22 September 2020 Te Ara Tupua — Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Cultural & Environmental Design Framework (CEDF)

FINAL (planning version) Disclaimer

This report has been prepared in support of the notices of requirement and applications for resource consent for the Project made by Waka Kotahi under the COVID-19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020 (COVID-19 Recovery Act). In particular, this report supports the assessment of the Project's effects on the environment as required by the COVID-19 Recovery Act. The requirements of the COVID-19 Recovery Act and an overall assessment of the effects of the Project on the environment are set out in the Assessment of Effects on the Environment.

This report has been prepared by Isthmus Group Ltd for the benefit of Waka Kotahi - NZ Transport Agency. No liability is accepted by Isthmus Group Ltd or any employee of or sub-consultant to Isthmus Group Ltd with respect to its use by any other person.

This disclaimer shall apply notwithstanding that the report may be made available to other persons for an application for permission or approval or to fulfil a legal requirement.

Author: Lisa Rimmer, Landscape Architect and Urban Design, Isthmus Mana Whenua Advisors: Morrie Love, Kara Dentice and the Mana Whenua Steering Group Cultural Expression Artist: Len Hetet Design and Production: Chelsea Kershaw, Kadin Hegglun, Zach Barker, James Pattullo, Tessa Macphail, Blair Brixton, Sean Burke and Lisa Rimmer Landscape Architects, Jia Ying Hew, Gabrielle Free, Jason Barnes , Scott McKerrow and Andrew Mirrams Architects, Isthmus

Graphics, photographs and maps by Isthmus unless otherwise stated

Cultural Expression Artwork: Len Hetet Tupua, Ngāke and Whātaitai - Cover Image Te Ara Tupua - Page Banner

JOB ref: 4244 ©Isthmus Group Ltd 2020 Document record Issue Revision Author Date Draft A LR 06/03/2020 Advanced B LR 25/05/2020 Draft Final Draft C LR 20/07/2020 Final D LR 02/09/2020 Final E LR 09/09/2020 Final F LR 18/09/2020 Final G LR 22/09/2020

2 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Contents.

1. Overview. 5 3. Design Outcomes 61 4. Draft Masterplan & Cross Sections 135

1.1 Te Ara Tupua - The Ancient Pathway 6 3.1 Coastal & Ecological Response 62 4.1 Ngā Ūranga Interchange 136 1.2 Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Vision 8 3.2 Cultural Landscape Response 68 4.2 Shared Path Bridge at Ngā Ūranga 138 1.3 Kaitiaki Strategy 9 3.3 Urban Landscape Response 74 4.3 Piki Wahine Point 140 1.4 Consent Design Overview 10 3.4 Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One 75 4.4 Tahataha Roa 142 1.5 Design Themes 12 3.4.1 A Coastal Experience 76 4.5 Paroro-rangi Point 144 1.6 Schematic Draft Masterplan 14 3.4.2 Material Palette 78 4.6 Paroro Bay 146 1.7 Typical Cross Sections 16 3.4.3 Technical Design Requirements 82 4.7 Karanga Point 148 1.8 Background Documents 20 3.4.4 Maintenance 83 4.8 Te Ana Bay 150 1.9 Waka Kotahi Landscape Design Principles 22 3.4.5 New Coastal Edge 84 4.9 Horokiwi 152 1.10 Waka Kotahi Urban Design Principles 22 3.4.6 The Path 86 4.10 Korokoro 154 1.11 Kaitiaki Strategy Design Principles 22 3.4.7 Ūranga 88 4.11 Pito-One 156 1.12 Consultation & Review 23 3.4.8 Gateways 90 4.12 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 1 West 158 3.5 Shared Path Bridge at Ngā Ūranga 92 4.13 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 1 East 160 2. Context 25 3.6 Paving, Seating, & Landscape Features 96 4.14 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 2 West 162 3.7 Planting 100 4.15 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 2 East 164 2.1 A Dynamic Coastal Landscape 26 3.8 Streams 102 4.16 Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Cross Sections 166 2.2 A Layered Cultural Landscape 38 3.9 Stormwater 104 4.17 Honiana Te Puni Reserve Cross Sections 186 2.3 A Connected Urban Landscape 43 3.10 Wayfinding and Interpretation 105 3.11 Public Safety & Security 107 5. Illustrative Views 193 3.12 Construction 112 5.1 Shared Path Bridge at Ngā Ūranga 194 3.13 Honiana Te Puni Reserve 114 5.2 Piki Wahine Point 198 3.14 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 1 118 5.3 Tahataha roa 200 3.15 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Buildings (Stage 1) 122 5.4 Paroro-rangi Point 202 3.16 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Stage 2 126 5.5 Karanga Point 204 3.17 Honiana Te Puni Reserve - Buildings (Stage 2) 130 5.6 Te Ana Bay 206 5.7 Horokiwi 208 5.8 Karanga Point Ecological Screen 210 5.9 Ecological Screens 212 5.10 Honiana Te Puni Reserve 214

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 3 Figure 2.23 View of Te Ana Bay, looking towards Pari Karangaranga (Cliff of Echoes). 2. Context Context

All of the major faults in the Wellington Region (and the subduction This section of the CEDF 2.1 A Dynamic Coastal Landscape interface) have the potential to rupture causing instant and severe damage to the built environment and transportation networks, and to change the sets out the contextual The landscape along the Project route is dynamic and ever-changing landscape surrounding the Project area, Wellington City and the wider with a highly modified reclaimed coastline. The natural land forms are region. analysis that has informed characterised by historic and ongoing seismic activity and high energy coastal processes such as waves, strong winds and tides. In the event of a strong earthquake, significant liquefaction and/or ground shaking amplification is anticipated in the Pito-One area3. Low lying the Project vision, principles The narrative of Te Ara Tupua clearly expresses a dynamic landscape land and streams along the harbour edge (including the Project area) created by the Tupua. The word Tupua refers to phenomenon and the could also be at risk of a tsunami and temporarily elevated water levels, and design themes. narrative of Ngāke and Whātaitai, in creating the harbour Te Whanganui as experienced in the 1855 Wairarapa Earthquake (page 44). These a Tara and Te Awa Kairangi, the Hutt River, are expressive of the land seismic matters are key to the design of any structures for the Project. The purpose of the contextual analysis is to fully understand the area, its formation events that characterise the area. Escarpment and Uplifted Landforms complexities, and to establish the key constraints and opportunities of the Project. Understanding the Project context is essential to ensure the The Project design response does address these dynamic conditions, and Wellington harbour occupies a down faulted valley with remnant ridges of vision and objectives are achieved. A deep understanding of the existing the effects of future sea-level rise and climate change. A design response Matiu (Somes) and Mākaro (Ward) Islands remaining above sea level. environment is key to the development of practicable and effective design to climate change provides an opportunity to consider resilience for the measures to avoid and manage adverse effects and to build in benefits, wider road and rail transport corridors, as reflected in the objectives. A steep, uplifted escarpment provides a prominent backdrop to the coastal positive outcomes. In line with the NZCPS and the Coastal Hazards and Climate Change Guidance Manual (MfE 2017), the Project design must give consideration shelf of the Project area, rising to approximately 200m. To the south, the escarpment is defined by the Ngā Ūranga Gorge and stream (Waitohi). The context analysis considers aspects of the broader coastal and cultural to effects and hazards over a 100 year timeframe. As a result, the design Various short, sharp streams descend the face of the escarpment, most landscape setting and urban connections that have shaped the existing for this Project includes allowance for adaptive response for the predicted notably Waihinahina Stream at Horokiwi and Korokoro Stream north of environment of Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One. climate change effects and sea-level rise (SLR) over that time. Safety for pedestrians, cyclists and other user groups in this environment is also the Pito-One interchange. All streams are culverted under the transport corridor with Korokoro Stream daylighted through Honiana Te Puni Section 3 (Design Outcomes) brings the high level design themes and essential. Reserve into a naturalised stream mouth through reclaimed land. context analysis together to describe specific design measures and parameters that should be integrated to achieve the vision and objectives The existing road and rail transport corridor from Ngā Ūranga to Pito-One for the Project. Faults & Geology is built on the narrow raised platform, uplifted during the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake (Figure 2.65 on page 47). Subsequent transport and Sections 4 and 5 includes the draft masterplan, cross sections and Seismic Context reclamation projects have removed headlands and ends of spurs, and illustrations, as developed to be consistent with the design outcomes in introduced rip rap and concrete sea walls with backfill to extend the shelf this CEDF. Wellington is a seismically active city, sited upon the meeting point of two area for road and rail. The uplifted coastal shelf and modifications resulted tectonic plates; The Australian Plate and the subducting Pacific Plate1. in a relatively linear coastline with engineered structures interspersed with Major faults in the region include: The Ohariu Fault, Otaki Forks Fault, minor remnant headlands, shallow gravel beaches and offshore natural Wairarapa Fault, and Wellington Fault (Figure 2.24). rocky outcrops. The prominent Wellington Fault is closest to the Project, some 250-450m To the south of the headland known as Rocky Point (below the offshore, aligned sub-parallel to the Path (Figure 2.25). The land directly escarpment face known as Pari Karangakaranga) is Tahataha roa ‘the long west of this is slowly rising (including the Project area), whereas land to the beach’. To the north there are distinct bays and a greater number of gravel east is sinking2. The Wellington Fault passes under much of Wellington’s beaches and off shore rocky outcrops, as the sea floor is much shallower. key transportation infrastructure such as the SH1, the central railway station, ferry terminals, and a number of Hutt Valley bridges.

26 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Coastal Faults & 1:20,000 scale bar N Geological Features 0m 200m 400m 1000m

Legend. Geological Map Woodridge Horokiwi Spur Spur Wellington Fault Not to Scale 288m Second Order Faults Otaki Forks Fault

Ridgelines Ohariu Fault Wellington Fault Coastal Features Johnsonville Maungaraki Range High Points Pito-One Horokiwi Pito-One Coastal Escarpment Quarry Ngā Ūranga Coastal Bays Wellington Quarry

Chart NZ4633 Wellington Harbour (Rev 11, 5 July 2019) Cliff of Echoes Brandon’s Rock Land survey datum 263m Intertidal areas Karanga Shallow waters (under 10m deep) Point

Deep waters (over 10m deep) 233m Submerged cables 243m Paparangi Ridge Beacon Mount Misery 222m Kiwi Quarry Geological Map Legend. (GNS) Omega Geological Units Spur Tahataha-roa Sandstone: Undifferentiated Rakaia terrane Ngā Ūranga Triassic sandstone and mudstone Gorge Sandstone: Esk Head sandstone and 100m mudstone Te Whanganui a Tara Gravel: (Wellington Harbour) Undifferentiated Pleistocene - Holocene river deposits Fault Activity (GNS) Te Wharau Ridge Active Inactive or Unknown Ngā Ūranga

Wellington Fault (main fault)

Mokopuna Figure 2.24 Top Left.. New Zealand Island Geological Map. GNS, http://data.gns.cri.nz/ geology/ Figure 2.25 Coastal and Geological Features. Matiu/ Somes Information sourced from New Zealand Island Topographic Map. NZ Topo Map , https://www. topomap.co.nz/ and Marine Chart (Rev 11, 5 July 2019)

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 27 Context

Faults & Geology

Natural Landforms and Outcrops Near-shore Bathymetry Present Day Tide Levels Natural soils, found at Rocky Point, and the gravel beaches along the existing seawall are a mixture of cobble, gravel and sand deposits, driftwood and accumulated sediments/soft muds from adjacent catchments (predominantly the Hutt River, Te Awa Kairangi) and the minor streams flowing off the escarpment. The former ends of the escarpment spurs - headlands - can also be identified below the water Ngā Ūranga T5 line, now characterised by an eroded pattern of rocky reefs overlaid by soft Gorge T3 T4 T2 sediments with outcrops emerging above low tide, particularly north of RepresentativeT1 cross-shore transects of the shoreline and seabed (Figure 3-10) were extracted to use Rocky Point; the greatest area of remaining natural land along the coastal in the resilience profile design. The transects further illustrate how the Harbour bathymetryPito-One varies edge. along the Project corridor. At the southern end (transect T0) the seabed drops steeply to depths of 15 m at only 30 m from the existing shoreline while near Petone beach (Transect T4) the depthT6 The underlying geology of the escarpment is largely comprised of reaches 5 m at 300 m from the existing shoreline. This variable seabed bathymetry will cause the greywacke4. Weathering has changed much of this into a yellow clay-rich wave properties along the project foreshore to vary, although this has not been applied to the 5 resilience profile design for simplicity. Storm-tide and wave setup are not influenced by local material which can be problematic for vegetation establishment, especially variations in the seabed bathymetry. when paired with the strong coastal winds of Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara. Figure 2.27 Present-day tide marks at Queen’s Wharf, Wellington relative to Wellington Vertical Datum-1953 (WVD-53). Sourced from Project Revetment Design Technical Report. The impacts of ground shaking during earthquakes varies depending on bedrock geology; the soft and less compacted gravel deposits along the This drawing has been prepared to support Notices of Requirement coastline will behave differently to the hard greywacke hills. The Project and resource consent applications. All information including areas and T6 measurements are indicative, are subject to detailed design and final design will need to respond to this. T5 survey, and may change. T4 The geology also affects visual character of a place and the existing T3 habitats - such as the soft sediment, rocky reef, intertidal beaches, existing rock revetment and edges of the rail corridor (see Ecology and Character Areas and Values on following pages).

Shape of the Sea Floor T2 T1 Along the immediate coastal edge of the Project, harbour depths reach 18m, and grade from very steep slopes at Ngā Ūranga to much flatter Figure 3-10: Cross-shore transects along the Project coastline. Transect locations shown in Figure 3-9. beach profiles near Pito-One (Figure 2.26). This change in seabed profile is ImportantFigure 2.26 measurements Cross-shore from transects the existing along thecross-shore Project coastline. transects Transect which relate locations to the shown revetment in plan designimage are above, shown transects in Table shown3-7. The above measurements right. Sourced include: from the Project Revetment Design Technical Report. associated with the Wellington Fault uplift and river/beach/wave sediment transport6. These are matters of particular relevance to the construction x Crest elevation = 3.0 m WVD-53 : the tie-in point between the current land and the of new seawalls and any offshore habitats. The shape of the sea floor also proposed reclamation structure. This elevation is the starting point for the revetment resilience profile. determines the exposure of intertidal feeding grounds for birds requiring further design considerations to minimise impacts to these areas. x Foreshore slope = 0.36 : from 0 to +2 m WVD-53 elevation which is the upper slope of the existing structure.

x Nearshore slope = 0.10 : from MLWS10 (-0.465) to -4.5m WVD-53 elevation which is the slope of the seabed close to the existing shoreline which will determine the toe-elevation of the proposed reclamation.

x Offshore slope = 0.36 : from -4.5 to -10 m WVD-53 elevation which is the seabed slope at greater depths for determining the toe-elevation of the reclamation if a wider reclamation is 28 selected. Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020

Revetment Design Technical Report: Resilience Profile 31

Coastal Processes

Mean Sea Level, Tides and Currents Waves Coastal processes will influence the design of the coastal edge and bridge structures and addresses a 100 year timeframe to ensure the Project Mean sea level (MSL) is the base level of the ocean on which all waves, Wave conditions within Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, are the is future proofed against sea-level rise. Coastal processes are also key storm-tides and other hydrodynamic processes (such as tsunami waves result of locally generated winds combined with ocean swell, which enters considerations for user experience, comfort and safety, and will inform and tidal currents) are superimposed on (Figure 2.27) Mean sea level in the harbour through Wellington Heads from Cook Strait. When these the design response to the character and habitats along the coastline. Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, is +0.195m above Wellington waves reach the coastline they break at the beach, revetment or seawall Understanding coastal processes are key to the design measures that Vertical Datum 19537. causing wave run-up and over-topping. The heights of the waves along can be used to create a naturalised edge through the varied design of the the Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One foreshore are strongly influenced by wind revetment and vertical seawalls, that actively avoid and minimise loss of Tides in the harbour are typically within a tidal range of 1.25m during mean direction, and are greatest in a southerly wind.9 existing gravel beach habitats and natural rocky outcrops. spring tides. Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) has an elevation of +0.82m above Wellington Vertical Datum 1953. These matters are key to design Waves are a powerful dynamic force affecting the coastline between Ngā for an adaptive response to SLR and management of over-topping during Ūranga and Pito-One in a number of ways: storm surges. • Wave erosion weathers and alters the shape of the coastal shoreline Due to a sheltered marine location, the currents along the Ngā Ūranga and reclaimed edges through repeated strong impacts onto the natural ki Pito-One foreshore are very slow. Because of this, current circulation shoreline or man-made reclaimed edge (Figure 2.28). can be influenced by weather conditions and flows from Te Awa Kairangi. • Wave run-up and over-topping affects comfort levels and safety for In calm weather the slow tidal currents are too weak to mobilise seabed pedestrians, and other user groups along coastal routes, and large sediments. Like the tidal currents, sea bed sediment movement is therefore wave events have the potential to damage and disrupt adjacent highly influenced by weather conditions (wind/waves) and proximity to transportation corridors and properties. There are two types of wave flows from stream/river mouths. It is important to consider these process to over-topping; white water spray and green water surges. White water minimise any adverse effects on gravel beaches which are habitats utilised spray (Figure 2.16) occurs regularly, rarely causes damage, but does by Threatened or At Risk bird species. make user experience uncomfortable, while green-water surges occur occasionally, with potentially hazardous volumes of water over-topping Storm Tides the edge, which can cause erosion and damage structures. Green water over-topping probably contributed to the 2013 rail washout (Figure 2.15). Figure 2.28 Strong southerly gales and high tides caused wave erosion and washout of the In simple terms, a storm-tide is the peak sea level reached during and railway line near Ngā Ūranga in June 2013, David Morgan. event. Median sea level in Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, during a 1 in 100 year storm-tide is 1.32m above Wellington Vertical Datum Tsunami 1953. During a storm-tide event, waves are expected to increase the sea level along the shoreline by a further 0.2m 8 therefore increasing the Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, (and the Project area) is at risk hazard. from earthquake-generated tsunamis due to its proximity to Cook Strait and local major fault lines. The Project area is identified as evacuation Climate Change zone by the Wellington Region Emergency Management Office (WREMO). Extreme tsunami events can cause devastating damage to a city and incur In addition to sea-level rise, climate change will influence storm intensity, many fatalities. storm tracks, storm-tides and waves throughout New Zealand. Extreme winds are also likely to increase slightly in winter and decrease slightly in summer. There is also likely to be an increase in cyclones (sub-tropical and mid-latitude low pressure systems) in the Tasman Sea over the summer. Storm surges could be expected to become more frequent for the Wellington region.

Figure 2.29 Wind-driven white-water spray over revetment crest along Ngā Ūranga to Pito-One foreshore during southerly winds in February 2004. Source: B.Scott, valleysignals.org.nz.

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 29 Context

Coastal Processes

The Waiwhetu Aquifer Wind Streams and Coastal Marine Area

There are two aquifers beneath Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Wellington is well known for its strong winds. This is largely due to the Along the project length there are seven moderate to steep streams as Tara: the Waiwhetu Aquifer and the Moera Aquifer. The Waiwhetu Aquifer proximity and influence of Cook Strait, which produces high winds more classified in the decision version of the NRP 2019 which flow down the provides more than 40% of Wellington’s freshwater demands (including frequently than any other lowland location in New Zealand11. escarpment. They are then piped under the transport corridor and into Porirua and Lower Hutt), and can rise to as much as 70% of the demand in the harbour (Figure 2.31). All of these streams have Policy P70: quality of summer. 10 Wind data specific to the Project area is not available, however it is known discharge applied to them which is to address aquatic ecosystem health that the predominant winds for the Project area are north-westerly in and mahinga kai33. The extent of the Aquifer Protection Zone shown in Figure 2.30 is a spring and summer, with more southerlies in winter. The hills alongside consideration for the design and construction methods along the extent the Project corridor provide some protection, making the Project corridor A stream survey to determine permanent, intermittent or ephemeral of the Project. In particular, the depth of any piles and foundations for one of the most sheltered areas of the harbour in a north-westerly. The classes has not been undertaken for the project. However, incidentally seawalls and the construction of rail over-bridge. regular rowing, skiing and kayaking activities in this area of the harbour Korokoro, Waihinahina and an un-named stream that runs through Gilberd rely on this calm water. In a southerly wind, however, the Project corridor is Bush Reserve have been observed by the project Ecologist as part of an highly exposed. Southerly winds are also colder, and whip up large waves, adjacent project34. The remaining four streams are not validated and have with the wind driving wave spray inland (refer Figure 2.16). Southerly winds been located through a high level desktop and site observation exercise. generate wetter, colder environments, making pedestrians and cyclists more uncomfortable than the north-westerly winds. • Ngā Ūranga, Waitohi Stream: a permanent stream not included Hutt Aquifer within project. Protection Zone In the Wellington City Council District Plan Design Guidelines for Wind, the • Unnamed Stream: undetermined stream class. general effects of winds upon people are summarised as: • Unnamed Stream: undetermined stream class. • Unnamed Stream: a modified permanent stream, referred to as • 10 metres/second: generally the limit for comfort when standing or Gilberd Bush Stream in the project Ecological Assessment. Pito-One sitting for lengthy periods in open space. • Waihinahina Stream: a modified permanent stream, influenced by the • 15 metres/second: generally the limit of acceptability for comfort Horokiwi Quarry. whilst walking. • Unnamed Stream: undetermined stream class. • 18 metres/second: threshold of danger level. • Korokoro Stream: a permanent stream. • 23 metres/second: completely unsuitable for walking and assumed cycling. Other waterways (indicatively mapped in Figure 2.31) flow into the harbour over the escarpment, and are assumed to be associated with stormwater While there is no Project-specific wind data available, the Ngā Ūranga ki Ngā Ūranga flows from the urban areas above. Gorge Pito-One Project area is exposed to southerly winds over the Harbour. It is likely that wind speeds of over 18m/s will be experienced during a strong southerly. Design outcomes for the Project are to consider this and the Mokopuna Island opportunity to integrate sheltering elements, whilst ensuring good views and visibility. Matiu/ Somes Island

Figure 2.30 Hutt Aquifer Protection Zone. Source: Greater Wellington Regional Council Legend. Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Path Hutt Aquifer Protection Zone. Greater Wellington decision version Natural Resources Plan (2019)

30 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Coastal Processes 1:20,000 scale bar N 0m 200m 400m 1000m

Streams & Coastal Marine Area

Legend. Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One path Other waterways based on Pito-One desktop and site observations C Outlets - streams/stormwater B Honiana Te Permanent Stream Korokoro Puni Reserve River Classes (GWRC NRP Decisions Stream version) Class 2 Waihinahina Moderate gradient and steep Stream gradient coastal, hard sedimentary Gilberd Bush Stream Class 6 Low gradient, small Stream Catchments Catchments for Permanent Streams located within the Te Ara A Tupua site Other Stream Catchments

Note: Korokoro Stream is part of Schedule F1: Rivers and lakes with Te Whanganui a Tara (Wellington Harbour) significant indigenous ecosystems in the NRP (Decisions Version).

Permanent streams sourced from the project Ecological Assessment. A B C Outlets based on engineers survey.

Ngā Ūranga Stream / Waitohi Stream is not within the Ngā Ngā Ūranga Stream/ Ūranga ki Pito-One project area. Waitohi Stream

Figure 2.31 Streams and Coastal Marine Area.

Figure 2.32 Unnamed Stream with channel Figure 2.33 Unnammed Stream at Honiana Figure 2.34 Korokoro Stream looking structure located at Ch2360. Te Puni Reserve with a water main crossing it. upstream from existing shared path. Rail and Source: Isthmus Located at Ch 4500. Source: Isthmus services crossing. Source: Isthmus

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 31 Context

Ecology

Vegetation on the coastal shelf (SH2 and rail corridors Ecology Keeping the natural and coastal edge) is minimal due to the clearing and maintenance associated with the road and railway construction and upkeep. Naturalised coastal vegetation environment and features at Honiana Te Puni Reserve near the streams. Legend. Streams Class 2 Moderate gradient and kaitiakitanga top of The Project Ecological Assessment identifies 56 plant steep gradient coastal, hard species along the alignment, comprising 35 exotic and 21 sedimentary (GWRC) mind. native species. Native vegetation was generally found within Other waterways based on desktop and site observations areas of amenity roadside plantings, wilding along the road The ecological environment surrounding the Project area edges and where small headlands provided sufficiently sized WCC Draft SNA has been highly modified through past reclamation and platforms between the sea and the railway, such as at Rocky HCC SNR development to provide the road and rail infrastructure required 14 Point . Lizard Habitat in Honiana Te Puni Reserve between Wellington City and the Hutt Valley. However, diverse (project Ecologist Survey 2020) bird and marine habitats have endured along the coastal edge, In this broader area two native plant species are identified as Potential Lizard Habitat largely undisturbed by people or dogs because of limited Threatened or At Risk: Survey Locations (project Ecologist GIS access. • Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium var. scoparium) is Survey Data 2019) Ngā Ūranga identified as At Risk (declining). Sediment Quality Gorge Policies under the NZCPS require adverse and significant •P ohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) is identified as adverse biodiversity effects to be avoided including existing Threatened (Nationally Vulnerable). Subtidal Ecology high value, At Risk, and Threatened bird and marine habitats. Avifauna (Bird) Values the Habitat Supports The Project is required to actively avoid and minimise impact However, these species do not trigger any rarity criteria due (project Ecologist GIS Survey Data 2019) on these habitats and it offers an opportunity to improve the to the context in which they are found along the alignment15. High long term condition of the coastal edge through a naturalised Moderate approach and to introduce new terrestrial habitats and values Reptiles Low along this edge of Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara. Gravel beach Ngā Ūranga Stream/ Three species have been recorded within 2km of the Project Vegetation (LCDB v4.1)** Waitohi Stream alignment: Plants Low producing grassland • Northern grass skink (Oligosoma polychroma). Exotic forest • Ngahere gecko (Mokopirirakau sp. ‘Southern North Vegetation on the escarpment alongside the Project is broadly Gorse and or broom Island’). categorised as: gorse/broom (exotic weed species), exotic • Raukawa gecko (Woodworthia maculata). Broadleaved indigenous forest, and indigenous podocarp broadleaved forest12. Draft hardwoods Significant Natural Areas (SNA), have been identified over most Based on reptile habitat preferences, the Project alignment Schedule F4 (GWRC, PNRP) of the escarpment under the WCC proposed plan change and a provides potential habitat for northern grass skink and Korokoro Estuary Significant Natural Resource Site (SNR) has also been identified raukawa gecko, both of which are classified as Not **A classification of New Zealand’s terrestrial in the HCC plan (Figure 2.35). Threatened. ecosystems Figure 2.35 Terrestrial Ecology within the Nicholas J.D. Singers and Geoffrey M. Rogers Project area The draft SNA sites ( WC109) along the coastal escarpment Lizard habitat is limited to areas of vegetation which adjacent the Project are more than 100ha of nearly continuous provides cover (i.e. not mown grass) and artificial and natural forest between Wellington and the Hutt Valley, and contain rock/debris piles above high tide. Given the small size and several remnants of broadleaved forest, including tawa, isolated nature of these habitats it is expected that lizards rewarewa, hinau and kohekohe, and areas of mahoe forest. will be in low numbers if present at all within the existing The large area and diverse habitat make it home to a variety of alignment, however, there are opportunities to integrate native birds and lizards13. habitat in the design and enhance existing gravel and boulder field habitats at Honiana Te Puni Reserve. 32 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Figure 2.36 Reptiles recorded within 2km of Raki-tarutaru mokomoko Ngahere mokomoko Raukawa mokomoko the Project alignment. Oligosoma polychroma, Northern grass skink Mokopirirakau sp. ‘Southern North Island’, Woodworthia maculata, Raukawa gecko Northern grass skink: https://www.flickr.com/photos/121262944@ Ngahere gecko N04/45173204805 1:10,000 scale bar N Ngahere gecko: https://www.flickr.com/photos/151723530@ N05/41168363935/sizes/l/ 0m 100m 200m 500m Raukawa gecko: https://www.flickr.com/photos/151723530@ N05/42067335251/sizes/l/

Horokiwi Quarry

Te Ana Bay Paroro Bay Waihinahina Stream Karanga Point Tahataha Roa

Honiana Te Puni Reserve

Korokoro Stream Pito-One

Figure 2.37 Examples of appropriate coastal plant species for the Project. Image sources: http://www.cfgphoto.com/photo-29941.htm https://www.australianseed.com/shop/item/tetragonia-implexicoma- http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/plants-native- botanical-names-m-to-q/flax-mountain-phormium-cookianum.html http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/plants-native- botanical-names-m-to-q/muehlenbeckia-complexa-pohuehue.html Pohuehue Harakeke Kokihi Panahi Muehlenbeckia complexa, wire vine Phormium cookianum, coastal flax Tetragonia implexicoma, NZ spinach Calystegia soldanella, shore convolvulus

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 33 Context

Ecology

Birds Figure 2.38 Threatened or At Risk bird fluttering shearwater: https://www.flickr.com/ ed ed species along Te Ara Tupua. photos/mosesharold/32878689778/sizes/l/ en en at at re re Image sources: Variable oystercatcher: https://www.flickr.com/ Despite being a highly modified environment, coastal birds use the existing h h T photos/joerghempel/6710742395/sizes/l/ rock revetment, cobble/gravel/sand beaches and off shore outcrops T Caspian tern: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ almiyi/9534165426/sizes/l/ Black shag: https://www.flickr.com/ for nesting, roosting and foraging. The Project Ecological Assessment photos/156515825@N04/35369226473/ records 14 bird species on and adjacent to the alignment. Two species are Reef heron: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ sizes/l/ patrick_k59/40724593200/sizes/l/ classified as ‘Nationally Threatened’, eight species as ‘At Risk’, and four Little black shag: https://www.flickr.com/ species as ‘Not Threatened.’16 Red-billed gull: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ photos/mollivan_jon/21751480655/sizes/l/ kookr/14240404263/sizes/l/ white-fronted tern: https://www.flickr.com/ The black-backed gull, variable oystercatcher and little blue penguin have Pied shag: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ photos/scmscm2/33809137136/sizes/l/ volvob12b/9380796346/sizes/l/ been recorded nesting along the Project route. Northern blue penguin: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/pie4dan/3705981571/sizes/l/ Threatened Species: Mātukutuku Taranui •T aranui (Hydroprogne caspia), caspian tern. Egretta sacra sacra, Hydroprogne caspia, • Mātukutuku (Egretta sacra sacra), reef heron. Reef heron Caspian tern

At Risk Species: •K ororā (Eudyptula minor iredalei), northern blue penguin. •T arapunga (Laurus novaehollandiae scopulinus), red billed gull. •T ara (Sterna s. striata), white fronted tern. •K āruhiruhi (Phalacrocorax varius), pied shag. •T ōrea pango (Haematopus unicolor), variable oystercatcher. •P akahā (Puffinus gavia) fluttering shearwater. •K awau pū (Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae), black shag. •K awau tūī (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris), little black shag.

Not Threatened Species: Tarapunga •K awau paka (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevirostris), little shag. Kāruhiruhi Pakahā Tōrea pango Laurus novaehollandiae scopulinus Phalacrocorax varius varius, Puffinus gavia,fluttering shearwater Haematopus unicolor, variable •K aroro (Larus d. dominicanus), black-backed gull. Red-billed gull •P arekareka (Stictocarbo p. punctatus), spotted shag. Pied shag oystercatcher • Matuku moana (Egretta novaehollandiae), white-faced heron.

These species bring a focus to design measures required to actively avoid effects and ongoing habitat disturbance.

Kawau pū Kawau tūī Tara Kororā Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae, (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris), Sterna s. striata, Eudyptula minor iredalei, Black shag Little black shag white-fronted tern Northern blue penguin 34 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Stream Ecology & Habitat no habitat currently for native fish. The only stream habitat related to the Figure 2.39 At Risk freshwater fish species 19 observed within Korokoro Stream. NIWA FFDB coastal edge is the small reach above SH2 . Korokoro Stream is recognised for its high native fish values due to its Image sources: large and protected catchment. Historically this stream provided a rich An unnamed stream (although referred to as Gilberd Bush Stream in the bluegill bully: https://teara.govt.nz/en/ photograph/11120/bluegill-bully source of fresh water species and mahinga kai for nearby Pā including the Project Ecological Assessment) runs immediately south of Waihinahina delicacy lamprey eels, piharau. Stream. This is a very steep stream including waterfall sections. The long fin eel: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ alan_cressler/8374793183/sizes/l/ combination of the SH2 culvert, historic disturbances during earlier quarry Korokoro Stream (and tributaries) is listed as a waterway with significant activities, water falls, and historic piping mean fish passage has been kōaro: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ stephenmahony/25813890657/sizes/l/ indigenous ecosystems in Schedule F1 of Greater Wellington Regional obstructed for many years. While the habitat in the upper section has no Council’s decision version proposed Natural Resources Plan17. NIWAs fish potential, it remains a habitat of some quality for macroinvertebrate giant kōkopu: https://ourauckland. 20 aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/ freshwater fish database (FFDB) indicates the following fish species within communities . Gilberd Bush stream is not listed as a river with significant news/2017/06/giant-milestone-for-whitebait/ the Korokoro Stream, four of which are At Risk while the remaining nine indigenous ecosystems in Schedule F1 of the NRP (decisions version). species are Not Threatened18. Tōpūtea tāpihapiha-purū As mentioned in Coastal Processes on previous pages, there are various Gobiomorphus hubbsi, bluegill bully At Risk fish species within Korokoro Stream: un-named streams along the Project site. The Project Ecological •T una (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Longfin eel. Assessment suggests that most are unlikely to have any native fish •K ōkopu (Galaxias argenteus), Giant kōkopu. populations however, there is a possibility that banded kokopu or kōaro •K ōaro (Galaxias brevipinnis), Kōaro. might be present, however, passage to the sea is significantly interrupted • Inanga (Galaxiias maculatus). by the SH2 and rail culvert system. Design of the revetment and seawalls •T ōpūtea tāpihapiha-purū (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), Bluegill bully. have the opportunity to provide greater potential for fish passage by addressing the perched outfalls that are extended through the new Not Threatened fish and invertebrate species within Korokoro Stream: footprint. • Shortfin eel (Anguilla australis). •B anded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus). •C ommon bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus). •C ommon bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus). •R edfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni). •K oura (Paranephrops planifrons). Kōaro Kōkopu •C ommon smelt (Retropinna retropinna). Galaxias brevipinnis, kōaro Galaxias argenteus, giant kōkopu

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) is also present within Korokoro Stream.

The Project Ecological Assessment also identifies several areas suitable for inanga spawning habitat seaward of the train tracks.

Historically Waihinahina Stream (near Horokiwi) had a more open catchment with three gully tributaries combining to form a perennial stream and a series of waterfalls. Much of this system is now piped under the quarry. No fish remain in the middle and upper catchment and there is

Tuna Anguilla dieffenbachii, long fin eel

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 35 Context

Ecology

Marine Habitats Marine Ecology The marine environment along the foreshore of the Project area is and Habitats highly modified due to the historic dredging of the harbour and previous reclamation works (refer to Figure 2.65 and Figure 2.70). It is also subject to the impact of stormwater from SH2 and Horokiwi Quarry, which introduces Legend. sediment and contaminants to the coast during rainfall events via a Streams Class 2 Moderate gradient and number of stormwater discharge points. However, wave action generally steep gradient coastal, hard prevents sediment and contaminant build up at the immediate coastline.21 sedimentary (GWRC) Other waterways based on Ngā Ūranga desktop and site observations Gorge There are four marine habitats relevant to the Project area that are Mean High Water Springs identified in the respective schedules of the NRP (decision version) as outlined in the Project Ecological Assessment22. They are: Mean Low Water Springs 1m bathymetry contours • Korokoro Estuary (Schedule F4: Sites of significant indigenous 0m to -5m biodiversity values in the coastal marine area). -5m to -10m • Seal haulouts (Schedule F5: Habitats with significant indigenous -10m to -15m biodiversity values in the coastal marine areas). -15m to -20m Ngā Ūranga Stream/ Waitohi Stream • Macroalgae (Schedule F5: Habitats with significant indigenous -20m to -21m biodiversity values in the coastal marine areas). Marine Habitat (GIS data supplied by project • Subtidal rocky reefs (Schedule F5: Habitats with significant indigenous Ecologist, 2019 survey) biodiversity values in the coastal marine areas). Macroalgae 2019 Subtidal Ecology The subtidal habitat is less modified than the reclaimed foreshore, and Schedule F4 (GWRC, PNRP) as a result contains a higher diversity of species and habitat types. In the intertidal area, greater diversity was noted where there are natural rock Korokoro Estuary outcrops and open rip rap and large boulders in contrast to the existing Figure 2.40 Marine ecology within the concrete and stone inlaid sections of the sea wall. The rocks, gravels, sands Project area, Isthmus and sediments of both the intertidal and subtidal environment provide a range of habitats for a variety of marine life, including:

• A variety of algaes with macroalgae habitats across the submerged rocks reefs. • Shellfish species such as green-lipped mussel, kina and cockle. • Fish species such as kokopara (triplefin), blue cod, sting ray. •O ther species and macroinvertebrates such as tube worms, and cushion star, cats eyes, sea squirts and whelks.

Figure 2.41 Example of a gravel intertidal foraging habitat. Boffa Miskell

36 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 1:10,000 scale bar N 0m 100m 200m 500m

Horokiwi Quarry

Te Ana Bay Paroro Bay Karanga Point

Tahataha roa Waihinahina Stream

Honiana Te Puni Reserve

Korokoro Estuary

Figure 2.42 Sub-tidal photos by Boffa Miskell

Kina Rāwaru Pōrohe Kapu parahua Kaeo Evechinus chloroticus, sea urchin. Parapercis colias, blue cod Mytilus edulis, blue mussel Patiriella regularis, cushion star Cnemidocarpa bicornuta, sea squirt

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 37 Context

2.2 A Layered Cultural Landscape

The name Te Ara Tupua references the Project’s association with Ngāke and Whātaitai, the Tupua of Te Whanganui a Tara.

As recorded in the Project Cultural Impact Assessment by Morrie Love, this is an area with strong association with the Te Atiawa hapu of Ngāti Te Whiti, Ngāti Tawhirikura, and others of Te Atiawa nui tonu particularly those who were connected to Pito-One Pa and Ngā Ūranga Pā. The area has a rich and layered cultural history stemming from the creation of Aotearoa. This narrative and the Kaitiaki Strategy principles developed for the Project to realise its mana and mouri underpin the overall vision and design themes for the Project.

Early Māori History

“During the 1820s and 1830s, members of Te Āti Awa and other tribes left their Figure 2.43 Migration of Te Āti Awa and other tribes from Taranaki to Kapiti coast and Wellington harbour, Isthmus ancestral home in Taranaki and travelled south in four great migrations, finally reaching the Kapiti coast and Wellington Harbour. In 1832 the Te Āti Awa people from Ngāmotu moved south in considerable numbers. This migration was known as Te Heke Tamateuaua. Ngāti Tawhirikura were led by Tautara, Ruaukitua, Ngātata-i- te-rangi, Te Wharepōuri and Hēnare Te Keha. Also in the migration were the people of Ngāti Mutunga, led by the chiefs Rangiwāhia, Hautohoro, Onemihi, Te Ito from Waitara and Te Puponga (William Keenan) from New Plymouth.

After their journey from Taranaki, Te Āti Awa people from Ngāmotu settled first at Waikanae. The hapū (sub-tribe) Te Mana of Ngāti Mutunga were living at Pito-One (Petone) just north of Wellington, having arrived in a previous migration from Taranaki. They invited the Ngāmotu chiefs Te Puni, Te Wharepōuri, Te Matangi and his son Te Manihera Te Toru to settle with them there, since they were close kin. While the Ngāmotu people were in the Wairarapa, the situation along the Kapiti coast had deteriorated because of pressures on land, and old rivalries. Haowhenua, a long-running and inconclusive battle in 1834, saw another Taranaki migration, known as Paukena, arrive from Waitara. These Te Āti Awa people were led by Te Rangitāke (also known as Wiremu Kīngi). 23

Figure 2.44 Main settlements and natural features along Te Ara Tupua, Isthmus

38 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Te Ara Tupua Cultural Landscape

Legend. Old Trail to Takapu & Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Porirua Pito-One Path Indicative historic waka routes

Indicative historic land trails Streams Sites of significance to Tangata Whenua Indicative Kainga/ Villages/ Campsites

Battle Grounds

Significant high points Old Trail to Johnsonville Figure 2.45 Te Ara Tupua Cultural landscape, Isthmus

Sources: Wellington City District Plan Hutt City District Plan Lands and Survey dept, Wellington 1928

Ngāke and Whātaitai Tupua of Te Whanganui a Tara

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 39 Context

A Layered Cultural Landscape

The following text on A Layered Cultural Landscape has been extracted Pito-One Pā Ngā Ūranga Pā from the Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) by Morrie Love, unless otherwise stated. “A description of Pito – one Pa was given in the reminiscences of E “The old Pā site of Ngāuranga was connected strongly with other Pā Maxwell who knew this area in 1860 – early 1870s: around Te Whanganui a Tara (Wellington Harbour). Ngā Ūranga principally linked with Pito-One Pa and its people. Ngā Ūranga was the home of the Tangata Whenua at Pito-One and Ngā Ūranga “Pito-One when I first knew it was, with the exception of a Māori pa and old Paramount Chief Te Wharepōuri. His land interests went to Manihera one or two small cottages clustered near the site of the present railway Te Toru on his death in 1842 and leadership transferred to Honiana Te “To identify the tangata whenua who have a direct association with the Te station, a waste if sand, shingle, rushes, etc. The pa – Te Puni’s – stood Puni at Pito-One Pā. The Pā is also associated with Rawiri Te Motutere who Ara Tupua Project area, this CIA relies in part on the expert knowledge of at some distance in the direction of the river. It was a large palisaded pa, moved from his Pā, Koangaumu in Titahi Bay to Ngā Ūranga. the Waitangi Tribunal . Today, the descendants of the original inhabitants almost circular, I think. of Pito-One Pā and Ngā Ūranga Pā are from various hapū of Te Āti Awa. The whares inside were at least in curved lines. There were two Ngā Ūranga Pā had strong association with the Te Āti Awa and Ngāti They originate largely from Ngā Motu (New Plymouth) in Taranaki. entrances, one towards the west, the other on the opposite side looking Mutunga. The name was probably associated with the previous residents The people of Pito-One Pā and Ngā Ūranga Pā were predominantly from towards the river. The palisading was high and in sections between of Ngāti Ira. The name of the stream that came down the narrow and the Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura hapū of Te Āti Awa iwi. These much taller posts. These tall posts were carved, and those on either precipitous gully that is now the Ngā Ūranga gorge was Waitohi. In Māori hapū and whānau are all connected to Te Tatau o Te Po Marae and its side of the gateways were much more elaborately done, as also were times there was limited flat land for gardens giving way to the bush-clad associated urupā - Te Puni Urupa. Te Tatau o Te Po was built in 1933 the planks which formed the archways over the gate. There was a clear gully. Tuna (eels) were caught in weirs in the stream to supplement the between Hutt Road and the Melling Railway line close to what is now the road between the two entrances. On either side of this roadway were fish caught in the Harbour. The village at Ngā Ūranga had a population of Dowse Interchange. the large structures, and in curved rows behind them were the whares. 48 in a census in 1842 which was the year of Te Wharepōuri’s death and The pa when I went over it had the usual supply of Māori articles, when Tacy Kemp did his census in 1850 the population had dropped to Descendants of the original inhabitants of Pito-One Pā and Ngā Ūranga except that there was a most unusual number of large calabashes, far 34. Kemp noted that the people of the Pa were closely connected to the Pā are eligible by whakapapa to become registered members of the greater number that I have ever seen in any pa or kainga.” people of Pito-One Pa and after Te Wharepōuri’s death looked to Te Puni Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust (PNBST), the post settlement for leadership. The village degenerated rapidly after that time and land governance entity representing the interests of Taranaki Whānui ki te Colonel William Wakefield of the New Zealand Company has a house within disputes marked the future of the place. Upoko o te Ika (Taranaki Whānui).” the Pa palisades. The early New Zealand Company buildings were adjacent to the Pa. Although Pito-One was not the largest Pa around the harbour, it Ngā Ūranga or the resting place for waka, was also closely associated was very significant providing the home for Ngati Tawhirikura and Ngati Te with the island Matiu in the middle of the Harbour and the people had Whiti along with other Te Atiawa hapu.” connections with all of the sites along this part of the Harbour to Pito-One.”

Figure 2.46 Te Puni’s New Pā (Te Tatau-o-te-po). Behind the Pito-One Pā. By courtesy J. W. Marshall

Figure 2.47 (Far right) Shows the canoe monument to Te Wharepōuri on flat land at the mouth of Ngā Ūranga stream, beside Ngā Ūranga Pā.

Brees, Samuel Charles, 1810?-1865. [Brees, Samuel Charles] 1810-1865 :[Ngā Ūranga gorge and stream. ca 1843]. Ref: B-031-008. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / records/22873774

40 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Honiana Te Puni and Te Wharepōuri

“Honiana Te Puni was a Te Āti Awa chief of high lineage who was descended from Takarangi and Rau-Mahora. His own father was Rerewha-i-te-Rangi, son of Aniwaniwa and Tawhirikura, the originators of the Tawhirikura subtribe of Te Ati Awa. His mother was Te Puku. Te Puni lived at Pukeariki Pā, New Plymouth, and took part in the successful defence of Otaka against the Waikato. Later he accompanied the followers of Wharepōuri, Rawa-Kitua, and Ngatata, southward in the “heke” Tama te Uaua.

His people settled in the neighbourhood of Cook Strait or Whanganui-a- Tara and, by about 1832, he was fully established at his pa on the beach at “Pito-One”, now known as Petone. In 1840 Te Wharepōuri and Te Puni welcomed the first New Zealand Company pioneers to Port Nicholson. Soon after, Te Puni was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi and the deed of purchase of the land about Wellington. He died on 5 December 1870 and was accorded a State funeral with full military honours24.

Te Wharepōuri was born in Taranaki, the son of Te Whiti and Hine-te-Uru. He was a grandson of Te Whitikatura by his principal wife, Rongouaroa, and was thus a senior chief of the Ngāti Tawhirikura branch of Te Āti Awa, being senior to his cousins Makore Ngātata-i-te-rangi and Te Puni. He was also closely related to Te Whiti, the prophet of Parihaka.

Te Wharepōuri fought at Motunui in 1822 and in the defence of Pukerangiora. In 1826 he served with Whatanui’s taua against the Ngāti Kahungunu. He was one of the Te Āti Awa party when Te Karawa was killed at Pūtiki Pā by the Ngāti Ruanui and joined the party of Waikatos under Te Waharoa, Tarapipipi, and Naera, whom Ngātata summoned to avenge this insult.

Te Wharepōuri’s last years were burdened by serious illness and he died at Ngā Ūranga on 22 November 1842. On his deathbed he is said to have advised his successor, Te Puni, “Muri nei ki aku taonga Māori ki aku taonga Figure 2.48 Te Wharepōuri gesturing with a mere in his right hand, the Tory behind him and a Figure 2.49 Honiana Te Puni standing, with full facial moko, clad in a dogskin cloak and holding rowboat with four men being rowed towards the ship. A Māori canoe and several men are shown a taiaha in his right hand. Behind him is Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, with two Māori Pakeha” (“Care for my Māori and European people when I am gone”) Te behind Te Wharepōuri on the left. by the shore to the left, and Pito-One Pā, a canoe and a flagpole with the New Zealand Company Wharepōuri was buried at Pito-One and a cenotaph was erected to his flag on the right. The western Hutt hills are in the background. memory” 25 [Heaphy, Charles] 1820-1881 :Warepori or “Dark house”. Day & Haghe. [London, Smith, Elder 1845]. Wakefield, Edward Jerningham 1820-1879 :Illustrations to “Adventure in New Zealand”. [Heaphy, Charles] 1820-1881 :Epuni or “Greedy”. Day & Haghe. [London, Smith, Elder 1845]. Lithographed from original drawings taken on the spot by Mrs Wicksteed, Miss King, Mrs Fox, Wakefield, Edward Jerningham 1820-1879 :Illustrations to “Adventure in New Zealand”. Mr John Saxton, Mr Charles Heaphy, Mr S. C. Brees and Captain W. Mein Smith. London, Smith Lithographed from original drawings taken on the spot by Mrs Wicksteed, Miss King, Mrs Fox, Elder & Co, 1845.. Ref: PUBL-0011-02-1. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / Mr John Saxton, Mr Charles Heaphy, Mr S. C. Brees and Captain W. Mein Smith. London, Smith records/22308729 Elder & Co, 1845.. Ref: PUBL-0011-02-2. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / records/22314439

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 41 Context

A Layered Cultural Landscape

Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o Te Ika The Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust (PNBST) was established Honiana Te Puni Reserve in August 2008 to receive and manage the Taranaki Whānui Treaty “At the time of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (6 February 1840), the settlement package as well as social, cultural, economic and environmental The Honiana Te Puni Reserve was vested in the Trustees of the PNBST iwi (tribes) living in the Te Whanganui a Tara (Wellington Harbour) area interests of Taranaki Whānui. Taranaki Whānui, as a part of their Treaty by section 60 of the Port Nicholson Block (Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o originated from the Taranaki region of the North Island. The collective Settlement has a Statutory Acknowledgement over Te Whanganui a te Ika) Claims Settlement Act 2009. The reserve is designated as a Local name given to these iwi is Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika (Taranaki Tara (the Harbour), the CMA and holds significant cultural interests in Purpose Reserve under the Reserves Act 1977 and it is managed by Hutt Whānui). Their occupation at the time and continued residence attributes all waterways and the wider environment throughout the Te Ara Tupua City Council. A management plan for the Reserve has yet to be developed Taranaki Whānui the rights and duties of mana whenua – traditional Project area. post settlement however ideas around what the long-term future might be guardians of Te Whanganui a Tara and associated lands. have been discussed over the years since 2009. Ngāti Toa Rangatira Taranaki Whānui are mana whenua of the Te Whanganui a Tara area. The significance of the Honiana Te Puni Reserve for Te Āti Awa-Taranaki The iwi that make up Taranaki Whānui migrated to the Wellington area The Ngāti Toa Rangatira area of interest spans the Cook Strait. It covers Whānui and the hapū of Ngāti Te Whiti and Ngāti Tawhirikura (associated in the 1820s through to 1830s. Since that period, Taranaki Whānui have the lower North Island from the Rangitikei in the north and includes the with Pito-One Pā and Te Tatau o Te Pō) is that the area was part of the maintained ahi kā (permanent occupation). Taranaki Whānui established Kāpiti Coast, Hutt Valley, and Wellington areas, as well as Kāpiti and Mana whole environs of Pito-One Pā with gardens and burial grounds in the kāinga and papakāinga around the Wellington Harbour (and other areas). Islands. It includes large areas of the Marlborough Sounds and much of locality. The traditional kāinga, papakāinga, māra kai (gardens) mahinga kai (food the northern South Island. Ngāti Toa Rangatira’s area of interest is about 4 gathering areas) and other sites of cultural significance have now been million hectares in total. The foreshore and seabed in the vicinity were equally significant for the Pā largely subsumed by urban development. Yet, Taranaki Whānui remain. environs both for mahinga kai purposes as well as for swimming and waka Migration has meant that Taranaki Whānui are now a minority within their The Ngāti Toa Rangatira Treaty Settlement, also provides a Statutory activity. tribal takiwā (area). Taranaki Whānui are still the mana whenua. Taranaki Acknowledgement over Te Whanganui a Tara. Ngāti Toa Rangatira’s claims Whānui are those people who descend from one or more of the recognised relate primarily to the loss of land and resources in both the South and This area was probably significant as a local fishery for the Pā and Kainga, tīpuna (ancestor) of: North Islands, their exclusion from the Tenths estates in both islands, and however it deteriorated rapidly with colonisation and particularly with the the loss of the iwi’s maritime empire. The Crown has recognised its actions arrival of industries at Korokoro, including the Pito-One Woollen Mills, • Te Āti Awa; undermined the maritime authority exercised by Ngāti Toa over the Cook the Pito-One Railway workshop and then the Gear Meat Company. Water • Taranaki; Strait region in the 1800s, including the iwi’s authority over sea trading quality in the Korokoro Stream and Te Tuarā-whati–o-Te Mana Stream was • Ngāti Ruanui; routes and the whaling industry in that area. largely good from the undeveloped catchment to where it discharged on • Ngāti Tama; the flats close to the Harbour but quality deteriorated rapidly through the • Ngāti Mutunga; and The claims also relate to the Crown’s land purchasing policies which led industrial area. The Korokoro Stream provided the early water supply for • Other iwi from the Taranaki area. to the loss of virtually all of the iwi’s extensive lands in both islands and Pito-One Town as it developed from 1840.” include the Crown’s failure to set aside adequate reserves and to ensure As mana whenua of the Capital City of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Taranaki that the iwi retained sufficient lands for their future needs. Whānui’s vision is to ensure that their members not only maintain their place within the takiwā (tribal area), but, are thriving and prospering. The The iwi’s longstanding grievances include the Crown’s deliberate loss of land and the fragmentation of Taranaki Whānui descendants and undermining of Ngāti Toa’s authority, the undertaking of a coercive whānau over the decades creates significant challenges as they seek to military campaign against the tribe and their chiefs, Te Rauparaha and restore the rightful place of their members and descendants within their Te Rangihaeata, the kidnapping and detention of Te Rauparaha, and takiwā. The tribal takiwā (area) of Taranaki Whānui, extends from Pipinui to the sale of land under duress while the chief was detained. The Crown Remutaka, down to Turakirae, across to Rimurapa and back up to Pipinui. has acknowledged that its detention of Te Rauparaha without trial for 18 Taranaki Whānui has overlapping interests with Ngāti Toa Rangatira, months was a breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. Rangitāne o Wairarapa and Ngāti Kahungunu ki Wairarapa.

42 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 2.3 A Connected Urban Landscape

Prior to the introduction of motorised transport, the communities of Ngā The coastal edge of Ūranga and Pito-One were well connected with the coastal environment and relied on this coastline for trade, transport and to gather kai moana, Te Ara Tupua has a long using the sheltered waters to access the wider harbour and its resources. Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One was well established as an important path and connection between settlements prior to European arrival. A key outcome history of providing of the Project is to re-establish these connections for mana whenua and important connections the wider community. along Te Whanganui a Tara. European Settlement and Transport

Once navigated by waka and on foot via a narrow coastal track, the 1855 Having arrived in Te Whanganui a Tara, Port Nicholson, early in 1839, Wairarapa Earthquake set the stage for the area’s transition to a motorised William Wakefield, the company’s New Zealand agent, began exploring Te Figure 2.50 Lithograph of a drawing by Charles Heaphy, printed in about 1843, was based on Awa Kairangi, Hutt Valley, in search of more land. This being the start of charts and drawings made by E.G. Wakefield in 1839. It shows an aerial view of the harbour from transport corridor and accelerated urban growth in the Hutt Valley, Te Awa south of Wellington Heads, with Pencarrow Head at right foreground. Kairangi. events that resulted in the sale of land known as the Port Nicholson Block linked to Taranaki Whānui ancestors Honiana Te Puni and his cousin Te Heaphy, Charles, 1820-1881. [Heaphy, Charles] 1820-1881 :Birdseye view of Port Nicholson, in Wharepōuri who resided at Pito-One and at Ngā Ūranga. These ancestors New Zealand. Drawn, lithographed by T. Allom [from a drawing by Charles Heaphy]. Printed by are credited with meeting Wakefield on his arrival on the first ship, Tory, of Hullmandel & Walton. London, Published by Trelawney Saunders, [1843?]. Ref: C-029-006-b. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22875686 being central to the Port Nicholson negotiations, and both signatories to Early Connections the Treaty of Waitangi.

Mana Whenua Connections Early in 1840 the first six immigrant ships arrived off Pito-One, Petone. With the assistance of mana whenua, they built their first settlement Following early years of travel and trade by iwi groups arriving in along the foreshore, called Britannia, which, although moved across to the harbour, the coastal edge along the base of the escarpment was Thorndon within months due to flooding, heralded a rapid increase in established as an important route and ‘interchange’ between the land and transport connections along the Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One edge of the sea. With waka landing sites, ūranga, established in the area known as Ngā harbour and population growth. Following a number of conflicts with Ūranga and Pito-One, and a narrow path set to the coastal shelf, the route government forces through the late 1840s the Hutt Valley grew as a linked trails to and from Poneke, Wellington City, Porirua via Waitohi and farming and horticultural district. Over the next few decades settlers Korokoro Stream and Te Awa Kairangi, Hutt Valley along with inland routes cleared the forest and built townships at Upper Hutt, Lower Hutt and to Kapiti and the Wairarapa. Increased use of the land based route followed Pito-One and traditional kainga, Pā sites were lost. In these early years of more permanent settlement of Taranaki Whānui at Ngā Ūranga and European settlement, and prior to the Wairarapa earthquake of 1855, the Pito-One, at Te Tatau o Te Pō, Te Puni and Pito-One Pā near Korokoro. As main transport routes continued to be sea and river based, or on narrow a strategic link to the larger Pā in Te Aro and Pipitea, and routes through rough tracks. The Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One coastline continued to provide to Porirua and the Hutt Valley, Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One also formed part a sheltered connection for smaller boats and on land, a narrow track for of the network of food gathering areas, freshwater and harbour based horse and cart. Through this period, the Hutt River, Te Awa Kairangi, was mahinga kai, with defensive strongholds on Matiu/Somes Island and the main highway into the valley, as it continued to be navigable up to Figure 2.51 A settler’s cottage with thatched roof and chimney close to the shore. The view looks lookouts on the escarpment. east towards the Eastern hills. The palisade of Pito-One Pa is beyond the house. A flax is in the Heretaunga, Upper Hutt prior to the 1855 quake. foreground.

Swainson, William, 1789-1855. Swainson, William, 1789-1855 :[Thatched cottage and pa beside the sea, Petone Beach, ca 1845]. Ref: A-023-013. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23045130

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 43 Context

Transport Connections Post Quake

The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake is the most severe earthquake in New Figure 2.52 Diagram showing uplift Zealand’s, since records have been kept, with an estimated strength experienced along 26 the coastline of the of 8.2 on the Richter scale . The shock was felt across the majority of Wellington Region New Zealand with severe damage noted across the Wellington Region, during the 1855 quake. Whanganui and south Kaikoura. It generated New Zealand’s largest locally- Isthmus sourced tsunami, with shops along Lambton Quay (which was beachfront at the time, prior to land reclamation) inundated with water.

This earthquake changed the landscape of the Wellington Region and its coastline dramatically with a maximum uplift of 6.4 metres near Turakirae Head, east of Wellington. The maximum horizontal movement along the fault was approximately 18 metres. Globally, this is the largest displacement along a vertical fault line ever recorded27.

There were a number of noticeable changes to the coastline between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One. The land rose by 1-1.5m, presenting new beach and rock platforms along the shore which created natural routes for road and rail to be developed in the following years. Parts of this coastal route had previously been impassable at high tide. The earthquake also triggered extensive landslides, one of which blocked road access between Wellington and Pito-One (Figure 2.54). The slip remnant along the Hutt Road is still visible today (Figure 2.53).

The uplifted platforms were quickly realised as an opportunity for more significant reclamation projects around the harbour, including between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One, providing for road and rail links to change the way people moved around the harbour. As a consequence, this also severed links and direct physical access between the wider community and the coastal environment along this part of the harbour.

The proposed footprint for the Project is to return public access and, as a result, will consider resilience for motorised transport (refer to Project Objectives in Section 1)

Figure 2.53 Existing remnant of the 1855 landslip depicted in Charles Emilius Gold’s Figure 2.54 Gold, Charles Emilius, 1809-1871. [Gold, Charles Emilius] 1809-1871 painting, above, 2019. Isthmus :Landslip caused by earthquake near Wellington N. Zealand Jan 1855. Ref: B-103-016. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / records/22330780

44 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Porirua

Tawa Urban Settlement & Growth

Lower N Hutt During the last half of the 19th century Wellington grew rapidly. In 1867 Legend. Johnsonville there were 7,460 residents. By the end of the century Wellington was a Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Pito-One 28 city with a population of 49,344 . One reason was the vision of Julius Path Pito-One Vogel, a leading politician of New Zealand from 1870 to 1876. He borrowed Pā Locations, (WCC and HCC District Pā to fund public works, especially new roads and railways, and encouraged plans) Region Population Khandallah immigration. The Workers’ Dwelling Act 1905 saw the first state houses to Development Timeline (approx) Ngā Ūranga be built in New Zealand, in Pito-One. Pā 1840s 1,000 people 1850s 4,516 people Increased immigration, which included growing numbers of rural Māori, Te Whanganui a Tara Wainuiomata raised the demand for housing. With Wellington city running out of room 1915 70,729 people (Wellington Harbour) for new accommodation, the government looked to the Hutt Valley. In the 1979 327,414 people Karori 1940s it built three state housing suburbs – Epuni, Naenae, and Taitā – for Present Day 500,000 people Wellington 20,000 people. A new suburban rail line connected people to workplaces Wellington’s Urban Growth Plan (2015) City Eastbourne further down the valley and in Wellington. Joining the housing boom, the Identified Urban Areas Wellington City Council built high-rise apartment blocks for single people Hutt City’s Urban Growth Strategy (2014) Miramar and couples. And in 1959 Wellington’s new airport opened at Rongotai. Identified greenfield development areas Identified areas for housing infill In the 1990s further growth was fuelled by economic deregulation and a desire by some to be close to city amenities and culture. In 1991 there were Identified areas for low rise apartments 29 136,911 residents; by 2013 the city’s population had reached 190,959. Figure 2.55 Existing and planned urban growth areas for Wellington and surrounding areas

Existing Services Legend. N Services Pito-One (GIS data provided by project Engineer) Water Honiana Te Existing services found within the vicinity the Project are a result of urban Stormwater Puni Reserve growth, with denser networks of services located where housing and Wastewater industrial or commercial developments are clustered (Figure 2.56). In a Gas practical sense, due to existing services locations, the options to provide Outlets - streams/stormwater Karanga water fountains and toilets along the Project are limited. Point

Stormwater from SH2 is collected on the escarpment side of the road and is then piped into the harbour through various outlets along the seawall. Stormwater through the rail corridor is drained directly through the ballast and into the harbour. Stormwater at Honiana Te Puni Reserve generally flows directly to land with several wider network outlets located along the coastal edge.

While there are existing public toilets just outside Honiana Te Puni Reserve The Wellington Water Ski Club building does not have a waste water This drawing has been prepared to support Notices of Requirement connection. The building operates on a septic tank system along with and resource consent applications. All information including areas and mains water. measurements are indicative, are subject to detailed design and final Ngā Ūranga survey, and may change. Figure 2.56 Existing services

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 45 Context

Transport Connections & Reclamation

Ngā Ūranga

A

Tahataha roa

Ngā Ūranga Stream/ Waitohi Stream Transport & Reclamation Timeline

1842-1855 1855 Early 1870s The road from Thorndon to Pito-One was Wairarapa Earthquake uplift Reclamation for the Wellington-Wairarapa maintained with the construction of sea walls causing natural reclamation rail line as far as Pito-One, which opened in 1874 1848 1870 1881-1887 1890

A B A

Figure 2.57 This 1848 drawing by William Swainson, with a Māori figure Figure 2.58 Ngā Ūranga on the Hutt Road showing single rail line and Figure 2.59 Coastline by Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, Figure 2.60 Cobb & Co coaches, with passengers, on Ngā Ūranga standing and two sitting, shows a track leading around the west coast of coach road with the Hutt Road and the Wellington to Pito-One railway line. Gorge, Wellington, circa 1890s. Taken by an unidentified photographer Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, and birds roosting on natural Photograph taken circa 1881-1887 by William Williams. outcrops Ref: PAColl-1574-16. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Ref: 1/2-003781-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. Zealand. /records/23104336 Ref: 1/1-025722-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22577203 Swainson, William, 1789-1855. Swainson, William, 1789-1855 :Entrance /records/22900811 to the Hutt Valley, Torarua Mountain. 23 Sept. 1848.. Ref: A-187-030. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22731008

46 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Legend. Note: This diagram is illustrative only; it provides approximations of past reclamations based on historic maps, reports, aerials, and photos. pre 1848 - Historic Shoreline Horokiwi Quarry 1855 Earthquake uplift 1874 Single railway & road 1903 Rail & road expansion 1920-1930 Dredging area B 1951 Pito-One Overbridge reclamation 1960 Kaiwharawhara-Ngā Ūranga Motorway reclamation 1965-1987 Approximate area of clean spoil dumping and reclamation by Wellington Harbour Board C Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One proposed footprint Rocky Point/ Karanga Point A Approximate Image Locations

Figure 2.65 Reclamation diagram of Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One.

Honiana Te Puni Reserve

Max dredged depth 25 feet (7.5m)

Max dredged depth 40 feetMax (12m) dredged depth 30 feet (9m)

Area dredged from 45 to 40 feet (14m - 12m) below L.W 1904 1951 Additional reclamation for the Reclamation for Pito-One Overbridge Hutt Road and Railway began

1908 1920-1930 1924 approx 1950

B B C

Figure 2.61 View of a train rounding Rocky Point in 1908 after the track Figure 2.62 Dredging plan for the dredging carried out in the late Figure 2.63 Road, Rail and Sea. A scene on the Wellington-Hutt Road Figure 2.64 The railway tracks running alongside the Hutt Road and was moved nearer the harbour following further reclamation, between 1920’s and early 1930’s off Pito-One Foreshore. Approximate area of during the eight-oar race for the New Zealand Rowing Championships. Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara, showing the equipment Wellington and Pito-One. dredged material 532ha. Note people using the path between the road and the railway line. which electrified the Hutt line.

Ref: APG-0311-1/2-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Ref: The Characteristics of the Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer beneath Railway Publicity photo - courtesy Morrie Love Electrification of the Hutt railway line. Evening post (Newspaper. Zealand. /records/23188366 Wellington Harbour including the Spatial Distribution and Causes of 1865-2002) :Photographic negatives and prints of the Evening Post Submarine Spring Discharge. thesis submitted to Victoria University of newspaper. Ref: 114/179/20-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Wellington as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of New Zealand. /records/23014354 Master of Science (Honours) in Physical Geography by Steven James Harding

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 47 Context

Transport Connections & Reclamation

Historic Dredging Figure 2.70 Dredging plan for the dredging carried out in the late Extensive dredging of material took place offshore from Pito-One in the 1920’s and early 1930’s overlaid on an aerial to late 1920s to early 1930s to be used as fill for the Thorndon Container show extent. Terminal. Exact locations of the dredging are not known, however historic Wellington Harbour Board reports note that the dredging was largely concentrated at the Hutt River mouth30.

The adjacent historic map overlaid on an aerial (Figure 2.70) supports this, suggesting dredging may have taken place in close proximity to the Project area towards Horokiwi. According to the historic dredging map the approximate area of dredged material was 532 hectares.

1960-1966 1965-1970 1974-1987 1978-1979 2020- Reclamation for Kaiwharawhara - Korokoro was site for Illegal reclamation at Korokoro. Completed Reclamation from Ngā Ūranga to Pito-One Proposed Ngā Ūranga ki Ngā Ūranga Motorway, impacting the dumping of clean spoil by Wellington Harbour Board. for rail access and protection Pito-One path separated path south of Pito-One interchange 1960 1978 1990 2019

Figure 2.66 Traffic congestion on Hutt Road 1960 Figure 2.67 Evening Post reporter Karen Brown cycling on a bicycle Figure 2.68 Motorcyclists coming en mass onto the Wellington Figure 2.69 Artist Impression of gathering space along the Te Ara path between Kaiwharawhara and Pito-One on SH2, Wellington. The Motorway at Pito-One. Photographed by Evening Post staff Tupua path with a rowing event in the distance. Mackay King. K E Niven and Co :Commercial negatives. Ref: 1/2- path is strewn with litter and disused railway and highway equipment. photographer Mark Coote on the 3rd of December 1990. The purpose of the ride was to collect Christmas toys for children. 214485-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / records/22908013 Photograph taken by John Nicholson. Dominion post (Newspaper): Photographic negatives and prints of the Evening Post and Dominion Motorcyclists coming en mass onto the motorway at Pito-One - newspapers. Ref: EP/1978/3215/29. Alexander Turnbull Library, Photograph taken by Mark Coote. Dominion post (Newspaper): Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22716426 Photographic negatives and prints of the Evening Post and Dominion newspapers. Ref: EP/1990/4170/29A-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22318867

48 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Existing Coastal Edge Condition

Figure 2.71 Rock embedded seawall. Figure 2.72 Sloped rock revetment including building rubble Figure 2.73 Remnant of existing headland at Rocky Point. Figure 2.74 Existing natural features along the coastal edge - gravel beaches and off shore reefs with outcrops visible above low tide.

Historic Road, Rail and Reclamation

The 1855 earthquake created significant uplift of land in the Project area, providing natural reclamation and opportunity for a wider, more reliable coach road which was available at all times, regardless of the tides.

As urban growth and industry developed at both Pito-One and Wellington, demand saw a single railway line constructed alongside the coach road in 1874 with the first commuting trains running in 1899 and double track lines opened following more significant reclamation in the early 1900s. This project saw 124 acres of harbour reclaimed, and in turn also created a widened road between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One31.

In the 1950s and 1960s, further reclamation of the harbour took place at the southern end of the Project area, to facilitate the construction of the Pito-One Overbridge and the Kaiwharawhara to Ngā Ūranga Motorway.

These various historic reclamation projects have created a highly modified coastal edge along the full length of Figure 2.75 Existing seawall along the eastern coastal edge of Honiana Figure 2.76 Existing gravel beach and stream along the western the Project between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One (see above figures) combining various sloped rock revetment and Te Puni Reserve. coastal edge of Honiana Te Puni Reserve. vertical rock embedded concrete seawalls with little of the original shoreline remaining. The area known as Rocky Point, where the rail Signal Box building is located, is the only natural headland to be retained along this coastal edge.

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 49 Context

Transport Patterns Today

Existing Shared Path Connections Refer to Figure 2.77 for locations of recreational walking tracks near the Cyclists and pedestrians will be able to access Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One via project area. Refer to Figure 1.3 and 1.4 in Introduction Section for regional commuter train services at either the Ngā Ūranga station or the Pito-One The number of cyclists and pedestrians travelling between Ngā Ūranga cycleway connections. station interchange (although bicycles are not currently able to bring bikes and Pito-One is increasing. Existing cyclists, including recent growth in onto trains during peak commuter times). micromobility options, either travel directly alongside SH2, using a varied Road width shoulder, or on a narrow shared path, between the road and the Ferry rail when southbound. This path ends some 950m south of the Pito-One The section of SH2 between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One runs along the The East by West Ferry transports passengers between Queens Wharf, Matiu interchange, forcing all onto the shoulder of the highway. Cyclists travelling base of the escarpment. It provides for two lanes of 100km/hr traffic each Somes Island, Seatoun Wharf and Days Bay Wharf. On weekdays, the ferry is north to Pito-One or further afield, currently use the highway shoulder. way, and connects to the Ngā Ūranga Interchange at the southern end, a popular commute method for Eastbourne residents that work in Wellington and the Pito-One Interchange at the northern end of the project area. CBD and runs with a reduced service in weekends and on public holidays. The existing path connection from the Pito-One railway station to Honiana This highway is a key connection between Wellington and the Hutt valley, Combined with the proposed Eastern Bays shared path project this service Te Puni Reserve is under the Pito-One interchange. This path links into Wairarapa and beyond, making it a critical lifeline for the region. There are provides further multi-mode options for cyclists and pedestrians to travel the existing reserve access road in the vicinity of the Ski Club building and known congestion issues on this road and Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One will around the harbour. the zig zag path up onto the interchange and SH2 southbound route. The provide an alternative safe commuting option. proposed Path will connect with the P2M section of Te Ara Tupua to the Aircraft the north of the interchange, beyond the existing timber decked bridge Rail and bus services Flights in and out of the Wellington Airport number approximately 250 per day over Korokoro Stream. The Projects proposed connections to Honiana Te and track directly over the Project area (Figure 2.78). With the airport located Puni Reserve, Pito-One foreshore and the Pito-One Esplanade will be made Rail services through the Project area include the Hutt Valley commuter alongside the WCC cycling and walking project Tahitai, also part of the The in the vicinity of the existing shared path connection and reconfigured and Wairarapa passenger and freight line with 137,000 passenger Great Harbour Way vision, Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One is positioned as part of a access lane over the Korokoro Stream bridge within the reserve. boardings each week32 and freight connections to the Port of Napier. multi-modal network, contributing to a well connected city and region.

The level of service and safety concerns associated with the existing connections is the primary driver for the Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One, Te Ara Tupua project. Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One is the missing link in the overall programme (refer to Introduction in section 1), with connections into the wider Wellington City and Hutt Valley cycling and walking networks. It will C B also form part of the community vision for Te Aranui o Poneke (The Great A Harbour Way), as will the proposed Eastern Bays shared path project from D Pt Howard to Eastbourne. Pito-One Ngā Ūranga With few alternatives for flat road riding in the Wellington region, current recreational cycling users include sports cyclists, triathletes and cycle tourists. The Project is to provide a much safer alternative route for these and other cyclists groups as well as providing for a commuting option. Recreation tracks with links to Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One include Approximate Walking Times Approximate Cycling Times the Korokoro Stream entrance to Belmont Regional Park via the Pito-One Figure 2.77 Approximate walking and cycling times between Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One Easy Walking Speed - 12 minutes per kilometre (5kph) Easy Cycling Speed - 4 minutes per kilometre (15kph) 20 minute return walk from Ngā Ūranga Train 5 minute return cycle from Ngā Ūranga Train Station Train Station and the Pito-One foreshore, and Te Awa Kairangi and the A Station A 40 minute return walk from Ngā Ūranga Train Remutaka Rail Trail that will be linked to the path through Honiana Te B B 15 minute return cycle from Ngā Ūranga Train Station Puni Reserve and the Pito-One foreshore. The recently extended Te Ara Station Paparārangi tracks, located directly above Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One, can be C 40 minute return walk from Korokoro C 15 minute return cycle from Korokoro accessed via Ngā Ūranga Gorge and several road ends in the suburb of D 2 hour return walk from Ngā Ūranga Train Station D 40 minute return cycle from Ngā Ūranga Train Station Newlands including the elevated Waihinahina Park. Pito-One Railway Station to Wellington Railway Station Cycling 40 minutes easy pace Walking 2.5 hours easy pace

50 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 N

Regional Transport Connections

Lower Hutt

Legend. Johnsonville Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Path Pito-One Roads Great Harbour Way / Te Aranui o Pōneke Railway Ngā Ūranga Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Urban Area Pito-One Ferry Connection Khandallah Matiu/ Bus routes Wainuiomata Somes Island Wellington International Airport Airspace Designation (WCC District Plan) Takeoff and Approach Fans Te Whanganui a Tara Wellington International Airport (Wellington Harbour)

Figure 2.78 Regional transport connections. Makaro/ Ward Island Eastbourne Wellington Refer to Figure 1.3 and 1.4 in City Introduction for regional cycle connections.

Miramar

Raukawa Moana (Cook Strait)

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 51 Context

Recreation & Existing Access to the Coast

The Harbour Access & Recreation As one of the most sheltered areas of the harbour during northerly winds, the harbour directly near Te Ara Tupua adjacent to the Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One is particularly popular for waka ama, rowing, as well as water skiing, wakeboarding (and other watersports) and some fishing. These watersport have been a feature of the area for many years, as demonstrated by historic photographs, including that of the Legend. Interprovincial Eights Race in 1933, in Figure 2.81. Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki The Wellington Water Ski Club is currently located in Honiana Te Puni Reserve, and the Wellington Pito-One Path Wellington CBD to Ngā Ūranga Rowing Association’s boat shed is also on nearby adjacent NZ Tranpsort Agency land. These WCC, Section - opened 2018 clubs launch their boats off the beach to the west of Korokoro Stream. Because the launch site is a Pito-One to Melling Section, gravel beach there is a limit to the size of boat capable of launching, restricting its use to relatively Waka Kotahi, under construction small boats. A main rowing course which is used for training and regattas starts approximately half WCC Reserves Tyers Stream 6 way along the proposed path (in line with the ūranga named Parororangi Point) and extends to GWRC Open Spaces/Reserves Reserve Honiana Te Puni Reserve. Honiana Te Puni Reserve Other recreational activities (such as fishing, diving and snorkelling) that take place along/ near WCC Tracks (Shared Use) this coastal edge have generally been limited by the lack of access to the coastal edge between 1 Te Ara Papārangi Ngā Ūranga and Pito-One. 2 Te Ara Papārangi ki te Tonga The Foreshore 3 Waihinahina Reserve Track Honiana Te Puni Reserve is a popular recreational beach and grassed area, with a dog exercise area. There are walking tracks which connect through to the Pito-One Foreshore, large parking 4 Brandon’s Rock Walkway areas and a public toilet facility. In windy or cold southerly weather the carparks are often used as a 5 Gilberd Bush Reserve Track lookout space, with people taking refuge in their vehicles to appreciate the harbour outlook. When 6 Wakely Road Shared Path historic steam trains are scheduled, it is also common to see enthusiasts parked at the western HCC Tracks extent of the reserve. 7 Korokoro Stream Track The Project provides an opportunity to enhance existing recreational uses, including popular 8 Wool mill workers track micromobility options, including access to the coast, improve safety and provide for new uses A such as for spectators and events. The Project also provides an opportunity to improve recreation Other Tracks facilities at Honiana Te Puni Reserve. Identified through Land Shared Path Bridge Information New Zealand at Ngā Ūranga Ngā Ūranga Railway As a summary of the sites context, Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One consists of four main landscape Station components when reading the landscape from land to sea. As depicted in the artistic section below these are: • A steep escarpment, aligned southwest to northeast. Figure 2.79 Access and recreation near • A coastal shelf along the which the transport corridor is located. Te Ara Tupua. Isthmus • The harbour edge with varying seawalls and the marine environment. featuring rocky outcrops. Figure 2.80 (Far Right) Various views of the existing coastal edge currently not accessible • Matiu/ Somes Island, and the smaller Mokopuna Island. to the public. Isthmus

Another way to analyse the landscape is to recognise the four character areas along the route Figure 2.81 (Right) Finish of the from Ngā Ūranga to Pito-One. These are named to reference features that typify them: Interprovincial Eights Race 1933. Group of • Ngā Ūranga. spectators standing on the foreshore rocks •T ahataha roa. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New •P aroro-rangi and Te Ana Bays. Zealand. /records/17538982 • Korokoro. 52 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Newlands Lyndfield Gilberd Bush Lane Play Reserve Area

3 1 7 5 Waihinahina Reserve

3

Belmont 4 Brandon’s Rock and 1 Regional Park Edgecombe Street Play Area

2 Refer to Existing Shared Path Connections on previous pages for description of recreational walking tracks shown on Figure 2.79, and description of Te Pari recreational cycling. Refer to Figure 1.3 and 1.4 in Introduction Section for Karangaranga regional cycleway connections.

1

7 C

B Karanga Point D 8

Rowing Lanes Rowing Association Te Whanganui a Tara Water Ski (Wellington Harbour) Club

Honiana Te Puni Reserve Pito-One Railway Station

Pito-One Beach Dog Exercise Zone Pito-One Foreshore

A B C D

Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 53 Context

Character Areas & Values

Ngā Ūranga Tahataha roa Paroro-rangi Bay and Te Ana Bay

Ngā Ūranga is characterised by a steep gorge and dominated by highway Tahataha roa (the long beach) is characterised by the backdrop of the Through these bays the escarpment character changes, with a broad basin and rail infrastructure including the SH1-SH2 Interchange. Industrial and steep escarpment and strong ridgeline, with landcover including gorse, now occupied by Horokiwi Quarry and the ridgeline becomes less distinct. commercial properties are located to the north and west of the gorge, broom and indigenous broadleaf forest; the continuation of the draft either side of the highway. Rising to the north east of the gorge is Omega SNA. SH2 and the Wairarapa railway line are aligned with the base of the This scooped or basin landform pattern is mimicked in the bays and the Spur on the escarpment which continues along the Project length. This will escarpment over reclaimed land. Views from the road and rail towards alignment of the reclaimed transport corridor which follows the coastal form a backdrop to the proposed rail over-bridge. Te Whanganui aTara are relatively unobstructed, although the transport edge. The BP station, occupies flat land at the head of Paroro-rangi bay corridor, over this character area and the bays, is cluttered with rail and (the name proposed to reference the historic settlement above this) . The steep escarpment has mixed vegetation cover; predominantly gorse road infrastructure elements. Remnant natural features are also more evident: including the headland at and broom, with over 100ha of indigenous broadleaf forest recognised Rocky Point (with the name proposed of Karanga Point) and the narrow as an draft SNA - WC109. Coast escarpment broadleaved forest The Ngā A number of unnamed short sharp streams run down the escarpment gravel beaches set to the edges of the seawall. Ūranga/ Waitohi Stream runs down the gorge and is culverted under the and are culverted under the transport corridors into the harbour. Gravel transport corridors to a boxed outfall alongside the existing shared path to beaches and rocky outcrops associated with Threatened and At Risk bird The gravel beaches, along with offshore rocky outcrops, support high and the south of the Project. species and rocky reefs with macroe algae, seaweed, are more common to moderate ecological value habitats for bird species. A greater pattern of the northern end of Tahataha roa, where the sea floor drops more gradually macroalgae habitat over sub tidal rocky reef further characterises this area. into the harbour. Due to the sheltered location in the predominant northerly winds, rowing, kayaking and fishing activities are common along this section of the harbour and its open aspect provides panoramic views of the harbour.

escarpment

coastal tahataharoa - tidal rocky harbour island harbour shelf the long beach habitat outcrops mouth - and bays

Figure 2.83 Ngā Ūranga interchange Figure 2.84 Tahataha roa, the ‘long beach’ viewed from the existing shared path

Figure 2.82 Abstracted sketch of Te Ara Tupua character and context, Isthmus

54 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 Korokoro

The linear transport corridors begin to vary in arrangement in the northern There is a broader pattern of gravel beach and naturalised gravel banks most character area of the Project, with the interchange providing vehicle rather than rock revetment and concrete seawalls typical of the other connections to/from Pito-One, Seatoun and Eastbourne. The highway character areas. Honiana Te Puni Reserve is largely grassed open space and rail corridors continue inland towards the Hutt Valley, with an area of with some coastal edge naturalised vegetation including larger ngaio trees. industrial and commercial properties occupying the infilled areas over the Korokoro Stream along an incised valley, under the industrial properties past outfall of the Korokoro stream, now culverted. Vegetation cover in this and transport corridors, and is daylighted at Honiana Te Puni Reserve with area has a greater proportion of indigenous species and is recognised by its outlet naturalised through the reclaimed foreshore. This stream has a WCC and HCC as part of the draft SNA and SNR respectively. Over land large catchment and continues to support fresh water habitat for a range managed by WCC, the Korokoro Stream Valley is recognised as a draft of fish species. Honiana Te Puni Reserve is associated with historic Pā sites Special Amenity Landscape that extends along the stream and across the of Te Puni and Pito-One. Currently this area is used as a base for rowing, escarpment to Horokiwi Road. ski club activities, waka ama and as a popular dog exercise area.

The character of the harbour edge also changes in this section with the Habitat values of this area are impacted by greater disturbance factors presence of buildings to the coastal edge (Wellington Rowing Association although the pattern of bird and macroalgae habitats continue along the and the Water Ski Club) and Honiana Te Puni Reserve, located between coastal edge adjacent to the Rowing Association shed. the transport corridor and the foreshore.

Horokiwi Quarry Honiana Te Puni Reserve Escarpment ridgeline Korokoro

Paroro-rangi and Te Ana Bays

Figure 2.86 Paroro-rangi Bay opposite BP Figure 2.87 View looking south from Honiana Te Puni Reserve Ngā Ūranga Gorge Tahataha roa

Ngā Ūranga

Figure 2.85 Indicative locations of character areas

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Statutory Context

Regional and District planning maps further emphasise the significance of Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One Sites of significance are acknowledged in GWRC and City Council District Plan maps spanning natural science, landscape, heritage and those of significance to mana whenua. This reinforces the value of this coastal and cultural landscape along with particular matters to be addressed in the consent process. It also highlights the overall opportunity that underpins the vision, principles and design themes for the Project; to bring greater prominence and visibility to this area as a valued section of the harbour. To recognise and restore the mana and mouri of Te Ara Tupua.

Figure 2.88 Aerial view from Karanga Point looking north to Pito-One

56 Te Ara Tupua - Ngā Ūranga ki Pito-One CEDF | Waka Kotahi | September 22, 2020 1:20,000 scale bar N 0m 200m 400m 1000m

Horokiwi Spur Korokoro Statutory Context Stream

Belmont Park Legend. Johnsonville Te Awa Kairangi Coastal Escarpment Vegetation Pito-One Station Hutt Rail River Honiana Te SH 1 & 2 Horokiwi Puni Reserve Quarry Ferry Te Puni Pā Streams Te Puni Urupa Te Korokoro o Newlands Tracks Te Mana Pito-One pā Waihinahina Falls & Stream Taranaki Whānui Pito-One Pā Te Ana Puta Cave area of Burial Ground Honiana Te Puni Reserve association Wellington City Council District Plan Pito-One Wharf Ridgelines and hilltops Sites of significance to Tangata Whenua Paroro-rangi-kainga Draft SAL - WCC landscape Study SNA Proposed Natural Resources Plan (Decision Version) Second Order Fault Ngā Taonga Nui a Kiwa Omega spur Sites of significance to Taranaki Whānui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika a Te Whanganui a Tara Maui Historic heritage wharves and boatsheds Ngā Ūranga Gorge Tahataha - roa Beach Archaeological sites Pito-One pā - CMA area of association Hutt City Council District Plan Wellington Fault (main fault) Sites of significance to Māori Culture Nga Ūranga Pā Significant Natural Resource Site Ngāke Nga Ūranga Stream (Waitohi Stream) Statutory Acknowledgements Te Whanganui a Tara - Taranaki Whānui and Ngāti Toa Rangatira Papaka-whero Second Order Fault Matiu/Somes island Figure 2.89 Statutory context of Te Ara Tupua in relation to landscape. Including Lighthouse Tramway artwork by Len Hetet Wellington & Landing Whātaitai

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Context Section References

1 GNS, https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Major-Faults- 28 David Thorns and Ben Schrader, ‘City history and people - The appeal of city life’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia in-New-Zealand/Wellington-Fault/What-would-a-major-Wellington-earthquake-be-like of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/graph/23512/population-of-the-four-main-cities-1858-2006 2 Chris Maclean, ‘Wellington region - Creation stories and landscape’, Te Ara - the 29 Chris Maclean, ‘Wellington region - From town to city: 1865–1899’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/wellington-region/page-2 http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/wellington-region/page-8 (accessed 21 August 2019) 3 (Van Dissen et al. 1992a) 30 Steven J Harding, Characteristics of teh Waiwetu Artesian Harbour. pg110 4 https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/NZ-Geology/New-Zealand-s-Rocks 31 Robert A McClean. Te Whanganui-a-tara Foreshores Reclamation Report 1997, pg273 Eastern-greywacke-basement 32 This figure is based on averages taken from the Metlink August 2019 Performance Report which is found here 5 Chris Maclean, ‘Wellington region - Creation stories and landscape’, Te Ara - the https://www.metlink.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Patronage-Statistics-to-August-2019.xlsx) Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/wellington-region/page-2 33 Natural Resources Plan, https://mapping.gw.govt.nz/gwrc/ 6 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Shared Path project, Revetment Design Technical Report: Resilience 34 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. Profile, February 2019, NIWA. 7 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Shared Path project, Revetment Design Technical Report: Resilience Profile, February 2019, NIWA. 8 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Shared Path project, Revetment Design Technical Report: Resilience Profile, February 2019, NIWA. 9 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Shared Path project, Revetment Design Technical Report: Resilience Profile, February 2019, NIWA. 10 NIWA Q&A: going to sea for fresh water. https://www.niwa.co.nz/news/qa-going-to-sea- for-fresh-water 11 WCC District Plan - Volume 2: Design Guides - Design Guidelines for Wind 12 A classification of New Zealand’s terrestrial ecosystems Nicholas J.D. Singers and Geoffrey M. Rogers 13 Backyard Tāonga Map Fact Sheet. https://planningforgrowth.wellington.govt.nz/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0013/3235/FactSheetsForWebsite-SNAs-WC054-WC113.pdf 14 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 15 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 16 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 17 PNRP; GWRC (2019) 18 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 19 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 20 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 21 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 22 Ngā Ūranga to Petone Pathway Ecological Assessment. Boffa Miskell, 2020. 23 Morris Love, ‘Te Āti Awa of Wellington’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-ati-awa-of-wellington/print (accessed 21 August 2019) 24 ‘TE PUNI, Honiana’, from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/te-puni-honiana 25 ‘Te Wharepōuri or TE KAKAPOI-o-te-RANGI’, from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand URL: http://www.TeAra. govt.nz/en/1966/te-wharepouri-or-te-kakapoi-o-te-rangi 26 GEONET: https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/story/217805727 GNS: https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/New-Zealand-Earthquakes/ Where-were-NZs-largest-earthquakes

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