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ELASTO-CAPILLARITY in FIBROUS MATERIALS Daria Monaenkova Clemson University, [email protected]

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ELASTO-CAPILLARITY in FIBROUS MATERIALS Daria Monaenkova Clemson University, Dmonaen@G.Clemson.Edu Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 8-2012 ELASTO-CAPILLARITY IN FIBROUS MATERIALS Daria Monaenkova Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Monaenkova, Daria, "ELASTO-CAPILLARITY IN FIBROUS MATERIALS" (2012). All Dissertations. 965. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/965 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ELASTO-CAPILLARITY IN FIBROUS MATERIALS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Materials Science by Daria Monaenkova August 2012 Accepted by: Dr. Konstantin Kornev, Committee Chair Dr. Vincent Blouin Dr. Delphine Dean Dr. Jian Luo ABSTRACT Current advances in the manufacture of nanoporous and nanofibrous materials with high absorption capacity open up new opportunities for the development of fiber-based probes and sensors. Pore structure of these materials can be designed to provide high suction pressure and fast wicking. In this work it is shown that, during wicking, due to a strong capillary action, the liquids exert stresses on the fiber network (elasto-capillary effect), thus the stressed state of dry and wet parts of the material differs. This stress difference caused by the liquid wicking can induce different types of deformations: visible deformations of the sample profile and deformations of the yarn length caused by the capillary forces. In this work, it is suggested that the elasto-capillary effect can be used for monitoring the liquid flow during probing of minuscule droplets. In the theoretical section, a stress transfer in the direction of propagation of the wetting front is analyzed. As an illustration, a single capillary is considered and the effect of a moving meniscus on the stress distribution along capillary wall is demonstrated. Then similar effects are analyzed in yarns and fabrics. A yarn that can capture an aerosol droplet is considered as a promising sensing element that could monitor the stresses caused by wetting fronts. It is shown that the stress transfer between dry and wet parts of the yarn upon liquid wicking significantly depends on the boundary conditions. Two different loading scenarios are discussed: a yarn with the clamped ends and with the freeends subjected to a constant tension. A theory of elasto-capillarity is first developed for the samples, where the gravity is not ii important and then it is extended further to include gravity. The upward and downward wicking, as well as liquid wicking into the freely suspended samples are considered. It is shown that the sample geometry significantly affects both wicking kinetics and stresses distribution in the material. An example of a freely suspended material is considered in details. It illustrates an unusual coupling between mechanical and capillary forces. New theory of the flow induced stresses in the freely sagged self-reconfigurable material is suggested. In Experimental section, the concept of elasto-capillarity is tested in tensile experiments conducted on yarns and fabrics. It is shown that in the wet samples the breaking stress increases. This effect is most prominent in materials with the pore size less than 100 μm, which provide high capillary pressure. It is also shown, that the proposed experiment with freely-suspended sample can be used for the analysis of transport and tensile properties of thin flexible fibrous materials. The suggested theory of the 2-D flow induced deformations of self-adjustable freely-suspended material is in a good agreement with the experimental data. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family whose guidance, support and encouragement made this all possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Konstanin G. Kornev, for his limitless patience, encouragement and all the hard work he invested in my professional developments as a scientist. I owe a special acknowledgment to Dr. Kornev’s family, Gulya, Kseniya and Arina, who made me feel truly welcome in Clemson. I appreciate the time and guidance as well as professional comments and suggestions on my work from my committee members, Dr. Vincent Blouin, Dr. Delphine Dean, Dr. Jian Luo. I am sincerely grateful to Dr. Robert Goldstein, Dr. Edward Teodorovich and Dr. Konstantin Ustinov, whose support and belief in my abilities helped me to make a very important decision four years ago. I would like to thank Dr. Igor Luzinov, Dr. Ruslan Burtovyy and Dr. Bogdan Zdyrco, for their valuable advices and comments throughout my PhD trail. A special acknowledgements to my collaborators from Department of Entomology, Dr. Peter Adler and his group, Dr. Charles E. Beard and Dr. Matthew S. Lehnert, for multiple fruitful discussions, challenging questions and exciting mutual work on multiple projects. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Wah-Keat Lee from the Argonne National Laboratory, IL for his help with numerous X-Ray phase contrast imaging experiments. v I want to acknowledge the professionalism of MSE stuff, especially Kim Ivey, James Lowe and Robbie Nicholson. Thank you for making the laboratory experience so much more than just a research routine. I also want to express my gratitude to Taras Andrukh and other members of Dr. Kornev’s research team Yu Gu, Maryana Kovalchuk, Mahmut O. Kosimci, Dr. Binyamin Rubin, Vijoya Sa, Alexandr Tokarev, Chen-Chin Tsai for their help and suggestions, that allowed me to improve my research and make my way through these 4 years. Also, I would like to acknowledge the help of the undergraduate Clemson students and the students from South Carolina Governor’s School for Science and Mathematics, Zak Bartholomew, Kara Phillips, Steven Rea, Ronald Theiling, Campbell Yore, Beau Horner, who worked with me on different stages of my research. I would like to acknowledge my funding agencies NSF, grants number0937985 andCMMI0826067, and NTC M08-CL10 for support of this research. Last, but certainly not least, to my close friend, Marius Chyasnavichyus, who was always there for me at each step of my PhD journey. vi LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Peer reviewed publications: a) Wicking of liquids into sagged fabrics, D. Monaenkova, T. Andrukh, K. Kornev, Soft Matter, 2012, 8, pp 4725-4730. b) Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits, D. Monaenkova, M. S. Lehnert, T.Andrukh, C. E. Beard, B. Rubin, A. Tokarev, W. Lee, P. H. Adler, and K.G. Kornev, Journal of the Royal Society. Interface, 2012, 9(69), pp 720-726. c) Nanoporous artificial proboscis for probing minute amount of liquids, C. Tsai, P. Mikes, T. Andrukh, E. White, D. Monaenkova, O. Bortovyy, R. Bortovyy, B. Rubin, D. Lukas, I. Luzinov, J. R. Owens and K. G. Kornev, Nanoscale, 2011, 3(11), pp 4685-4695. d) Elastocapillarity: Stress transfer through fibrous probes in wicking experiments, D. Monaenkova and Kornev K. G., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2010,348(1), pp 240-249. e) Absorption-induced deformations of nanofiberyarns and nanofibrouswebs, D. Monaenkova, T. Andrukh, K.G. Kornev, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (V), 2009, Vol. 1129, Materials Research Society 1129-V05-05. f) Adsorption-induced deformations in nanofibrous materials: freely suspended yarns and webs, D. Monaenkova, X. Ren, Y. Dzenis, K. G. Kornev,The Fourth Biot Conference on Poromechanics, 2009, Columbia University, New York, NY, pp. 965-970. Proceedings g) Bernoulli catenary and elasto-capillary and -wetting effects in fibrous materials, D. Monaenkova, T. Andrukh, K. G. Kornev, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, 2011, Charleston, SC. h) Imbibition of liquids into capillaries, T. Andrukh, D. Monaenkova, B. Rubin, K. Kornev, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, 2011, Charleston, SC. l) Natural versus manmade fibers: anisotropic mechanical properties, K. Phillips, D. Monaenkova, K.G. Kornev, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, 2011, Charleston, SC. k) Spreading of liquids on porous surfaces, A. Beachler, T. Andrukh, D. Monaenkova, J. Owens, K. Kornev, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, 2011, Charleston, SC. vii m) Stressing semisaturated fibrous materials during wicking experiments, D. Monaenkova, T. Andrukh, K. Kornev, Proceedings of the Fiber Society 2010 Fall Meeting and Technical Conference, 2010, Salt Lake City, UT. n) Fast collection of liquids by fibrous probes and capillaries, T. Andrukh, C. Tsai, D. Monaenkova, A. Tokarev, B. Rubin, W. Lee, K. Kornev, Proceedings of the Fiber Society 2010 Fall Meeting and Technical Conference, 2010, Salt Lake City, UT. o) Wettability and absorbency of nanofiber-based probes, T. Andrukh, D. Monaenkova, C. Tsai, K. G. Kornev, Proceeding of the 24th Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites (ASC), 2009, Newark,DE. p) Interactions of droplets with nanoporous substrates: competition between spreading and absorption, T.Andrukh, D.Monaenkova, R.Burtovyy, I. Luzinov, K. G. Kornev, Fiber Society Fall meeting and Technical Conference
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