable at this time.... school; and 48 in the Negro school court during March by NAACP at­ (fu-st to sixth grades). tomeys is on behalf of Rose Marie, FEARED INCIDENTS taken no action t<>ward integration "It has always been the policy of Many people in Delaware, anxious Milton, Sussex Counlv-601 while Huey and Dean Robinson and 63 other and that the expressed attitudes of the State Board of Education to to avoid any open community rifts, the school officials "constitute a ne­ work cooperatively with local boards pupil<> through senior hillh school: school children against G. Edward 5 Negroes through the sixth grade. Thomas. president of the St. Mary's were afraid that if the State B()8rd gation of the announced policy" of in the solution of all school prob­ County Board of Education; four of Education-the ultimate author­ the board. lems. Clayton, Kent Countv- 298 whit~ pupils through the ei~hth &;rade. No other members of the board and Mrs. ity in education in Delaware outside The State Board of Education took "Therefore the board believes that Lettie M. Dent, county superintend­ of the General Assembly-had or­ the petition under advisement and in working within the framework of estimate of Negl'O potential. . ent of schools. Announcement that the dered immediate desegregation in on March 15, when the board held its its desegregation policies already Milford. Sussex Countv -1,65~ 111 suit would be filed was made in mid­ eight certain school districts, another regular meeting with the petition on white schools throullh S<'"ior hitth series of "Milford incidents" would en1;1nciated, it is meeting the re­ December. its agenda, about 100 men and quirements of the U. S. Supreme school: 256 in Nt-ero schools through explode. junior high school. Among the contentions in the suit women from southern Delaware ap­ Court decision which set no specific are that the J arh<>esville consolidated peared. date for the ending of segregation." POLITICAL ACTIVITY school in Carver Heights and the Ban­ There were no representatives Leaders of the Dem<>Cratic andRe-­ neker elementary school in Loveville from the NAACP. NO ANSWER publican parties are concerned about are inferior to the school facilities The tenor of the delegation's argu­ Redding had no answer t() the what may happen at their respective provided white children and that the The top story in Delaware during ment-asking the State Board of Ed­ ~~te Board of Education's action but state conventions in August, partic­ colored children named in the suit March was the hearing. held by the ucation not tG grant the Redding tt rs presumed in Delaware that n()\~ ularly with reference to plat!orm are compelled to travel from four to State Board of Education on a pe­ petition-was that segregation is a that he, as the legal representative writing. eight miles to these schools and denied tition from Louis Redding, attorney local issue and not for the board. of the NAACP, has followed all This year, Delaware elects a new admission to schools closer to their for the NAACP in Delaware, asking After hearing the delegation ~hannels in seeking desegregation state House of Representatives, one­ homes. St. Mary's County lies deep that the board order desegregation through, the State Board of Educa­ 10 these particular eight school dis­ half of a state Senate, a governor, in southern Maryland and had a in eight school districts, most of tion drafted the following reply to tricts, his next step is to file litiga­ a lieutenant governor and other state school enrollment last September of them in southern Delaware. Redding: tion in the Court of Chancery wher·e (Continued on Next Page) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-APRIL 1956-PAGE 7 :~t~ Georgia Educator Loses Title Over Pro-Integration Views MACON, Ga. the University System of Georgia D'· GuY H. WELLS, a well-known took_ away from Wells the UUe of the Negroes were unacceptable be­ The Southern Regional Council ap­ educator in the state. was stripp<'d president emeritus of GSCW which it cause: (1) the applications arrived pealed to businessmen in seven south­ had bestow~:d upon the educator two after the close of registration for the eastern states to use their influence of his honorary title of president Y<'ars before, shortly after· he resigned spring quarter; (2) the school does in promoting discussion and under­ emeritus of Georgia State College for as lwnd of the college to accept not accept mailed- in applications ex­ standing between genuinely repre­ Women because of his nlll•g('d pro­ position with the federal governmen~ cept from former students who are ill sentative members of both races in during the registration period; (3) order that the region's progress and On the ~amc day, the Stall Board integration views. T1-u:.tet•s of the the applications were not endorsed prosperity not be endangered by of ~ucahon, convened in monthly state retirement system r<'jt·ctl·d as by two Georgia State alumni and "secessionist policies." S<'sston, asked the Tcach<>r RNirement The plea was voiced in letters to unconstitutional a request by the Boar-d to discontinue Dr Wells' character of the applicants had not State Board of Education to p1·ohib1t been certified by the county attorney. State Chamber of Commerce presi­ S.?lS.S3 monthly pension because or Blai!- said Georgia can "fairly and dents in Georgia, Alabama, , pension payments to Wells, now ex­ h1s stand on se!!regalion. If le'lally posstble. · squnrtly" hold off the attempts to Mississippi, North Carolina, South ecutive director of lhe Gcoq.(ta Com­ lower college racial barriers. The Carolina and Virginia. mittee on Interracial Coorwrotion. Co.mrn~nting on tht• mattc.' r·, Gov. regi:;trar said U.e faculty faced the Gov. Griffin told a press conference (See "School Boards and School- G•·•llm said he felt sure the hoards did prospect of ultimately having a Negro in Atlanta that he had offered to men.'') "'hat tht•v fl'lt to be right and added student in a "hr.oadminded" fashion "personally guarantee" the education Extension of efforts to lowtr col- thut Wl"lls "has been actin~ a little and woulrl len''~ the entire matter up of Leonard Wilson, a student expelled uql~· " legiate racial bars was se\!n as six ~G the Board of Regents. from the University of Alabama for Dt· Wt·lls smd the Auuusw Courier what school trustees termed "un­ lkgrOeS unsuccessfully applu.'en•ice. contacted Ordinary Eugene Gunby of means, announced 28 organizational • the pro-segregation group were also Fulton County. They were accom­ meetings were held throughout Geor­ States Primitive Baptist Ministerial Association endorsed segregation and active in speechmaking over the STICKS TO POSITION panied by A. T. Walden, an Atlanta gia during March. South. (See "Community Action.") declared integration as "contrary to ··1 ha\'e nothing to retract or apolo­ Negro attorney who has acted as William T. Bodenhamer, state ex­ ecutive director, said there arc some the teachings of the Bible." Georgia's senior senator, Walter F. gize for, and I an1 confident that lhe counsel in other cases in which the ,. George, presented a Declaration of NAACP has been interested. members of the council in every Dr. Benjamin Mays, president of people o( Georgia will sustain mv Morehouse College, an Atlanta Negro Constitutional Principles to the up- position," Wells said, adding that by Walden said the NAACP had county and local councils are being activated as rapidly as possible. "Peo­ school, told the 13th convocation of ) per house of the U. S. Congress. The taking away his title of president nothing to do with the applications ple are manifesting intense interest the United Negro College Fund in • documen~ eventually signed by 10 emeritus. the r·egents had cancelled a of the Negroes for entrance to the southern senators and congressmen white college. He said he was con­ in the work of the councils," he said. Cleveland that white and Negro col­ life and hospitalization insurance leges will be desegregated and "enter and critical of the Supreme Court de­ sulted "as an attorney for advice." Council members, including Gov. policy he had obtained under a co­ a larger field of usefulness." st>gregation decision, was recei,·cd The University System Board of Griffin, Atty. Gen. Cook, Charles J . operative arrangement betw~n GS­ Rep. Paul Brown of Georgia intro­ with favorable editorial reaction in Regents adopted rules requiring that Bloch of Macon and Roy V. Harris of s CW and its faculty. The educator Augusta, have been increasingly ac­ duced in the House a resolution as­ s Georgia. (See '"What They Say '") ask(•d for hearings before the two applicants for admission to state edu­ cational institutions have their resi­ tive in spcechmaking both in and out serting the rights of the states to de­ "•I boat·ds which had initiated action of the state in l'ecent weeks. cide the issue of whether public v against him. dences, good moral character and good :1 reputation certified to by two gradu­ In Macon, Bibb County Klan 115 schools shall be "separate but equal" s or desegregated. ~ A week later. the trustees of U1e ates of the school in question and by of the United Klans of Georgia sche­ I state r<'tirement system rejected as the ordinary of their home county. duled a 100-car motorcade and a pub­ Approximately 100 persons, about 0 unconstitutional the request of the lic speaking for April 14 to explain one-half or them white, attended a Q ~ Stat<: Board of Education that the ENDORSEMENT GIVEN the workings of the "new" Klan to the mixed meeting at a Negro church in :· pension he discontinued. The trustees Clemons and Mrs. Boone were ac­ Savannah at which Dr. Guy H. Wells 0 people, according to an official of the e The Georgia Committee on Inter­ said the board had no legal right to companied by two white men, Clar­ oragnization. of the Georgia Committee on Inter­ or veto retirement benefits since they are ence Jordan of Americus and the Rev. racial Cooperation urged the Negroes 0 racial Cooperation, founded in 1919, Eleven officers and three members d IS an affiliate of the Southern Region­ ~uaranteed to teachers by contract. James L. Welden, pastor of Oak Grove of the nominating committee of the t,.. be natient and trust in the law and •· al Council. Committee officials say it The trustees cited the freedom of Methodist Church in DeKalb County. League of Women Voters of Atlanta the courts. sl •e works for improved race relations sp<'ech pr·ovision in the State Consti­ As University of Georgia graduates, resigned their offices and from the n through locaJ chapters and individual tution and said an obligation to "pro­ they had endorsed the admission ap­ organization itself in a controversy EDUCATORS WARNED •• In Chicago, at the 11th National ~- members throughout the state. Dr. lecl" the rights of teachers throughout plications. precipitated by failure of the league w Guy H. Wells, former president of the stale existed. Ordinary Gunby refused to certify at its annual meeting to recommend Conference on Higher Education, L. E. ,,_ Roberts, president of Middle Georgia Georgia State College for Women at the applicants. He said the task of cer­ continued exclusion of Negro mem­ m tifying the applications for all stu­ bers. A statement from resil(ning Junior College of Cochran, warned ttl Milledgeville who served in several II: important educational positions in the dents had become so bulky that he members said in part: "We feel that that "someone is going to get hurt" m state, is executive director of the had requested in a letter to the re­ the integration of our league at this if racial desegregation is forced upon :5 schools in Georgia. "Keep the NAACP Nl lf'.l1 !r oom.mittee. gents that he not be required to cer­ time will raise so many problems that ·4 tify appiications \mtil they had been the effectiveness of the Atlanta leacrue out of the South for a while and let ~~ 'l1le committee members had been "processed and approved" by the the white and colored people talk Je called "dupes"' by Atty. Gen. Eugene will be seriously impaired and that l_q 1 1 school involved. Gunby said he was we can no lon~er properly function things over," he advised. n ~ Cook in a criticism of the National y f\ Two Atlanta Negroes were unsuc­ following this procedure in all cases in the political life of our commun­ In a speech before the U. S. House, Association for the Advancement of :S LJbU~ cessful in attempts to apply for ad­ involving University System school ity." Rep. E. L . Forrester of Georgia ap­ :h Colored People. Later, a group of mission to Georgia State College of aprlicants. pealed to other sections of the nation ar l~en led by Wells met with Gov. 1st Business Administration in Atlanta Mrs. Boone and Clemons later con­ to know the South's side of the racial •h Marvin Griffin to urge formation of a for the spring quat·ler which opened ferred with Dr. George M. Sparks, problem. "We do not wish to see the ol bi-racial committee to study the de­ c March26. state college president; J. D. Blair, white gentile race disappear, and we to ~ation question. Gov. Griffm re­ registrar, 8Jid L. R. Siebert. executive do not intend for it to disappear," he of fused to sanction establishment of The college-formerly the Atlanta :u dl\·ision, University of Georgia, but secretary of the Board of Regents. An attack on the Eisenhower Ad­ said. ds such a committee. tn 1 since separated from the University Sparks said they sought advice on ministration's proposed civil rights Rep. James C. Davis of Georgia told The Augusta Courier, a weekly of Georgia-is a day and night school how to get their applications properly p1·ogram was made by Gov. Griffin. the Augusta States Right Council that le polltica1 paper published by Roy V. .Ar offering degrees in business adminis­ completed. who snicl he is not "particularly in­ school desegregation in Washington, Harris, member of the Stale Board of terested" in talking over the Sout.h's II· tration. It has no resident students or Dr. Sparks sa.Ad he told them that D. C., is a "complete failure." U• Regents and prominent in state poli­ race problem with President Eisen­ ':3 dor·mitory space. since the college had been separated tics, in its issue of March 12 said that from the University of Georgia, uni­ hower as suggested by several south­ Jd The unsuccessful applicants were no WeUs was "seeking to sell the while versity alurr.ni were not eligible to ern governors. Griffin objected to the . UNDER SURVEY \p people on mixing with the Negroes." Mrs. Thelma B. Boone, a Clark Col­ civil rights proposal on the grounds sign as endorseJ'S for applicants. He "'of llanis said that at an Augusta meet­ lege secretary who sought entrance to said he also toid them applications that it would create a "Civil RJghts lSI Identical tests have been given stu­ \p Ing attended by 12 whites and about take a refresher course in secretarial would in addition have to be certified Gestapo with hordes of storm troopers \\ ork, and Edward J. Clemons, an in­ dents of both races in the Atlanta re 2S Negroes, Wells praJS<'CI the Su­ by the nrdinary. and secret police stalking through the rd salesman who was intcr·ested schools to see if whites exceed Negroes P~e Court decision and apologized s~rance By the end of the month, State Col­ land with the sinister purpose of cv in an insurance cow·se. Both Negroes in the educational process, according en lor the crazy, stupid legislators and lege mailed back to the six Negroes regulating the individual's business u l are from Allanta. and every action"; and authorize the to Miss Ira J arrell, superintendent. ~II the governor of this slate " enrollment fees they had sent in ch when they unsuccessfully sought ad­ NAACP to bring civil action "against The standardized examinations, ·nl TITLE RE.'\IOVED ATTORNEY GOES ALONG mittance. anyone lh!.' organization has fancied which have already been given, will Meeting in Atlanta March 14, the Clemons and Mrs. Boone, and four .Av Sparks said the applications from a grievance." (Continued on Page 15) YS St.ate Board of Regents, which runs other unidentified Negro students 'Jlt"' Au1,rust F. Walz declaring March 17 Washington, D.C. Board of Educa­ Milford elementary PTA: Its nine­ ,a oct";Lllc Club, made up of many tion and a professor of English at d• Delawar(• young people, adopted a resolution as NAACP Sunday. Despite the crip­ member executive committee re­ ~ pling snowstorm of that day, 1,200 Howard University: "Racial integra­ signed on March 12 because the l:S (Continued (rom Page G) that thcu· party omit from the 1956 .,... Negroes and whites thronged the tion in the schools and equolity of members said they "feel they can ·h pl~tform "any provisi_on pc~in!,ng treatment in housing, employment, :county officers; also a represcn­ Playhouse theater in Wilmington to accomplish nothing further of n con­ ,.,i

•rv inleri>Os: tt>en eboltsll pub KM"Mr. 5:7 wee· runs " rry gen off Je ~:5 ,&.g 20:1 PAGE 8-APRIL 195b-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS l(ansas City Authorities Which Kind of Supr<'mat·y '! Governor of Arkansas Spike High School Strike Inclines to Segregation

The other request came from ~ "From what we know of the Gary LITI'LE ROCK, Ark. ST. LOUIS, Mo. St. Francis County legislators, Sen. UICK ACTION by school authorities, and Chicago school strikes in the ov. ORVAL FAUBVS moved more Q late 1940's, such incidents are usually G firmly to the segregation side of F't·!cher Long of Forrest City and community leaders and police re­ stimulated by a certain type of youth the public school issue during March P.eps. Knox Kinney of Forrest City cently averted a threatened student who is seeking publicity and seii­ by endorsing "the aims and inten­ and Hnrold Wood of Palestine. strike i.n Kansas City, which ended identification. I am sure this incident tions" of a five-man East Arkansas Al\r stnte Sen. James D. John. boys, one of them the leader type. One acl would declare the doctrine ron of Crossett. leader of the White 60,000. the other th.rec the follower type. All of inl<'rposition. The other would set Citrzens Councils of Al'kansas, is cir­ The trouble began Feb. 28 when a four came from families of relatively up a pupil assignment system un?er tu l alin~ a proposed constitutional Negro and a white boy got into a low economic and cultural level. All which school officials could ass1gn amendment which would declare that fight in a corridor at Central Senior had school records of chronic mis­ students to specific schools. Both doctt·inc and direct the legislature to would go to the people in the Novem­ High School, which has a Negro behavior. -St. Loull Post-D!spa.tch. enact laws to maintain segregation. minority of about 10 per cent. There ''By successfully containing the ber ~teneral election. (See "What A Little Rock Negro, I. S. McClin­ had been ill feeling between the boys disturbance and reducing tensions They Say.") Two Negro teachers of academic ton, pr<"Sidcnt of the AI' kansas Demo­ for some time. Race was believed to arising from it, Kansas City dem­ Other· major developments were: cratic Voters Association and a mem­ be a minor factor in precipitating onstrates how one city can benefit subjects were transferred from 1) Amis Guthridge of Little Rock. Coles J unior High, aU-Negro, to the ber of the NAACP, reacted to ~v. the fight itself. fTom the experience of others. These executive secretary and attorney for Faubus' statements and the manifesto incidents can be handled if the right mixed Manual vocational high school White America, lnc., said Gov. Faubus Central Senior and Central Junior staff, where the academic faculty sicning by the congressional delega­ high schools are adjacent to each steps arc taken at the right time. "finally dccla1·ed himself for the prin­ tioro with the statement that Arkan­ Then the job is to develop positive had previously been all-white. Prin­ ciples which White America stands other. The Negro boy was a junior cipals of three high schools have !'as was lacking in courageous leader­ high student, who had gone into the measure for improving student for." (See "What They Say.'') ship in high places and that the morale and attitudes. This is now stated that Negro teachers will even­ senior building for ROTC drill tually be employed, but that the SPECIAL SESSION Jcade1-s were playing "footsie" with Walking with several friends, he was being done." transition will be gradual. 2) Two separate requests from East anti-integrationists. attacked by the white boy, also ac­ Supt. James A. Hazlett, whose of­ Says Edwin T. Pratt, community Arkansas legislators were made to McClinton said he thought Negro ~ companied by friends, and a general fice worked closely with Central organization secretary of the Urban Gov. Faubus for a special session of citizens would accept a plan of gradu- melee took place before teachers High School officials and community League which led the protest for the legislature in advance of the regu­ al integration ~ver one to five yean il could stop it. The white boy, kicked leaders du.-ing the strike threat, be­ Negro teachers: "From our visits to lar session in January, 1957. Gov. --"if our people in high places would ~­ in the face and ribs, was injured se­ lieves that desegregation is now the schools and conferences with Fnubus said he didn't think a special cour·ageously 1·ecognize the law and ~ riously enough to require hospital generally accepted in Kansas City, school officials it is known that stu­ session would be needed unless mor.., proceed on some sinc('rc cfTorts to do attention. although certain adjustments are dent integration has worked won­ NAACP suits were filed a~ainst school so." causing some disruption. TENSIONS 1\-toUNT derfully well. As soon as teachers districts. (See " What They Say.'') BOARD POLICY 3) Attorneys for the Little Rock Next day, tension quickly mounted RACE RATIO FACTOR are considered on merit alone, we Gov. Faubus said on March 13 the feel that the job will be complete." School Board filed an answer to a fed­ state board of education would decide at both schools. In the afternoon Most of these adjustments occur eral court suit sponsored by the where white students are in a small on a policy on racial integration in thl'ee c1·udely lettered signs calling NAACP, asking for dismissal. The for a student strike were posted on minority and the r·acial composition answer said state segregation laws the public schools well in advance or the 1956-57 term. He said he would bulletin boards. of neighborhoods is rapidly chang­ now are invalid, that the board plan ing. In the Lincoln-Coles area, for­ confer with the board about it, per­ On March 2, as the students were for integration conformed to Supreme haos in advance of the June meeting. merly an all-Negro school district, Court instructions, but that immedi­ going into the senior school, a group new boundary lines brought a white Ten days later, Arch W. Ford, state ate integration asked by the plaintiffs gathered at the south entrance and minority of about 10 per cent into education commissioner, said he one tried to make a speech. Police, "would be unwise, unworkable and the school, but by the end of the first At Moberly, Mo., attorneys March fraught with danger." (See "Legal thought most Arkansas districts who had been alerted by school au­ semester this had shrunk to less than would plan separate-but-equal facil­ 2 completed the taking of depositions Action.'') thorities, instantly warned the agi­ one per cent as most white students of witnesses in the suit filed by six ities for next school year instead or tator and, when he declined to be 4) Federal Judge John E. Miller of transferred elsewhere or their par­ former Negro teachers against the Fort SmiU1 was appointed to replace inleJ!rating. He said those planning to quiet, took him into custody along ents moved away. Moberly Board of Education, charg­ maintain segregation "must" bring with three other youths who dis­ Federal Judge Thomas C. Trimble of Similarly Greenwood and Yeager ing that they were dismissed be­ Little Rock in the NAACP suit salaries of Negro teachers up to par obeyed their orders to disperse. A elementary schools, located on the cause of their race after Moberly with thos(.' of whitt> teachers. white and a Negro boy got into a against t11e Little Rock School Dis­ schools had been desegregated. The At a !'egre~ation rally March 20 in fight nearby. Police arrested both. border of an expanding Negro resi­ trict after Judge Trimble disqualified depositions will become part of the tht- Jacksonville High School IM!l­ All of the boys were released by dential district, had been expected, himself because one of his sons is an on the basis of the school census, to record in U.S. District Court where n::~sium ncar Little Rock. a While noon and returned to school. The one attorney with one of the five legal enroll a Negro majority of 60 per the case will be tried. No date for firms defending the school board. Ame1·ica leader, Amis GuthridgE.' or who tried to lead the strike was sus­ been Little Rock, said progress in the cent. When school opened in Sep­ hearing has fixed. (See "L~al Action.'') pended. movement to mnintain segrel{ation tember the Negro maiority was ac­ The suit is the first to be filed in 5) Two s<>~el!ation candidates were That afternoon, at the request of had been such that he was confident Police Capt. Doral Denison of the tually 75 per cent. Now it is ap­ Missouri to test issues of teacher in­ elected to the Hoxie School Board to proaching 80 per cent. tegration which arose when Negro the opponents of integration have the Youth Bureau, the principal called sit with three incumbents who have teachers, especially in some smaller sunno1·t of the state's public officials. a meeting of the 60-member student Ladd and Linwood schools also are refused to reverse their vole which undergoing 1·apid change as Negro towns, found themselves out of jobs integrated Hoxie schools last sum­ "We are not going to have trouble council. Also present were Parent­ with nublic office holders. now that Teacher Association officials, repre­ "invasion" of the neighbor·hood after pupil segregation ended. NAA­ mrr (See "School Boards and School­ CP attorneys are helping prepare the they know what we want." he said. sentatives of the Community Council bl'ings the response of widespread m<'n.") and the city's Commission on Hu­ properly sales by whites who then case. The plaintiffs charge that the Fourteenth Amendment and fedcl'al MAY RUN AGAIN man Relations, and the county pro­ move into white areas. The result is At previous scgr<'galion rallies, a marked rise in Negro enrollments statutes have been violated by the bation officer. The students discussed Gov. Faubus had been stro n~ly criti­ the matter thoroughly and made at schools on the moving f1·ontier of Moberly school board's adoption of a policy of refusing teacher employ­ cized and there werc indications that several suggestions, one being the the Negr·o section. Here the changes the anti-intcwalion gr·oups would in school population reflect changes ment to Negroes. The school board's appointment of a student committee offer a candidate for governor thi~ to deal with youth morale and atti­ in the neighborhood. defense is based on the contention that no such policy has been adopted. summer. Faubus is expected to seek tudes. TRANSFER POLICY On March 22, Gov. Faubus an­ another term. RUMORS SPIKED Kansas City has always followed nounced U1at a five-man committee, Other speakers at the rally were which had studied, with his blessing, As things quieted down at Central a liberal policy in granting requests . MISCELLANEOUS . ·, Harve B. Thorn, former speaker of ' . . Virginia's efforts to avoid or delay Senior, rumors began to circulate Cor transfer from one high school to the Arkansas House of Representa­ integration, had decided to inHiate that Central Junior would "show another. When desegregation began. tives and a candidate for attorney the board of education announced Gov. Phil M. Donnelly in March two acts (interposition and pupil as­ ~teneral: Joe Foster, chief of police at those sissies" by staging their own signment). strike the following Monday, March that this policy would be continued appointed the first Negro circuit England, and J erry Shrieves of Jack- ~ He said he would withhold official 5. Police were on hand Monday and so long as the schools to which trans­ judge in Missouri. He is Theodore sonville, who had arranged the rally. fer was requested had vacancies. McMillan, 37, a Democrat, who has endorsement of the proposals until Less than 100 persons were present Tuesday mornings, but no incident they were completed in about two took place. In the afternoon William Since then, there has been a been an assistant circuit attorney in when the rally began. Shrieves hadn't sizable increase in transfer requests, St. Louis. He was appointed to fill a weeks. He repeated previous state­ orcd icted how many he expected but H. Gremley, executive secretary of ments that: the Commission on Human Rela­ especially away from Lincoln, Coles, vacancy on the St. Louis circuit had announced he was prepared to tions, met with the Junior High Stu­ Manual and Central high schools, bench. "Integration is a local problem and accommodate up lo 5.000 persons. dent Council and conducted a "ru­ which have the heaviest Negro en­ McMillian has a reputation as a can best be solved on the local level On March 22 at Malvern a resolu­ mor clinic" to expose baseless gos!'ip rollments. Next year all high schools brilliant prosecutor. He attended according to the peculiar circum­ tion on integration was adopted at the and show how it causes trouble. The in the southern pa1·t of the city, with segregated schools in St. Louis and stances and conditions of each local annual meeting of the Woman's So­ school district. princioal called <-eC'tions of the stu­ one exception, will be operating at Lincoln University in J efferson City. ciety of Christian Sc1-vice of the Little dent body together to hear reports ruu capacity and no further transfers Before the war he worked as a Pull­ "The people of the state are over­ Rock Methodist Conference. It read: on the earlier meeting at Senior to them will be allowed. man porter. After the war, in which whelmingly opposed to any effort to "We recommend to this body that he saw overseas se1·vicc and was bring about sudden and complete in­ it call upon the govemor of our stale Hi~h . Kansas City has not yet fully de­ tegration." This ended the incident. Two segregated its teaching staffs, but commissioned a first lieutenant, he to appoint a committee made up or week'! later, two students from Cen­ some moves are being made. Green­ worked nights as a janitor while at­ TIME NEEDED Christian citizens or integrity of both trnl Senior Hi~th won annual awards wood and Yeager elementary schools, tending law school at St. Louis Uni­ Gov. Faubus said, "Time is needed rac<>s to study and make recommen­ ~iven by the Mnookin-Brown formerly white but now largely Ne­ versity, where he ranked first in his in fact is absolutely necessary. to al: dations that would guide lhe people AmeriC'::~n Le~ion post to those Kan­ gro in enrollment, have six Negro class. Admitted to the bar in 1949, low the citizens to cope with the most of our slnte in lessening racial ten­ SIIS Citv high school students who teachers each, though the majority he was appointed assistant circuit difficult problem that has faced the sions in many areas of our common life. includine desegregation of the C'Ontribute most over the year to the of teachers is white. attorney in 1953. p~ple of the state in many years ... develonment of good human rela­ Under Missouri's nonpartisan J ask the cooperation of all the public schools." tions. Tt w::tS the first time that any TEACHER SITUATION court plan, circuit judges are ap­ pcopl('," he said, "in upholding law !'Chool hstd produced two winner$. Negro community leaders last fall pointed by the governor from a panel and order and in preservinl! the oeace Says Gremley of the Human RP­ protested to the board of education of three nominees submitted by a and harmony that has prevailed." lation'l Commission: "On the who!P. against the failure to employ Nellro judicial commission composed of lo­ we were not oarticularlv !'urorise-i reserve teachers as regulars. The O~e request for a special legislative cal leaders of the bar. After appoint­ sesston came from Reo. Lucien C. On Feb. 29. attorneys for the Littlt ;~t this kind of incident. This is our board has taken no formal action on ment, judges must go before the vot­ R~gers of Crittenden County. who Rock School Board ·asked for dis­ fil"'t year of school integration, in the protest. However, the superin­ ers every six years for reelection. which rome stress and strain is to tendent of schools is now allowed to Said he had asked 25le¢slators to sign missal of a suit filed Feb. 8 by the McMillian will come up for reelec­ his petition and that 22 of them had he exnected. Such incirlents must bP use his discretion in assignment of NAACP on hehnlf of 33 N~o chlld­ tion in 1958. Other members of the signed "as fast as they would write t·cn and scekino:? nn immediate end Anticipated. and carefullv planned teachers. Several Negro teachers panel from which he was selected steps taken to prevent them from have acted as substitutes at Central their names." (The Arkansas House to racinl seJ!r·egntion were a Democrat and a Republican has 100 representatives and the Sen­ expanding into serious trouble. Junior High, formerly all-white. both white. ' No date has been set for trial or ate> has 35 members.) (Continued on Next Page) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS--APRIL 1956-PAGE 9 qa\ Flori·d a P o 1·tc y Switches to Resistance Mter Court's Ruling ~~~~ MIAMI, Fla. Collins announced at this meeting I admission to graduate schools must ~ t;'I.Ollll•. which had an ofiicial policy thnt he is asking President Eisen- undergo rigid graduate record exami­ r ~£ gradual acceptance of integrn- 1. ?wei f?r a national conference on Text of Hawkin nation. Graduates of out-of-state 0 ...... ·i tched to all-out resistance tn ~cr.rcgallon. He said such a meeting colleges would be admitted only with ti()il.~~ Ruling in Florida could further gel the southern prob­ express approval of the Board of Con­ ~.. LeRoy Colhns declared that l. The petition for certiorari is denied. m standard tests given all high school was held to c?nsidet .the need for an On May 24, 1954, we issued a man­ seniors. ettr3 )egis)atiVe seSSIOn. date in this case to the Supreme Court "If we have any sudden increase of Collins called on President Eisen­ of Florida, 347 U.S. 971. We directed Negro applicants, we will be able to that the case be reconsidered in light )wwer to assemble n conf(•tenct• of nl I Collins, who once conflncd state­ care for only a limited number in our Southern governors and educators to of our decision in the segregation nH 11l!< on inll-gration to pleas for schools," Chairman Kent said. cases decided May 17, 1954, Broum v. diSCUSS segregation. molleration and understanding has Heads of the two white universities Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483. Florida also asked the Supreme be cu devoting more speeches t~ the said the new rules would keep out c;ourt to reconsider its decision of ln doing so, we did not imply that only a small number of Negro appli­ sl•bjccl. decrees involving graduate study Marth 12 ordering immediate admis­ cants. sion of a Nef!TO to the University of ~~ the conference in his office, he present the problems of public ele­ florida. (See "Legal Action.") smd: mentary and secondary schools. We had theretofore, in three cases, Meanwhile. as politics fanned the "There has been a dangerous de­ lerioral~on in our race relations gen­ ordered the admission of Negro appli­ ~ 1'6 ~ segregation debate, or~anizL'

Natchez J 6:4 • News end cout~er pllbUn lO<•DT

WCC: ruM effny gen off Je ~:5 PAGE 10-APRIL 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Mississippi Sets Up 'Watch-Dog' Group on Race Problems runnel' of all these Johnny-Come­ delay the mandatory consoUdaUo JACKSON, Miss. Mississippi Regional Council of Ne­ Lantent on the Levee Latelies on segregation." of school districts under the N~ A 12-r.tEMBER COII1M1SSION, headed by gro Leadership. (See "Community Both branches adopted a resolu­ while equalization program. Gov. J .P. Coleman, has been set Action.") tion congratulating Sen. EasUand on "lf the p1·ogram is put off, we Will up by the legislature as Mississippi's his elevation to the chairmanship of stand convicted in the eyes of tht official "watch-dog" against racial the Senate Judiciary Committee, a~d nation fo1· having failed to ml!i!t OUr integration and federal encroachment commending the Senate for-desJ~Ite obligation," he said. "We will never on its sovereignty, opposition to his elevalion-plac1ng realize our greatest potential unb' It is the implementing agency of Mississippi's new State Sovereign­ "its emphatic stamp of ap_Pr~val we bamsh ignorance." · a Resolution of Interposition declar­ ty Commission, created at the cur­ upon his loyalty, ability, pa~r1ohsm, Pomting to the progress m tht ing the school segregation decisions zeal, integrity and unswervmg de­ of the U.S. Supreme Court to be rent biennial legislative session, is common school program, the gover. authorized "to do and perform any votion to duty." "unconstitutional, invalid and of no nor snid the appropriation for tht lawful effect in Mississippi," and of and all acts and things deemed nec­ 1956-58 biennium of $78 million a long list of statutes designed as essary and proper to protect the sov­ compart·s to the $14 million in tht legal roadblocks to enforcement of ereignty of the state of Mississippi 1944-4G period. those decrees. and her sister states from encroach­ Gov. Coleman said the hisU>ry ol Gov. Coleman in recommending ment thereon by the federal govern­ No suits seeking entrance of Ne­ the South prior to the Civil Wa:r ment or any branch, department or creation of the commission by the groes to white schools or integration should be applied to the P~nl current biennial legislative assembly agency thereof; and to resist the on any educational level have been "time of crisis." usurpation of the rights and powers said, "It will enable us during the filed in Mississippi. However, NAA "Between 1850 and 1860, south. next two years to maintain a suc­ reserved to this state and our sister states by the federal government or CP leaders are planning some action erners became so emotional that cessful fight for preserving separa­ prior to the September school tenn. they lost their ability to appraise tion of the races in this state." He any branch, department or agency - Greenville Delt4 Denwcrat-Timea thereof." the situation objectively," he said. said without the commission, the "Southem states seceded to perpet. It will also see that the directive subpoena witnesses, books, records, Resolution of Interposition previous­ uatc slavery and yet a few years la­ ly adopted would be a "farce and a giving effect to the Resolution of In­ papers or documents as evidence and to use the courts to enfot·ce obe­ t.er Southerners themselves admitted tragedy worse confounded." terposition and addressed to public that slavery was wrong." officials at all levels and contained in dience to any process. Failure to ~tlOER SUR_Y~; TO WORK Wim STATES a separate legislative act is carried comply carries a fine o£ $100 to $1,- "Those in positions of responsibU. Given the official name of the out. 000 and/ or six months imprisonment -- ity must think things through befort State Sovereignty Commission, it is in the county jail. The Mississippi Educational Fi­ they take positions of no return,• Introduction of the "directive" nance Commission, administering the authorized to cooperate with other proposal followed unanimous adop­ The commission is autltorized lo Gov. Coleman said. stales and to spend money to attain employ such legal, professional, ex­ building phase of the Negro-white In an earlier speech in the slalt tion in the House and Senate of the public school equalizat.Jon prog1·am. its objective. (See "Legislative Ac­ Resolution of Interposition which pert and clerical help deemed nec­ Senate, Sen. W. B. Alexander 011 tion.") essary, and to receive contributions, announced that surveys looking to March 20 urged Mississippians to asserts that Mississippi "has at no consolidation of school districts have Other developments in Mississippi time, through the 14th Amendment donations and gifts of money and/ or "fight for segregation on a basis of included: property from any state, department, been completed in 50 of the 82 coun­ common sense and reason-not on a to the Constitution of the United ties. All othe1·s, except three. are in 1) A bill in the form of a "direc­ States, or in any manner whatsoever agency, commission or subdivision racial basis." process of being completed. tive" to all public officials "to pro­ delegated to the federal government thereof, and from any person, cor­ hibit by any lawful, peaceful and its right to educate and nurture its poration or organization to be ex­ The plan is to consolidate sub­ BOYCOTJ'S CRITICIZED constitutional means, th.e implemen­ youth and its power and right of pended by it in carrying out its ob­ standard schools and in that way Sen. Alexander warned against tation or the compliance with the control over its schools, colleges, ed­ jectives and purposes.. bring Negro buildings up to a par economic boycotts against corpora· integration decisions." (See "Legis­ ucation and other public institutions witll those of the whites, and at the tions and companies in other sec­ lative Action.") REI'LACES L.E.A.C. same time provide for better trained and facilities, and to prescribe the The sovereignly commission re­ tions of the nation. 2) Adoption of a resolution by rules, regulations and conditions un­ places the defunct Legal Educational instructors. H e said "a motor company has the Mississippi Negro Teachers As­ der which they shall be conducted." Advisory Commission, created at the Schools are being planned so that been the victim of an attempted boy­ sociation in annual convention in 1954 legislative session, which draft­ no student will have to ride longer cott because a foundation bearing its Jackson March 24 branding one of CONTESTED POWER ed most of the segregation-mainte­ than 30 minutes to reach his school. name-which was established dec­ the legislative segregation acts "an The resolution states that "a ques­ nance bills presented the current ades ago by the founder of the mo­ instrument of fear to every law tion of contested power has arisen" legislative session. tor company-made a contribution abiding Negro teacher in the state." as a result of the court's decisions A fioor fight developed in the to the NAACP. It is a bill requiring all teachers, and "it is not within the province House on an appropriation for the "I am advised that this motor com­ white and Negro, to submit affidavits of the court to decide the question State Library Commission which re­ pany has no more control over the listing organizations they have con­ because the court itself seeks to quired it to spend $5,000 of its funds foundation than I have," Sen. Alex­ tributed funds to or have been affil­ usurp the powers which have been for purchase and circulation of books ander said. "This motor company iated with in the past five years. reserved to the states, and therefore (See "What They Say.") on ethnology. The provision has been The Mississippi Negro Teachers has plants throughout the South under these circumstances, the judg­ in the appropriation measure since Association said by resolution that employing southern labor, partic­ EQUALIZATION COMMENDED ment of all of the parties to the com­ 1954 under sponsorship of Rep. Rus­ enforcement of a recent legislative ularly in Dallas and Memphis, mak­ pact must be sought to resolve the sell Fox of Claiborne County. enactment requiring all teachers to ing automobiles for southern people 3) A resolution by the Mississippi question; that the Supreme Court is Education Association, composed of Rep. Joel Blass of Stone County, file affidavits listing organizations and could well be tempted to remO\'f not a party to this compact, but a who led the unsuccessful fight in to whicl1 they contributed or be­ its plants if this is the reception they white teachers also in convention in creature of the compact, and the Jackson in March, commending the 1954 against voter ratification of a longed will force them to go "un­ receive." question of contested power cannot constitutional amendment giving the derground." It is House Bill No. 17. legislature for the new Negro-white be settled by the creature seeking to Sen. Alexande1· said a cigarel public school equalization program legislature "stand- by" power to "We feel that House Bill No. 17 company has also been subjected to usurp the power, but by the parties abolish public education, protested and urging its financing to bring Ne­ to the compact who are the people as written becomes an instrument of an economic boycott on what he gro schools up to a par with the inclusion of the "rider," not from a fear to every law abiding Negro called erroneous belief that it con­ of the respective states in whom segregation standpoint but because whites in an effort to encourage ultimate sovereigny finally reposes." teacher in the state and we feel that tributed to the NAACP. "voluntary" segregation. he said Rep. Fox had dictated to the The legislative directive to be en­ its execution under present tensions "This company is a fine southern commission what books to buy. will lead most teachers as a matter 4) A statement by Gov. Coleman forced by the State Sovereignty organization, owned principally by at Mississippi State College March Commission makes it duty bound on BOOK PURCHASES LISTED of conscience and economic safety to southerners, and yet. we allow a few 24 that "the greatest need of the time all public officials "to prohibit, by The commission showed it had go underground," the resolution unthinking people who do not know is for cool, clear thinking on racial any lawful, peaceful and constitu­ spent only $179.29 of the original ap­ stated. "These requirements have the facts to censure and malign the problems." (See "What They Say.") tional means the implementation of propriation for 47 copies of White become a disturbing moral factor. good names of these good people." 5) A speech in the state Senate by or the compliance with the integra­ America by Ernest Cox; 25 copies of "This is in conflict with what is he said. "I think we owe an apology Sen. W. B. Alexander of Cleveland tion decisions; to prohibit the caus­ Black Monday by Circuit Judge T. P. right to do over against what should to the cigaret company, whose facil- '­ in the heavily-Negro populated Del­ ing of a mixing or integration of the Brady of Brookaven; 50 copies of be done for our own best interest," ities are solely and entirely in the ta, warning against economic boy­ white and Negro races in public Unending Hate by Ernest Cox; 10 the resolution read. "It is like asking South, in Richmond and in Louis­ cotts against corporations and com­ schools, public parks, public waiting copies of Whither . by C. the criminal to carry out the man­ ville and which buys all of its prod­ panies in other sections of the nation rooms, public places of amusement, W. Collins; 10 copies of Cult of date of the court and thus become ucts ' in the South and which helps and urging "common sense and rea­ recreation or assembly in this state Equality by Stuart Landry, and 20 his own executioner." support 640,000 tobacco - growing son" in fighting integration. (See by the federal government, any copies of You and Segregation by farms in the South, and which is the "What They Say.") commission, board or agency of the former Gov. Herman Talmadge of TEACHERS' D~IMA only company to use light Missis· Georgia. The resolution also stated, m the ISSUE OVER BOOKS federal government or any subdi­ sippi colton in its products." vision of the federal government, Rep. Walter Phillips of Hancock light of legislation against enforce­ 6) A legislative fight to include in and to prohibit the implementation County, who supported Rep. Blass' ment of the Supreme Court's inte­ an appropriation for the State Li­ of any orders, rules or regulations unsuccessful effort to strike the rid­ gration decision, that "we are now brary Commission a requirement of said groups based on the sup­ er from the bill, charged, "We fought required to teach that it is right to that $5,000 be spent in purchasing posed authority of said integration the Gennans over the theory of the circumvent the laws of our federal and circulating books on ethnology. decisions, to cause a mixing or inte­ master race, and we condemned Hil­ governmenL" (See "Legislative Action.") gration of the white and Negro races ler for requiring the reading of The Negro teachers asked that Ne­ 7) Allocation of $1,085,234 by the U1 aforesaid places. Mein Kampf. groes be employed "on all supervis­ Largest single allocation of funds State Educational Finance Commis­ "Compliance with said prohibi­ "Let's don't do the same thing ory and policy making levels in all unde1· the new Negro-white public sion for Negro schools under the tions and mandates of this act by all here," Phillips said. areas affecting all the people," and school equalization program was an· Negro-white equalization program, of aforesaid officials shall be and is a Rep. James Weems, a retired for appointment of a bi-partisan nounccd in March by the State Edu­ and $57,565 for white schools. (See full and complete defense to our suit Methodist minister of Jasper County, committee to deal with all prob­ cational Finance Commission. It a)>" "School Boards and Schoolmen.") whatsoever, in law or equity, or of favored the rider, asserting that lems affecting the people. They said pro\•ed $1,085,243 for new Negro 8) A Negro editor's challenge to a a civil or criminal nature which may "Mississippi youngsters should read the membership should include rec­ school buildings and $57,565 for Washington official of the National hereafter be brought against the of the dangers threatening the ex­ ognized Negro leadership. while schools. Association for the Advancement of aforesaid officials," the directive tinction of the white race in Amer­ Speaking to students and alumni The Negro school allocations "':ere Colored People for criticizing U.S. states. Ica." of Mississippi State College at made to counties in the heavily­ Sen. James 0. EasUand on his eleva­ Starkville, Gov. Coleman March 24 COMI\USSION MAKEUP ISSUE IN CONFERENCE Negro J>Opulated Delta area Th~· tion to the chairmanship of the Ju­ said, "The greatest need of the time diciary Committee. In addition to Gov. Coleman, oth­ When the bill reached the Senate, went to three counties-Carro · Sen. Flavour Lambert of Belmont is for cool, clear thinking on racial Humphreys and Tallahatchie. er members of the "watch-dog" sov­ problems." EASTLAND LAUDED ereignty commission include Atty. was successful in having the rider Contract was also approved for~ 9) The Mississippi legislature's Gen. Joe T. Patterson, Lt. Gov. Car­ stricken. However, the House re­ Without. mentioning segregation new NeJ{l'o school in the Black Haw commendation of Sen. Eastland for roll Gartin and House Speaker Wal­ fused to concur and the issue is in to the all-white audience, the gover­ community of Carroll County. his Judiciary Committee chairman­ ter Sillers, as ex-officio members, conference. nor said, "This is no time to let hot­ Funds for the program are su)>" ship and "firm stand and aggressive and three citizens to be appointed by Rep. Belos Burks of the late Sen. heads make us lose ou1· perspective pi ied by the stnte on the basis ofd~S leadership in support of segrega­ the governor, two senators named Theodore G. Bilbo's home county of and go beyond the point of no re­ per Negro student The white tion." (See "Legislative Action.") turn." .~ by the lieutenant governor, and Pearl River, questioned why Bilbo's bursements are on a $12 per C8P1 10) State leader in NAACP move­ three House members designated by book SegTegation or Mongrelization. HITS EQUALIZATION DELAY basis. ment, ambushed at Belzoni, given the speaker. was not on the approved list. He said, . ?ov. Coleman reiterated his oppo­ Under the bill, allocations for "Man of the Year" award by the The commission is empowered to "You know Sen. Bilbo was the fore- Sition lo legislative movements to (Continued on Next Page) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-APRIL 1956-PAGE I I Court • ~. c. Upholds Pupil Assigninent Law Ill Initial Test RALEIGH, N.C. co~clusion it was the intention of the £CRO£S WBO SEEK assignment to legtslature u~der that chapter to 1955 legislature consequently will be slowly since the Supreme Court al­ called into the special session. lowed ample time for desegregatior.. white schools in North Carolina !>lace each ch1ld of public school age m a category by himself or herself· (5) That the state must move. :,ierastate law enacted in 1955 must ~at each child shall be considered 0~ ,eal their cases as individuals 1ts own basis and on its own merits. . -W-HA11 ii'HEY SAY ~~· -At~.-. ...·i) ..,~,'\2': "!' •• her than as groups. DDIURRER SUSTAINED Chal was the substance of a ruling "It is my opinion that in the under­ Editor C. A. McKnight of The Char­ ~ McDowell County by Supcr·ior taking to bring this action by several lotte Observer, in a symposium at MISCELLANEOUS · . urt Judge George B. Patton, who p~renlo;, or guru·dians, as the case Chapel Hill: "It can be said as a fact ffilght be, trying to bring it on behalf that race relations in many parts of held the action of the county school the region (the South) are at the Opposition candidates for governor, ard in denying admittance of thP. o! ~hemsel~es and all oU1er persons lieutenant governor and Congress sumlarly srtuated, there is a mis­ lowest ebb in a generation. In my oup of Old Fort Negroes. (See opinion, what is desperately needed have announced segregation will be joinder· ... and on that point the court chief campaign platforms in the com­ ega1 Action.") sustains lhe demurrer." now is a 'breathing spell' during which emotions may subside and ing months. All candidates who have The case marked the first test of the For the Negroes, NAACP attorneys some of the misunderstandings announced this are seeking the 55 assignment statute which gave argued in vain that the use of the cleared up. Democratic nomination-the equi­ mplete authority over enrollment word "individual" in the 1955 law did valent of election-in the May 26 not pr·eclude a "class action" involv­ "The NAACP won a significant primary. .d assignment of pupils to local legal victory in the school decision. mg gl'oups as well as individuals. The Gov. Luther H. Hodges in seeking hool boards. The Negroes appealed case now goes to the state supreme It can afford now to withdraw the pressure in highly sensitive areas and re-election said, "I do not believe in the state supreme court. court, which has no hearings sched­ vicious name-calling, mud-slinging, uled until next fall. tum its talents to improving human Gov. Luther Hodges said a special relations in areas where compliance or any similar tactics which result in If the state supreme court holds ssion of the legislature will oo is feasible. In lieu thereof, district the creation of ill-will that does not with Judge Patton, the Negroes next JUDGE GEORGE PATTON end with the close of a campaign­ Jled this summer to carry out the Placement Law Upheld federal judges should begin exercising will go before a federal district judge more liberally the considerable lati­ but which lingers in the hearts of 'COmmendations of the State Advi- to start the case through U. S. courts. tude permitted them in the imple­ North Carolinians for years. I do not ( 1ry Committee on Education as to If Judge Patton is reversed, the case proceeding, and he asked that it be mentation decision." want to see our wonderful, progres­ will be returned to McDowell County ture school plans. The committee split. Judge Hobgood agreed, dis­ Maj. L P. McLendon, Greensboro sive state become torn by racial 1 Superior Court for a hearing on its missed the lobbying phase, and the strife. ill has not presented its report. (See attorney, on the same symposium: merits. NAACP appealed. "By no process of reasoning can we "We shall preserve our southern :.egislative Action.") school traditions, and we have a pro­ UNIVERSITY CASE On another segregation question, arrive at the conclusion that the '11re U. S. Supreme Court refused the U. S. Supreme Court denied 16 South can, by any plan of interven­ gram to do just that. We also must )give the state a chance to argue an In the University of North Caro­ Negroes a review of a North Carolina tion, evasion or pure defiance, nullify continue our educational progress on ppeal from the federal district court lina case, stale Atty. Gen. William B. Supreme Court decision which held the Constitution as interpreted by the all fronts in North Carolina." ecision which opened the doors of Rodman filed a petition to the U. S. Negro use of a Charlotte park would Supreme Court ... 1e University of North Carolina to Supreme Court asking that oral argu­ compel immediate return of part of "It is unthinkable that we would CANDIDATES FOR GOVERNOR vee Negro undergraduates and af­ ments and briefs oo accepted. Rod­ the park lands to a private donor. maintain our traditional belief in Opposing Gov. Hodges, along with nned the lower court's ruling. (See man asked the court to reverse its Osmond L. Barringer, in giving his compulsory segregation of the races two littie known food brokers from s historic desegregation decision. s Legal Action.") land in 1929 for inclusion in the park, at the cost of destroying our public Charlotte-Barry P. Stokely and C. E. n Before the deadline for filing for Counsel Ior the three Negroes ad­ specified it was for use of white per­ school system." McLendon called on Earle Jr.-is Tom Sawyer of Belmont, •I a onetime state senator who was de­ y ffice was reached, segregation was mitted as undergraduates asked that sons only. The deed specified that if the church to take an active part in :1 ~jected as a campaign issue in races the three-judge federal court decision the park was not restricted to white the problem, saying, "The church feated four years ago when he ran for s be affirmed. This the court did in a Congress. :1 II' state and congressional posts. use the property would revert to Bar­ cannot teach the principles of Chris­ I See "Miscellaneous.") unanimous decision: "The motion to ringer. tian citizenship and violation of the Sawyer made it plain he is going to D affirm is granted and the judgment is law of the land at the same time or at use the race issue in an effort to win ::! affirmed." Thus did the cour·t extend MARSHALL'S ARGUMENT any time." election. "Gov. Hodges," he said, "has :· D to tax-supported colleges and univer­ Thurgood Marshall, chief counsel taken a very lukewarm stand. A lot e sities its ban on racial segregation fo1· the NAACP, in the appeal said EXPLOITATION CITED of people throughout the state tell me .. 0 in public schools. the ruling goes beyond one case. He Dr. Alexander Heard, University they don't know where he stands." d Atty. Gen. Rodman won one test added: "Its ramifications promise to of North Carolina political scientist, There are five candidates for lieut­ ,. sl with the NAACP in Wake County be widespread indeed. For in the light in a speech in Durham: " ... The enant governor, but only one-former -c Superior Court. The NAACP asked of this case, the right of Negroes and problem has been taken over by the state Sen. J. Vivian Whitfield of ·n In the McDowell County case, a •e Judge Hamilton Hobgood for a decla­ other minority gt'Oups to use public politicians, and the politicians have Burgaw-has indicated he'll inject the 1· I!'OUP of Old Fort Negroes who had ratory judgment which would say the recreational facilities without dis­ tended to exploit it for purposes not race issue into the campaign. Whit­ w ~een denied admission earlier to the NAACP (1) was not required to crimination, to enjoy non-segregated always connected with a concern for field said one reason he entered the I· ~bite school in that town appealed to register under a state law requiring public educational facilities, and to wise social and educational policy. race was failure of his opponents "to m he Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. registration of out-of-state corpora­ acquire housing though encumbered The problem belongs with the polit­ take any definite stand on the segre­ ,;;•II lllat court instructed them to exhaust tions doing business in the state and by racial covenants, all become ques­ icians all right, but not with them gation question." He said, "It is better m 1he legal remedies in the state courts (2) was not required to register and tionable." alone. The debate could be carried on to abolish the public schools than to ..:S, let out in the 1955 assignment statute file reports under a law requiring better, and solutions could be found destroy both the Negro and white -~ The state supreme court decision :Is before returning to federal court. these steps for firms engaged in "in­ which was, in effect, upheld, said: quicker, in other forums. And SE!(:­ races." Je Incompliance with that statute, the fluencing public opinion." ondly, it is clear that the universities lq "We know of no law that prohibits a Leading contenders for the lieut­ in .Negroes went into superior court. white man from conveying a fee de­ have joined but little in the discus­ enant governor's chair are considered iv Judge Patton said, "I want it clearly PROCEEDINGS SEVERED tenninable upon the limitation [giv­ sion. to be Alonzo C. Edwards of Booker­ ·5 " ... In :Is understood that my decision in this The corporation act, Rodman con­ ing land with a restriction] that it a climate of political heat, ton, veteran legislator, and state Sen. er matter is not a decision on the merits tended, falls under civil law and the shall not be used by members of any like the present one, it is easy for the Luther Barnhardt, president of the .st conscientious faculty member to vh of the controversy, but is only a de­ lobbying act under criminal law. race except his own, nor of any law 1955 state Senate. Other contenders ol cision on the demurrer [filed by the Failure to comply with the lobbying that prohibits a Negro from convey­ frame what he says-and does not are Kidd Brewer, Raleigh insurance c say-as a part of the political debate. lo school board] ." statute is classed as a misdemeanor. ing a fee determinable upon the man; and Gurney P. Hood, Raleigh ol After a study of the 1955 law, said Rodman argued the civil and criminal limitation that it shall not be used by He would better serve the university, banker. :u and the society the university serves, d• Judge Patton, "I have come to the matters could not be heard in a single members of any race except his own." ~n to frame what he says as part of his 3 CONGRESS RACES ~ search for truth." lo current issue of The Reporter maga­ Three North Carolina congressmen ,,_Ar Dr. E. C. Bolmeier of Duke Univer­ declined to sign the southern "mani­ zine as saying he would fight for U· Mississippi sity in a speech in Chicago: "From a festo" to which 101 southerners ':3 (Continued From Page 10) Mississippi against the United States long-term view, the segregation issue affixed their names. All three will Jd if he had to make the choice. ~0 stands far down the list as an impor­ have opposition for re-election. In white schools cannot be approved "That's foolish," he told the United \p tant issue in school law ... If there only one race did the opposing candi­ tr1 until Negro facilities are equalized Press. "I don't believe it's come to ol with them. is any doubt as to the eventual con­ date say he would use segregation as ,., that." Gov. Hodges' statement that a formance with the recent United an issue. \p Faulkner said he did believe the special session of the state legislature States Supreme Court decision, one re W. E. Debnam, Raleigh radio com­ rd Soutl1 will resist racial integration ''doubtless'' will be called for this need only to observe the expressed mentator and outspoken advocate of cy "by force and violence." summer bore out earlier hints that attitudes and opinions of college and segregation, announced he will oppose en,., Gus Courts, 63-year-old Negro Negro Editor Percy Greene of the such a session was likely. Virtually high school students of today who will Rep. Harold Cooley of the Fourth ch gt'ocer and Conner NAACP presi­ Jaclcsorl Advocate, has challenged any change in the present form of the formulate social policy tomorrow." District, a veteran of 22 years in Con­ '" state-supported school system will nl d~t who was mysteriously shot at Clarence Mitchell, head of the At a panel discussion in Raleigh gress and chairman of the House require legislation. attended by 1,200 persons despite Av his Belzoni store, has been named to NAACP's Washington Bureau, for Agriculture Committee. Cooley de­ YS receive the annual "Man of the referring to Sen. Eastland as a Gov. Hodges has not indicated what rain, four speakers were heard. clined to sign the manifesto, which he ,. legislative changes will be sought. He Je ~eat' award of the Mississippi Re­ "stinking albatross hanging around REL.IGIOUS POSITIONS called "a dangerous document." ,a giOnal Council of Negro Leadership. the neck of the Democratic party." has said only, "We propose to have Debnam said, "The issue is ob­ ds legislation which will provide tuition The Rev. Charles Jones of Chapel s Courts is now living in Jackson. Greene is chaitman of a Negro Dem­ vious." He said he could see nothing l:S grants or transfers along the general Hill: "Christians welcome the Su­ .,., ocr·alic or·ganization. preme Court decision because it dangerous in the manifesto and that The council also announced that lines of the Virginia proposal." ·;,,Is Rev. George W. Lee, Negro minis­ ·MORE HARM THAN GOOD' ended legal sanction to an un-Chris­ he would, if el(!(:ted, fight intergration , ter who was mysteriously slain in Thomas Pearsall of Rocky Mount, tian practice.'' "on every front." .. "In regard to Sen. Eastland, in chairman of the State Advisory Com­ Je Belzoni, will be given an award post­ spite of everything else that can or· Former state Sen. James B. Pou Another non-signer was Rep. C. B. nti humously. It attributed both shoot­ mittee on Education which is prepar­ Bailey of Raleigh: ''The church might Deane of the Eighth District, a vet­ Jc may be said, basically, what he had ing a final draft of the plan, now is Ings to their activities in the NAACP been doing is asserting his great concern itself with religion as such" eran in Washington. His opponent is and seeking voting rights for Ne­ devoting most of his time to it, Gov. and "segregation is not a problem for A. Paul Kitchin, Wadesboro lawyer pride in his own ra~e, ~d .while as­ Hodges said. Legislators will be con­ gtoes in Humphreys County. the church." who is a nephew of one former gov­ serting his great prrde m hrs race he sulted before the plan is put into its No arrest has been made in either· has been heard to call upon the Ne­ Dr. W. C. George, anatomy profes­ ernor and a former congressman. final draft. sor at the University of North Caro­ Kitchin said the manifesto had no ef­ ~· Both were investigated by the gro to assert and give evidence of A date Cor the special session has similar pride in his own race," an lina: "Tragic results" would occur fect on his decision and that he will not been fixed, but it will be held from mingling of races in the schools not use the segregation issue "unless editorial by Greene said. "Those who after the party primaries on May 26 have a proper understanding of the and "could produce a breed oi people it is forced upon me." and Wore U1e general elections next incapable of maintaining our civiliza­ The third non-signer was Rep. magnitude or the problem, and ~e November. situation of the Negro masses, am1d tion." Thunnan Chatham of Winston-Salem This means a "lame-duck" legisla­ R. Mayne Albright of Raleigh, a ce Lhe admitted mounting tension in ~e in the Fifth District. His opponent, by South and elsewhere in the nalton ture will be asked to change the laws. lawyer, suggested: (1) That the law of the land be recognized. (2) That who announced for the seat long be­ over the is.o;ue of civil rights, can Candidates for the legislature are nominated in the May 26 primaries the state not attempt to avoid the de­ fore the manifesto was prepared, will ~ovelis l William Faulkner, Nobel reach but one conclusion- that the cision. (3) That the school system be be Ralph J. Scott of Danbury, a Mitchell statement has done the Ne­ and do not take office until they are Prtze winner of Oxford, Miss .. said alecled in November. Members of the preserved. (4) That the state move solicitor. be was "grossly misquoted" rn tht· gro cause more harm than good."

nt 1:5 :Je

•vs )\'S ool )10-'"' try lnfcrpos: f11en ob6Tl'lh pub sclir~r. ~:7 ~elcfiez J 6:1 • News end Couroer puOIIlf'll!tles--crer 0t le9 ,..-,v.:,-----,----..- wee: runs oltny c;~en off Je ~:S PAGE 12-APRIL 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS S. C. Legislature Adopts New Laws to Maintain Segregation COLUMBIA, S. C. lion of both political parties and the Supreme Court to the ceaseless d~. T HE SoUTH CAROLINA General As- sembly's 1956 session was marked mands of the NAACP in endinc by enactment of numerous new laws separation of the r aces in the PUblic and resolutions designed to stiffen schools o£ the South will go down ill llld resistance against attempts to break history as the most fraudulent down segregation in the public hypocritical surrender of principle It schools. (See "Legislative Action.") the history o£ this republic." Several of these measures strength­ WITJIDRA WAI~ EXPLAINED ened existing laws with respect to Editor J ack O'Dowd, in explainJnc calling on school and other officials to the Florence Morning NPWa' decisl011 require segregation of the races in the to withdraw from editorial COI'Illllent public interest. Others were aimed on the segregation issue: "Those who directly at the National Association should have spoken out, and did not, for the Advancement of Colored Peo­ must look to their own consciences ... ple. The strongest bill in this latter Men seeking the fair solution havt category was one which forbids not, in two yeat-s, come forward. They NAACP members employment by the do not exist, ot· they have been un. Stale of South Carolina, its counties, willing to face the scorn and abuse of school districts or municipalities. A those in the extreme fringes of both test case already has been promised groups ... Hate is stronger than the on this issue by NAACP spokesmen, forces of understanding. Today'a but at this writing has not been filed South is becoming dominated by since the deadline for compliance those unable or unwilling to a~ with the new law's provisions has not the good sense or even the good faith passed. of a conflicting or modifying idea.• POLITICAL ACTION Colored People." This act is predic­ press that he bad received an anony­ Cyril B. Busbee, superintendent ci On the political front, the segrega­ ated on the contention, stated in its mous petition protesting the legisla­ the Brookland-Cayce schools in the tion question had an obvious, ad­ preamble, that the actions and tive investigation o( NAACP activ­ Columbia area, commenting 011 mitted and positive influence on the propaganda of the NAACP are "so ities at the school, but said so far as changed altitudes of schoolmen fl'OIII action of the South Carolina State insidious" as to make membership in he knew the petition was not pres­ the non-South with respect to solv. Democratic convention, which ad­ such an organization "wholly in­ ented to, discussed by, or passed upon ing the problem of school segregation: opted a resolution condemning the compatible with the peace, tranquilli­ by the college faculty. "The change is tremendous. It is Ollf Supreme Court's anti-segregation ty, and progress that all citizens have that began with complete lack a( a right to enjoy." OTHER RESOLUTIONS understanding. Now there seems to decision and calling for concerted Among resolutions not having the southern action (primarily within The act has been attacked as an be a general understanding and a instance of "gross discrimination" by force of law, the following were willingness to recognize that local the Democratic Party) to help end adopted during the 1956 session: "all encroachments of the central NAACP stale president James M. pr·oblcms can onJy be solved locaJJy.• Hinton. He has issued a "to whom it H-2006, a concurrent resolution The only legal action of segregation The Women's Auxiliary of St. An. government upon the rights of the commending the principles and !or­ consequence in March was lhe inde­ states." may concern" lettet· stating that the drew's Pt·otestant Episcopal Church; law would be tested in federal court. mation of Citizens Councils in South finile deferment. of further action on Mount Pleasant, Charleston County: Economically, the school segrega­ Carolina. A visiting professor of psychology at the suit aimed at opening Edisto "Be it resolved that the Woman'C tion controversy was attended by con­ H-2100, a concurrent resolution Beach State Park to Negroes (Etta tinuing boycotts of varying intensity Furman University, Dr. George F. K. Auxiliary ... go on record as opposm. Naylor, of Australia, likewise has at­ requesting the U. S. attorney general Clark et al. v. S.C. Forestry Commis­ integration as advocated in the book· in parts of the predominantly-Negro to place the NAACP on the list of sion). During the lime the suit was Lowcountry. The shipment of food, tacked the legislation as embodying let, ''Just, Right and Necessary,'" (t "the very principles of persecution subvecsive organizations. pending before Federal Judge Ashton pamphlet prepared by the National clothing and money from outside H-1840, a concurrent resolution ex­ H. Williams of Charleston, the Gen­ ..:ontributors into the state for the which we resent as being so very Council of the Episcopal Church). characteristic of communism." tending congratulations to Gov. eral Assembly passed an act closing "relief' of "stricken" families Thomas B. Stanley and the people of the park and placing it in a caretaker prompted reaction by the press and CONDEMNS 'ENCROACHMENT' Virginia "upon their overwhelming status. public. (See ''Miscellaneous.") S-514, a joint resolution condemn­ vote in favor of segregation." In the face of that action, Judge ing and protesting the usurpation and H-2289, a concurrent resolution re­ Williams, on March 21, said he would Citizens Councils in Charlestot encroachment on the reserved powers questing the State Library Board to defer action indefinitely, but would County have decided to establish 1 of the states by the U. S. Supreme remove from circulation certain keep the case docketed in an inactive central headquarters with a full-tinu Court. books "antagonistic and inimical to status. secretary. A new council has been or. H-1915, an act relating to the trans­ the traditions of South Carolina and ganized in the St. Paul's School Dis­ fer of pupils from one school to further request that said Library trict in keeping with a plan to effee another. This act empowers school Board screen more carefully cer­ such organization in each school dis­ Pro-segregation measures were officials, when they have reason to be­ tain publications before circulating trict. sprinkled liberally throughout legis­ lieve that "enrollment of certain same." The Florence County Democratll lation adopted by the 1956 General pupils in a certain school may Rep. John L. McMillan, of the convention adopted a resolutior OPPOSED 'CENSORSHIP' Assembly (scheduled for adjourn­ threaten to result in riot, civil com­ Sixth Congressional District in praising the Charleston Newt ant ment on April10) and are embodied motion, or may in any way disturb This last resolution aroused more the House of Representatives: opposition within the legislature than Courier and its editor, T. R. Warinl in everything from the state budget the peace of the citizens of the com­ "[ThoughUul citizens) are disturbed any of the others mentioned. It grew for the paper's stand against fo!'CI!i to resolutions commending the State munity," to call in the sheriff or other by the trend of the federal govern­ out of the finding of a book entiUed seeking to bring about racial integra• of Virginia for its stand against de­ law enforcement officers. Those of­ ment to take over matters heretofore tion. segregation. ficers oi the law "may remove such Swimming Hote, which uses a mixed reserved to the states, and the attitude bathing episode involving white lads A similar commendation for th1 Following is an itemization of legis­ pupils from such school and may of the Supreme Court, which in effect newspaper came from the Citizen! lation enacted by the General As­ and a Negro boy to point a moral that claims the right to become an un­ transfer them, at the direction of the Council of Kingstree. sembly during the current session superintendent, to another school in skin color is immaterial. Few legisla­ restticted policymaking body." tors defended the book, but several which is directly related to segrega­ which there appears to be less likeli­ Sen. , in the tion. With the exception of the con­ hood of disturbing the peace." opposed passage of the resolution on Senate: "While South Carolinans of current resolutions, which do not grounds that it tended toward "book­ both races are interested in the edu­ have the force of law and which do H-1908 and H-1909, companion acts burning" censorship. cation of their children, the agitators relating to the general powers of not require the signature of the gov­ A number of other bills and resolu­ who travel a thousand miles to foment Three automobiles laden with food.... school boards, so as to permit such ernor, all have been signed into law tions, some considerably stronger in trouble are interested in something and clothing for Negroes in Claren· by Gov. George Bell Timmerman, Jr.: boards to designate one or more of its tone than those listed above, were in­ don and Orangeburg counties reach~ members "to conduct any hearing in else. That 'something else' they are troduced in House and Senate but interested in is the mixing of the South Carolina from New York ID H-1896, the general appropriations connection with any responsibility of bill, setting the state budget for 1956- failed of passage. Among them was a races." (In late March, Sen. Thur­ mid-March. State NAACP President the board and to make a report on bill which would have required ap­ J. M. Hinton said the materials would 57. It contains specific restrictions this hearing to the board for its de­ mond had inserted into the C01tgres­ that appropriations for public schools plicants for admission to state institu­ si01t4t Record newspaper accounts of go to families in distress as a resuH termination." These acts are part of tions of higher learning to have their of economic pressures brought bear and state parks are made for opera­ the legislative adjustments of school the revelation by Ohio's attorney l? applications endorsed by at least general that a Communist-inspired against them. Other loads prevaously tion of racially separate schools and powers so that local trustees can deal parks, and embodies this provision in three alumni of the institution living drive to seek federal intervention in have been distributed in the Sum­ administratively with segregation in the state. merton area, according to the Rev. &.. that section of the bill which becomes and other school problems. southern race matters had been un­ permanent law: Other measures which did not pass covered.) E. Richburg, NAACP official there. EXTENDS COI\mDTTEE were resolutions declaring the Su­ This latest shipment came £rom 1 "All appropriations for colleges and 'SOUTH IN SHACKLES' H-2021, an act to continue the ex­ preme Court decision "null and New York organization called the Na­ institutions of higher learning being void," condemning Vice President J . Ernest Wilkins, Negro assistant made on the basis of racial segrega­ istence and broaden the scope of a tional Committee Cor Rural Schools. 15-member committee established in Richard Nixon for his pro-integration secretary of labor, speaking at a It was brought to South Carolina by • tion, the boards of trustees or other remarks, and censuring Rep. James church meeting at Sumter: "Segrega­ governing bodies . . . are each 1951 to study school segregation bi-racial group including the follow­ Roosevelt (D-Calif.)) for having tion has kept the South in shackles, hereby directed to close its said in­ problems growing out of federal court ing: Dick GangeI, business agent for action. The 1956 act indefinitely ex­ commented that South Carolina's re­ diverting its energies from the prob­ Amalgamated Clothing Workers of stitution upon any pupil being or­ quest to place the NAACP on the lem of building its resources to the dered admitted to it by the order of tends the life of the group (lmown as America; Howard Dunn, chalnnant{ the "Gressette committee," after its subversive list should be thrown in problem of building a permanent an organization known as "Fire or any court, and to keep it closed while the wastebasket. moat between races. It is time this the pupil presents himself or herself chairman, Sen. L. Marion Gressette), Freedom"; Bobby Rosner and RJch­ preoccupation with delusion is put at·d Parrish, of the New York Teach­ !or admittance, or until the court permits its expenditure of approp­ PAGE FIRED aside." order is revoked. riated funds, and enlarges the scope ers Guild, and James M. Brandon. A University of South Carolina Stale NAACP President James M. of its studies to lnclude "all phases of student, Raymond L. Morton, of Co­ who identified himself as a documen· AFFECTS NEGRO COLLEGE segregation affecting the state gov­ Hinton, in a letter to Congress after tary film producer. lumbia, was fired, in mid-March, from South Carolina's adoption of a resolu­ "Provided, however, if any one of ernment and its political subdivisions, Mayor H. C. Carrigan, of ~~~·:i his post as page in the state Senate, tion protesting and condemning the the state-supported institutions of and all the citizens of South Caro­ because of an article he wrote in the ton, termed the gesture politi higher learning herein designated, lina." The new act also empowers the Supreme Court decision against seg­ bunk" and said, "The clothing is ~ university newspaper. In this article, regation: "It is not our feeling that other than the South Carolina State committee to "coordinate its activities which he later said was written "as ing sent for publicity pu~ ~e College [for Negroes ), shall be forced with those of other states having any action will be taken on the re­ to get northern people to ratse an experiment to test campus reac­ solution, but should any action be to close as the results of a pupil being similar committees and similar prob­ tion," he censured southern governors devil." admitted by any court order, the lems." taken, Negroes in South Carolina re­ A statement released by Hinton and and legislators for their "obstreperous quest a hearing ... It is urgent that South Carolina State College shall H-1900, a joint resolution authoriz­ and irrational voices," and said he signed by four ministers, h~we\'t'T, likewise be closed until such time as Negroes be heard on this matter be­ ing the establishment of a nine­ was "ashamed to be called a south­ stated that there are Negroes Ul ~ the other institution is opened." member committee to investigate fore any action is taken, since the nomic distress in the Clarendon 'de erner." The account also told of his opportunity was not given for such a H-1998, "an act to make unlawful NAACP activities "among the faculty upbringing with a Negro friend, but Orangeburg area, and that ~utsi Is the employment by the state, school hearing prior to the passage of the and students of the South Carolina in a later article, he acknowledged bill." assistance, especially fi~-~· the district or any county or municipality State College (for Negroes) ." needed. The statement proJ.IV""v d that his description of that friendship Rep. L. Mendel Rivers, of the First thereof any members of the National The president of the Negro college, and related circumstances was fanci­ collection of sums of money Cod ; Association for the Advancement of Dr. B. C. Turner, acknowledged to the ful. Congressional District, at Manning: posit in banks where it coul "The shameful and cheap capitula- (Continued on Next Page) (

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ue t.a tn :v •:5 d• or

"'•"o l IC Ia ol iU Several Virginia counties are plan­ ds ning to operate their schools next year en on the same month-by-month basis ~ lo they have used during the current .lr ll· year. OJ· -~~· South Carolina Under this plan, funds are appro­ ' :l s:il (Continued {rom Page 12) priated in amounts sufficient only to ud no ~ :. ...ned out to Negro families whose run the schools for a month at a time. \p The idea behind this is that if inte­ l f'l lOil1lBl sources of credit had been :at ~2 s:opped because of their NAACP gration is forced on a locality, appro­ priations for schools would be "'\p ~~ llflllbership or activities in behalf or re 1¢ ~alion. stopped. rd Atty. Gen. Almond, who previously cv en !~ lUSTS REPORTED had said informally that this practice u t ~i:>· Walter Scott, head of the NAACP is legal, issued a formal opinion to oil ch -- iiLake City, in Florence County, re­ lhat effect last month. onf ~~~ jiJrled to police in early March that .lv ";!:I ~oshotgun blasts had been fired into ivJ ~-; ~home, breaking panes of stlass in .•. ~ te front door and window. H e hnd ,Jea .p' ~ier reported a similar attack on de Approximately 30 Negro third­ I S ~f ~ house about two weeks previous­ graders in Surry County have been ,,.,):5 ...,.; '1· No one was reported injured. boycotting a one-room Negro school ... ~· ~~ux . K I.an rallicswt're ht'lcl al building. The boycott was in its sixth i ~ · ~ 1b twice m the stale duri n~ March. week as March ended. n's {.i • e in early March. was nl­ ~ ~ first, nri ' J lelded by an eslimntcd 2,000 persons The boycotted building is a one­ room annex 100 yards from the old Je ~fl ~r Lak~ City. The other, ncar Lebanon Elementary School, and was P' drew an estimated ,~onsVllle, built, according to school officials, as 'fMI persons. a temporary artSWer to overcrowded ~cti\'ation of a "Pro~:t r cssivc" conditions at Lebanon. egro) wing of the Democratic The Negro parents have charged ~ in South Carolinn is intimated a. an open letter circulated by J ohn that county officials are returning to oDd McCray, Ncwo newspaperman a one-room school system. They are reported to want their children to at­ L' ~h editor of the now-ddunct tend classes in the main Lebanon Ollte and Informer. As chair­ .!a building. whi of lhe Progressive Democrats, c:e ~ played an "educational" role Officials of Surry County (which by per · g the early days of Nc~:tro parti- has 73 cent Negro school enroll­ ment) are planning a 12-classroom C!lsnpatl on ·1 ~ lh~ previously· aU-white Announcement of the NAACP's in­ ... Negro elementary school to be built .., lin~, OCratic prtmarics of South Caro­ tention to force the issue in the Prince on the present Lebanon site. Ql ol b~ c~ray suRgests the possib•lity Edward case was made at a confer- ':,~ ~~gmg the group into action l·S ).4 elf 4:5 Je ,.,, 0\'l 101 w• -----~-~-">li· Nolchez J 6 :~ • News end Cllllt ter pUDiln rer1 •rv intcrpos; then o~!Tsh pUli s~l l> :7 wee; runs offiiY gen off Jc ~ :5 PAGE 14-APRIL 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Louisiana 'State Divided' Under New u. s. Court Decision NEW ORLEANS, La. "frustrate" NAACP members from the first order of business." Other nus criticized the university for its segrega~:on decision was ''ju~ treason. LOUlSlANA WAS restive the past exercising their "civil rights" of free measures will "shift to the state" the ass~ia tion with Jack. Wagner said month under its newly, and on the speech. responsibility for non-compliance the House un-American Activities Dr. Benjamin Pasamanick c~ whole reluctantly, achieved status with integration orders. Committee file "linked" Jack with man of the research committ~ of • as a "state divided" on school segre­ 2 MORE SUITS organizations labeled subversive by American Academy of Child Psy~ gation. While the outcome of this is pend­ the U.S. attorney general. try, speaking at St. Mary's Oorniru The first southern state to enact ing, the NAACP went ahead with Jack denied these allegations. Loy­ College in New Orleans: "The l\'1 special segregation laws after the Su­ moves seeking to desegregate public ola authorities went ahead with the of inferi_or·it.y" broug~t on by ::: preme Court's May 17, 1954, ruling, elementary schools in East Baton program, in which Jack said the out­ segreg:thon IS a factor m the general!t Louisiana six weeks ago saw all these Rouge Parish (Clifford E. Davis et come of the segregation issue in the poorer showing by Negroes in star.!. laws declared invalid. als v. East Baton Rouge Parish School U. S. will have important bearing on ard in~elligence tests. So many ph}: Jt will be another six weeks before Boord o.nd Superintendent Lloyd Integration and segregation raiJi(.>S relations with Asi;m, Aft·ican and chologtsts agree that whites and N the legislature meets. There is every Fuchness); and five state-operated vied for attention in New Orleans on h·on Curtnin nations. groes have equal intellectual potentt indication that this body will again trade schools (Priscilla AngeZ et als March 20. The Citizens Council pack­ Wagner later formed and became that "the issue is closed." take up the pro-segregation fight as v. Shelby Jackson, superintendent ed Municipal Auditorium with 8,000 president of an all-while Association Dr. Frank L. Loria, stafT member promptly as it did two years ago. Its and Robert H. Curry, president of the persons. The Citizens' Forum on Inte­ of Catholic Laymen, with one of its of Charity Hospital in New Orlelllll. tops segregation spokesman said that Sto..te Board of Education). Hearings gration drew about 400 to the audi­ aims "to attain a prudent, just and to the Algiers Citizens Council· interposition would be the first, but are set !or April27. torium of L. E. Rabouin public school. peaceful solution to the racial pt·ob­ Negro children are morally 8lld The NAACP also pressed for a by no means the only "order of busi­ An hour-long Dixieland jazz con­ lf'm." Another aim is to "denounce physically inferior to whites and ln­ "speedy hearing" in its 1955 complaint ness." (See "Legislative Action.") cert warmed up the audience ot the Communist infiltration, if any there tegz·ation in New Orleans, with Ollf­ (Ho..mp J. Williams, et als v. H . Lee Municipal Auditorium. The climax be in the integration movement." third of its population Neln'O, wouJd CITIZENS COUNCILS DRIVE Prather, et als) seeking desegregation was blasts at the Supreme Court's Pro-segregationists, still far more endanger "the health and morals of of Northwestern State College in segregation decision by two Geor­ the whole community." numerous and vocal than anti-segre­ Natchitoches. The request was made gians, Atty. Gen. Eugene Cook and gations, are filling the hiatus with an as the suit was amended to substitute Augusta Editor Roy Harris. After­ UPHOLDS l\1ANTFESTO attempt to dissolve the NAACP in the name of the college's new presi­ wards the Citizens Council signed up Sen. Allen Ellender, senior membtt Louisiana and with an intense drive dent, Dr. JohnS. Kyser, for Prather's. new members, starting with a drive of Louisiana's congressional delep. to build up Citizens Council member­ Northwestern is one of the three state which its chairman, Dr. Emmett Ir­ lion, all of whom signed the ~· ship. (See "Community Action.") colleges still wholly restricted to win, hopes will top 100,000. Gov.-designate Earl Long: Roman lion manifesto: The declaration 1l'a! The largest council meeting so far white enrollment. At the integration forum Thomas Catholic Archbishop Joseph Rummel necessary ''to show that the people at was held March 20 in New Orleans, A. VanSant, Baltimore public school of New Orleans is .. moving too fast the South, both white and colored, L., center of divided feelings on segre­ official, said that integration can work on integration . . . There's still a not j!oing to be used as political pa111: gation. The city's public schools are when a majority of citizens feel it is lot of things not done here that. the or whipping boys to fulfill the Su. under a court order to integrate, and the right thing to do. Lord wants to see accomplished." preme Court's new doctrine on 111>­ its parochial system, nearly as large State Sen. William Rainach of SEGREGATION LEADER Episcopal Bishop Gerald Burrill of ciological justice." as the public, is headed bv a Roman Homer, chairman of the joint legisla­ Chicago to a New Orleans congre)!a­ Dr. Marshall Shepherd, Philade!. Catholic prelate who says that segre­ An earlier meeting, Catholic Inter­ tive committee on segregation, said racial Day held by Loyola University, tion: Segregation ·'obviously is con­ phia, Pa., city councilman, to i gation is morally indefensible. The trary to the law of God." but integra­ integration order will be appealed. that an interposition bill is now in brought Orleans School Board mem­ Founder's Day audience at South. (See "Legal Action.") preparation. It will be presented to ber Emile A. Wagner to the fore as lion by force is inadvisable. ern University (all-Negro, sta~ the full legislature in May, he said. a settregation leader. John U. Barr, Orleanian who is operated): Negroes should "ke!p The NAACP, meanwhile, filed two The Louisiana Association of Citi­ Hulan Jack, Negro president of chairman of the pro-segregation Fed­ their temper· and smile ... and don~ new suits and amended another aimed zens Councils, which Rainach also Manhattan (N.Y.) borough, was prin­ eration for Constitutional Govern­ p!"CSS too hard Cor a complete reversa at smashing race bars in presently heads, revealed the bases of a legis­ cipal speaker at the conference. ment: The federal bench is now com­ of se~regalion, because everything is all-white public schools. (See "Legal lntive program with interposition "as posed of "judicial misfits," and the on our side now." Action.") Wagner, a lawyer and a Loyola alum- Fourth Desegregation Suit Filed in West Virginia CHARLESTON, W. Va. Dr. H. T. Elliott, president of the pile a decision by the county's board students at Linsly Military Institute. A FOURTH DESECRECAnON suit has Logan County NAACP, commented. of education to go along with complete at Wheeling, which has 300 boys en Attorneys for the Orleans Parish been filed in West Virginia and however, that his chapter does not integration next fall. Nutter explained t·olled, and at Mount de Chantal Aca~ (county) School Board, loser in the similar actions are under considera­ support the stale group's action that the NAACP "will want an order dcmy at Wheeling, which has 71 first court test of Louisiana's segre­ tion in the remaining five counties of against the school board. from the court" to back up the de­ enrolled. gation laws, say they will "definitely" the state which have not yet moved to "We feel that the board is acting segregation plan. The suit was filed State coll(.'ges and West Virginia file an appeal before the April dead­ lift racial bans. (See "Legal Action.") reasonably toward ending segrega­ in the names of five Negro students University reported as follows: line. Filed in Logan County by the at­ tion," he said, "and not arrogantly, from various communities. Gerard Rault, spokesman for the torneys for the state National Asso­ as we understand some school boards Total Enrollment NtiJ'Oel board's counsel, said a denial for re­ ciation for the Advancement of Col­ have acted. Though the board has not Insti t u lion hearing of the case (Bush v. OrZean.s ored People, the suit has brought given any official assurance, its mem­ ••\\'est VIrginia State 1,423 '130 Shepherd Sutte 670 Zt Parish SchooZ Boo.rd) does not mean forth comments of disagreement from bers told us unofficially last January Falnnonl State 1,209 f the end of the attempt to keep New the local NAACP unit. and a dis­ that they would end segregation com­ Glenville Stale 663 I \\'est Liberty State 700 7 Orleans public schools legally segre­ claimer from the mother o! one of the pletely next September if they could. ••atuetleld State 336 3ZS gated. children named in the petition. Potomac Stole 474 ' "But we are told that two new Concord 1.150 I Federal District Judge J . Skelly Logan County already has desegre­ schools to relieve overcrowding prob­ A survey of institutions of higher W Va Unlversltv 6.000 30-40 Wright on Feb. 15 enjoined Orleans gated its first graders and has an­ ably won't be finished by thai time. learning by the SSN during March Wf'st Vlr~tinill Tech 748 S Mar~hall 3.073 80 school authorities from enforcing nounced a gradual plan for ending and, as a result, integration probablv revealed that des~gregation is moving •President E. E. Church of Potomac segregation. Another section o! the segregation at other levels as class­ won't proceed beyond the sixth a lon~ without incident. There are only Stale sold only thot ..o numbtr of room space becomes available. grade." five pl"ivate colleges which have no Negro students n.-e enrolled.'. same decision, this rendered by three • •Formerly all-Negro co leges. judges, invalidated two state statutes Also during March, a SOUTHERN Supt. Winter said, "I don't think Negro students. and one constitutional amendment ScHOOL NEws survey showed that four this suit will affect us. We will go One of them, Bethany College at aimed at legalizing segregation. of the state's 10 private institu­ ahead with plans for the cominq Bethany, W. Va., said it did not ex­ tions of higher learninl( have accepted On March 8 the federal district school year." He also said he didn't clude Negro students. "There do not Negro students and that. a fifth will believe desegreRation could go into happen to be any colored students court denied a hearing petition which accept qualified Negroes if any apply. challenged the court's jurisdiction. effect for the full 12 grades. <'nr·olled at. the present time," Presi­ Five other private colle~es have no dent Pe1·cy E. Gresham reported. "I DEFENSE, OFFENSE Negroes enrolled and gave no indica­ SUIT IS DISCLAIMED account for this by the fact that there In other court actions the NAACP tion of a policy regarding their ac­ The day following the filing of the are no Negroes who live in the small The State Board o! Control durinJ was on both the defensive and offen­ ceptance. (See "In the Colleges.") suit Mrs. Willie Shedd of Cora said community with the exception of one March made known its plans for es­ sive. Meanwhile the State Board of Con­ she "didn't know anything about the or two who are part of the college tablishment of a new desegregated forestry camp for delinquent boys. Dissolution of the NAACP in trol, which manages stale hospitals, suit" although it was supposed to be staff." The camp probably wiiJ open in April Louisiana is being sought in state dis­ mental and penal institutions, an­ in behalf of her son and four other Morris Harvey College at Charles­ trict court. Basis for the suit (Fred nounced plans !or opening a new de­ children. ton, Wheeling College at Wheeling, near Blackwater Falls State Park in LeBlanc, attorney generaL of Lcmisi­ segregated forestry cam'1 for delin­ "I would like to clear myseH and Greenbrier College at Lewisburg and Tucker County. ana et als v. A. P. Tureo..ud Sr., eL quent boys. (See "Miscellaneous.") my children of any dealings with the Beckley College at Beckley all said Other transfers in the board's con· als) is failure to comply with an old suit," she added. they had no Negro students enrolled. solidation program include moving and rarely enforced state law requir­ Named in addition to Mrs. Shedd's No explanations were offered. They Negro tuberculosis patients {rom ing practically every organization ex­ son, Teddy, were Flora Robinson of nr(.' all private schools. Denmar· Sanitarium in Pocahontas cept churches and the National Guard Ethel, Jewell Beatty of Holden and County and some menially ill from to file yearly membership lists with Joan Spinner and Rosetta McDaniel, SOl\lE flAVE Ol'o'LY ONE Weston State Hospital to ])erunar: The NAACP brought suit. March l 1 both of the city of Logan. Teddv moving mentally defective children the state attorney general. in Charleston to end segregation in However, Salem College at Salem On March 29 all NAACP activity in Shedd is a junior at Aracoma High rc>pot-ted one Negro student in a total from Huntington State Hospital to St Logan County schools soon after state School in Logan. Mary's Training School north of Louisiana was halted by order of State P1·esidcnt T. G. Nutter revealed plans rnrollment of 429, and Davis and E1- District Judge Coleman Lindsey in Mrs. Shedd has attended some l denied. agreement following hearing before suit was being brought on behalf of federal Judge Ben Moore. DeSales He1ghts Visitation Academy announced March 22 in Washington a> NAACP attorneys have asked that five children at the request of the a~ Parkersburg-a private school for the Negro group opened its annual The Logan suit will be heard before ,:!trls from grades one through 2- the case, a civil one with no criminal Parents and Citizens Organization of federal Judge Harry E. Watkins in 1 meeting. penalties. be transferred to a federal Logan, headed by the Rev. J. B. Eaton Huntington. sai~. "As yet, we have had no appli­ A CIAA statement said West Virj court bt>eause state action would of Ethel. The McDowell suit still stands des- l.'ntlons from Negro students out of ginia was t·csigninj:t "to devote ful 58 enrolled." There also are no Negro {Continued on NexCP age) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-APRIL 1950-PAGE t 5 OklahoiDa 'Little Dixie' OKLAHOMA CITY. Okla Studied; I 0 Systems to Desegregate 'LrrrLE DtXIE." Oklahoma's counter- County will have a separate Negro part to the D~ep South, stood high school at Marietta, but. other l the crossro:~ds m March, reluc­ districts with Negro children prob­ !:anuy but resignc?ly givi~g ground ably will integr·ate. • her long-chenshed pnncrple of ~parate schools Cor Negrol'S and During March, ~ards of educa­ tion officially lowered the race bar­ whiteS. rier-at the high school level-in In a stnte that has moved pcrhap>- Pawhuska, Osage County; Nowata much as any other toward dl•,eg• and Lenapah, Nowata County; Eu­ ~.g;~tion. a small ror·e of r·csi .. tanc<' faula •. Mcintosh County; Bartlesville, isted in the extreme southeast­ Washington County; Drwnright, persm counties. New stalc tdd policies e · d l' Creek County; Crescent, Logan will make conhnue st•g_rega ron n County; and Wetumka, Hughes costlY luxury. hut many chstncls ex­ County. All are in the north, north­ Ianlined their finances closely to o;ee east and east parts o{ the state. In if 1 way could be found. addition, the board of education of Meanwhile. 10 school sy!-.tcms. Hollis, the far southwest, announced most of them in eastem and nor·th­ it will continwe separate schools for S.. l taSLem Oklahoma. announced plans another year, but will desegregate 1 for integrated cla~es bcginninl:! this in 1957-58. autumn· (See "School Boards and Schoolmen.") Thc State Department '. of Education undertook a survey to ~ learn how many othet· dish·icts arc rtaef>' to drop the race baniers amid indications about half the remainin~ \~ Negro hi~h schools will be main­ •:.:~~ tained. And the Negro teachers' pro- "Little Dixie." the 13 counties of souOI­ Dr. Oliver Hodge, state superin­ ( a:: fessional organization asked its ea!'t Oklahoma. are moving reluctantly to­ tendent. await«! replies late in c• members how many expect to bc war·d desegregation under fi nancial com­ March to a new questionnaire he • without iobs bv September (Sec pulsion from the stale. In n close look. sent out on desegregation plans of "Under Survey.") Sot rii Ell~ SCH OOL Nt:\\ S found the cities individual school districts. The let­ nn tl town" ~( lh(' .nrcn jl('llC I'lllly will d i n~r ~lATI'ER OF POLICY ters were mailed to superintendents to •(•jrrf'gnlron " lnlC' th f' r urnltli•lriN.. " ill Oklahoma. southern in its tradi­ of 66 districts still maintaining Ne­ h f'gi n I n drop rnrial hurricr•. gro high schools (there are nine oth­ tions but western in its attitude. ers, but they are in all-Negro areas). mo~-ed promptly toward desegrega­ He estimat«i only about haU of them tion as an offidal state policy after March the SouTHERN SCHOOL NEws will be abandoned for the coming the U.S. Supreme Court's implemen- officrally. Woodrow Holman, super­ to operate them without. "serious" learned that "Lillie Dixie." in gen­ year. An unoffidal check by an aide , talion ruling of May 31. 1955. Slate­ tntendent, said the board has no cost. eral, will cling to segregation in the in his department listed 26 Negro ~ supported colleges and universities plans for integration. There have cities and towns but will have to mix been no demands for it from the ffiGH SCHOOLS TO MERGE high schools as certain to be main­ :z:t "" erased the color line completely. The tained in 1956-57. Another dozen State Board of Education urged local the races in small. poorly financed Negroes, he added. Some 550 Negro One of the two extreme southern schools in rural areas. Such integra­ districts which have announced de­ were considered "somewhat doubt­ districts to fall into line as quickly pupils attend Booker T. Washington tion as does take place will be almost segregation plans is Colbert in Bryan ful." Three were "doubtful" and four, as possible but left it up to them to grade and high school, reconditioned entit·ely at the secondary level. Geo­ with bond issue money several years County. Negro and white high school "very doubtful." make the actual decision. As a re­ graphic segregation and crowded enrollments will be merged, al­ The Oklahoma Association of Ne­ IUlt 273 Schools opened Ute autumn ago. The high school offers chemis­ physical facilities will keep the try, physics and French, among oth­ though separate schools will be gro Teachers began an intensive ~emester with Negro and white chil­ races apart in the elementary grades. maintained at the elementary leveL campaign to find jobs in desegre­ dren in class togeilier. Most of these er subjects. and has 10 or 11 leach­ :· gated schools for its members dis­ 0 were in the northern counties. With "Little Dixie" is the name applied E'I'S with the master's degree, Hol­ The other southern high school to 13 counties comprising the Third man said. planning to have both white and missed as a result of desegregation. • few exceptions, segregation was re­ Somewhere between 127 and 150 Ne­ "0 in the south and extreme Congressional District in the souili­ The Idabel schools took a $2,000 Negro students next year is Gene d eastern corner of Oklahoma. Its in­ cut in transportation reimbursement Autry in Carter County. Its 22 Ne­ gro teachers were dropped last year ha~ilants possess a sou them hel'itage, gro high school students have been as faculties were merged. !i then the State Bollrd of Edu­ because of an enrollment drop, part !C attending Central High in Woodford has laid down its pennanent therr forebears having emigrated to of it occurring when a new Negro Just before deadline the OANT re­ ·n the wester-n frontier from southeast­ by transfer, but most have indicated 10 policy on integration. Its basis is high school (Riverside) was opened vealed 92 Negro teachers have been 1· em sections of the United States. at neat·by Iian·is last August. Hol­ they'll go to school at home next notified already they will not be hired w that, while Oklahoma Lc; considered year. Gene Autry High School has a still in an emergency, or transitional Th<' family sen·ants that accompa­ man said the Idabel board had not next year. Negro educators obtained nied them nccount for the large Ne­ decided whether to absorb further nwnber of children of Ardmore Air a promise from Gov. Raymond Gary •••m period, the state is no longer obli­ Force base personnel and thus re­ gated to underwrite the cost of gro populations in some of the coun­ state aid loss or cut a "half-teacher" that a program will be worked out to Jlj ties. each from the faculties or its white ceives federal aid. find jobs for the displaced teachers, '"m maintaining separate schools. If thev :S want segregation, local districts will Particularly in lumber-rich Choc­ and Negro high schools. Central, built only six years ago. either in integrated schools or in state .,, • have to pay the extra expense. White taw and McCurtain counties. in the Br·oken Bow and Valliant in Mc­ may be forced to close because of agencies. .~ desegregation. Its 175 Negro students ;~, and Negro enrollment must be com­ extreme l;outheast, most Negroes are Curtain County also maintain Negro The group told the governor it ex­ JO bined hereafter in calculating the laborers, working for· creosoting high schools. They'll lose teachers come chiefly from four other dis­ pects some 300 Negro teachers to be lq tricts - Gene Autry, Graham, in nwnber of teachers on which state firms nnd railroads. They live in ex­ under the new state financia1 policy, without jobs by autumn because of iv clusively Negro rcsiden.tial areas of but there has been no move yet to Springer and Wheeler. Orner Rowe, integration. Of those already noti­ ':S aid will be paid, and there will be no :h their communities. integt•ate. Carter County superintendent, said fied, 16 blamed racial discrirrunation or reimbursement for the expense of there is a possibility Graham and hauling students outside a district's for their dismissal, and 11 of these lSI LOCAL TAX PLANNED Springer also will desegregate, leav­ •h own transportation area. PUSIIMATARA MAY t\IIX said white teachers were hired in ol In Hugo. Choctaw County seat. ing Woodford without enough stu­ 1e Pushmalaha County has a fairly their place. Supt Ira Armstrong told U1e SSN dents to maintain a Negro high lo small Negro population, residing in ol correspondent the board of educa­ school ;u only three of the 23 school districts. ds tion proposed to make up the shrink­ Antlers, the county seat, desegre­ en age in state aid with local lax rev­ EDUCATION IMPROVING Georgia gated last autumn without difficulty. Rowe said several Negro families lo enue. Negroes have not petitioned (Continued from Page 7) oAr although it still maintains a sepa­ have informed him they prefer to the board for integration, and several rate grade school for Negroes in a determine the exact extent of any II· ln exclusive interviews with ha\•e indicated they prefer the seg­ maintain separate schools, just as •U• building erected just last year. Tus­ they do separate churches. Mrs. Glo­ academic difference, she said. The l:l southeastern Oklahoma educators in regated schools, Armstrong said. A kahoma and Albion are the only tests, similar to those given AUanta ud new high school, complete with a ria Ainsworth, Negro teacher at no other districts with Negroes, and pupils several times in the past for \p large gymnasium, was erected in the Gene Autry, said educational oppor­ srs Charles A. BoHn, county superin­ tunities for her race in Carter Coun­ comparison with national averages, :ol Wesl Virginia Negro area two years ago. The su­ tendent. expressed belief next school will be tabulated at. Princeton Uni­ perintendent quoted the boar·d as ty have improved considerably in "'\p (Continued (rom Page l.S ) year will bring complete desegrega­ the last few years. versity but final analysis will not be ro stating it will otTer the best educa­ tion in Pushmataha County. ready until late May or early June, rd lime to partidpalion in the racially tion it c:~n afford to all Hugo chil­ Ardmore is the prosperous trade Atoka remains a question mark. Miss Jarrell said. The tests are part cv 11llSegregated" West Virginia Athletic dren. regat'dom'' would become a necessity. A de­ arate school at least another year means, he said, any Negro child who of the action. "As or right now. how­ cision may nol come at Grant until because they are "not ready" yet for could do better work in a white LEGAL ACTION ever, the action would seem to be a Mav 15. dcndlinc for transfer· appli- Negroes in U1eir high schools. How­ school will be placed there. P'ave error, conceived rn hru.tc and cations. ever, none of the districts is in po­ tx;cuted unwisely Negroes in another Choctaw sition to pny the extra transporta­ 5 COUNTIES DESEGRE.GATED A test suit filed by the state (Geor­ lf the Negro leaders who mstil(at.cd County distr·ict, Fort Towson, have tion costs out of its own pockets. Elsewhere in "LitUe Dixie" schools gia v. Valdosta. Board of Education) the suit," the Bann(>T added. "really mdicated their preference to trans­ And Atoka itself faces the loss of of Johnston, Latimer, Marshall, and designed to secure a court ruling have the best interests of their people fer into Hugo again, but the board one and one-haU teachers, or about Murray and Pittsburgh (except Mc­ on lhe stale's right to withhold funds •t.heart, they will r·eapprah;e the situ­ cannot afford to pay the exll·a ex­ $5.000 in stale aid. Morrison said only Alester) counties have already de­ from integrated schools will be with­ ~tion. A survey of public opinron no pense of hauling Utem under the new part of that can be absorbed by staff segregated. The LeFlore County seat. drawn and revamped, according to oubt would show them that the best st.-'ll<' transportation policy. re-assignments. Poteau, was one of the first in the Atty. Gen. Cook. The suit will be re­ way to advance their program and state desegregated, and other dis­ vised to conform to new laws enacted NEGRO DE:\IANDS Nevertheless, Atoka County dis­ :prove racial rdalions will be to ~0 tricts arc expect«! to continue sep­ tricts in the county are expected to by the 1956 session of the General Idabel, in McCurtain County, is I thdraw the suit. and give Uw peo­ aratc schools if a way can be found follow its lead by next year. Love Assembly of Georgia, Cook said. p e a chance to

• . .... A. tys ev• tot )yl >fl· •rv Interpol; tnen obORSh pull s'VI' Mt. 1:>:2 Nolch"z J 6:1 • ""News on' '' PAGE 16-APRIL 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS II More Kentucky Districts Announce Plans to Desegregate LOUISVILLE, Ky. Dunbar. The first eight grades will A CROWINC ACCENT on permissive or continue to be segregated, with Dun­ Card Used in Loui ville 'Free Choice' Plan voluntary features in Kentucky bar operating as a Negro grade l>~ar Parut: school. / plans for 1956 desegregation was 0 the re,•e,.e side of thi. card io the plan a.l••J•t...J lo)· th~ ll1>11rd ,,( ~·location f~r endin~: K entucky's non-tax-supported col. noted as 11 additional school districts The board's March 7 announcement co':npulsory racial •egl"l'inlion in the Louls,·ille l'uhhc ~gro students to apply for every Kentucky district would have were announced a month earlier: A Third First Second admission ... received and treated begun some plan of desegregation by Choice full free-choice plan, involving ele­ Choir~------Choice likt> any student who attends our col­ this fall, said no action against any mentary and high schools alike, was lt'lhodist institution at Bnrbourville, lated. But they reported that "sev­ Gilbert Bowling said while and Negro PARENT PLEASE SIGN AND RETUilN admitted its first NeJ:!l'o student in eral" Negro teachers have already re­ - ""'ii~.trnlol\wtt' of l'a«:R\ or C\aAtdian pupils would be allowed to choose 1954. now has three. Berea Collegt, ceived notice of contract-termination whether they want to attend sef!re­ which admitted Negro students from as a byproduct of desegregation plans. gated schools or go to any school in PLAN OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR DESEGREGATION tht> clo~t> of lhe Civil War until enact-­ and said the NAACP would defend their district. 1. The program 1hall go lnt.o operation in September, 191'>\i. ment of the Day Law in 1904. began _ their tenure-rights in court if nego­ 2. The change shall 1;e complete--throu~rhout the l.oui•ville School District ond at all !.eroes after that law'5 PINEVILLE (7.6%): The city's one 3. The entire area of the Louioville School District will l;e redt•tnctl!d wtthout regard to race. amendment in 1950. Its records do not proved fruitless. 4. In redialrictinr, there •h•ll be no gerrymandenng or ulh ~ r e•tnbhAhment of unnatural Paducah's plans for next fall are to school for Ne~roes, Roland Hayes, show race. but it estimates current boundariu. ld · tl Nc.. ro enrollment at 22 or 23. keep teaching staffs all-white or all­ will be closed and its 37 elementary 6. The redistricting ahsdl be done In auch manner aA t.o •erve all the cht ren •• convcntcn Y Negro, with parents deciding whether pupils enrolled in now all-white u pouible, wit.b proper regard to the capaclttea of butldmJC&. . . The five Catholic colle~cs. most of their children shall go to a school schools. Pineville's 12 Negro high G. ;;p~Jm":~oo~u·!~r ~t';:~fu~ ::g:~e,:h~~h r:Ci~~ !'i,';l."~i ;,~t~or'!'a!~C:~I~v:e~!."el, the which nlc:o ooened their doors to Ft'lffed by Negro or white teachers. school pupils, now being sent to the 7 11 two or more schools arto clou t.ogether or Cor other tcuons ot seems wosc. a atngle dt•· Ncszro students in 1950, have NCj!I'Q (See "School Boards and School­ state- suoportcd Lincoln Institute in ' trlct may 1;e established for them and parllreJtls supported institutions reported in school integration program was an­ · preference of ~~<:hool s will be granted within the capacities of the schools and w•th due re· ir' Bnrdstown. g rd for t.bo convenience of the child and the preferences and convenience of other parents SSN last monlh, seven church-affil­ nounced on March 16. Four county 11 The st:-~le's total Ncszro enrollment and children. . iated colleges and one unaffiliated high schools will be open to pupils 10. Transfers such as those described In parn•.:raph !I nbovc ahall twt be Jl(•rmtltcd t.o crowd in once all-while colleges, public and ' private college currently have Nesrro of all races; children now attending out of any school pupils who, by residence, belon~t in thla •rhool. . . private, is estimntcd to be about 550. students enrolled. (See "In the Col­ tht·ee Negro high schools in the county 1 1. A pupil attending a school other lhan the one w~irh ~erv~• the di •trl~t In '~htch he h\'CS may be required to trsnsrer to the school In whtclt he belon~:s by rt'snlence of aLtcndnnce, leges.") may either continue at those schools conduct or school work is not salis!actory. . or attend the previously all-white 12. Pupils attending 8 !SChool ouuide the diatrd of rc•idt•owe will not recct\'C free trnn.•por· schools. tntion, except in unusual ra~u whtrh the aupcrlntt•ndenl may ttJiprov~. P ADUCA H (15.1 %) : Dr. Ralph Os­ Here is a reproduction of the cards sent out to about 50,000 parents and Desegregation poses "a great chal­ b'lrnt>, city school superintendent, on guardians of Louisville school children as school authorities sought to com­ lenge" lo Louisville teachers, accord­ M1rch 28 described as a "moderate" plete planning for desegregation of the school system Utis (all. Replies to the a'loroach to the descf[rcgation prob­ cards will be used in working out the nexible-transfer and redistricting pro­ inS! lo an editorial in the spring edition of P rojcssionall11 Your&. pub­ lem a oroltram to keep leaching staffs grams involved in the changeover. In the following account of March all-white or all-Nesrro, with parents li~ation of Louis,·ille's Department of Classroom Teachers. desegregation-plan announcements, determining whether their children voluntary basis." He said that the some 50,000 multi-colored cards sent figures in parenthesis indicate the go to Negro-staffed or white-staffed plan. which opens only the first grades back by parents of elementary and The cditorinl said that "how to in- 111 • current percentage of Negro-pupil schools. to Negro entries each year, will be junior high pupils under the flexible­ lef!rate'' is the problem now, and •• str·cssed the importance "of accepting • enrollment. The effective dates are FREE CHOICE continued "as long as the need ex­ transfer and redistricting program, 1 the beginning of the 1956-57 term: integration as a normal change-over • HoPKINS CouNTY (7.7%): Ne~ro ists," so that at the end of 12 years a said n detailed report on parental FRANKFORT (12.6%): "Public schools Negro pupil entering school in 1956 and conveying this feeling to the pub­ will be open henceforward to all children entering school for the first choices (limited initially by space lic.'' time next fall will have their choice will complete his primary and high ua races in accordance with the rulings considerations and in future by pupil of schools. school education in a completely in­ of the Supreme Court of the United tegrated system. behavior) would be issued in April. States." Supt. Sam Pollock said on March The scniot· high school plan, still un­ 28 that "our system of maintaining In Louisville (17.8%), whose top­ Maryland This March 10 announcement by to-bottom desegregation plans have announced, is expected to give a city­ (Continued From Page 6) Kentucky's capital-city school board both Negro and white schools will continue, but pupils will be able to been described in previous issues of wide choice to any pupil beginning Harford County. Most of our opposi- ...... _ added, however, that "wherever any SSN, officials all but finished shuffiing next fall. lion will probably come from the classroom shortage may appear, tem­ participate in lhc new system on a porary preference will be given to the farminq area, where space is not previous enrollees and procedures at available in our buildings atlhe pres- • lhe school and additional classroom Table of New Legislation on Segregation Issue entlime." space will be provided as fast as the The Board of Education for Talbot Counly, on the Eastern Shore, has location and extent of needs and the EGISLATURES IN FIVE SOUTHERN states have been in session during the first three months o{ 1956. All have 1 financial means can be developed." L adopted measures to maintain segregation in their public schools and in other areas. Subsequent to the statutes set April 26 as the dale on which 1 pupil<: in grades one through eleven ~ And Frankfort's two high schools, p1aced on the books during 1954 and 1955 (SOUTHERN SCHOOl, NEWS, February), the following measures have been may apply to transfer to other schools one for Negroes, one for whites, "will adopted: be continued for a while to test the next fnll. The desegregation study use of both and give employment to ALABAMA-The "{reedom of choice" bill, setting hibit ... implementation or the compliance with the ~troup in the county had called upon teachers at both schools." Aug. 28 as the date for a referendum on a series of con­ integration decisions"; (3) prohibiting the fomenting, the board to set such a date. so that stitutional amendments that would permit abolition of agitation or soUcitation o{ litigation; (4) repealing com­ Nel!roes seeking admission to white FIRST-STEP PROGRAM the public schools and provide that no child be required pulsory school laws to make possible abolition of public schools could make known their RrCIIMONll (19.5%): Under a first­ to attend school where the races are mingled. An "in­ schools; (5) requiring teachers to list all organizations choic.-<> of schools in time for full ad­ step program announced March 9, 40 terposition" resolution declaring the school desegTega­ to which they have belonged during Ute preceding five ministrative consideration. Several students in the lOth to 12th grades at tion decisions "null, void and of no effect." A r esolution years; (6) abolishing common law marriages and de­ othc:>r F.:tstcrn Shore counties adopted Richmond High, a Negro school, will calling on the U.S. Supreme Court to modify its anti­ claring children born o( such marriages illegitimate. a \'oluntarv tran!':fcr policy prior to " attend Madison High, a white school, segregation rulings in view or the possibility of " tu­ SOUTH CAROLINA- In addition to an interposition the bes:(innin(! of the current school beginning Sept. 1. The Richmond mult, strife and civil disorder." Two local acts giving resolution, the current South Carolina legislative enact­ vear but received no applications rrom school for Negroes will continue to Macon and Marengo county school boards authority to ments included: (1) a general appropriations act spe­ Negro chilrlrr>n to enter while schools. operate grades 1 through 9. fire teachers who belong to organizations advocating cifically restricting appropriations for public schools HARRODSBURC (9.5%): Negro and desegregation. and state parks to those operated on a racially sep­ TRANSFER POLICY white students in grades 9 through 12 arated basis; (2) a bill giving school boards power to Just under one-third of Talbot at West Side and Harrodsburg high GEORGIA-In addition to an "interposition" resolu­ make rules having the force of law and requiring that Counly school pupils are Negro schools will be integrated, the city tion, the Georgia General Assembly has adopted stat­ appeals from board l'lllings go through state courts· (2,597 white, 1,269 Negro as of last board announced March 28. utes: (1) authorizing the governor to close public (3) an act giving county sheriffs power to remove and Sept. 30). The counly board an­ school buildings threatened with desegregation and to assign pupils to schools in the face of conditions which nounced lhal all children seeking CYNTHIANA (11.1%) in Harrison start a flow o{ state funds to private schools which County (0.8%): On March 1 the may lead to disorder; (4) an net f01·bidding employment trnnsfcrs must be accompanied by a would take their place; (2) permitting leasing of public o{ NAACP members by state, county or municipal gov­ Cynthiana board announced plans to school properly; (3) authorizing the State School Build­ parent o•· guordian and present a integrate Negro and white students ernments; (5) a resolution calling for a nine-man com ­ wl'ittcn reason for changing schools. ing Authority to sub-lease buildings; (4) providing for mission to investigate NAACP activities among stu­ in the upper three grades of Cynthi­ teachers to receive retirement benefits under the private The hoard said that final action on ana High School and to continue the dents an.d f~culty at the state college for Negroes; (6) an lht> applications would not be taken school plan; (5) requiring that private schools be in­ act conhnumg the existence and broadening the scope present Negro school, Banneker, for mis­ "until the annual pre-school r~· spected by the slate fire marsha!; (6) making it a ol the 12-mcmbcr commis.,ion, establisJted in 1951 to the first nine grades-with no deseg­ demeanor to enter state-owned property closed by au­ h·alion is tabulntcd and reviewed tn regation plans set for those grades. study school segregation. to <; urve~· aJI phases of segre­ J une" Two slipulalions were spelled thorized state officials; (7) providing that state law en­ gation and to coordinate activities with other states. The following day the county board forcement agencies shall enforce segregation laws; (8) out: announced it would desegregate all causing officers who fail to enforce such laws to lose VIRGINIA-In addition to the legislation necessary 1) ''The board of Education shall grades. Involved are three Negro high retirement and disability benefits; (9) providing for to effect the " tuition grant" amendment to the sta t~ con !'id~ r every applicant in the li~tht school pupils and nine elementary state attorneys to defend or represent any state em­ c~m;Slitution and the interposition resolution, the Vir­ of the arlequacy of facilities at each pupils, all of whom this year attend ploye or official involved in litigation as a resnJI of his !l'mta Ge~cral Assembly bas adopted: (1) a bill requir­ school concerned. the Cynthiana Negro school, Banne­ having enforced the state's segregation laws. mg full dtsclosurc o{ persons, fimts or associations sup­ 2) "Apphcalion for transfers wi.ll ker. porting suits agains t school board!.; (2) a biJl providing be cono;idercd on an individual basiS 1\DSSJSSIPPI-Besides an interposition resolution and £or appointment of Arlington County school board mem­ TOP GRADES TO MIX resolutions contmending members of the state's con­ onlv. and the final decision or ap­ b~rs (doing away with the direct election process pre­ pro~·a) or disapproval will rest in the SoMERSET (6.5%): Ninth through gressional delegation for opposing desegregation, the vt?usly used); (3) a re<;olution providing that onl,y 12th grades to be desegregated at Mississippi tegislature has adopted measures: (1) cre­ hands or the board of education. The mmor federal employes and clerks can serve on school board •·cserves the right lo ref~ Somerset High, with those grades to ating a State Sovereignty Commission to resist "federal boards; (4) a resolution prohibiting interracial athletic be discontinued at the Negro school, encroachment"; (2) directing all public officials to "pro- contests at high school level. any transfer for reasons good an sufficient unlo itst>lC."

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