THE RELIGIOUS QUEST OF INDIA

EDITED BY . • J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL .OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND CEYLON

• AND H. D. GRISWOLD, M.A., PH.D. SECR&TARY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN IIISSIONS IN INDIA UNIFORM \VITH THIS VOLUME ALREADY PUBLISHED INDIAN THEISM, FROM By NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., THE VEDIC TO ·THE D.Litt. Pp.xvi+292. Price M U 1:1 A M M A D A N 6s. net. PERIOD. IN PREPARATION

THE RELIGIOUS LITERA- By J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. TURE OF INDIA. THE RELIGION OF THE By H. D. GRISWOLD, M.A., ~IGVEDA. PH.D.

THE VEDANTA • • By A. G. HoGG1 M.A., Chris· tian College, Madras. HINDU ETHICS • By JoHN McKENZIE, M.A., Wilson College, Bombay. BUDDHISM • • By K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A., Literary Secretary, National Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon. ISLAM IN INDIA • By H. A. wALTER, M.A., Literary Secretary,N ational Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon. EDITORIAL PREFACE-

THE writers of this series of volumes on the variant forms of religious life in India are governed in their work by two impelling motives. I. They endeavour to work in the sincere and sympathetic spirit of science. They desire to understand the perplexingly involved developments of thought and life in India and dis­ passionately to estimate their value. They recognize the futility of any such attempt to understand and evaluate, unless it is grounded in a thorough historical study of the phenomena investigated. In recognizing this fact they do no more than share what is common ground among all modern students of religion of any repute. But they also believe that it is necessary to set the practical side of each system in living relation to. the beliefs and the literature, and that, in this regard, the close and direct contact which they have each had with Indian religious life ought to prove a source ·of valuable light. For, until a clear understanding has been gained of the practical influence exerted by the habits of worship, by the practice of the ascetic, devotional or occult discipline, by the social organization and by the family system, the real impact of the faith upon the life of the individual and the community cannot be estimated; and, without the advantage of extended personal intercourse, a trustworthy account of the religious experience of a community can scarcely be achieved by even the most careful student. I J. They seek to set each form of Indian religion by the side of Christianity in such a way that the relationship may stand out clear. Jesus Christ has become to them the light of all their seeing, and they believe Him destined to be the light of a 2 iv EDITORIAL I>REFACE

the world. They are persuaded that sooner or later the age· long quest of the Indian spirit for 1·eligious truth and power will find in Him at once its goal and a new starting-point, and they will be content if the preparation of this series contri· butes in the smallest degree to hasten this consummation. If there be readers to whom this motive is unwelcome, they may be reminded that no man approaches the study of a religion without religious convictions, either positive or nega­ tive: for both reader and writer,· therefore, it is better that these should be explicitly stated at the outset. Moreover, even a complete lack of sympathy with the motive here acknowledged need not diminish a reader's interest in follow­ ing an honest and careful attempt to bring the religions of India into comparison with the religion which to-day is their only possible rival, and to which they largely owe their pre­ sent noticeable and significant revival. It is possible that to some minds there may seem to be a measure of incompatibility between these two motives. The writers, however, feel otherwise. For them the second motive reinforces the first: for they have found that he who would lead others into a new faith must first of all understand the faith that is theirs already,-understand it, moreover, sympathetically, with a mind quick to note not its weaknesses alone but that in it which has enabled it to survive and has given it its power over the hearts of those who profess it. The duty of the editors of the series is limited to seeing that the volumes are in general harmony with the principles here described. Each writer is alone responsible for the opinions expressed in his volume, whether in regard to Indian religions - or to Christianity. THE RELIGIOUS Q!JEST OF INDIA

THE HEART OF JAINISM

BY MRS. SINCLAIR STEVENSON M.A., Sc.D. (DusuN)

01' Tlrll IRISB IIISSIOR Ill GUJARAt' IOIIIITIIIII ICROIAR 01' SOMIIRVlLLR COLLIIGII, OIPORD AUTUOR o• 'ROt'lll OR IIODBRR JAIRISII ', 'I'IRSt' STBPS Ill GUJARATi' '011 801111 PAIII'I'IlRI o• t'RII RBUISSUCB ', ETC.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

BY TRI REV. G. P. TAYLOR, _M.A., D.D. PRIRCIPAI, 01' lt'IIVBRSOR COI.LBGII, AIJMADABAO

HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY 1915 Fecisti nos ad te, et inquietum est cor nostrum donee requiescat in te.

(Conf. Div. Aur, Augu~lim'1 i. 1.) TO MY HUSBAND WITH HAPPY MEMORIES OF NINE YEARS' COMRADESHIP JN WORK AND.PLAY PREFATORY NOTE

AMONGST the many friends, Indian and English, whose help has made the production of this little book possible, the writer owes a special debt of gratitude to the Rev. G. P. Taylor, M.A., D.D., who years ago first directed her attention to Jainism as an almost untrodden field for research, and who ever since has allowed her to make the fullest use of his un~ivalled stores of oriental scholarship ; to Mr. J. N. Farquhar, M.A., from whom she has received constant help and suggestion, especially in the compilation of the Historical Summary and the paragraphs on Jaina writers; and to her husband, who, when she was hindered by illness, not only prepared the index, but also under· took, together with Mr. Farquhar, the whole of the proof correcting. Amongst her Indian friends, the writer would .like to thank two Jaina pa~-,its, who successively lectured to her in Rajkot (KathiawM} almost daily during a period of seven years, for the patience and lucidity with which they expounded their creed. Each of these gentlemen, the one representing perhaps the more modem, and the other the more conservative, p9ints of view, most kindly re-read the MS. with her. In her study of Jainism, however, the writer is not only indebted to pa~dits, but also to nuns in various Apasara, to officiants in beautiful Jaina temples, to wandering monks, happy-go-lucky Jaina schoolboys and thoughtful students, as well as· to grave Jaina merchants and their delightful wives. Nearly all.these informants spoke Gujarati, X PREFATORY NOTE but the technical words they used in discussing their faith were sometimes of Gujarati, sometimes of Magadhi and sometimes of Sanskrit origin. This • use', which seems to be one of the idioms of Jainism, the writer has tried to reproduce by transliterating the actual words employed, believing that thus her work would retain more o,f the character of field-study and have less of the odour of midnight oil than if she had standardized and sanskritized all the terms. But whatever language they spoke, every one whom the writer asked showed the same readiness to help; indeed almost every fact recorded in this book owes its presence there to the courtesy of some Jaina friend, and every page seems to the writer water-marked with some one's kindness. The difficulty of the task has sometimes seemed over· whelming; but never perhaps does the magnificent old motto Dominus illuminatio mea prove a greater inspiration than when one is attempting sympathetically to decipher an alien creed; and to no one does it, together with its sister-saying Magna est veritas et praevalebit, ring a happier carillon of hope than to the foreign missionary. MARGARET STEVENSON. DUBLIN, St. Patrick's Day, 1915. INTRODUCTION

To the general public Jainism is little more than a mere name, and even students of the Religions of India have often failed to give it the attention it well may claim. True, out of India's 315 millions less than one million and a quarter (1,248,162) to-day profess the Jaina faith, and the last twenty years have witnessed a steady decrease in the number of its adherents; but, its numerical weakness notwithstanding, Jainism can make its own distinct appeal for a more informed acquaintance with its special tenets. If Professor Hopkins is right, and we believe he is, in affirming that Jainism • represents a theological mean between Brahmanism and Buddhism ',1 then assuredly a serious study of Jainism becoines incu~bent on all who may seek to understand aright either the early Brahmanic ritual or the trenchant and for long effective Buddhist protest which that elaborate ritual evoked. In that sixth century before Christ which in so many countries witnessed an earnest aspiration after higher truths and nobler lives, the country of Bihar was strangely agitated by the teachings of not a few bold reformers, men then styled heretics. Mahavira, Buddha, Go§ala, Jamali, all founded sects of their own, and others there were who vied with these either in propounding rival heresies or in establishing separate monastic organizations. Yet of all these ancient Orders one only has survived in India down to the present day, and that one is the Jainism founded whether by Mahavira himself or by his reputed master

• E. w. Hopkins, Tlrt Rtll"cio"' of /tUlia, p. 1183. :xii INTRODUCTION Padvanatha. It were surely at once an interesting and an instructive study to search out the causes that enabled Jainism thus to weather the storms that in India wrecked so many of the other faiths. Quietly, unobtrusively, Jainism has held on the even tenor of its way: but why? Here, for the student of Comparative Religion, lies a fascinating problem. Dr. Hoernle's discussion of this subject in his Presidential Address of I'8g8 before the Asiatic Society of Bengal was singularly luminous, empha· sizing as it did the place accorded from the very first to the lay adherent as an integral part of the Jaina organization. In the Buddhist Order, on the other hand, the lay element received no formal recognition whatsoever. Lacking thus any • bond with the broad strata of the secular life of the people', Buddhism, under the fierce assault on its monastic settlements made by the Moslems of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, proved incompetent to maintain itself and simply disappeared from the land. In contr;t.St there· with, Jainism, less enterprising but more specula.tive than Buddhism, and lacking the active missionary spirit t~at in early times dominated the latter, has been content to spend a quiet life within comparatively narrow borders, and can show to-day in Western and Southern India not only prosperous monastic establishments but also lay communities, small perhaps, yet wealthy and influential. Adopting the terms of present-day ecclesiastical discussion, one may say the survival of the Jainas has been due in large measure to their having opened the doors· of the Synod of their Church to lay representation. Yet another reason that well may attract to the study of Jainism lies in the fact that a singular interest attaches... to its doctrines and i~s history. Its first home was near Benares, and thus lay to the east of that 1 holy land ' which was the seat of the Vedic cult. But with the pro.cess of years it has migrated westwards and northwards, with the remarkable consequence that to·day 1 there are no Jainas INTRODUCTION xiii· among the indigenous inhabitants of Bengal, which includes Bihar, where the religion had its origin, and Orissa, where the caves of Udayagiri and K.handagiri bear witness to its popularity in the early centuries of our era '.1 While to the north in Mathura, Delhi, Jaipur, and Ajmer, it is still fairly well represented, the chief seats of Jaina influence in modem times are the cities and trading marts of Western India. The mercantile communities of Gujarat and Marwar owe not a little of their prosperity to Jaina enterprise, and the Order is said to be largely recruited from the cultivators in the Camatic district of Belgaum. To trace through the centuries this westward trend of Jainism and to investigate its causes were surely a subject worthy of engaging the attention of students of the Indian religions. Again, in its origin, Jainism was a protest on the part of the K~Jatriyas, or warrior caste, against the exclusiveness of priests who desired to limit entry into the mendicant stage (Sannyasin AJrama) to persons of the Brahman caste alone. As Professor Hopkins gr~phically puts it, 'The Kings of the East were impatient of the Western Church: they were pleased to throw it over. • The leaders in the •• reformation " were the youngef sons of noble blood ••• they were princes and had royalty to back them.' a .But time brings its revenges, and this Jaina religion, cradled in the aristocracy of a military caste, was destined to become the chief exponent of a grotesque exaggeration of the principle of ahims4, or 'non-injury' to any living being. The explanation of a change so radical cannot but prove of the deepest interest. Yet once again Jainism, with its explicit belief in a plurality of eternal spirits, every material entity having its own individual spirit, jivii.tm4, no less expressly dis· believes in the Supreme Spirit, the Paramatmii. Jainism is definitely atheistic, if by atheism we mean the denial of

a l~~tjJn'iol GudkH of India (New Edition), i. 417. • E. W. Hopkins, op. cit., p. 282. xiv INTRODUCTION a divine creative spirit. In the philosophy of the Jainas no place is reserved for God. Indeed it seems probable that the first Jainas did not acknowledge gods at all.

They early taught that one should not say • God rains j' but just • the cloud rains'. Thus one of their fundamental principles would seem to have been that there is no power higher than man. This principle, however, it is instructive to note, soon proved unworkable, and it has long since been practically abandoned. The J ainas do worship, yet are the objects of their worship neither God nor gods. Denying God, they worship man, to wit, the Venerable (Arhat), the Conqueror (Jina), the Founder of the (four) Orders (Tirthan· kara). Now this revolt from God-worship, and the acceptance in its stead of man-worship, this startling anticipation of Positivism, may well claim one's attention, if only as affording some idea of the possibilities of intel· lectual frailty. Within the last thirty years a small band of scholars, pre-eminent amongst whom are the late Hofrath Professor BUhler, Professor Jacobi, and Dr. Hoernle, have effected a great advance in our knowledge of Jainism. For long it had been thought that Jainism was but a sub·sect of Buddhism, but, largely as a consequence of the researches · of the Orientalists just mentioned, that opinion has been finally ,relinquished, and Jainism is· nqw admitted to be one of the most·ancient monastic organizations of India. So far from being merely a modern variation of Buddhism, Jainism is the older of the two heresies, and it is almost certain that Mahavira, though a contemporary of Buddh~, predeceased him by some fifty years.1 A flood of light hail been shed on the origin of Jainism, on its relations both to_ Brahmanism and to Buddhism, on the sects of the Jainas, 1 As now generally accepted, the dates are for Mahiivira, 599-527 B.C. and for Buddha, 557-477 B.C. If these dates be correct, then Mahavira and Buddha were for thirty years contemporaries. INTRODUCTION XV the ' white-clad • and the • space-clad ' votaries and the non-idolatrous Sthanakavasis, on the formation of the Jaina Siddhanta or Canon, and on the Councils of Patali· putra and Vallabhi that legislated regarding the Jaina Scriptures : also the highest linguistic scholarship has been brought to bear upon translations of a few of the Sacred Books of the Jainas. i',or all this good work accomplished, students of Jainism cannot be too grateful. But one whole department of this large subject stiU awaits elucidation, One can learn much concerning early Jainism and of its development in mediaeval times: but modem Jainism, its present·day practices and its present-day teachings, these still remain very much a terra incognita. Buhler's Indian Sect of tlu jainas and an article by Dr. Burgess on the Jaina Temple Ritual tell us something, but very much remains untold. And just here a necessary caution should be given. It is not always safe to assume that the meaning a technical term bore in early times remains the same in the Jainism of to·day. For instance, the term nrtha-kara, or Ththailkara, would seem originally ·to have denoted the man who has ' made the passage ' across the· ocean of worldly illusion (samsara), who has re~ched that further shore where he is, and will for ever be, ·free from action and desire : th\.1!1, the man who has attained unto a state of utter and absolute quiescence, arid has entered into a rest that knows no change nor ending, a passionless and ineffable peace. But no Jaina whom I have ever consulted has assigned this meaning to the word nrthail· kara. Widely different is the explanation given me by those whom I have asked, and they all agree. A nrthail­ kara, they say, is one who has • made', has founded, the four • tirthas •. But what then is a tirtha ? nrtha, derived from the root tr, 'to save', is, they affirm, a technical term indicating • the means of salvation •, the means par txcellmu ; and the taturvidha sailgha, or that • fourfold · xvi INTRODUCTION Communion 'within which all who take refuge find ultimate salvation, consists of the four tirthas, or • orders', namely, those of (1) sadhu or monk, (2) sadhvl or nun, (3) sravaka or lay-brother, and (4) sravika or lay·sister. These four tirthas are thus, as it were, four boats that will infallibly carry the passengers they bear unto the desired haven of deliverance (mok1a). Hence the Tirthankara is one who is the Founder (with a very large F) of the four' orders 1 that collectively constitute the Communion or Sangha. Another illustration of a term whose meaning may have changed with time is Nirvana. Originally the prefix nir, or nis, was held to be intensive, and hence nirvana, from the 1 root va, • to blow 1 came to mean' blown out, extinguished'. Thus, according to the early Jainas, Nirvana is that state in which the energy of past actions (karma) has become extinguished, and henceforward the spirit (jivatma), though still existent as an individual spirit, escapes re-embodiment, and remains for ever free from new births and deaths. But nowadays some Jainas at least regard the prefix nir as a mere negative, and thus with them Nirvana implies that state in which • not a breath ' reaches the emancipated one. The underlying conception is that of a constant steady flame with ' never a breath 1 to make even the slightest tremulous quiver. Evidently, then, the study of the Jainism of the past, helpful though it be, does not of itself alone suffice to acquaint one accurately with the current phases of that faith, and accordingly some account, more or less detailed, of modern Jainism becomes a distinct desideratum. It is in the hope of supplying this felt need that Dr. Margaret Stevenson has prepared the present volume. She jlas named it 'The Heart of Jainism ', and aptly so, for in the writing of it she has been careful to indicate not so much the causes that contributed to the origin and development of that religion as the conditions that now obtain in it, and its present-day observances. The life-blood that is. coursing INTRODUCTION xvii. through its veins and is invigorating it, this she seeks to gauge. She would fain register, and not unsympathetically, its pulse-beats and its heart-throbs. For the execution of this self-imposed task Mrs. Stevenson has special qualifica­ tions. More than eight years ago, on her arrival as a bride in Al)madabad, she and her husband visited with me the large Jaina temple erected in this city so recently as 1848, through the munificence of Seth Hatthisimha. We were on that occasion conducted past the enclosing cloisters (bhamaJi) with their fifty-two small shrines to the inner court, and then admitted to the temple itself, passing through first the open porch (ma1Jtfapa) and next the hall of assembly (sabha ma~ttfapa), till we stood on the very threshold of the adytum (gabhiiro), and there we witnessed the ceremonial waving of lights (arati). The pathos of this service and its sadness made a deep impression, and from that evening Mrs. Stevenson has been a keen and constant student of Jainism. Her knowledge of the Gujaratl language has enabled her to acquire much information at first hand both from the .Jaina paQ<;lits who have for years assisted her in her research-work, and from the vernacular text-books which have of late been· issuing from the local printing-presses. Her kindly sympathies have won her many friends in the Jaina community, and have even procured her a welcome entree into the seclusion of a Jaina nunnery. Time and again she has been present by invitation at Jaina functions seldom witnessed by any foreigner. Her long residence in Kathiiiwii<;l has afforded her opportunities for repeated visits to those marvellous clusters of stately temples that crown the holy hills of Gimar and Abil and Satrui'ijaya. In h~r admirable Notes on Modern Jainism, severely simple notes published five years ago, Mrs. Stevenson gave us a first instalment of the rich fruits of her patient research, but since then she has been able to glean a more abundant harvest. The contri· bution that she now offers to the public will prove simply b xviii INTRODUCTION invaluable to the Christian missionary and to the student of the religions of India, but we further bespeak for it a hearty welcome from all who delight in fine scholarship and literary grace. GEO. P. TAYLOR.

STEVENSON COLLEGE• AI}MA:DABAD. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE INTRODUCTORY • The ideal of Indian thought death, not life-Attraction of uceticism-Revolt against Brahman exclusiveness-Rise of Buddhist and Jaina orders. CHAPTER II HISTORICAL SUMMARY 7 The 1ixth century-Mahavira-Order of Parsvaniitba­ Sudharma and his successors-The great famine and conse­ quent migration under Dhadrabiihu to Mysore-Sthiilabhadra and the Council of Pitaliputra-The Canon of Saiptures-The nudity question-ldolatry--5uhastin-Disruption into Svetiim· bara and Digambara sects-Council of Vallabhi-Tbe Scrip· lures-Zenith of Jainism-Decline under Mohammedan and ~iva persecution-Rise of Stbinakaviisl sect-Modem con­ ditions. CHAPTER Ill - THE LifE OF l\IAHAVIRA • 21 Birthplace-The fourteen dreams-Birth-Childhood and lcgends-lnitiation-Piirivaniitha's Order-Legends of Mahii­ vlra'a asceticism-Enlightenment-Preaching-Death-Pre- vious incarnations. · CHAPTER IV MAHAVIRA'S PREDECESSORS AND DISCIPLES 48 Pi.rivaniitba-The Four Vows of Parivaniitha-The twenty­ two earlier nrthailkara :-~i~abhadeva-Ajitanatha-Sam­ bhavanitha-Abhinanda.na-Sumatiniitba-Padmaprabhu­ Sup.iriva.natba-Ca.ndraprabhu-Suvidbiniitba-Sitala.natba­ Sreyamsanatha-Viisupiijya-Vimalanatha-Anantanatba­ Dharmanatba-Santinatha-Kuntbunatha-Aranatha-l\lalli· natha- Munisuvrata- Naminatha-Neminatba-The Fol· lowers of Mahavira :-GoSiila-Gautama lndrabhiiti-Sermon by Mahivlra-Sudbarma. XX CONTENTS CHAPTER V PAGE HISTORY OF THE JAIN A CO~tMUNITY • 6s The four Tirtha :-Monks-Nuns-Laymen-Laywomen­ The great leaders:-Jambii Svamt-Prabhava-Sayambhava­ Bhadrabahu-Sthiilabhadra-The six Srutakevali-The Dasa· pl.irvi-The early Schisms:-Jamii.li's-Gosii.la's-Avyakta, K~a1,1ikavadi, and Ganga schisms-Mahiigiri-Samprati­ Suhastin-Susthitasiiri-I ndradinna-Kalikacarya-S iddha· sena Divakara-Vajrasvami-Vajrasena-Digambara schism -Differences between Svetambara and Digambara-Hari­ bhadra Sl.iri-Siddhasiiri-Silagul}asiiri-BappabhaUTsrtri­ Stlangiicarya - Abhayadevasiiri - Hemaciirya- Epigraphic Corroboration-The later sects-Non-idolatrous sects: Lonka -Sthii.nakavasi. CHAPTER VI INTRODUCTION TO JAINA PHILOSOPHY Origin of Jaina ideas-The Sliilkhya and Vedanta schools­ The Saptabhailgi Naya. CHAPTER VII THE NINE CATEGORIES OF FUNDAMENTAL TRUTHS 94 i. JIVA (94): Prli1,1a-Divisions of }iva: into Siddha and Sarhsiiri-1\Iale, Female and Neuter-Hell-beings, Animals, Human beings and Gods-Ekendriya, Be-indriya, Tri-indriya, Corendriya and Paficendriya-Prithvikiiya, Apakaya, Teukiiya, Vayukaya, Vanaspatikiiya and Trasakiiya-Two artificial divisions-Lesyii division-Paryiipti division. ii. AJIVA (106): Arrtpi: (Dhannastikiiya-Adharmiistikiiya -Akiisiistikiiya-Klila)-Riipi: (Pudga\iistikaya). iii. MERIT (no): Nine kinds (giving food, drink, clothes, lodging and bed ; good wishes, kind acts, kind words and reverence)-Forty-two ways of enjoying the fruit of Merit. iv. SIN (n6): Eighteen kinds (killing, untruth, stinginess, impurity, acquisitiveness, anger, pride, deceit, greed, attach­ ment, hatred, quarrelsomeness, slander, tale-bearing, criticism, lack of self-control, hypocrisy, false faith)-Eighty-two results of Sin. v. ASRAVA (Channels of Karma) (139): Seventeen major and twenty-five minor. vi. SAI\-lVARA (Impeding of Karma) (144): Five points of CONTENTS xxi

PAGE good behaviour '(Samiti)-Control of mind, speech and body (Gupti)-Twenty-two waya or enduring hardship (PiJ:ri~}- Ten duties ol A~eetics-Five Rules of Conduct (Ciritra)­ Twelve important Reflections (Bhavana), vii, BONDAGE to Karma (161): Four kinds. .iii. DESTRUCTION ol Karma (163): Sis Exterior Aus­ teritie.-Si.& Interior Austerities. i.&. MOK!jA (169): the Siddha-Final Bliss. CHAPTER VIII KARMA AXD THE PATH TO LIBERATION 173 Four Sources of Karma-Nine ways of arresting Karma­ Eight kinds of Karma-their arrangement -Ghatin and Aghatin -Three tenses of Karma-Fourteen steps to Liberation. CHAPTER IX THE LIFE STORY OF A JAI!'ITA • 193 Babyhood and birth-ce~monies-Betrothal and marriage c~moni-The first cbild-De.a.th and funeral ceremonies. CHAPTER X THE JAI!'ITA LAYMA!'IT AXD HIS RELIGIOUS LIFE. zos The Twelve Lay Vows: Five Anuvrata .(against killing, lal~ehood, dishonesty, unchastity and covetousness)-Three Stftngthening Vows (limiting tra\'tl and use of possessions and Jllarding against abuses)-Four Vows of Religious Ob­ servances-How the vows are taken-Santharo (Religious suicide)-The eleven Pratima-Tbe perfect gentleman. CHAPTER XI THE JAISA ASCETIC Initiation-Daily dutiea--Begging-Confession-Leisu~ Study-Nunt-Goraji-The Five G~t Vows: (Son-killing -Truth-Honesty-Chastity-Detachment)-No meals after 1undown-The ideal monk. CHAPTER XII THE ESD OF THE ROAD • 239 The Five C~t Ones: (Sidbu-Upidhyaya-Acarya-nro thailbra-Siddha)-Rules by which even non·Jainamay ~h Mok~A-The Three Jewels--The Three Evil Darts. xxii CONTENTS CHAPTER XIII PAGE JAINA WORSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS 250 Temple worship (Digambara and Svetambara)-l'rivate wor­ ship-Jaina holy days-Pajjnsat;~a-Sarhvatsari-Divflli­ Full-moon fasts-Dusting day-the Eleventh-Saint-wheel worship-Days of Abstinence-Consecration of an idol­ Sn.i.vaQa Delgola festival-Oji-Hindu festivals-Sraddha­ Superstitions: Evil eye-Demons and ~hosts-Pbgue and Small-pox-Childless women.

CHAPTER XIV JAINA MYTHOLOGY 268 Gods in Hell and Patala-Gods in Heaven-Divisions of time: AvasarpiQi and Utsarpit;~i-The twenty-four Tirthan­ kara to come.

CHAPTER XV JAIN A ARCHITECTURE AND LITERATURE • 279 Wooden buildings-Stiipa-Cave-temples-The golden age of architecture-The shadow of Islam-Modern architecture­ Architecture of the South-Jaina writers-Hemacandra- 1\Iodern literature.

CHAPTER XVI THE EMPTY HEART OF JAINISM Attraction of Christ for the Jaina-Dissatisfaction with in· adequate ideals-The problem of pain-Mah1ivira and Christ -The lack of Jainism-No Supreme God-No forgiveness­ No prayer-No brotherhood of man-Difference in ideas of Heaven-Karma and Transmigration-Ahirhsa and service­ Ethics-Personality and Life-The empty Throne.

APPENDIX I. Analysis of the Nine Categories • 299 II. The Twenty-four Tirthankara of the Present Age . 312

INDEX 314 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barodia1 U. D., History and Literature ofJaim"sm, Bombay, 1909. Benll.ni Dass, Lila, Leclun onjaini.rm, Agra, 1902. Bhandarkar, R. G., Report on tk Stardtfor Sanskrit 11/anu.rcripls in

IA1 Bom/Jay Prmilmcy dun'ng lite year I88J-41 Bombay, 1887. Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix, part I. BUhler, J. G., On 1111 l111lian Sect of lite Jainas (translated and edited with an outline of Jaina mythology by J. Burgess}, London, 1903• -- Ue!Jer dtU Le!Jtn dt.r Jaina·MiincAts Hemacltandra, Vienna, 1889. Colebrooke, H. T., 11/iscdlaneou.r Essays, voL ii, London, 1873, Crooke, W., Article on Indian Religions in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. i, Oxford, 1909. De MiUou~, E11ai sur/a religion tlesfiuns, Le Museon, Louvain,l884- Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (E.R.E.): articles on Jaina topic1. Cirllllra MIIA!IIm7a (in Gujarll.tl). Gu~rinot, A. A., Emd tie IJi!JII'ograJAieJ'tUna, Paris, 1!)06.

Hoemle, A. F. R., Annual Addre111 Asiatic Society of Bengal (~S.B.), Calcutta, 1898. -- Uv4Jagadas4o, Calcutta, 1890- Hopkins, E. W., TAt Religions of India, Boston, 1895• Jacobi, H., Sat:rtd Books of tAt East (S.B.E.), vols; xxii and xlv. - TAt Mtlt~pAysks and EIAit:s of lite /tunas (Transactions of the Congress for the History or Religion), Oxrord, 1!)08. - Edition of Htmatandra's PariJi,(a Part1an (Bibl. Ind.), Calcutta, 1891· jcJiffa DAarma PravtJa PoiAI Series, Ahmadabild, 1907 (in Gujarliti). Jaini, Manak Chand, Life of 11/aAavlra, Allahabad, 1908. Jhavcri, J. L., First Principles of Jaina PAilosofJAy, Bombay, 1912, Latthe, A. B., An Jntroduclionlo Jainism, Bombay, 1905. 'Seeker', M1/11, 1/u StAmrakfva.ri or IAt ~~~m•ltlolt~lrous SAwtlam!Jar /••ins, India, 1911. Shah, Popatllil K.,fi,ina DAarma Ninipa'!a (in Gujarati). xxiv BIBLIOGRAI>HY

Smith, Vincent A., Tilt Early History oflndl,, (third edition), Oxford, 1914· Stevenson, Rev. J., Na1•a Tah•a, London, 1848. Stevenson, Mrs. Sinclair, Nulutm lUotlern J••lnism, Oxford, 1910.

Weber, A., Sacred Lileralurt Qj lht Jaincu (tr.)1 Indian Antiquary (I.A.), xvi i(1888)-xxi (1892), ·

Jaina Architecture and Ar~haeology. Bi.ihler,.J. G. SjJtdmem t>f jm'na Sct1!plurts from Malhurit, Epi• graphia Indica, i (1892) and ii (1894). Burgess, J., Digam6.mt Jainl'4 Jcunograjlhy, 1. A., xxxii (1903). Fergusson, J., History of Indian and Easltrn Arclu'ltelurt (new edition), London, 1910, Fergusson, J., and J. Burgess, Cavt Templu, London, t88o. Gu~rinot, A. A., Rlptrluirt d'ljdgrap!lit jm'na, Paris, 1908. Smith, Vincent A., A History t>f Fint Arl in India and Ctylon, Oxford, l9JJ. APPENDIX

I. ANALYSIS OF THE NINE CATEGORIES

FJilST CATEGORY: JIVA. It can be classified : i. Ill lw!t~ di1>isitHU: a. Siddha. IJ. Samsan. ii, Ill llrrH divisitHU: a. Male. !J. Female. e. Neuter. iii. Ill ftn~r divisitHU: a, NarakL IJ. TiryaiiC. c. Manu~ya. tl. Devata. iv. 111 jiv' di1JisiD111: a. Ekendriya. (Prithvikaya, Apakliya, Teukliya, Viiyukiiya, Vanaspatikiiya [Pratyeka, Siidhiira.J;la].) IJ. Be-indriya (Dvindriya). c. Tri-indriya (Trindriya). d. Corendriya (Caturindriya). '· Paiieendriya [Samjiii and Asamjiii). v. l11 siz dit•irilms: a. Prithvikliya. !J. Apakliya. c. Teukliya. d. Vayukliya. e. Vanaspatikliya. f. Trasakiiya. vi. l11 ltvm lfllllnt~lral tvlijidal divisionsftJr l.)'mmdry. vii. Ill 'iglrl divisitHU: a. Sale5L I. Those swayed by Kri~l'}ale§ya. c. ,. , , -Nilale5yi. tl. " ., ,. Kapotale5ya. e. ,. ,. ., Tejole5yi. f. ., ,. Padmaldya. K· ,. ,. ,. ~uklale5yi. A. ,. ,. , Ale.Si. viii. Artijia'al division illlt~ ,,;u t/asus. ix. 111 /m di'UisitHU: Ekendriya J!;:~~";a_ 300 APPENDIX

i Paryapta. Be-indriya l Aparyapta. Tri-indriya i Paryiiptii. l Aparyiipta. Corendriya i Paryiiptii. l Aparyli.pta. Paiicendriya i APary~uL_ l pary .. pta. x. In elevm divisions : Ekendriya. Be·indriya. Tri-indriya. Corendriya. Niirakt. Tiryaiic. Manu~ya. Bhavanapati deva. Vyantara deva. Jyoti~i deva. Vaimiinika deva. xi. Arlijidal division into lweh1e dassu. xii. Artificial division into llu'rleen &lasses, xiii. Arliji,ial division into fourteen 'lasses, two lm'ng new, viz. : Siik~~a ekendriya. Bli.dara ekendriya.

SECOND CATEGORY: AJIVA. A. Arlipi Aji11a, 1. Dharmastikliya (Dravya, K~etra, Kii.Ja, Bhiiva, Gul}a). Skandha. Des a. Prade5a. 2. Adharmiistikiya (Dravya, K~etra, Kala, Bhiiva, Gul}a). Skandha. Desa. Pradesa. 3· Akisistikaya (Dravya, K~etra, Ki]a, Bhiva, Gul}a). Skandha. De sa. Pradesa. 4· Kila (Dravya, K~etra, Kala, Bhiva, Gul}a). B. RujJI Ajiva. Pudgalistikaya. APPENDIX

THIRD CATWOI.Y: PUI::JYA. NiiU Kinds tif PII'!YII· t. Anna JlW:.IYL J. Paqa JlW:.IYL J. Vastra pW}ya. .... Laya.J)a PUJ})'3. S· &ya.na puf.lya. 6. Mana JlW:.I)'a (Manas or Millasa pu!]ya). 7· Sarira or Kaya pllf}ya. 8. V atana pul}ya. 9- Namaskira pllf}ya. Forly-twD Fr~~it1 tif PII'!YII. 1. tatavedaniya. 3. ciiCagotra. J. Manuf)'ll galL 4- !ofanuf)'ll anupiirvi. s- Venti galL 6. Devall anupiirvr. 7• Paiitendriyap&J.~udl. B.Audiri!Warira. 9- VabyaSarira. 10. AharakaSarira. II. Audirika ailgopiliga. 12. Vaikreya aiigopiilga. 1J. Ahirab aiigopiliga. 14- Taijasa.Sarira. IS· KirmarpSarira. 16. Vrajrarifabb.an.iriCa sangbaY&J.la. 17. Sama.Caturastra sal}t}lil}a. 1&. ~ubba varna. 19- ~ubba gand.ba,. 20. ~ubba rasa. :n. ~ubba tpada. 22. Agurulagho n1makarma. 23- Par.ighita Dimabnna. 24- Ucchvasa nimakanna. 25- .Atapa nimak.arma. 26. AnUfl}a nimakanna. 27. ~obbavihiyogatL 28. N irmil}a Dimabnna. 29- Trasa llimalwma. JOo Bidara nimakarma. APPENDIX

31. Paryapti namakarma. 32. Sthira namakarma. 33· Pratyeka namakarma. 34· Subha namakarma. 35· Subhaga namakarma. 36. Susvara namakarma. 37· A.deya namakarma. 38. Yasokirtti namakarma. 39· Devata ayu~ya. 40. Manu~ya iiyu~ya. 41. Tiryaiic ayu~ya. 42. Tirthankara namakarma.

FouRTH CATEGORY: PAPA. Ei'gllteen Kinds of Sin. 1. Jiva himsa. a. Bhava himsa. IJ. Dravya hilhsa. 2. Asatya or Mri~avada. 3· Adattadana. 4· Abrahmacarya. S· Parigraha. Ka~iiya 16. Krodha.·lKinds { a. Apra5asta. orCa~- 7· Mana. IJ. Prasasta. qiila 8. Maya. Lmgt!t of time indulged in : Anantanubandhf, Cokagl. 9· Lobba. Apratyakhyiini, Pratyakhyiini, Saiijvalana. 10. Raga or Asakti. ' · 1 I. Dve~a or lr~ya. 12. Klesa. 13. Abhyiikhyiina. 14. Paisunya. IS. Nindii. 16. Rati, Arati. 17. Miiyamri~ii. 18. Mithyadar§ana Salya. Some of the twenty-five divisions of Mithyiidar§ana Salya: Laukika mithyiitva. Lokottara mithyatva. Abhigrahika mithyiitva. Ajiiiina mithyli.tva. APPENDIX

Avinaya mithyitva. A.Satani mithyi.tva. Anabbigrahika mithyi.tva. TA1 Eig'Aiy-l'll.oll Rtn~lts tJj s;,. : Five Jiitit14vtll'a1Jiya.. 1, I. MatijiiinivaJ'a9iya. :I. :a. ~rutajiiini.vaJ'a9iya. 3· 3- AvadhijiiinivaraJ}Iya. 4- 4- Manal)paryayajfiinlivaJ'a9iYa. 5· S· Kevalajfiini.vaJ'a9iya. Fiw A~rlariiya.. 6. 1. Dinintariya. 7· :a. Ubhantaraya. 8. 3· Bhogintariya. 9- 4- Upabhogintaraya. 10. S· Viryantariya. • TA1 Ftn~r Darialliivaral}iya.. 11. 1. Cakfudarianavara.l}iya. u. 2. Ataqudariani.Vara.l}iya. 13. 3- Avadhidarianivara.I}Iya. 14- 4- KevaladarianavaraJ}iya. TAl Fit•1 Nidrii. 15. L Nidri. 16. :a. Nidrinidra. 17. 3- Prai:ali. 1 a. ._ PraealipraCaia. 19- S· Styinarddhi (~~r Thi1Jarddhi). Fh.•1 UIKiassijitd Rtn~lts. 20. Nieagotra. :n. Narabgati. 22. Asatavedaniya. 2 3- N arallnu piirvt. 24- Narak.iyu. Tfllltlly-jive K~ya. 25-40. Siz'ltnt already discussed (Anger, Pride, Deceit, En,·y, and their subdivisions) and Ni111 No~ya. namely:- 41. Hiisya. 42. Rati • . 43- Arati. APPENDIX

44· Bhaya. 45· Soka. 46. Dugaiicha. 47· Puru~aveda. 48. Striveda. 49· Napumsakaveda. Six Results a!ftcling CltiSS. so. Tiryaiic anupllrvi. S1. Tiryaiic gati. s2. Ekendriya nama. 53· Be-indriya nama. 54· Tri-indriya nama. SS· Corendriya nama. Six PhysicallJ/emishes. 56. Asubha vihiiyogati. 57· Upaghiita nama. 58. Asubha van;ta, 59· Asubha gandha. 6o. Asubha rasa. 61. Asubha sparsa. Five Saitghe')a. 62. ~i~abhanaraca sangheJ}a. 63. Naraca (or Naraya) sangheJ}a. 64. Ardhanaraca (-naraya) sangheJ}a. 65. Kilika sangheJ}a. 66. Sevartta sailgheJ}a. Five Samsthana. 67. Nyagrodhaparimal}~ala samsthana. 68. Sadi samsthana. 69. Kubjaka samsthana. 70. Vamana samsthana. 71. HUI}~a samsthana. Sthiivara Dalaka. 72. Sthiivara. 73- Siik~ma. 74· Aparyapti. 75· SadharaJ}a. 76. Asthira. 77· Asubha. 78. Durbhaga. 79· Dusvara. APPENDIX

8o. Anadeya. 81. Aya5a. 82. Mithyitva mohaniya.

FirTH CATEGOJI.Y: ASRAVA. ForiJ·Iwo Clliif Cllanne/1 by which Karma may enter. St11tnleen Major Airava. J, Kina (Kart]a). } . 2. Ankha (Ak,a). 3· Nika (Nis). Karma enters through the Five Senses. · 4• Jibha Uihvi). S· Spar4a. 6. Krodha.) ~: ~:;~ Karma enters through the Four K~aya. 9· Lobha. ·. to, Killing. } 11 ' i~~ng: Kar~a enters through not taking the five 12 ' C Jevt~ng. vows to avoid these sins. 13. ove mg. 14- Unchastity. 1~· ~~d. } Karma enters through not maintaining the Three 1 ' S y.h Yoga (control). · •7· peec • TwtniJ·five llfinor Airava. 1. Kiyikf. :a. AdhikaraQikr. 3· Pradve,iki. 4· Paritipaniki, S· Pril}iitipatiki. 6. Arambhiki. 1· Parigrahiki. 8. Mayapratyayiki. 9· MithyidarS.anapratyayiki. 10. Apratyikhyanikr. 11. Dri~tikL 12. Spri,!iki. 13- Pratityakl. 14- Simantopanipatiki. 15. NaiS.astrikL 16. Svahastikf. 17. Ajiiapanikt. X APPENDIX

18. VaidaraJ;,~iki. 19. Anii.bhogikl. 20. Anavakank~apratyayiki. 21. Prayogikr. , 22. Samudayikl. 23. Premikl. 24. Dve~iki. · 25. Iryapathiki.

SIXTH CAl'EGORY I SAMVARA •. Fifty-seven Ways of Impeding Karma. Five S11mt'li. 1. lrya samiti. 2, Bha~a samiti. 3· E~aJ;,~ii samiti. 4· Adananik~epar;ta samiti. S· ParithiipaQika samiti (or Utsarga samiti).

Thr~e Gt~pli. 6. Manogupti •. a. Asatkalpanaviyogi, 6. Samatabhavini. &. Atmarii.mata. 1· Vacanagupti. a. Maunavalamhi. 6. Vakniyami. 8. Kayagupti. a, Yathasiltrace~t1iniyami. 6. Ce~tanivritti. Twenty-two ParfiJalza. 9· K~udhli. pari~aha. 1o. Tri~a u. Sita .. 12, Ufl}a , 13. Darosa 14, Vastra 15; Arati " 16. Stri " 17. Carya ", 18. Nai~idbiki (Nai~edhiki) pari~aha. 19- Sayya pari~aha. 20. Akrosa , APPENDIX

:ar. Vadha pari~ha. u. Yaiici (Yatana) pari,aha. 2.). Alibha 24- Roga :as. Tril;taapar5a ,, 36. Mela 27. Satl~ara :as. Prajiia , 29- Ajiiiina 30. Samyaktva , Ten Dulitt tJj Monks (Da5a Yatidhnrma). 31, K~mi. · 32. Mardava. 33- Arjava. 34- Nirlobhati. 3S· Tapa (Tapas), 36. Samyama. 37• Satya. 38. SauCa. 39· Akirbcinatva. 40. Brahmatarya. Fiv1 Ctln'lra or Rules of Conduct. 41. Samiyika Witra. 42. Chedopasthapaniya Ciritra. 43· Parihiiravisuddha l:aritra. 44· Suk,masampariya tiiritra. 4S· Yathiikhyita l:aritra.

Tweh-1 Blui~~antl (or Anupt~sii). 46. Anitya bhivani.. 47• A5aral}a , 48, Samsiira 49- Ekatva ,. so. Anyatva , Nine first Reflections. sr. A5auta s:a. Asrava .. 53· Sarilvara 54- Nirjari SS· Loka ,, 56. Bodhibija , } Three additional Reflections. 57· Dharma , X2 APPENDIX

SEVENTH CATEGORY~ B.ANDHA. Bondage to Karma is of four kinds : 1. Prakriti. ::a. Sthiti. 3· Anubhaga. 4· Prade5a. EIGHTH CATEGORY: NlRJARA.. Karma can be destroyed by :-Six Erlen'or (Bahya) Ausltrilies, 1. Anasana. a, Itvara. IJ. Yavatkathika. 2. Unodari. 3· viittisailk~epa. a. Dravya. 6. K$etra. t. Kala. d. Bhii.va. 4· Rasatyii.ga. S· Kayaklesa. 6. Sarhlinatli.. a. Indriya sarhlinatli.. !J. Ka~aya sarhlinatli., c. Yoga sarhlinata. d. Viviktacaryli.. Sir lnlerior (Abhyantara) AusleriHes. 1. Praya5citta, 2. Vinaya. a, Jiiana vinaya. IJ. Darsana' , c. Caritra , a.·Mana , e. Vacana , f. Kii.ya ., g. Kalpa , 3· Vaiyavacca (Vaiyavritya}. 4· Svii.dhyii.ya. S· Dhyii.na. A.rta dhyana. } iJ Raudra dhyana. evJ • Dharma dhyiina.} d ~ukla dhyana. goo • 6•. Utsarga. APPENDIX

NlliTII C..nGORT: MO~A. Il~Wih41:? Fiftm~ Kuw 11/ SUI.Jk 1. Jioa Siddha. 2. AjiDa Siddha.. 3- Tutba Siddha.. ._ Atfnha Siddha. S. GrihaliDp. Siddha. 6.. Aay3liDp. Siddha. 7· Sr.aliDp. Siddha. S. Piilliilg:a Siddha. g. Suttiilg:a Siddba. ta. :Sapuriwahljilg:a Siddba. 11. Baddhabobi Siddha. 12. Pn.l'J'dtabadcfh Siddha. 13- Snyambuddha Siddba. a._ IhSiddha. 1S. Aaeb Siddha. Ead u the Niue Catepies.

EigU Kii!Ub II/ K.-... A. Gla.Wtl Karma. •• Jfiiai'f'al"aa]fJ'a brma. ... Matijii.ini~ya. UtpitikL Vainayiki. Piril}.inu'\1. K.imikL I. ~rutajfiiAi.....-al]fJa. ' ~puyiyajfiiai'f'U2J}iJL ~ AndhijiiiniYaJ29Iya. ,. ICcnlajiiini~ f. )bti ajn.iaa. r- &uta ajn.iaa. .l. \'ibbaDga jiWaa. 310 APPENDIX

2. Darsaniivarat;~lya karma. 3· Mohaniya karma. Some of the twenty-eight divisions : M ithyatvamohaniya karma. Misramohaniya karma. Samyaktvamohaniya karma. Dar5anamohaniya karma. Caritramohaniya karma. 4· Antaraya karma. B. Aghatin karma. • 5· Vedaniya karma. Satavedaniya. Asatavedaniya. 6. Ayu karma. a. Deva 1i.yu karma. Jyoti~i 1i.yu karma. Vyantara 1i.yu karma. Vaimanika ayu karma. Bhavanapati 1i.yu karma. b. Manu~ya ii.yu karma. Asi, Karmabhiimi . Masi, !Kasi. Akarmabhiimi. c. Tiryaiii: ayu karma. d. Naraka li.yu karma. 7. Nama karma. 8. Gotra karma. Three Tenses of Karma. Satta karma. Bandha karma. U daya karma. Two types of Karma. Nikai:ita and Sithila karma. Fourteen Steps of liberation from Karma. (Cauda Gul)asthiinaka.) 1. Mithyatva gul)asthanaka. Vyaktamithyatva gul)asthiinaka. A vyaktamithyatva gul)asthli.naka. 2. Sasvli.sadana gul)asthli.naka. APPENDIX

3- Misra gul}astbanaka. 4- Aviratisamyagdril!ti gul}outhinaka. S· Deiarirati (,. Samyatasamyata) gui)3Stbanaka. 41. Jaghanya ddavirati. I. Madbyama de5avirati. e. Utkril!!a ddavirati. 6. Pramatta gui}3Stbanaka. 7· Apramatta gul}asthinaka. B. Niyatibidara (w Apiirvabral]a) guJ}asthanaka. 9- Aniyatibidara gul}asthanaka. to. Siikfmasamparaya gui}3Stbanaka. 11. UpaS.lintamoha gui)3Stbanaka. u. K!il}amoba gul}astbinaka. 1]. Sayogikevali gul}astbinaka. .... AyogikevaU gul}asthanaka. JJ. THE TWENTY-FOUR TIRTHANKARA OF THE PRESENT AGE 1

Name. Coloul'. Cognizance. Attendant Spirits. .Born at. Died at.

I. ~!.~abbadeva or Yellow or Bull Gomukha and Cakresvari Vinitiinagara A~tapada. Adinatha Golden :. Ajitanatha Yellow or Elephant . Mabayak!a and Ajitabala Ayodhya Sameta Sikhara. Golden 3· Sambhavanatha Yellowt>r Horse Trimukba and Duritari (Di'gam- Sravasti Sameta Sikbara. Golden /Jara Prajiiapti) 4· Abhinandana Yellow or Ape Nayaka and Kalika (.Dig. Yak- Ayodhya Sameta Sikbara. Golden ~e5vara and Vajrasrinkhala) S· Sumatinatha Yellow or Red Goose or Partridge, Ol' Tumburu and Mahakali: (.Dig. Ayodhya Sameta Sikhara. Golden Curlew Puru~adatt~) 6. Padmaprabhu Red Red Lotus flower Kusuma and Syama (Dig. Ma- Kau5ambi Sameta Sikbara. novegli. (MaiJogupti]) . 1· Suparsvanatha Yellow or Svastika Matailga and Santa (Dig. Va- Benares Sameta Sikhara. Golden ranandi and Kli.li) 8. Candraprabhu White Moon Vijaya and Bhrikuti (Di',g. Jvii- Candrapura Sameta Sikhara. lamalini) 9· Suvidbinatha White Crocodile (?Dig. Crab) . Ajita and Sutaraka (Dig. 1\la- Kiinal.Jcpna- Sameta Sikbara. biikiili) gara to. Sita}anatha Yellow cr Srivatsa figure (?Dig. Ficus Brahma and A5oka (Dig. 1\lli.· Bbadrapura Sameta Sikhara. Goldee l'elz'gi'osa) navi) u. Sreyarilsanatha Yellow ur Rhinoceros Yak~eta and 1\Ianavi (Dig. IS- Sirilhapura Sameta Sikhara. Golden vara and Gauri) . u. Vlaupiijya Red Male ButTalo Kumlra and Cat~41 (Dig. Gin· Campipurl CampipurL dhirl) 13. Vimalanltha Yellowtw Boar ~~!]~ukha and \-iditl (Dig. Kamptlya• Sameta ~ikhara. Golden Valrotl) pura 14. Anantanltba Yellowtw Hawk (? Dir. Dear) PlllUa and AnkuU ( Drg-. Anan· Ayodhyl Samet& ~ikhara. Golden· taman) 15. Dharmanltha Yellow Dr Thunderbolt Kinnara and Kandarpl (Dtg-. Ratnapurl Samet& ~ikhara. Golden Minas!) 16. ~antinltha Yellow or Deer 1 Garu<;la and N irvll}l ( Di.~r. Kim- Gajapura w Sameta ~ikhara. Golden puru•a and Mablmlnasl) Hastinlpura 17. Kunthunltha Yellow or Goat Gandharva and Bali (Dig. Vi- Cajapura or Samet& ~ikhara. Golden jayi) Hastinlpura 18. Aranltba Yellow Dr Nandavartta Diagram Yak~taand Dhanl(Dir. Ken- Gaja,Pura ., Sameta ~ikhara. Golden dra and Ajiti) • Hastmipura 19- Mallinitha (ace. Blue Water-jar Kubera and Dharal,''apriyli Mathurli Sameta Sikhara. to the Svetlm· (Dig. Aparljitii.) bara, a woman) 20. Munisuvrata Black Tortoise Varul}a and Naradattli (Dig. Rljagriha Sameta Sikhara. Bahuriipi!]T) 21. Naminlitha Yellow or Blue Lotus (Dtg-. Asoka tree) Bhrikuti and Gandhiirt (Dig. Math uri Sameta Sikhara. Golden Camul}<;lt) 22. Neminltha Black Conch Shell Gomedha and Ambikll (Dig. Saurtpura Girnii.r. . Sarvihl}a and Kii,mat;uJ,int) .23· Plrsvanatha Blue Snake Piirivayak~a or Dharal}endra Benares Sameta Sikhara. and Padmlvatt 24- Mablvtra or Yellow or Lion Miitailga and Siddhlyikl KUI}Qagrii.ma Pavapurt. Vardbnmana Golden

1 For fuller particulars see Dr. Burgess's Appendix: to Bi.ibler,bu/ian S~cl oftlte Jai11as, pp. 66 ff. • According to Burgess, Antelope. INDEX

Abhayadevasiiri, 84. Ahithsa, 89, too, n6, 2341 294 ff. Abhigrahika mithyatva, IJt. Ahirhsa dharma, 116. Abhikh~l}am itthil;tam kaham A~madabad, 19, 87, 163, 164, kaha ttame, 236. 283 ff., 293 n. Abhinandana, 52, 312. Ahoratra, 272 n. Abhyakhyana, 129. Ailaka Sravaka, 224. Ablutions, 228. Air, too. Abotal}a, 195· Ajayapiila, 17. Abrahmacarya, 119. Ajina Siddha, 170. Abstinence, 262 f. Ajitaniitha, 51,312. Abu, 2 s:z, 282 ff. ~jiva, 78, 961 to6, 300, ~C:ak~udarsanavaral}iya, 133· Ajivika order, 58, 86. AC:aranga Siitra, 13, 16, 27n., 98 n., Ajiiiina, 175. _ 99 n., 128 n. Ajiiana mithyatva, 131. AC:arya, 8o n., 229, 240 f., 2 54, ~jiiiina parl~aha, 151. 262. Ajiiipanikt asrava, 142. Acarya, Thirty-six qualities of, Akampita, 65, 65 n, 241. Akarmabhiimi, 181. Account books, worship of, 261. Akasastikaya, 1o6 ff. Aceta pan~aha, 149 n. Akirilcinatva, 154· . ~C:uya, 270. ~kriyavada doctrine, 91. Adananik~epal}i samiti, 146, 234· Akrosa pari~aha, 1 so. Adattidana, ug. Ak~a iisrava, see Ankha asrava. Adattadina virama9a vrata, 208. Ak~ata pi.ija, 229, 250, 251, 252, Addhasamaya Kala, 107. 254· Adeya namakarma, 11 S· ~labha pari~aha, 1 so. Adharma, to6 n. Alabhika, 42, Adharmastikiya, 106 ff. Ala·ud·din, 17. Adhikaraniki asrava, 141. Alesi, 104. Adhogati,' 166. Alms, 133· Adholoka, 271. Aloi pli.l}a bhoyana, 234· Adinitha, see ~i~abhadeva. Atoka, 108. Adoration, Prayer of, 242. Alphabet, invention of, 274· Adultery, see Chastity. Amama, 277. Affection, see Attachment. Amara, 232. Afghanistan, 74• Amara, 278. Agamikagaccha, 87. Amasa, 261. Aghatin karma, 184, 190. Amba, 268. Agnibhuti, 6s. Ambaga, 277• Agni Kumara, 2691 277. Ambarasa, 268. Agriculture, 214. ~mbela, 263. ~gurulaghu namakarma, 114. Amohe, 270. Ahara, 104. Anabhigrahika mithyatva, 131. ~hiraka angopaiiga1 I 13. Anabhogiki asrava, 143· Ahiraka5arira, 113. Anadeya, 138. INDEX

Ananda, 276. Anu~l)a nimakarma, 114- Ananda.Sravaka, ::176. Anuttaravii.si Deva, 190. A~andavijayaji, 239 n. Anuttaravimina, 270, 272, Anantanatba, ss, JI.J. Anuttaropapii.tika, 13. Anantanubandbi, 12]. Anuttarovavai Da~anga, 13. Anantavfrya, 278. A!]uvii mitoggaha jiti, 236. ~napana pra~a, ¢. Anuvrata, the five, 205 1 :no, 257· A~apannJ, 270. Anuyogadvii.ra, 14. Anartba dal]~ vrata, 214- Anyaliilga Siddha, 171. ~ndana, 16,1. Anyatva bhii.vana, 158. Anata, 270. Apaeakbil.)ii.varal.)iya,see Apratyi· Anatomy, Jaina ideas of, 137, khyini. Anavakanlif!l,pratyayikl ii.Srava, Apadhyii.na, 214. 14]. Apakaya, 971 9S, 102, 104, 105. Aiii:alagallha, 76n., 87, Apii.pii., 61. Ancestors, :166. Aparajita, Son., 270, Anekantavadin, 91. Aparigraha vrata, 237· Aneka Siddba, 171. Aparyaptii., 104, tos, to6. Anga, 40. . Aparyii.pti, 13S. Anga piija, .ret Angalufichana Apasii.ro, Apii.sarii., S1, 83, 146, piija. l ss. 21 s. :117,219, 232ff., 239fr., Anga, the eleven, 13, 64, 72,8on., 254. 2SS, IS9fr. 84,240. Ape,sz. Angaluncbana piija, 251. Apramatta gu!]astbii.naka, 18S. Anger,IOJ, 1191f.,1731 181 1 187fr.; Apra5asta krodba, 120, .111 alsD Krodba. Apratyakhyii.ni, 123. A~hilv~(la Patal.)a, m PiitaJ;~a Apratyii.kbyiniki ii.Srava, 142. (Anh•lvida). Apiirvakaral)a, 1SS. Animals, rot, 102. ~raja, .111 Nuns. Animals, asylums for, 296, 296 n. ~rambhatyii.ga pratimi, 223. Animals, kindness to, 6r, to6, ~ambbiki ii.Srava, 141. 294 If, ; .rtt a/sD Abirilsli. Aral]a, 270. Animism, 89, 97· ~ranii.tha, 56, 313, Anitya bhavana, I 56. Arati, 266. Al]iyatibidaragul)asthinaka,t89. ~rati pari,aha, 149- ~iijanaialaki., 263. Arati piijii., 250, 252, Aiikha ii.Srava, 139- Arati, Rati, IJS• Anna pul.)ya, 110. Architecture, 279 If. Anoija, 29. Arcot, 18. Antaga4a Dwilga, 13. Ardha·Mii.gadhi, 15, 286. Antakritliiiga, I.J. ~rdhaniriiea satighena, 137· Antaratyiga, I 54 n. Ardraka, 59- Antarliya karma, 133, 183, 184, Arhata, 39- 1900. Arihanta, 391 220, 2291 232 1 241 1 Antarmuhiirtta, 98 n. 254· Anubhiiga, 162. ~ri~Ja Neminii.tha, 57· A!]ubimabhisf, 235· Arjava, 1 52· AnuJli, 2g. ~rmenia, :ass. Anukampa, 187. Arta dhyana, r6S. Anumatityigll pratima, 223. Artha, 244 n. Anumodanavrata pratimii., 223 n. Artificers, Temple of the, 282. AI]UI)& vihapiil]a bhoyal]e, 236. Aruhanta, 39· AnuprekJli, SH Bhivana. Ariipt Ajiva, ro6. 316 INDEX

Aryarak~ta, 78 n. Atithi sarhvibhiiga vrata, 218 f. ~~iidha ACarya, 7J. Atm~, _37• 21, 94, 95, 176. ~~ac;lht punema, ::161. AtmaramaJI, 239n. Asakti, 126. Atmaramata, 147. Asarhjiii paiicendriya, tot, to6. Attachment, 126, 130, 136. Asaral)a bhii.vana, IS7· ~ttraction, su Adharmastikaya. Asatana mithyatva, 131. Aturapratyakhyana, 1S· Asatavedaniya, 134, 179. Auction of ghr, 2S2. Asatkalpana viyogi, 147· Audarika angopailga, IIJ. Asatkarya doctrine, 90· Audarika body, 111 Audarika· Asatya, 118. sarira. Asatya tyaga, 23S· Audarikasarira, 113, 2o6, Asauca bhavana, 1S9· Aupap1itika, 13. Ascetic, the idea~ 238. Auspicious signs, 23 ff. Asceticism, Ascetics, 1 tr., 23, 30, Austerity, 89, 153, ISS, t6o, 229, 32,34 ff., 40, 48, 73, 88, 112,131, 254; see also Tapa. 145fT., 188 ff., 225fT., 289 ff. Austerities, the six exterior, 163 ff. Ascetics, five vows of, 234fT. -the six interior, 165 ff. ten duties of, 1S 1 fT. Avadhidarbnavaral}iya, 133• Asi, t8t. Avadhi jiiana, 33· Asipata, 268. ~va~hijiianavaral}Iya, 132, 177. Asoka, King, 12, 7on., 74, 74n., Avahka, 272 n. ss, 28o. A vanti Kumara, 7 S· ~soka tree, 31, 191, 225, 269. ~ varice, 152 ff. ; see also Lobha. Asrama, 3· · ~vartana, 216, 220, ~srava, 216. Avasahi, 229. Asrava, the forty-two, non., 139, ~vasarpiQI, 68 n, 272 ff. 305f. Avasyaka, 14, 258. . Asrava bhavana, IS9· Avatara, 298; see Incarnation. Assistant vows, see Gul}avrata. Avidya, 91. A~tapada, i.e. Kailasa, 51. Avinaya mithyaha, 131. ~steya vrata, 235· Avirati karma, 173· Asthii, 18 7. Aviratisamyagdri~ti guQasthli· Asthikagrama, 41. naka, 186. Asthira, 138. Avrata, the five, 140ff., 162. Astikaya, 61. Avvaiyar, 287. Astrologers, 193, 196. Avyakta, 73- Astronomy, 70. Avyaktamithyatva gul}astbanaka, Asubha, 138. _ 18s. Asubha asrava, 141. Ayii.Qabha~4a nikheval}a, 235. Asubha gandha, 136. Ayasa, 139. Asubha karma, 139· Ayodhya, 48, SJ, SS· Asubha rasa, 136. ~yogikevali guQasthanaka, 191. Asubha spar5a, 136. ~yu karma, 18oft'., 184, 19on. Asubha varl}a, 136. ~ yu prii.Qa, 96. Asubha vihliyogati, 136. ~yu~paccakhlina, 1S· Asura Kumara, 26g. Ayu~ya, u6. Asvamitra, 73· Asvasena, King, 48. Babyhood, 193· ~svina, 266. Badami, 281. Atapa namakarma, 114. Badara, to6. Aticara, five, 205fT. Badara namakarma, 1 J S· Atirtha Siddha, 170, Bahubala, IS2· INDEX

Baladeva, s6n., 58, 274,277. Bhava puji, 228 f. Bala pr.i.J}a, ¢. Bhivnagar, 13. llandagf, 247· Bhavya jiva, 242 n. Bandha, 161 II'., 185, 3o8. Bhaya, 135·

Baniyi, !11 0 U, 240n. Bhayaril parijii.t:Jai, 235. Banyan tree, 225, 269, Bbogantaraya, IJJ, 183. Bappabhattlliiri, 83 It Bbopii.l, 226. Dareilly, 28o. Bhuta, 265 r., 269. Baroda, 23J. Bhiitavayi, 270. Barodia, U. D., 92· Bihar, 8, 13, 17, 40, 41 1 84, 86. Baati, 285. Bindusira, 10. Dcads, telling of, 243,254, 258. Binh ceremonies, 19Jir., 200 If. Be·indriya jlva, 97, 99 tr., 104. Black statues, 58. Dc-indriya nama, 136. Blemishes, physical, J 36. Begging, 219,229 It Boar, 54· Benares, 48, 49, ;8. Bodhibija bhavana, 16o. Benani Daa, Mr. Lila, 35, son., Bodhidurlabha bbavana, 16o. u6n., 118 n. Bolachotba, 263. Bergson, 107 n. Bombay, 23~. Beaarb, 21. Bondage to karma, 162 •. Betel nut, 1e1 Soparl. Dorsad, 251 n. Betrothal ceremonies, 195 It Brahma, 31, 2;o. Betta, 285. Brahmatarya, 154- Dbadara vo, month of, see Bhiidra· Brabmatarya pratima, 223. pad a. Brahmaearya vrata, 236 f. Bhadde, 270. Brahmans, 311:,17,18, ::n, 26, 31, Bhaddila, 64. 34, 35 n., 39, 46, 48, so, 52, 61, Bhaddilapura, 53· 63,67, ;o, 76,78,81 n.,86,89,94, Bhadrabahu, to, 18, 7olr., Son. 197, 199, 204n., 230, 234, 250, Bhadrabahu Sarilhita, ;o. 279· l!hadrajina, 2;8. Brihmi, 274- Bhadrapada, ;6, 26o. Brihatkalpa, 14, 145· Bhadriki, 42. Broach, ;8. Bhagavadglti, 112 n., 128, 2J9o Brush, see Whisk. llhagavatijl, 13, 2J9- Buddha, 39, 40, 42, 43· Dhaiblja, 26.3- Buddha (name of Mabii.vira), 27. Rhairava, 264- Buddbahohi Siddha, 171. Bhaktii.mara stotra, 8o n. Buddha Kirti, so. Bhakti, u; If., 178. Buddhimana, 8o n. Bhii.l)ajf, 88. Buddhism, J, 9, 12, 17, 18, 59, 6;, Bhandarkar, Dr., 81 n., 90n., 92, 74, ;;, 81, 82, 84, 86, 8'/, 89, 91, 95n., lo6n., 1790., Ibn., 1840. 94, u;, 172,217,234, 247,279f., Bharata, i.e. India, 56, 216n. 286. Bharata, King, 51, 121 o., 158, Buffalo, 54- 1'/0. BQbler, Dr., 28, 86n., 1o6n. Bharat~tra, 170. Burgess, Dr., 28o. llh~ 104- Burma, 117, Bhl41 samiti, 145, 2J4· Buttressing clauses to vows, 234lr. Bhava, 1o8, 164. Bhlva hi•i•si, 117. ¢aitanya, 95· Bhavana, Paiiea, 234. c;aitri punema, 261, 263. Bhavana, the twelve, t 56ft: Caitya, 280, Bbavanapati, 105, 181, 269. Caityavandana, 2:19. INDEX

Caka, 198. Charity, 202, 203, 244 n., 258. <';akravarti, 25, s6, 274· Chastity, 37, 59, 1171 118, 209, <;:ak~udar5anavarai)Iya, 133· 236, 237, 241 ; see also Hrah­ <;:aksurindriya, 96. . macarya. Camari puja, 252. Chaghr, Mother, set Sixth, <;:ambay, 287. Mother. <;:ampaka tree, 269. <';hedagrantha, 14, 16. <;:ampii.puri, 40, 41, 54· Chedopasthiipanrya i:aritra, 1SS· <;:al)c,lii.la cokac,li, 125. Childless Women, 267. <;:andalo, 195, 199, 229. Children, 131, 193 ff., 267. Cholera, 266. <;and ana, 61 n., 66, 66 n. Christ, see Jesus Christ. <;:andana pujii, 229, 25o, 251, 254· Christianity, 122 n., 125 n., 127 n., <;:andapannati, 14. 144,189, 192,239,247 ff., 288 n., <;:andii.vijaya, 15. 289 ff. <;:andra, 270. <;:ircumambulation, 280. <;:andragaccha, 8o n. Citragupta, 277. Candragupta, to, 70, 70 n. Classification,] a ina genius for, 109, <';andraprabhu, 53, 312. Cleanliness, 146 ff. <;:andraprajiiapti, 14. Climate, 2. Candrasuri, Son. Clothing, 145, 149, 226, 231, 239, <';andravedhyaka, IS. 239n.; see also Nudity, Cii.ngadeva, 287. Cocoa-nut, 194 ff., 203 ff. Canon of Scriptures, u, 13 ff. Cold, enduring, see Sita pari~aha. -;- (Digambara), 16. Colour of lhe soul, 102, 124 ff. <;:aral}iinuyoga, 16, 240 n. Colours, to8. Caranasitarr, 240. Comiisi, 123, 166. <';arit~a, the five, 154 ff., 241. Commerce, 213 ff. . · <;:aritramohaniya karma, 180. Committees, see Mahajana. <;:aritra vinaya, t66. Compromise, 126. Cii.ritrya, 246. Conceit, see Pride. Conch shell, 58. Caryii pari~aha, 149· Copduct, the five rules of, sr:e Caste, 9, 21, 168, 182, 27of., 293. Cii.ritra. <;:ategories, the nine, 94 ff., App. I. - Right, 205, 245 ff., 262. <;:atul)saraJ.la, 14 .• - Thirty-five rules of, 243 ff. <;:aturindriya, se! Corendriya. Conferences, Jaina, 288 n. <;:aturmiisi, see Comiisi•. the twelve, 191. Caturvirilsatistava, see Cauvisant­ Confession, so, lot, 120,123,166, . tho. 231, 256. Cauda Gul}asthanaka, 18 S ff., 2 t 9, Consecration of an idol, 263. . 222. Constellations, 270; see also N!t.k- <;:audasa, see Kiilicaudasa. ~atra. <;:aulakya dynasty, 288. Contentment, 152 If. <;:ausaral}a, 14. Converts to Jainism, 219n. <;:auvisanttho, 255· <';orendriya jiva, 97, too, 104. Ciivac,la dynasty, 82. <;:orendriya nama, 136. Cave-temples, 280. Cotali, 198. Celibacy, 68, 70; see also Brah­ Covetousness, 1191 247• . macarya. Crab, 53· <;:e~tanivritti, q8. Creator, Creation, 109, 128, 192. Cetaka, King, 40, 66 n. Cremation, see Funeral cere- Character, 162, 229, 254, 297 ff. monies. INDEX

Crocodile, 53· Devat.i, 97,97 n., 110, 114, 116. Crooke, W., 100. Devati anupiirvi, IIJ. Cruelty, :tiinantaraya, 133. 183. DbanateraSa, 261. Da~11Ja, 46. Dhanduki, 287. l>arbha gran, :a:zo. Dbanu, 268. Dariana, 163 n., uS. Dhara, 52. l>arianamohaniya karma, 18o. Dharll}endra, 49· Dariana pratimii, 222. Dharma,Jo6n.,I§6,IS7, 222,244D. Darianiivaral}iya karma, lj3, 17S, Dharma bhivani, 161. 184, 1<)00. Dharmadisagal}l, S2. Dariana winaya, 166. Dharmadhyana, 168. Daiapurvl, 72. Dharma Llibha, 230. l>aiafl}abbadra, 74- Dbarmanatha, ss. JIJ. Daiasrutaslc:andha, 14- Dharmasena, Son. Daiavaikalilc:a, 14, 16. Dbarmasena II, 8o n. l>aia Yatidbarma, 111 Ascetics, Dbarmistikaya, 1o6 tr. ten dutie• of. Dhiitakl Khll}cfa1 1o81 132. Dderli, :a6+ Dbiitakl tree, 49· Dayi, 259- Dhritisena, Son. Death, beliefs about, 44- Dhumra prabha, 271. Death ceremonie1, 202 R: J;>hul}cfhlii, 19, S8. Deceit, I s:a, 173 ; Ill a/I(J Miiyi. Dhiipa piijii, ug, 251, 254. Deer, 56. Dhyana, 16S. Deliverance, HI Moksa. Diagram of heaven, hell, &c., Demi-gods, 101, 105,'268 R: 27lf. Demons, 41, 54, 97, 268 R: Digambara, 12, 18, 23, 24, :as, 2S, Uda, to6 tr. 30,31 D., 33, 36,40, 41,44, S3 R:, Dda.Caritrya, 246. 67 n., 72, ]S, 79. 79 n., So, Son., Deiiivakasika vrata, 216 «. 94t liOn., 122 n., I SSt 1§6, 169, Ddavirati gunastbiinaka, 1S7. l8S, 1<)0, :aoS, 217, 224, 226 f., Ddavr.&ti, :uo. 239 «.,:a so«., :ass, 281. Dewa, I o S• 22:1. - Canon, 16, 72. Deva i yu karma, 180. - Worship, :a so. Deval:andra, 287. Dikf&, 1ee Initiation. _ Deva gati, 18:1.. Dilaviirii temples, lte Abu. Devajina, 278. Dinnasiiri, 78 a. Devakf, 26 n., 277• Drpa piija, :azg, :as•, 252, 254. l>evaloka,6on.,t6o, 164-169,270, Disa Kumiira, :a6g. 273- 274- 276, 277, 278· Di~pline, five rules of, 1ee -gods of, 270,272. Ciiritra.. Devinandi. 26, 46, 47• Dishonesty, 111 Honesty. I>evapala, King, 77· D!sivrata parimiil}a, 211 «. Devarddhf, IJ. Davalt, 44, 45, 227, 26o, 265. Devaslya Pa~ikamal}uril, :ass. Dravi4a, uS. Deva.Sruta, 276. Dravi4a, 128. 320 INDEX

Dravya, 61, 95, 108, 164, 255· F<1mine, the great, to, 70 tT. Dravya ahirilsa, 117. Fasting, 31, 32 n., 39, 253,259 tT. Dravya hirilsa, 117. Fasts, ste Festivals. Dravyanuyoga, 16. Fatalism, 6o, 73, 185. Dreams, the fourteen, 22 tT. Fatherhood of God, 128, 192. Dri

Gentleman, the ideal, 224- Hathsa, So. Genns, un, IO.J. Hand, mark of, 200. Ghatin karma, 184, rgo. Hanumii.n, 130. Ghrii.9endriya, ¢. Harasatyaki, 277. Gifts to Religious, 231. Hari dynasty, 51· Gimar, Mt., 17, ss, r68, 252, 282. Haribhadrasiiri, So, 82. Goat, 56. Har~a, 245 n. · Goblins, 105. Hasaril parijii.Qii.i, 235· God, 128, 192; 246, 248, 292 tr. Hastinapura, ss, 56. Gods, 97· Hastipala, King, 43· - false, 246. Hlisya, IJS• Gomata, see Gomate5vara. Hatred, see Dve~a. Gomatesvara, 263, 285. Ha~hisirilha's temple, 2841 293 n. Goose, Red, 52. Hawk, SS· Gorajr, 233· Heat, enduring, Sl!(f u~.,a pari~aha. Go'ala, 36, ss tr., 65, 68, 72, 97 n., Heaven, 6on., 16o, 164, 169, IO:Z, Ill, IJO, 185, 171 tr., 270 ff., 293 tr. Gossip, 188. Hegel,92. Go?ta Mahal, 78. Height of mankind, S1 tr., 273 It Gothic Architecture, 281 f. Hell, 461 6o n., 1171 125, 229, Gotra karma, 1821 184, 1gon. 268tr., 276. . . Gotrljr, 199, 301. Hell-beings, 1or, 102, 158, 16o, Gotrijhii.ra9ii.ril, 195• 268. Govara, 61. Hemacandra, 17, 84 It, 86, 95, Govardhana, Son. 287f. Govindii.nanda, 179n.1 182n.,184n. Hemacii.rya, see Hemaeandra. Grace, :ago. Heroes, sixty-three great, 56 n. Graha, 270. Himalayas, Slo . Graiveyika, 270, 272. Himavata, Mt., 23. Granthibheda, 186. Hirilsa, uo, 116 It, IJo, 206, Gravity, Laws of, 1o6. 210 n., 220. Greed, 122ft, 140,1731 181, 187ft; Hirilsadana, 214. 111 also Lobha. Hindu, Derivation of the word, Grief, see Soka. 118. . Grierson, Dr., 21. Hinduism, Relations with, 67 n., Grihalinga Siddha, 170. 71, 127 ff., 131 n., 174 It, 18o, Grihastha, 67 n. 180 n., 254, 263 f., 264 It, 268 tr. Griswold, Dr., 107 n. History, 71f., 65 If., 68 n. Gujarat, Gujarii.ti1 171 68, 69n., Hiuen Tsang, 18. 84. 86, 162 n. Hoemle, Dr., 22, 28, 43 n., 58, 591 Gu.,a, loS. 7on., 72, 79, 85. Gu9asthanaka, 185 tr. Holr, 264. Gunavrata, the three, 210, 257· Holiness, 144· Gupti, the three,147, 238, 241,257· Holy days, see Festivals. Guru, 219, 246f. Honesty, 119 It, 2o8, 235· Guru, Reverence to, 1121 215, Honey, 21on, 255· Hope, 248. Horoscope, 193· Habakkuk, 248 n. Horse, 52. Haigh, Rev. H., 172 n. Houselessness,ue Wandering life. Hair, Removal of, 32, 165, 226. Human beings, 1011 102. Hair-cutting (of infant), 194- Humility, 152; see also Pride. Hajii.m, 230. Hu9~a sathsthii.na, 138. y INDEX

Hunger, 111 Ksudha Part~aha. Jainism, antiquity of, 97• Hylozoism, 89.' -decline of, 17. Hymnbook, 253. -history of, see History. Hypocrisy, 130. -zenith of, 17. J aipur, 87 n. ICchamithami Kii.usagga, 256. Jaisalmer, 233· Ideal ascetic, the, 123, 238. ] ala jatra, 262. Ideal layman, the, 224. Jala piija, 228, 25o, 251, 254,263. Idolatry, II, 19, 69, S1, 197· Jamali, 29, 72. lk~vaku family, 57• J amal'}a, 196. . Illness, 265. Jambiidivapannata, 14. Illusion, 121. Jambiidvtpa, to8, 132. Images, 58, 250 ff.; se1 also Jambiidvipaprajfiapti, 14. Idolatry. Jambu Svii.mi, 44n., 64, 68ff., 72, Immobile life, 102. So. Impeding of Karma, 144 ff. J asodhare, 270. Impurity, set Chastity. Jasomau, 110. Incarnation, 176, 291, 298. javakumii.ra, 277• Incense, see Dhiipa piija. Javanticayii.l'}aril, 229. Income, Apportionment of, 244 n. Jayajinendra, 204 n. lndra, 26, 26 n., 32, 32 n., 34, 38, Jayanta, 270. 52, 54, 113, 18o, 191,242,271. Jayapii.la, Son. Indrabhiiti, see Gautama. Jayasena, Son. Indra Dhvaja, 24. Jaydikhara, 83. lndradinna, 75, 78. Jayasirilha, see Siddharaja. lndriya, 95, 104, 136, 139· Jesus Christ, 128, 144, 171, 248, Indriya prii.t:,~a, 95· 291 ff. lndriya sathlinata, 165. Jewels, the three, 16o, 161, 192, Inertia, se1 Adharmastikii.ya. 205, 245. 252, 257. 262. Initiation, 38 ff., S2 n., SS, ISS, Jibha asrava, 139· 159,225. Jihvii. asrava, see above. Insects, too, 146 ff. Jina, 25, 27, 39, 1871 298. Institutions, Jaina, 2SS n., :zg6 n, Jina Siddha, 170. Intoxicants, 146. JinakalpJ, 79· Intrigue, 103; see also Mii.yii. Jitakalpa, 14. Irish ornament, 285 f. }Iva, 45, 62, 78, 89, 91, 93, 94 ff., Ir~ya, 128. 136, 176, 213, 214, 268, 299· Irya samai, see Irya samiti. -Divisions of, 96. lryii samiti, 144, 234. Jivabhigama, 13. Isaiah, 125 n., 296 n. }Iva hi~sa, see H ithsii. ISana, 270. Jivaka Cintamat:,~i 1 286. I~atpragbhara, 96. Jiiana, 32. Isrvayi, 270. Jiianajr, S7. Itthit:,~a~ puviirayaith puvakiliyiii Jiiii.na paficami, 261. sumantae, 237· Jiiiinavarat;~Iya karma, 132, 177 (., I tthi pasu paJJ

Karma, arrangement of, 184. - bondage to, see Bandha. -destruction of, see Nirjari. -differing views or, 174 ff. -impeding of, 144 ff., 174· - sources of, 173 ff. Kadamba tree, :z6c), -tenses of, 184, Kadrpafal}a, 82. -the eight kinds or, 39. 177 tr. Kaiti.sa, see A~tJipada. Karmabhiimi, 181. Kila, Kala, 61, Jo6, 107 fr., 164, Karmajii., 1770, IJI. KiriJ!al}a body, see Karmal}a· Kala (name o( a god), :z68. sanra. Kalak& Mata, 264, Kirmal}aSarfra, 114, :zo6. Kalreauda5a, 261. Kal'l?a iSrava, see Kana israva. Kalikai:ll.rya, 75 IT. Kantika5etha, 276. Kalikagai:i:ha, 7S· Kintikt punema, 129, :z6r. Kalhiga, 48. Ka~iya, 122, 135, 140, 162, 188, Kalodadhi Kha1,1da, IJ:Z n. 241, 257· Kalpa, division of Heaven, fJ.'ll. Ka~aya karma, 174- Kalpa Siitra, 15, 16, 28 n., 32 n, K~iya sarillinati, 165. 37 n., 43 n., 44 n., 63, 86, :z6o. Kashmir, 12. Kalpavantasika, 14- Kasi, 181. Kalpa vinaya, 166. Kathiawi~, 13, 17, s8, 233. 236, Kalpa vrikp, :Z7J. 240. Kama, 244 n., 245 n. Kattavira, 79· Kamatha, 49- Kaul}c.iinya, 79· Kamikf, 177. . Kaui}

Kho4iyara Mata, 264. Lli.lajt, Srt, 88. Kholo bharavo, :zor. Lalitavistara, b. Kilika sanghel)a, 137· Lamps, 250, 252, 266. Killing, vow against, 205 tr., 234 ff. Liintaka, 270. K!lvi~iya, 270. Latthe, Mr. A. B., 161, 191. K1mp\1rU~a, 269. Laughter, 135· Kinnara, 269. Laukika mithyiitva, IJO. Klda, 129. Lay adherents, 661 145 ff., 188, Knowledge, 132, 229, 254. 205 ff. - five kinds of, 32. -twelve vows of, Jo, 187, 205 ff, - Right, 245 tr., 262. - twenty-one qualities of, 224. Kodaro grain, r8o. Laya9a pu9ya, 111. Koc;!Igactha, 8o n. Leaders, the great, 68. Kohath parijii.l)ii.i, 23S· Legends, 25 n., 27, 28. Kohal)c;!a, 270. Le51i, 61 n., 102 n. Kollaga, 64. Lesya, the six, 6t, 102, ros. Kri~9a, 181 26, 28, ss, ru, 113, Liberation, the fourteen steps to, 2]7. 185 ff. Kri~l)alesya, ro:z. Life, 95· Kriyamii.l)a, 185 n. -destruction of, so, 61,110, 147, Kriyavada doctrine, 91. 222, 223, 227, 230, 238, 239 n., Krodha, 119 ff., 140, 245 n. 273, 294 ff.; see also Hirhsa. K~ama, rst. - four objects in, 244 n. K~a9ikavadi, 73· Lightning, 99• K~atriya, ~· 21, 26, 46, 230, 264. Lights in Worship, see Dipa piija. K~atriya Acarya, Son. Limitation of Possessions, see K~etra, to8, 164. Parigraha viramaJ;Ja. K~il)amoha gul)aSthii.naka, 190. - of travel, see Disivra~a pari­ K~udha pari~aha, 148. mana. K~ullaka Sravaka, 224. - oflise, see U pabhoga paribhoga Kubera, 191. parimii.l)a. Kubjaka sathsthana, 137· Lion, 23. · Kuc;j.asii.maii, 192, Literacy, standard of, 20. Kuladhipa, 33· Literary influence of Jainism, 18, Kulapura, 33· 84, 286 ff. • Kumii.ragrii.ma, 37• Literature, 81, 84, 286 ff. Kumarapala, 171 84, 86, 288. Lobha, 122 ff., 140, 173, 245 n. Kumii.rapura, 77• Loca, 165. Kumbera, King, 56. Lodging, 149· Kumbha, 268. Logassa, 2 33· Kuna, 18. Lohalh parijli.l)ii.i 1 2JS· Kui)

Luther, 87. Malliniitha II, 277. Lying, sl# Truth. Milwii, 240, 288. Malyadeva, 277. Madhyama deSavirati, 187. Mamatva, 127. Magadha, 8, ao, 13, 40, 41, 1:z6, Mana, 104- . 276. Mana, 12of, 140, 245 n. Magadhr, 4r, a6s, 187, 188, 228, ManabaJa, 96· 231 1 241 1 254 ((. Manadeva, Son. Magadbi, Arddha, u11 Arddba M~paryayajnana,33,68. Magadhr. M~paryaya jfiinii.var&l)iya, 1\lagasara, I'll Mirga.Sif!a. 132, 177. Magavati, 277• Manaka, 70o •• Magha, 81. Manaparijil)ai, 235 n. Mabagho,a, 268. Mana pul)ya, 111. Mahagiri, 73 ((. Manas, se11 Mana. Mahajana, 199, 2001 240 n. Manatunga, Son. MahW!a, 268. Mana vinaya, 166. - Temple of, 75· Ma94alika, King, 17. Mahak.andiye, 270. Ma9<;1apa, 281. Mahanisltha, 14. Ma9

Matthew, St., 297 n. Moon, 23 n., S3 1 270. 1\launagyarasa, 262. Mosquitos, 149· Maunavalambi, I47· Mother Sixth, su Sixth, Mother. Maurya dynasty, to, 70, 85. Motion, to6, 108. Maya, 91, 121, IJO, t40, 172 n., Mourning, 203, 204. 175· Mouth-cloth~ too, 147, 227. Mayamri~a, 130. Mri~aviida, uS, t3o, Mayapratyayiki asrava, I4I. Mri~iiviida viramat;~a vrata, 207. Maya salya, ::146. Mrityu Mahotsava, 43 n. Meditation, I55 1 168. Miidabidri, 285. Megharatha, 52. Mughal architecture, 283 f. Mela deva, 266. Muhapati, see Mouth-cloth. Mela pari~aha, IS I, Muhiirta, 272 n. Meladi Mata, 264. Mukhapanikii., see Mouth-cloth. Menial gods, 270, Mukhtagiri, 284. Mera, 247· Mii]agrantha, the four, 14. Mercy, 296 f. ; see also Ahimsa. Mumati, see Mouth-cloth. Merit, see Pul)ya. Muni, 65. Meru, Mt., 25. Munisuvrata, 57, 277. Mesari Baniya, 230. Mysore, g, to, 70n., 285. Metal, prohibition of, 153, 226 f. Mythology, 268 ff. Misra gut;~asthanaka, t86. Misramohaniya karma, t8o, 187. Naga Kumara, 269. Mit hila, 2 n., 42, 56. N iiga tree, 269. Mithyadarsanapratyayiki · asrava, Nagasena, 8o n. 14I. Nagila, 275. Mithyadarsana Satya, 130 ff. Naisastriki asrava, 142. Mithyatva, 130 ff. N ai~edhiki pari~aha, see below. Mithyatva gut;~asthanaka, 185. Nai~idhiki pari~aha, 149· · Mithyatva karma, 174. Naisri~tiki Mrava, 142 n. Mithyatva mohaniya, I39,I79,187. Naivedya piija, 229, :zso, 25t, 254, Mithyatva salya, 246, 267. 266. Mithyiitvi, 27I. Najarabhandhi, 265. Miugaha jati, 236. Najarai javum, 264, Mobile life, I02, Naka asrava, 139· Mohammedans, 17, 18, 19, 87, Nak~atra, Son., 270, 18o, 247· Nala~iyar, 287. Mohaniya karma, 179, 184, 187, Nama karma, 114ff., 182, 184, tgon. 190 ff. Mok~a, 35, 38, 51 ff., 62, 68 ff., 91, Niimaputra, 27.

94, 104 If., IIOff., 129 1 1Jt, 139, Namaskiira put;~ya, 112. 143, 160, 161, 163 If., 169 If., Name, change of, 226. 179, xss, 219, 220, 221, 239 ff., -choice of, 27, 194· 252, 26o, 268, 272, 293 If., 309. N ami, King, I 58. Molakata, 263. Naminatha, 57, 213. Money, I 53 n., 227, 260. Naming ceremony, 194· Moneylending, 214. Namo arihantiil}um, 257· Monks, see Ascetics. Namotthul)am, 258. -the duties of, 151 tr., 225 If. Nandavartta svastika, 56. -the five vows of, 234ff. N andimitra, 8o n. - the twenty-seven qualities of, Nandi~et;~a, 126. 238. Nandi Siitra, 14, 177· Monthly fasts, 259 ff. Napumsakalinga Siddha, 171. INDEX

Naputhaakaveda, 136. Niryukti, 15, 70. Naraca sai!gbel)ao 137· Ni~pulika, 277. Narada, 277. NiSibhojanatyiga pratimii, 222, N araka, '" HelL N i~nha., 14, 145· Naraka iyu karma., 181, Ni~tibidara Gu1,1astbinaka, 188, Narakli.yu~ karma., 1e1 a/Jqve, NOJiva, 78. Narakagau, 134. 18:1.. Nojiva schism, 78. Narakiyu, I J4. No~ya, 135, 174- Nirakl', 97, 105, Non-Jaina and mok'a., 243 If. N i.l i.Sra va, 1ee N ika i.Sra va. North-east comer, 2161 255. Nita, 219n. Nudity, 11 1 35 If., 58, 71 1 791 So, Nita clan, 22. 226. Nitaputta., 27 n. Nun, funeral o£ a, 232 f. Nitimapina bhoyal}a bboi, 237• Nuns, 66, 8o, 211 n., 232 f., 237. Nature, Ia Prakriti. N yagrodhaparima94ala sams- Nature (of a thing),1e1 Bbiva. tbina, 137· Navakira mantra, 254, 256. Nyaya school, 91, 94- Nava Tattva, 169; 1ee alto Cate· gories, the nine. 0ff'ering to idols, .tee Piijii. Nava Vi4a., the. 1$4· Officiants in temples, 25oft: Navl dilqi, ISS· Ogbaniryuti, 14- Niya clan, 22, 31. 0ii, 263. N iyaputra., 27 n. Omniscience, .tee Kevala jfiina. Nayasira, 4S• Organization, Jaina genius for, Neminitha., 17, 56 n,, 571 no, 18. 112,313. Orissa., 85, 281. Nepii.J, 72, 285. Onhodoxjaina., 25 n. Neuter division of jiva, 96, 170, Osavila sect, 69- Nltagotra, 134· Nidina '-lya., 247• PaCakhana., 257. Nidri. the five, 134. PacJ.i1:amal}uril, 1or, uon., 165, Nidranidra, 134- 220, 231, 265ft: Nigantba, 86. Pa

Paiica Aticara, :zos fT. Piirsvanatha, 8, 31, 33, 35, 41, 48, Paiica Avrata, 140 ff. §8, S9· 85, 241. ·· Paiica Bhavana, 234· Parsvaniitha, Mt., se1 Parasnatba, Paiica lndriya,.see lndriya. Partridge, red, s:z. Paiicakalyal}a piija, 253. Paryii.ptii, 104-6. Paiica mahavrata, see Vows, the Paryapti niimakarma, J 1S· five Ascetic. Paryiipti, 104, 105. Paiicli.ilga, 216. Paryu~ana, stl PajjusaQa. Paiica Paramdvara, 141,239,256, Pii.ta 68 n. 262. Patala, 112, 269. Paiica· samiti, see Samiti. Pataliputra, Council of, 11, 16, Paiicatantra, 286. 72. Paiicli.sara .Pli.rasanli.tha, 83. Pli.tal}a (At;~hilvii.4a), 83,287, 288. Paiicendriya )iva, 97, 101, 104, Piitha, 216. 105, Patna, 11, n, 281. Paiicendriyapanurh, 113. Pattli. valis, 8 S· Paiicindljya, see Paiicendriya. Paul, St., 294 n. Pii.r:t<;lu (Acarya), Son. Paustiliicli.rya, So n. Pii.r:t4usila, 32 n. Pli.viipuri or Pli.pli., 42, 43, 45· Paiijarapoja, 296 n. Payanna, the ten, 14. Pailka Prabhli., 271. Pedhli.la, 276. PannavaQii, 14, 73· Penalties, 207 tr. Papa, u6 tr., 302fT. Penance, ISS, 166. Papa, the eighteen kinds of, I t6ff., Pet;~tha, 76. :zs6. . Persia, 285. Papapurt, see Pavli.puri. Personality, 297 ; see also Cha· Paper money, 190. racter, Piipopadesa, 215. Pessimism of J ainism, 27 S· Pariighiita namakarma, J 14. Peter, St., 248 n. · Paramii.dhii.mi, 192. Phala piijii, 229, 251, 254· Paramaharilsa, So. Phalgusrr, 275. Paramii.nu, 109- Philosophy, 89 tr., 122 1 131. Parame~vara, 174· - six schools of, 90fT. Paramdvara, Paiica, see Paiica Pilgrimage, 252 ff. Paramdvara. • Pillar ' edict of Asoka, 8 s. Pii.ranuril, 33· Piiijarii.pola, see Pii.iijarii.poja. Parapli.khat;~da parasamsii., :zos. Pipal tree, 26 S· Parapakhat;~4a santhana, 205. Pisaca, 269. Parapravada ninda, see Nindii.. Place, see K~etra. Pii.rasnatha Hills, 38, s6, 168. Plague, 5 s, 266. Parigraha, Jig. Planets, 105, 270. Parigrahatyaga pratimii., 223. Points of Compass, auspicio~ Parigraha viramat;~a vrata, 209. 201, 203, 216, 255. Parigrahiki asrava, 141. Poiijal}i, 146. Parihii.ravisuddha caritra, ISS· Popa~a Amaracanda, 210. Parit;~amiki, 177. Popatlli.l K. Shah, u6n. Parisaha, see Pari~aha. Population, Jaina, 20. Pari~aha, the twenty-two, 148 ff. Po~adha vrata, 217ff., 219, 259· Paritii.paniki asrava, 141. Po~adhopavasa pratimii., 2:22. Parithiipat;~ika samiti (samai), 146, Posaha, ste Posadha vrata. 235· Possessions (of' an ascetic), 145fT. Parliament of Religions, 145 n. - limitation of, see Parigraha Pii.rsis, :zo, 247. viramal}a vrata. INDEX

·Posture, .~ee _Kausagga, Sampar.: Priyadamsal_le, 270. ·: yanka, &c. .. Priyadar5ana, 29 • . Potila, 276.·· Processions, 260. ·Potter, 198. Pudgala (Pudgala.), 91, to6, to8ff., · Prabhii, 27.1. I35, I6I ff. . . Prabhava,. 69 ff. ·· ·· · · Pudgalastikaya, Io8 If. . prabhiivatr (wife of Parsvanatha}, Piija, the eight-fold, 262 ; see also . 48 . . · . . Worship• --'-(mother of Malliniitha}, 57· Pujari, 225; see also Officiants. PraCala, I 34· · · Piijya Becarajr, 205 n. Pracalapracala, 134· Piillil'lga Siddha, 171 . . Pradak~il}ii, 228, 280. Punamryagaccha, 86. Prade5a, Io6 ff., I 62 .. Pul_l4arika, 159· Pradve~ikt asrava, I4I· Punema, 261 . ... .Praise worship, 253 ff., 255< · Punishment of sin, 268, 27I. : Prajfuipana, 14. ·· Pul_litabhiimi, 42, - · , Prajfia parr~aha; 151 •.. - Pul_lya; 1Ioff., '1:41, 30I. · Pra~irna; the ten, 14: · ·. · Pul}ya, the fruit of, I 13 ff. . · Prakrit, Is, 84, 288. Pul}ya, the nine; uoff., 30~, · Prakriti, 91, .162. · Puphaculia, see Puppaculia. · Pramada, 162, 188. Puppaculia, 14. · Pramada carya;-2I4- Pupphiya, 14. Pramatta Gul}asthanaka, I88. Purr, 78. Pral}a; 95, 97, 99, too, xor, ios. Purity, 1.54; see also Brahma- ·Pral}ata, 270. . carya. Priil}atipata viramal}a vrata, 205. Pumima, see Punema. · Priil}iitipatikr asrava, I4I. Puru~aveda, 136. Prarabdha, ·185 n. · Piirva (of time), SI. · Prasannajita, 48. · Piirva, the fourteen, 11, IS, 72, Pra5asta krodha, 'no. · 8on., 240. Prasna Vyiikaral}a, 13 .. Pu~kara, Io8, IJ2. Prathamanuyoga, I6. . Pu~padanta, 53· Pratikramana, see Padrkamanum. Pu~paciilika, I4 .. Pratima, the eleven, z2I ff., Z39· Pu~paka, 14- Pratisthiipana samiti, see Paritha- Pu~pa piijii, 229i 25I 1 254· "pal_likii samiti. · · · · ·· Pyre, funeral, 204- ·. · Pratityakt asrava, I42. · ·. ·.- ··: Prativasudeva, 56 n., 274· .- .. -: Quality, see Guna. · · Pratyakhyiint; 123.-' ·· ·· · Quarrelsomeness, see Klesa. Pratyeka, 99· .. - : · · · · Pratyekabuddha Siddha, I7I. ·Raga, I26.- Pratyeka namakarma, 1 IS· Rails, 279. ,· Prayaga, 40• . Rajagriba, 4I, 57, 63, 65, 68, Prayascitta, 12on., 165. 219· Prayer, 131, 242, 292. · Rajapra5niya, 13. Prayogiki asrava, 143· Riijkot, I63, 164, 205 n:, 211 n., Preaching, 58, 62, 225. 240, Premiki asrava, 143· Rajono, see Whisk.

Pride, IS2 1 I73; I8I, I87 ff.; see Rajput, SI If. . · also Maria. . . Rakha4I bandhana, 200. Pri ~ticampa, 4I. ' · · Rak~asa, 269. -· Prlthivrkaya, ue Prithvtkiiya. Rama, 18; .. · . Prithvikaya, 97198n., 102, I041 ros. Ramnagar, z8o. · 330 INDEX

Rasabhi, 7S· Sidhu, 45, 51 ff., 6s, 9S, too, 1o5, Rasatyiiga, 164. 11:1, 131,145 ff., 1S7 ff.; s11also Rasendriya, ¢· Ascetics. Ratha viraJlura, 791T. Sadhvi, 111 Nuns. Rati Arat1, 130. Sadi sarilsthii.na, 137• · Ratna Prabha, 371. Sagii, 195· Ratnapurf, SS· Sagara (of time), 51 ff. Ratna Traya, see Jewels, the Sigaropama, 102, 27:1, 27::1 n. three. Sahasii.ra, 270. Ratribhojana tyaga, 338. Saint-wheel worship, 262. Raudradhyana, 168. Saitii.vafl}ana Stuti, 253· Raval}a, 377, Saiva temples, 75· Rayapasel}i. 13. Sajhii.ya Stavana, 258. Riy!Lsi paqikamal}Uril, 228. Sakaqala, 71, 111. Rebirth, 30, 31, 94, 294- Sala tree, 39· Reflections, see Bhivani. Salesi, 102 ff. Reformation in Europe, 87. Salutation, 204 n.; see a/so Five, Reincarnation, 1, 294· "' Salutation to the. Religion, true and false, 247· ~alya, 246, 257. Re-ordination, ISS· Sarna, 1S7. Repentance, ISS· Sima, 268. Results of sin, the eighty-two, Samacaturastra Sal}thii.l}a, 114. 132 ff. Samidhi, 221, 222. Revati, 67, 277. Samii.dhista, 221. Reverence, 166, 178. Samaga, 39· Rhinoceros, 54· Samaka or Samaka, 39 n. Right Conduct, see Conduct, Right. Samakiti, 271. Right Faith, see Faith, Right. Samantabhadrasiiri, Son. Right Knowledge, see Knowledge, Simantopanipatiki asrava, 142. Right. Samatibhii.vini, 147· ~ijukula, 39 n. Samavasaral}a, 191. ~ijupalika river, 39· Samavayailga Siitra, 13. ~ijuviliki, 39 n. Samavega, 187. ~itmbhadatta, 26, S6 n. Samaya, 98 n., 27::1 n. 1;\i~abhadeva, 22n., 4S. SI, 111, Samiyika, 21 sIT., 228, 255· 152, ISS, 170, 216n., 274, 312. Samayika caritra, ISS. 1;\i~abhanarica sailghel}a, 137. Samayika pratimi, 222. Roga pari~aba, 150, Sambhavanitha, 51, 312. Rohagupta, 78. Sambhiitivijaya, 70. Rohil}i1 26 n., 277• Samedsikhara, see Sameta Si- Rosary, 243, 254, 279· khara. Rudra, 33, 268. Sameta ~ikhara, 49r 56 ff. _ Rules of conduct, the five, see Samiti, the five, 144 tr., 2341f., 241. Ciritra. Sariljfii paiicendriya, lor, 106. Rules for daily life, six, 188. Sarillinati, 165. Riipi Ajiva, 106, to8 ff. Samparyailka posture, 43· Samprati, 73 ff. Sabala, 26S. Sarilsara, 241. Sabhi mal}qapa, 281, Sarilsara bhivana, 158. Sacittaparihara pratima, 222. Sarilsari, 96. Sacred thread, 81 n. Sarilskpt, see Sanskrit. Sacrifice, law of, 295 ff, Sarilsthana, the five, 137· Sidhiral}a, 99, 138. Samudayiki, 143· INDEX 331 331 INDEX

Siddha cakra ptija, Stl Saint• Southern India, literature ol,286tr. wheel worship. Space, .ru Akasastikaya. Siddhariija J!!)'asithha, 17, 84, 288. Spada asrava, 140. Siddhiirtha (AC.irya), Son. Sparsendriya, 96. Siddhiirtha(Mahiivira'sfather),22. Spri~tikl asrava, 142. Siddhiirtha (Mahavira's cousin), rli.ddha, 264, 38. ramal}a, 218. Siddhartha R.fiQI, 52. lramaQabhUta pratima, 2:14. Siddhasena (Acarya), 83. ravaka, 67, 210, 257· Siddhasena Divakara, 76. raval}a, 266, 276. Siddhasila, 191, 271. rava1.1a Belgola, ro, 70, 263, 285. Siddhasiiri, 81 ff, raval}endriya, 96. Sikhara, 281. i ravasti, 42, 51, 59· Sik~avrata, the four, 215, 257· ravikii, 67. Silagul}asiiri, 82 ff. lrel}ika, 41, 126, 276. Silailgacarya, Silailkacarya, 84. Sreyathsanatha, 54, 312. Simandhara, 216. Sri, 23, 261. Simanta, 201. Sridevt, s6. Si1nhagiri, 78 n. rikha'.l4a, 186. Sithhapuri, 54· riialaji, 239 n. Sin, see Papa. rimila city), 81. - results of, 132. rimila ~sect), 69. Sitala Mata, 266. i Sripiijya, 87 n., 233· Sitalaniitha, 53, 312. Srivatsa svastika, 53· Sitalasiitama, 263. Sruta ajiili.na, 178. Sita pari~aha, 148. Sruta jiiana, 32. Sithila karma, 185. Sruta jiiinivaral}iya, 132, 177. Siva, 31. Srutakevali, 72. · Sivabhiiti, 79· Stambha, 285. Sivalli.laji Maharaja, 240. Stars, 270. Sivaraja, s6. Stealing, see Honesty. Sixth-day ceremonies, 193· Steps to liberation, the fourteen, Sixth, Mother, 27, 193· 156, 185 tT. Skandha, 1o6 ff. Stevenson, Rev. J., 169n., 172n. Slander, 129. Sthinakavasi, 12 ff., 19, 23, 62, Sleep, 134, 188. .66, 76n., 791 87, 104n., Jl2, Sloka, 222, 235, 236, 238, 2441 xss, 167,197, 2o6, 211 n., 226 tr., 245,248. 239 ff., 254 tr., 260 ff. Sloth, 134• Sthli.niiliga Siitra, 13. Smallpox, 266. Sthanita Kumli.ra, 269- Smell, 96, 169. Sthiivara, 138. Smith, Vincent, 18 n., 85. Sthavara Dasaka, the, 138. Snakes, 48, 49, 105. Sthavira kalpa, 79· Social service, 167,209,271, 288n. Sthira namakarma, us. Soka, 135· ' Sthiti, 162. Somacandra, 287. Sthiilabhadra, 10, n, 71 tT. Somadatta, 34· Stork, 130. Sonagarh, 284. Strlliilga Siddha, 171. Sopari, 194 tr., 212 ff. Stri pari~aha, 149• Sorath, uo. Striveda, 136. Soul, see )Iva. • Study, 167, 231. Southern India, architecture of, Stiipa, 279, 280, 28$. Styiinarddhi, 134· INDEX 333 Subha u~va, 141. Siirya, 270. Subbadde, 270. Siiryaprajiiapti, 14- Subhadeva, 8o n. Su~ 273, 276. Subbaga nii.makarma, 115. Su~ma Du~ma, 51, 274- Subba gandha. 114- Su~ma S~ma, 272. Subha kanna, 139- Susimii., 52. Subhala, 277. Sustbitasiiri, 75, 86. Subha Dimakanna, II S· Susvara nii.makarma, 11 S· Subha rasa, 114- Siitra, 78. ubba aparia, 114- Siitrakritiilga Siitra, 13, 59 n., ubha vai'J}a, 114- 154. 161. !ubhavibiyogati, 115. Suvai'J}a Kumii.ra, 269- Subhilma, 122, Suvidhinii.tba, SJ, 312. Substance, IN Dravya. Suyaga4i6ga Siitra, 13. Sudadlsal)e, 270. Svii.dbyii.ya, 167. Sudariana, 56. Svahastiki, I.f:l. Sudbanna, CJ, « n., 63-9- Svaliliga Siddha, 171. Sudharml (god), 270. Svarga, 270 If. . Sudbannan, 1ee Sudhanna. Svii.soCcbvlisa, Q6, 104- Suffering, problem of, 290 If. Svastika, 53, s6, in, 251, 279- • Suffragette' movement, 166 n. Svayambuddha, 278. Suhastin, 12, 74 ff., 85. Svayambuddha Siddha, 171. Suicide, JO, 163, 168, 2g6 n.; ~ee Svayamprabhu, 276. tJ./s(} Santhiro. Svetimbara, 12fT., 28, 29, 30, Sujae, 270. 31 n., 36, 40, 531f., 66, 7o, 72, Sukladhylna, 43, 168, 1901 191, 74. 79, 86, 87, •ss. 167, •69. 2.f2. 225 If., 239 If., 25off., 26o If., Suklaldyi, 104. 242. 281. Suklayoga, 242. Sweeper·gods, 270. Siik?ma, lOS, 138. Sweeping-brush, 146. Siik?masampariya Ciritra, 156. Syidvida, 92. Siik,masampariya Gul}astha- Syimii.Cii.rya, 7J. naka, 189. Syria. 285. Sulas.i, 67. Sulasi II, 277. Taijasa body, IN Taijasa.Sarira. Sulasa tree, 269. Taijasa.Sarira, 114, 206. Sumidhi, 277· Tama Prabhi, 271. Sumi!]ase, 270. Tamatama Prabbii., 271. Sumailgala, 52. Tambola thii.l}t&J]am, 199. Sumatinitha, 52, 312. Tamil, 286fT. Sumitra, 57· Tandulavaitirika, 15. Sun, 270. Tandulaveyiliii., 15. Sunand.Urivaka, 276. Tii.Dkuril, 121 n. Sundavana, 31 n. Tapa (Tapas), 153, 155, 184, 262, Supa4ibhadde, 270. 298. Supirsva, 276. Tapagactha, 24 n., 76 n., 87,87 n., SupirSvanitha, 52, 312. 211, 219. 239- Superstitions, 264ft". Tirii., 270. Supreme Being, 174. 292. Tassottan, 257. Suradeva, 276. Taste, ¢, 16<}. Surapannati, 14- Tattva, 61, 94t lo6. Su~fra, IN Ki!hiawi

Tejolesya, 103, 114. Trees, the desire-fulfilling, 181, Telugu, 287. 273· Temple worship, 2 so ff. Tri-indriya, 97, 100, 104, Temples, 22, 281 ff. Tri-indriya nama, 136, Teukaya, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105. Trimiirti, 31. Thananga Siitra, 13. Trit;,taspar5a pari~aha, 151. Theft, see Honesty. Trindrtya, ste Tri-indriya. Theosophy, 131. Triprista, 46, Thit;,tarddhi, 134· Triratna, see Jewels, the three. Thirst, endurance of, 148. Trisa pari~aha, 148. Three Jewels, see Jewels, the Tri~alii., 22, 40, 471 66 n. three. Trivatur, 18, Thunderbolt, 55· Truth, 118 ff., IS21 154, 207, 235 i Tibet, 117. see also Satya. Tikkhuto, 216. Turmeric, see Kanku. Timbara tree, .269. Twins, happy, 273 ff. Time, see Kala. Tyii.ga, 154 n. Time, divisions of, 272. Tirtha, the four, 42, 65, 170, Ui:i:hvasa namakarma, 114. Tirthankara, 22 n., 26 n., 32 n., 33, Udadhi Kumara, 269. 42, 48, so tr., s6 n., 79. 112, 113, Udiii, 276. 116, 121 n., 1221 IJO, 170ff., Udaya, 185. 178, 190 ff., 205, 216, 217, 222, U dayaprabhu, 276. 225,228,233,241 ff., 246,:an1t, U ddhi~ta pratima, 224. 262, 271, 274. 275, :zso, :ass, U ggaharh siuggahitamsr, 236. 288 n., 312, 313. Uggaharh vauggahithsa abhi· -list of, 51 ff., 312, 313, khat;,tarh, 236. - to come, the twenty-four, 276 ff. Ujjain, 33, 74, 77 n. Tirthankara namakarma, 116. Ujjayini, see Ujjain. Tirtha Siddha, 170. UkaracJ.i Notari, 198. TiruvaUuvar, 287, Umiisvati, 73· Tiryagayuhkarma, see Tiryani: Unbelief, 139· ayu karma. 0 fii:agotra, 113. Tiryak jambrik, 270. Unique step; the, 189. Tiryak loka, 272. Ut;,todari, 164. Tiryani:, 97, IOS. Untruthfulness, see Asatya. Tiryaii.i: anupiirvi, 136. Upabhogantaraya, 133, 183. Tiryafii: ayu karma, 181. Upabhoga paribhoga parimii.t;,ta, Tiryani: ayu~ya, n6. 212. Tiryafii: gati, 136, 182. Upadesamila, 82. Tolerance, I 78. Upiidhyiiya, 229, 239, 254, 262. Tortoise, 57· Upaghiitaniima, 136. - Touch, 95· Upakesa Piittana, 69. Trades, 2 13 ff. Upiinga, the twelve, 13, 64, 73, Training of Sadhus, 225. 240· . Trana Yoga, see Yoga, the three. Upasaka Dasanga, 13, 16, 239· Transmigration, Bg, 104, 294· Upasama sankita, 186. Trasakaya, 102, Ios. U pasiintamoha Gut;,tasthanaka, Trasa niimakarma, 1 IS· tgo. Travel, 145, 211 ff. Upasarga Harastotra · Kalpa Treason, II 9· Siitra, 70. Treasure houses for books, 87, U piisaro, see Apiisaro. 261. Ordhvaloka, 272. INDEX 335

Uae,limitation of, Itt Upabhoga Vi!Jia, m Baniya. paribboga parimil}a. ViJ}ijyagJima, 21, 41o u,,a pari~ba! 149- Vanitii, 52. Utkri~ deiaVII'lltl, 188, Vara~;tiya, 132ft Utpatiki, 177· Vardhamiina, 27. Utsarga, 168. VardhamiDa (village), 41. Utsarga samiti, 146. VirikhiUa, 128. u lsarpil}f, '1.12, 276ft Viisaqepa, 226. Uttara, 79· Vastra parl~ha, 149· Uttaridhyayana, 14,43, 62, 63, 94t Vastra pu~;tya, no If. 147 n., 148 n.,1490., •son., 239. Vasu, 54. 560. Uvavii.i, 13. Vasudeva, King, 461 134- Vasudeva, the nine, 274- Vatana bala, 96. Vasumati, 61. . Vatanagupti, 147ft'. VasupiiJa, 54- Vatana P!II]Y•• 112. VasupuJya, S4t 56 n. Vaeana vmaya, 166. Vatiril parijil}iii, 234- Vadba parl~ha, ISO. Viyubhiiti, 6s. Vaidar&J]ikf i.Srava, 142. Viiyukaya, 971 99, 102, 104, 105. Vaikreya angopiiriga, 113· Viiyu Komara, 269. Vaikreya body, Itt Vaikreya· Veda, 16, 71. Prlra. Vedaniya karma, 178, 179, 184, Vaikreya~ra, I 13, 2o6, 19QDo Vaimiinika, 105, 181. Vedanta school, 90, 91, 95 n., 98 n., Vainayild, 171· 121, 185 Do Vaisair, 21, 31, 41, 66 n. Vedantists, 11!1! Vedanta school. - government of, 22. Vegetable -life, 99· Vaisaliya, 27. Vegetarianism, 2941 Vai~,ika school, 78, 90> 91, 94- Vesiliya, Itt Vaisaiiya. · Va!l9ava, 230. Vestments, 2281 251,254 (. Va!Jr&maJ]a, 191. Vetara~;ti1 268. V&!taraJ]I,Itt VeyaraJ]I. Veyara9i, 192. Vatylvatta, 167. Vibhailga jiiiina, 178. Vaiyl vrata, 218. Vidartha, 193• Vaiylvritya, Itt VaiyivacCa. Videha, 40. Vajrari~bhanaraea aailghaya9a, Vidyiidhara, 66. 114. Vidyut Kumira, 269. Vajraaena, 78ft: Vijaya, 2JO. Vajrasvamr, 78. Vi~aya (ACiirya), Son. Vakniyami, 147. Vi~aya (coming Tlrthankara), 277. Vallabhi, 13. 17. Vi~ayanta, 270. Vilu, 268. ViJya, S7• Vilu Prabhli, 271. Vikramiiditya, 771 77 n. \'imi, 48. Vimalaniitha, 541 213. Vimana salhsthiina, 137· Vimiinavasi, 270, Vanaraja, 83. Vinaya, 166. Vanaspatikiiya, 97, 991 1021 104, Vindbya, 69- aos. Vipika Siitra, 13. Vanavisigaccha, 8o n. Vipra, 57· Vil}avyantara, 270. Viraji, 88. Vanda~;ti, 255. Virapasali, 26J. Van Eycks, the, 281. Virastava, 15. Vanhida$i, 14- Virathuo, 15. INDEX

Viryiintaraya karma, 133, 183. Williams, Sir M. Monier, 36. Visakhacarya, 8o n. Wind, 99· Vi~':IU,jl. Women, 56, 67, ur, I66ff., 169, Vi~t;~u Acarya, Son. 188, 20J, 26J. Vi~':ludeva, King, 54- Wooden buildings, 279· Vitigaccha, 2os. · Worship, 250 ff. Vivihapannanti, 13. -private, 254· Vivikta carya, 165. - temple, su Temple-worship. Vows, 301 140 ff., 186. Writers, Jaina, 286 ff. -the five ascetic, 39,155, 234ff., 241.' Yiil:ana pari~aha, se1 Yaiica p. - of laymen, see Lay-adherents. Yakanl, So. ~advantage of keeping, 220, Yak~a, 269. - of Piirsvanatha, the four, 49· Yani:a pari~aha, •so. Vrata, 205, Yasobhadra, 70. Vrata pratima, 222. Yasobhadra II, Son. Vriddhavadi, 77· Yasoda, 29. Vrihatkalpa, 14. Yasodhara, 277. Vri~abhasena, 66. Yasokirtti namakarma, I 15. Vrittisailk~epa, 164. Yasovatl, 29. Vyaktamithyatva Gu~asthiinaka, Yathli.khyata i:aritra, 123, 156. 185. Yathlisiitracestliniyami, 148. Vyantara, 105, 181, 269. Yati, 233· · Vyavahara SGtra, 14, 145· Yavatkathika, 163. Vyavaharika Kala, 107 n •. • Yenur, 285. Yoga, 141, 162, t6;, 1741 188, Wag~wan, 41, 82, 12on. 242. Wandering life, 28ff., 36, 149ff. -karma, 174· Water, 98, no, 218. - sathlinata, 165. Water-jar, 57· - Sastra, 288. Waves, 98n. -school, 91. Wedding ceremonies, 198 ff. -the three, 141, 162. Wheel, 279· Young Men's Associations, 288 n. Whisk for insects, 227, 25S· Widows, child, 203. Zoroastrianism, see Parsis.

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