SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

Sierra Leone Livelihood Zoning Report

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET)

OCTOBER 2016

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

CONTENT Introduction Methodology Overview of Rural Livelihoods in Sierra Leone Timeline of Hazard Events in Sierra Leone The National Livelihood Zone Map of Sierra Leone The National Seasonal Calendar of Sierra Leone Livelihood Zones Descriptions and Calendars of Sierra Leone

Livelihood Zone 1 – Tonkolili Food Crops and Gold

Livelihood Zone 2 – Bombali Food Crops, Peppers, Tobacco and Livestock

Livelihood Zone 3 – Western Rice, Root Crops, Cereals and Trade Belt

Livelihood Zone 4 – Coastal Food Crops and Fishing

Livelihood Zone 5 – Kailahun-Kenema-Pujehun Cash Crops, Food Crops and Trade

Livelihood Zone 6 – Kono-Kenema-Bo Rice, Tree Crops and Timbers

Livelihood Zone 7 – Koinadugu Food Crops, Livestock and Trade

Livelihood Zone 8 – Follosoba Dembellia and Wara Wara Yagala Vegetables

Livelihood Zone 9 – Freetown Peri-Urban

Livelihood Zone 10 – Rice Bowl Areas Annex I: List of Chiefdoms and Population by Livelihood Zone Annex II: Workshop Participants

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was done by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), a USAID activity, in collaboration with partners from the Sierra Leone Government, United Nations Agencies and non- governmental organizations (NGOs). The Sierra Leone Government was represented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, and Statistics Sierra Leone. The United Nations was represented by the Food and Agricultural Organization and World Food Program. Non-governmental organizations were represented by Save the Children, World Vision and ACF.

Our particular thanks go to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS) for attending the official opening of the workshop and allowing the participation of District Agriculture Officers and Senior Staff from Freetown.

Our special thanks go to workshop participants who contributed their valuable time, in-depth knowledge of local livelihoods patterns and for engaging in meaningful discussions and intensive group work.

These discussions led to the updating of the 2010 Sierra Leone Livelihood zone map which will serve as a knowledge base for FEWS NET activities in the country. They can also be used by the government and other partners. The map, descriptions and calendars are produced primarily as a knowledge base for FEWS NET’s activities in the country to derive early warning indicators for food security analysis. They can also be used for various purposes by FEWS NET, the Government and other partners1.

This report was prepared by Amadou Diop, FEWS NET West Africa Regional Food Security Specialist (RFSS)- Livelihoods, with support from Alusine Kamara, FEWS NET Sierra Leone National Technical Manager (NTM), and under the technical oversight of Stephen Browne, FEWS NET Livelihoods Coordinator. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

1 For more guidance on the applications of the livelihood zone map and profiles visit FEWS NET’s website (especially the Guidance Application of Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles). FEWS NET -Famine Early Warning Systems Network 3 | P a g e

SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACF Action Contre la Faim

CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel

DAO District Agriculture Officers

EVD Ebola Virus Disease

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network

HEA Household Economy Analysis

LH Livelihood Zone

MAFFS Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security

MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources

SSL Statistics Sierra Leone

WFP United Nations World Food Program

USAID United States Agency for International Development

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

INTRODUCTION

A livelihood zone is a ‘geographical area where people generally have the same options for obtaining food and income and engaging in trade to meet their life and livelihood needs’. The process of livelihood zoning involves the boundary delimitation of a region or country into different zones which share common livelihood characteristics. The map and description which identify relevant variables by geographical location are used as a starting point for early waring analysis. The livelihood zoning is the first step of the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) framework which is the methodology that FEWS NET uses as the foundation for its livelihoods activities. To inform its integrated food security analysis, FEWS NET continuously expands and updates its livelihoods knowledge base.

In 2010, FEWS NET and partners from the Government Ministries, CILSS and WFP undertook the update of the first mapping of food economy zones completed in Sierra Leone in 2001 by WFP. The 2010 update identified ten livelihood zones. Six years have passed since then and rural livelihoods in Sierra Leone may have changed due to several factors such as the changes on international market commodity prices (iron ore, cocoa and coffee) and the impacts of Ebola on crop production, markets functioning, food prices and casual labor work. In October 2016, FEWS NET and partners updated the 2010 livelihood zoning in order to have a better understanding of current rural livelihoods. METHODOLOGY

The methodology used to update this livelihood zoning consisted of two main steps:

1. Before the livelihood zoning update exercise took place, a literature review was undertaken to gather secondary information, with a focus on essential thematic maps and data. Participants were asked to come with any relevant livelihoods information they might have, particularly those from the district level including district agriculture officers, extension officers and monitoring and evaluation officers.

2. A livelihood zoning update workshop was held in Freetown, Sierra Leone, from October 24th to October 26th in which key partners from Government ministries, departments and agencies, UN agencies and international NGOs participated (for more details, see Annex II).

The workshop itself was made up of the four main sub-steps:

A. A presentation on FEWS NET with a focus on its livelihoods-based analytical approach, followed by a presentation introducing the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) approach and the livelihood zoning. HEA is the methodology that FEWS NET uses as the foundation for its livelihoods activities. The key elements of a livelihood zone and its process were presented and discussed. Livelihood zoning products are primarily designed to serve as a framework for deriving early warning indicators.

B. The participants were then invited to review the 2010 livelihood map based primarily on their knowledge of local livelihoods and relevant secondary information when available. Participants went through the process in plenary and reviewed the livelihood zones one by

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

one to capture significant changes, if any, on livelihood patterns. In particular, participants were also asked where necessary to (i) split large livelihood zones if they find them no longer homogenous in terms of livelihoods or to (ii) merge different livelihood zones which might now have similar livelihood patterns. The list of chiefdoms included in each livelihood zone was accordingly reviewed and finalized in plenary.

C. In a next step, participants updated the livelihood zones descriptions by filling in a new livelihood zone description form while considering the description of the 2010 zoning when relevant. The livelihood zones description provides essential information on: (i) the geography, (ii) the main livelihood patterns, (iii) the market flows and access, (iv) the seasonal migration and overwhelmingly (v) the productive assets, sources of income and common coping strategies disaggregated between poorer and wealthier households.

D. In a last step, participants developed, for each livelihood zone, a comprehensive seasonal calendar of the zones and a primary food, income and expenditure calendar for poor households in each of the zones. Seasonal calendars show the timing of (i) the different seasons, (ii) the main livelihood activities, (iii) the secondary livelihood activities and (iv) the main hazards. The primary food, income and expenditure calendar for poor households offer a good picture of the seasonality of (i) the staple foods and sources, (ii) the main sources of income and (iii) the peak period of the non-food main expenditures.

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

OVERVIEW OF RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN SIERRA LEONE

Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa and covers an area of about 72,000 square kilometers (28,000 square miles). It extends from latitude 7 degrees north to 10 degrees north, and from longitude 10 degrees west to 14 degrees west. The Republic of Guinea borders it on the north and northeast, and the Republic of Liberia borders it on the east and southeast. On the west and southwest, the Atlantic Ocean extends approximately 340 kilometers (211 miles). Administratively, Sierra Leone is divided into four regions: Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and Western Province. Each region is subdivided into districts, and each district is divided into chiefdoms. Overall, there are 14 districts and 149 chiefdoms.

Sierra Leone’s economy proved resilient in the face of two major exogenous shocks: the Ebola epidemic, and the collapse of iron ore prices and associated loss of production in 2014-2015. Since the last quarter of 2015, economic growth has resumed, and it remains on an upward trend that is further supported by new investments in mining, agriculture and fisheries. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is projected to recover from -21.1% in 2015 to 4.3% in 2016. Rising from a base of 9.5% (year-on-year) in December 2015, inflation has reached 10.9% in July 2016. The local currency (the Leone) depreciated by 20.4 percent (year- on-year) in June 2016.

Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with two pronounced seasons: a rainy season from May to November, and a dry season from December to April. Rainfall is highest in the coastal areas and decreases inland and at the eastern border of the country. Climate in Sierra Leone is determined mainly by the seasonal movements of two air masses: the north-easterly Continental Tropical Winds (commonly called North- East Trade Winds) and the southwesterly Maritime Tropical Winds (commonly called South-West Monsoon).

The present distribution of vegetation in Sierra Leone has been influenced not only by factors of climate and soil but also by human activity. At present, the agroecological zones are the tropical closed forest and the savannah woodlands in the uplands while swamp forest (woodlands) and seasonally flooded grasslands constitute the agro-ecologies in the Lowlands. Forest ecosystems can be divided into closed forest and transition or secondary forest. Most of the closed forest has been converted into secondary forest and forest regrowth or ‘farm bush’ as a result of clearing for use in ‘slash-and-burn’ or shifting cultivation farming and for firewood. The area is dominated by food and tree crop farming so ruminant production is of minor importance. Savannah woodland is mostly found in the Northern Province towards Guinea, especially in Koinadugu, Bombali and Kono districts. There is also a strip of savannah along the coast of Bonthe and Pujehun districts. Swamps or marsh are mostly found along the coast in the Southern Province. The vegetation is mainly mangroves, scattered patches of bushes and savannah woodland. They are divided into: inland valley swamps, mangrove swamps, and bolilands. Several factors, including hydrological conditions such as the frequency and duration of flooding, depth of the water level, soil type, and physiography determine the vegetation and composition of plant communities.

The agricultural sector, comprising food crops, tree crops, fishery, livestock, and forestry is the backbone of Sierra Leone’s economy. The vast majority of the population depends on the sector for its livelihood. The major food crops are rice, cassava, maize, millet, sorghum, sweet potato, and groundnut. They are produced by smallholders. Rice is the most important staple food crop and is grown in three different ecologies: mangrove swamp rice, upland rice and lowland rice. The second staple food crop grown across

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016 the country is cassava. The main areas of production are in the south-west, central and far north. Other major annual food crops include sorghum, maize, millet, sweet potato and groundnut. The main tree crop is the oil palm, used for its perennial fruit that can be processed into palm oil and sap which can be transformed into palm wine. The other main perennial crops are citrus, sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, and coconut. Tubers and leaves are consumed by households and cassava products (gari, flour and chips), are in high demand in urban areas.

Common livestock in Sierra Leone are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry. The civil war significantly depleted the level of livestock in the country, although numbers have recovered since the end of the war in 2002. Most cattle are found in the north of the country and cattle rearing is dominated by the Fula ethnic group who own the majority of the cattle and often manage cattle owned by other groups. Poultry rearing consists mainly of chickens, with some guinea fowl and Muscovy ducks. Most of the animals are owned by households in the Northern Province, especially in Koinadugu, Kambia, Bombali and Port Loko districts.

The marine fisheries of Sierra Leone are divided into two major sectors: (i) artisanal fishing operating in estuaries and inshore waters and extending from the shoreline to a depth of 20–40 m, and (ii) industrial fishing, operating in the open deeper waters. The western tip of Sherbro Island delimits two contrasting coastal waters. The coastal sector north of Sherbro Island is more productive than the southern sector that borders Liberia. Most of the artisanal fishing activities occur around the estuaries of Scarcies River, Sierra Leone River and Sherbro River, and also around Yauoni Bay. There are a number of fish landing sites along the Sierra Leone coast. Port Loko and the Western Area districts have more landing sites which are sampled for artisanal fish catches. The coastal sector where the artisanal fishermen land their catch consists of the following districts: Kambia, Port Loko, Western Area, Moyamba, Bonthe and Pujehun.

In 2014, the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak resulted in a serious shock to the agriculture and food sectors of Sierra Leone. Production of rice, the major food crop, declined significantly compared to 2013. In particular, cereal production in the Kailahun District was substantially affected. The outbreak began during the crop planting season and grew during the crop maintenance period, and then expanded rapidly during the critical harvesting period for the staple rice, maize and cassava crops. Beyond its impact on the agriculture and food sector, the EVD has seriously affected all other sectors of the economy. Mining, manufacturing and service sectors have been the hardest hit. According to the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU), Sierra Leone’s real GDP grew by just 4.6 percent in 2014, compared to 20.9 percent in 2013, the year before the EVD outbreak. The disruption of food chains due to the closing of markets, road blocks and quarantines, restricted cross-border trading, and changes in traders’ behavior resulting from the fear of Ebola, significantly reduced the income of EVD-affected communities, including producers, consumers and traders. Specifically, income-generating activities typically led by women, such as small trading, were hit hard. The ban on bush meat also deprived many rural households of an important source of food and income. Since the Ebola outbreak ended, the economic situation has begun to improve.

Compared to the 2010 zoning, the number of zones didn’t change, therefore there is no significant change in the livelihood map. However, it should be noted that in the district of Tonkolili, the iron ore industry has become part of the local livelihoods and provides a significant source of income for many households. Two livelihood zones have driven the attention of participants: the largest one, zone 3: ‘Western Rice, Root Crops, Cereals and Trade Belt’ and the smallest one, zone 8: ‘Follosoba Dembellia and Wara Wara Yagala Vegetables’. Zone 3, situated in the western part of the country, was wide ranging from Guinea in the North to Liberia in the South. Some participants have good reason to wonder why we should consider this vast

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016 territory as homogeneous in terms of livelihoods. The tendency to highlight the importance of livestock in the southern part of this zone was deemed not necessary when compared to the importance of livestock for the northern part of the country. Therefore, particular attention should be given to livestock when carrying out livelihood-based field assessments or analyses for this zone. Zone 8 was composed of only two chiefdoms (Follosoba Dembellia and Wara Wara Yagala) of the district of Koinadugu. Participants questioned whether this geographical area, with only 1% of the rural population, should be kept as a distinct livelihood zone. However, this area is known for the unique and high production of exotic vegetables such carrots, cabbage, etc. The same types of vegetables are produced in the peri-urban area of the capital city, Freetown, but to a lesser extent. In the neighboring chiefdoms, vegetables are also produced but not the exotic ones for which zone 8 is known for.

The preponderance of some livelihood activities for the same livelihood zones were highlighted particularly in Koinadugu where food cropping seems to be more typical and significant than livestock rearing in terms of the number of households engaged in these activities. That’s the main reason why the name is revised to reflect this relative importance of food crops.

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

TIMELINE OF HAZARD EVENTS IN SIERRA LEONE

Year Main Hazard Events (Negative or Positive)

2016 - Nationwide wild bush fire between December 2015 to March 2016

- Nationwide pest outbreak on cassava

- Depreciation of the local currency (SLL) compared to USD since January 2016

2015 - Floods in Bo, Bonthe and Pujehun districts

2014 - Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak with negative impacts on crop production and markets functioning.

2013 - Significant increase in the annual economic growth (20.1%) with overall positive impacts on livelihoods and economic access to food

2012 - No major hazard event occurred during this year.

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

THE NATIONAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE MAP OF SIERRA LEONE

THE NATIONAL SEASONAL CALENDAR OF SIERRA LEONE

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic activities Rice Upland p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w w h h h h Rice Lowland h h p p p p p s s h h p p s s h h Cassava s s s s w w w w w w w w w w w w h h h h p p p p Maize w h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h p p s s w Sorgum / Millet p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w h h h h Sweet Potato p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h Pepper p p p s s s s w w h h h h h h h h h Groundnut p p p p s s s s w w w w h h Cocoa p p p p p s s s h h h h Coffee h h p p p s s s w w w w h h h h Oil Palm p p p p p p p s s s s s s s h h h h h h h h Secondary activities Livestock peak milk production m m m m m Livestock peak births b b b b b b Fishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gold mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak expenditure Staple foods mp mp mp mp mp mp Education 1 1 1 1 Traditional Ceremonials 3 3 3 3 3 3 Hazards Wild Bush Fire 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pest infestation 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 1: Tonkolili Food Crops, Gold and Iron Ore

Main livelihood activities Rain fed agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Oil Palm, Sweet The zone located in Tonkolili district is a mixture of hills Potato, Groundnut, Maize, Yam) and plains, with moderately fertile soils and average Irrigated Agriculture (IVS Rice and Vegetables) annual precipitation above 2000mm. Household rely primarily on rain fed agriculture (rice, cassava, sweet Staple foods- poor households potato, groundnut, maize, pigeon pea, yam) and in a Uplands Rice lesser extent on irrigated cultivation of inland valley Lowlands Rice (Boli) swamp (IVS) rice and vegetables. Widespread surface Lowlands Rice (IVS) gold deposits are a bigger feature here than in other Cassava areas of the country. Consequently, small-scale gold- mining is very common. For several years now, an iron Main income sources ore company (Shandong Iron and Steel Group) has a Poor households Better-Off households mining site within this zone that provides income to Sale of crops Bulk sale of crop households through hired labor. Some households Petty trading Processing of crops may also own small amounts of livestock dominated by Sale of back yard poultry Sale of small ruminants poultry and small ruminants. Sale of goat Sale of cattle Farm labor Sale of gold Main markets for households in this zone include Gold Mining Magburaka, Mile91, Yele, Matotika, Makali and Iron Ore labor Masengbe. The road network is thin and in poor Main productive assets condition, and distances to major market centers are Poor households Better-Off households large. Land: 0.5-1ha Land: 4-5ha Among the hazards to production, one main problem Small farm tools Agricultural machinery is shifts in rainfall timing due to climate change, which Back yard poultry Large poultry can result in land being unprepared at the beginning of Small ruminants Small ruminants Cattle the season. There is some investment in fencing against rodents and other animals. Wild bush fire is Main markets for the zone reported to occur every year during the dry season Magburaka, Yoni, Mile91, Yele, Matotika, Makali, between December and March. Another significant Masengbe hazard in this zone is water logging during the peak of Main hazards and seasonality the rainy season between June and September.

Grasshopper November - March The most common coping strategies used by poor Erratic rain pattern April – November households in a bad year include selling more poultry Wild Bush Fire December-March and small ruminants, looking for more hired labor and Water Logging June-September taking loans from traders with high interest rates. Coping Strategies - Poor households

Intensification of hired labor Taking loans from traders Sale of more poultry and small ruminants

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 1: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Main economic activities upland rice p p p p p p s s s s s w w w w h h h lowland rice(boli) p p p p s s s s s s w w w w h h h h lowland rice(IVS) h h P P P P S S W W h h h h h Cassava(upland) h h h h p p p p p s s s s s w w h h Cassava (lowland) s s w w h h h h p p s s oil Palm w w w w w w h h h h h h h h Gold mining 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Iorn ore 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Secondary activities Back yard poultry rearing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Small ruminants-peak birhs b b b b b b b b Cattle-peak birth b b b b b b Cattle- peak milk production m m m m m m Hazards Rodent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Grasshopper 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Erratic rainfall partern (climate Change) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wild Bush Fires 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Water Logging 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 1: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Upland Rice op op op op mk mk mk mk cm cm cm cm cm cm mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Lowland Rice (Boli) op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp c c c c op op op op op op Lowland Rice(IVS) op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp cm cm cm cm cm op op op op op Cassava op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Oil Palm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm op op op op op op op op Sources of income Sale of crops (rice and cassava) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farm Labour 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trading 3 3 3 3 Sale of Livestock (poultry and small ruminants) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gold mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak expenditure Education 2 2 2 2 Health 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Agricultural inputs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 2: Bombali Food Crops, Peppers, Tobacco and Livestock

Main livelihood activities Rain fed agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Tobacco, Pepper, The zone is exclusively located within Bombali district Sweet Potato) with more open bush and grass-lands and less forest Irrigated Agriculture (IVS Rice and onion) than the southern part of the country. Average annual precipitation is estimated to be generally above Staple foods- poor households 3000mm. Households rely primarily on rain fed Uplands Rice agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Tobacco, Pepper, Sweet Lowlands Rice (Boli) Potato) and to a lesser extent on irrigated cultivation Lowlands Rice (IVS) of IVS rice and onion. Cassava Oil Palm Main markets for households in this zone include Main income sources Makeni, Kamakwie, Batkanu, Makoth, Mayawlo. This Poor households Better-Off households zone is bordered by Guinea, allowing for cross-border Sale of crops Bulk Sale of crop trade of crops (Rice, Pepper, Palm Oil) via the Petty trading Processing of crops Tambaka market. The road network is relatively good Sale of back yard poultry Sale of small ruminants and markets are relatively accessible. Sale of small ruminants Sale of cattle Farm labor Livestock diseases during the dry season between October to March and livestock damage to crops are Main productive assets major hazards in this zone. Grasshoppers between November and March and wild bush fire between Poor households Better-Off households December and March are reported to occur every Land: 0.5-1ha Land:4-5ha year. Another significant hazard in this zone is water Small farm tools Agricultural machinery logging during the peak of the rainy season between Back yard poultry Large poultry June and September. Small ruminants Small ruminants Cattle The most common coping strategies used by poor Main markets for the zone households in a bad year include selling more poultry and small ruminants, looking for more hired labor and Makeni, Kamakwie, Batkanu, Makoth, Mayawlo, Bo, taking loans from traders with high interest rate. Kenema Main hazards and seasonality Grasshopper November - March Livestock diseases October - March Livestock damage to crops October - April Wild Bush Fire December-March Water Logging June-September Coping Strategies - Poor households

Intensification of hired labor Taking loans from traders Sale of more poultry and small ruminants

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 2: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic activities upland rice p p p p p p p s s s s s w w w w w h h h h h lowland rice(boli) p p p p s s s s s s w w w w h h h h h h lowland rice(IVS) h h P P P P S S W W h h h h h Cassava(upland) h h h h p p p p p s s s s s w w h h Cassava (lowland) s s w w h h h h p p s s oilpalm w w w w w w h h h h h h h h Pepper p p p s s w w w h h h h h Tobacco p p s s s s w w w w h h h h h h Secondary activities Back yard poultry rearing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 small ruminants (peak births) b b b b b b b b Cattle (peak births) b b b b b b cattle (peak milk production) m m m m m m Hazards rodent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 grasshopper 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Erraticrain fall partern(climate Change) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wild Bush Fires 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Conflict :Livestock damage to crops 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest ZONE 2: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice(upland) op op op op mk mk mk mk cm cm cm cm cm cm mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Lowland Rice(boli) op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp c c c c op op op op op op Lowland Rice(IVS) op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp cm cm cm cm cm op op op op op Cassava op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Oilpalm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm op op op op op op op op Sources of income Sale of crops (rice and cassava) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farm iabour 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 petty trading 3 3 3 3 sale of Livestock 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Education 2 2 2 2 Health 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Traditional Ceremonials 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 3: Western Rice, Root Crops, Cereals and Trade Belt

Main livelihood activities This is the most populated and one of the largest Rain fed agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Sweet Potato, Maize, livelihoods zones, lying mainly in the districts of Millet and Groundnut) Bo, Kambia, Moyamba and Port Loko. The zone is Irrigated Crops (Vegetables, Maize, Sweet Potato,) a transit area between the east and the coast. Trading (Food Supply e.g. Gari, Palm Oil, Coconut Oil) Some inland fishing occurs as a result. On the whole, the zone receives between 2,000 mm and Staple foods- poor households 3,000 mm of annual rainfall, less than the coastal Rice belt, but with more in the southern part of the Cassava zone than in the northern part. As a result of its Sweet Potato size, the zone has a variety of vegetation including Main income sources mangrove swamps, Boli lands, forest, farm bush Poor households Better-Off households and savannah. Crop sale (rice, cassava, Bulk sale of Crop (rice, sweet potato, maize, cassava, sweet potato, A mixture of sandy and clay loam soils result in low groundnuts) maize, groundnuts) to to medium fertility. The main crop is upland rice, Sale of livestock (small agencies with some ‘swamp’ and riverain rice added, which ruminants) Sale of livestock (cattle becomes the most prevalent rice in the far north. On-farm employment by and small ruminants) Cassava is grown everywhere to varying degrees, wealthier people Trading of crops but especially in the middle stretches, while sweet Migration for gold mining potato is usually a minor crop. Main productive assets Poor households Better-Off households As for non-rice cereals, sorghum and millet are grown for domestic use, and maize is grown mainly Land cultivated 0.5 -1 acre Land cultivated 5- 12 acres for sale. The maize is partly destined as processed Crude tools (cutlass, hoe Tractors and power tillers and knife) Rice threshers and haulers feed for poultry, which are by far the most Back yard poultry Cattle frequently kept livestock in this zone and beyond. Small ruminants Small ruminants Cattle are kept beyond the Kambia part, but goats are common and sheep less so. In general, Main markets for the zone groundnuts are sold more frequently in this zone. Barmoi, Moyamba Junction, Furadugu, Yawgoi Some inland fishing benefits certain communities near the coast. Some households get income from Main hazards and seasonality industrial mining labor work (rutile, bauxite and Crop Pests November-April iron ore), but this is a secondary source. Crops and Livestock Sept to March Farmers conflict The zone is connected to Guinea through Kambia, Livestock diseases PPR: November – June from which some trading advantage is gained in Newcastle: February-May the rural areas. Coping Strategies - Poor households

Collection of wild food (bush yam), hunting, intensification of migration to gold mining, loans with high interest rates from traditional money lenders

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 3: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic activities Rice upland p p s s w w h h Rice lowland p p s s s w w h h Cassava- Upland h h h h p p p p s s s s w w h h Cassava Lowland s s w w h h p p s s Sweet Potato (Type A) s s w w h h p p s s Maize/Millet p p p s s w w h h h h Groundnut 1st Crop p p s s s w w h h h Groundnut 2nd Crop p p s s w h h Secondary activities Rice Sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cassava Upland Sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cassava Lowland Sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sweet Potato Sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maize/Millet Sale 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Crop Pest (Grasshopper, Rodents, weevils) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Land Conflict between family land owners and land users 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock Diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop and livestock farmers conflict 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 3: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op op op pmpm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm op op op op Cassava upland op op op op op op op op Sweet potato op op op op op op op Sources of income Sale of crops 1 1 1 1 Sale of small ruminants and backyard poultry 3 3 3 3 3 Migration to gold mining areas 2 2 2 2 2 2 On-farm employment 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Schooling 1 1 Ceremonial festivals 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 4: Coastal Food Crops and Fishing

Main livelihood activities The coastal strip is the highest-rainfall area of the Rain fed Agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Sweet Potato, country, with annual precipitation above 3000mm, and Groundnut) which decreases slightly in the part north of Freetown. Sea and River Fishing Soils are sandy and salinity reduces fertility; rice and Staple foods- poor households cassava are grown throughout, but rice dominates in Rice and cassava the north while cassava takes over towards the south. In addition to the upland and inland/swamp rice, mangrove rice is grown on the coast and along major Main income sources river inlets. The zone is not a big food producer for the Poor households Better-Off households national market, but its medium density population is reasonably food self-sufficient. Sweet potatoes are Crop sale (rice, cassava, Bulk sale of Crop (rice, sweet potato, maize, cassava, sweet potato, produced only on a small-scale, while groundnuts are groundnuts) maize, groundnuts) more important. On-farm employment Trading of crops Rice and cassava are the main food crops traded. The Retail sale of fish Whole sale of fish final destination of the rice is Freetown or Guinea via Sand mining the Barmoi weekly market in Kambia district. Cassava

is first processed into gari before following the same Main productive assets market route as rice. Poor households Better-Off households Land cultivated 0.5 -1 acres Land cultivated 5- 12 Palm oil is a major sales product, particularly towards Crude tools (Cutlass, Hoe acres the south where it offers more income than cassava or and Knife) Tractors and Power rice. The seaside niche for coconuts results in some Fishing equipment (Hook Tillers Rice Threshers coconut oil for sale. The most common livestock is and Line and small nets, and haulers backyard poultry. canoe) Fishing equipment (Large nets, out board Fish sales are important, although there is a varying engine boats) dependence on this income from one community to Main markets for the zone the next. The main fishing season is from October to January, with smaller catches up to April. The main Mambolo, Shange , Yawgoi , Dema and Lungi fishing method is with dragnets, but this crucial Main hazards and seasonality equipment is vulnerable to destruction by sharks and also by industrial fishing operations, which also Crop Pests November-April deplete local fish stocks. Storm winds pose a danger to Water borne diseases January- December fishing boats. Storms during the rainy June-July and Sept - October Coping Strategies - Poor households

Collection of wild food (bush yam) Intensification of migration to gold mining areas Request loans with high interest rates from traditional money lenders

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

Zone 4: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic activities RiceUpland p p p p s s w w w h h h Rice Low Land p p p s s s w w h h h Cassava UpLand s s s h h h p p p s s s s Sweet Potato w w h h p p s s s Maize p p p p s s s w w h h h Groundnut p p p p s s s w w h h h Fishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Secondary activities Palm Oil Processing and Marketing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coconut Oil Processing and Marketing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sand Mining 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Crop Pests 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Land Tenure System 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 4: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op op op pmpm pm pmpm pmmp mp mp mp op op op op op op Sources of income crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sale of fish 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sand Mining 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 On Farm employment 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Migration to Gold mining areas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Education 1 1 1 Cultural celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 5: Kailahun-Kenema-Pujehun Cash Crops, Food Crops and Trade

Main livelihood activities As in most of the country, households in this zone Rain fed cash and food crops (Cocoa, Rice, Coffee, Oil mostly cultivate rice and cassava for both household Palm, Cassava, Maize, Rubber) food consumption and income.

What makes this zone unique in the country is the Staple foods- poor households concentration of palm, cocoa, coffee and kola nut Rice, Cassava and Maize trees. These commodities are a primary source of income for most households – either through sales or through employment as farm labor. Mostly wealthier Main income sources households own plantations while middle and poorer Poor households Better-Off households households are employed to maintain and harvest the Sale of cash crops Sale of cash crops trees. Sale of food crops Sale of food crops Sale of chickens and Sale of small and large The ecology of this zone is more hilly terrain and small ruminants ruminants tropical forest cover than the rest of the interior of Agricultural labour Bike transportation the country. While timber is in abundance, Migration for off-farm Trading households rarely cut the trees for income because of income a ban on logging in most of the zone. Main productive assets This zone borders both Guinea and Liberia. Kailahun Poor households Better-Off households acts as a major frontier market for trading 0.5-1 ha land (food crop) 3 -5 ha land (food crop) commodities in large quantities. Palm oil, rice and 2-5 ha land (cash crops) 5-15 ha land (cash crops) cassava are the most highly sought commodities by Hoes Power tillers, Tractors, Guinea and Liberia, and at times the demand can Cutlasses Rice haulers, Cassava draw out most of the supply in this region. Depending Livestock (chicken, goat processing machines on market prices, major cash crops are sometimes and sheep) Power saw Livestock (goat, sheep sold to neighboring countries before entering the and cattle) global market. Motorbike Sheep and goats are kept by households, but make up Main markets for the zone a minor source of food and income. Cattle from Fulani Buedo, Dia, Blama, Largo and Pawama herds are transported in from the north or across the border to be held for a short while until being Main hazards and seasonality slaughtered. Crops pests and diseases January-June While diamond and gold mines are located in this Wild Bush Fire January-April zone, they are currently less prevalent and more Flooding July -October regulated than in the past. This activity is largely Coping Strategies - Poor households dominated by foreign workers, but can also attract young men in the area who will work for roughly half Consumption of wild crops the rate offered for plantation labor. However, Use farm land as collateral mining works are a localized phenomenon. Sending children on vacation to relative in urban areas

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 5: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season food crops l l l l l l Main economic activities Cocoa p p p p p p h h h h h h h h Coffee h h p p p p p p h h Oil Palm p h p h p h h h h h Rubber h h h h p h p h p p h h h h Upland Rice p p p p p p s s s s w w w h h h h h h Low Land (IVS) p p p p p p s s s w w w h h h h Cassava h h h h p p s s s s w w w w h h h h h h h h Maize p p s s w w h h p s w 1 h h h Secondary activities Timber logging 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Tree crops sale ( coffee, cocoa, rubber, oil palm) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food crops sale ( rice, cassava, maize) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hazards Crop pests (grasshopper) and diseases (black pod) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wild Bush Fire 3 3 3 3 3 3 Flooding 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 5: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op pmpm pmpm mp mp mp c c c op op op op op op op op Cassava op op op op op op pmpm pmpm pm pmmp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op Maize op op op op op op op op Sources of income Sales of cash crops 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sales of food crops 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricaltural labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Migration for off farm income 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Education 2 2 Rice for seed 2 2 2 2 Festivals 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 6: Kono-Kenema-Bo Rice, Tree Crops and Timbers Main livelihood activities

Rain fed Rice and cash crops (Rice, Cocoa, Coffee, Oil This zone shares major livelihood patterns with Zone Palm, Timber) 5 (Kailahun-Kenema-Pujehun Cash Crops, Food Crops & Trade). Livelihoods are largely dependent on food

and cash crop cultivation, and a majority of Staple foods- poor households households add hired hands to their own family labor. Rice, Cassava and Maize Rice and cassava are the major food crops grown, consumed and traded. Cocoa, coffee, and oil palm tree crops are sold and provide a majority of the Main income sources employment opportunities in the area. Both upland Poor households Better-Off households and inland rice are cultivated. Sale of cash crops Sale of cash crops Sale of food crops Sale of food crops Timber plays a greater role in this zone than in Sale of chickens Sale of small ruminants surrounding zones. Households harvest trees for Migration for off-farm Bike transportation charcoal production and to supply domestic income Trading construction materials. While this income source is Charcoal burning minor in comparison to cash crops, in recent years it Fetching firewood has become more important. Main productive assets Poor households Better-Off households Plantain and banana are also grown in this zone but 0.5-1 ha land (food crop) 3 -5 ha land (food crop) to a lesser extent than rice and cassava. Illicit cross- 2-5 ha land (cash crops) 5-15 ha land (cash crops) border food crops trading with neighboring Guinea Hoes Power tillers, Tractors, and even with Liberia negatively impact food Cutlasses Rice haulers, Cassava availability and accessibility within this zone. Livestock (chicken) processing machines Power saw Diamond and gold mining occurs on a localized level, Livestock (goat, sheep) as in Zone 5, but it has been a more important part of Motorbike households’ income than in Zone 5. Most people Main markets for the zone involved in large scale mining come from other Gendehma, Gbongela, Gondama, ashobe coner Deya countries in the region. Some mining attracts young men away from agricultural work, but compensation Main hazards and seasonality is lower. Mostly this employment is taken on as a Crops pests and diseases January-June form of coping when times are hard. Wild Bush Fire January-April Flooding July -October Most households have some poultry, but only a minority raise small ruminants, and cattle for Coping Strategies - Poor households slaughter are largely supplied by Fulani herders. Intensification of charcoal burning Intensification of fetching of firewood Gathering and selling of wild fruits

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 6: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season food crops l l l l l l Main economic activities Upland rice p p p p p p p p w w w w h h h h h h IVS rice p p p p p s s s s w w h h h h Cocoa p p p p s s s h h h h w w Coffee h h p p p s s s w w w w h h h h Oil palm p p p p p p p s s s s s w w w w w h h Cassava p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h Cashew p h p h p p p p s s s s w w w w Secondary activities Timber logging 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Tree Crops Sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plantain and banana p p p s s s h h h h Hazards Crop pests (grasshopper)and diseases (black pod) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cross border Trade (yenga - Kailahun , Sukudu in Kono 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wild Fire 3 3 3 3 3 3 Flooding 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 6: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op pmpm pmpm mp mp mp c c c op op op op op op op op cassava op op op op op op pmpm pmpm pm pmmp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op Maize op op op op op op op op Sources of income Sales of cash crops 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sales of food crops 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agri labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 migration for off farm jobs 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure School fees 2 2 Rice for seed 2 2 2 2 Traditional occasions 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 7: Koinadugu Food Crops, Livestock and Trade

Main livelihood activities This zone occupies a great part of the higher lying Rain fed agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts, Sweet areas of the northeast, with altitudes around 500 Potato, Maize, Sorghum, Pulses and Millet) meters rising to 700 meters. The vegetation is mainly Livestock (Cattle, Goats, Sheep and Poultry) savannah, forest and grasslands. Population density is Trading low and rainfall ranging from 2,000 mm to 2,500 mm is moderate by Sierra Leone standards. Therefore, the Staple foods- poor households crops grown on the relatively fertile soil are the basic Rice food crops, with inland rice rivaling upland rice in Cassava acreage in a number of areas. There is also much Sweet Potato ‘millet’ meaning funde (Digitaria), some sorghum, Main income sources and importantly pulses including pigeon peas, Poor households Better-Off households cowpeas, broad-beans and black-eye peas. There are Sale of small ruminants Bulk sale of crops also appreciable amounts of groundnuts, while Sale of crop production Sale of cattle and small cassava and sweet potatoes are of lesser importance. Petty trading ruminants The zone is known for livestock, especially cattle, but Casual work (in the farms Large scale trading this observation needs to be qualified. The cattle are and the markets) not numerous in relation to the land area and are overwhelmingly owned by the minority population of Main productive assets ethnic Fulani who are specialist herders in countries Poor households Better-Off households across West Africa. Apart from Fulani, some Land area: 0.5-5 acre Land area : 10-20 acre households in other ethnic groups do own some Basic agricultural tools Tractor, basic cattle but in general people tend to own goats and (cutlasses, hoes, shovels) agricultural tools and sheep in very modest numbers although holdings are and seeds improved seeds on the rise. This is also the case for poultry which is Small scale farming (2-5 Large scale Farming, acre) (10-20 acre) owned by larger numbers of people. Chicken, goat Sheep, cattle, goat, Other secondary income generating activities in this chicken zone include timber logging, honey harvesting, Main markets for the zone charcoal production, wild foods collection and Makeni, Koinadugu, Tonkolili, Bombali, Freetown, hunting. Guinea Main hazards and seasonality The road network is poor. The main food crops traded are rice in local markets and exported to Guinea, Cattle crop damage June-August pulses mainly sold to agencies such as WFP for their Wild Bush Fire January-March nutrition interventions, and sorghum and millet for Pest infestation February-April Freetown-based brewing companies through agri- business centers. Final destination of cattle is Coping Strategies - Poor households primarily Freetown but also Liberia via Kenema and Engage in casual labor Kailahun. Small ruminants are sold in local markets Taking loans from money lender and communities and neighboring districts. Charcoal burning and sale

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 7: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic activities rice (IVS) h h p p p p p s s h h p p s s h h rice (upland) p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w h h h h groundnut h h p p p p s s s w w h h h p s s s w w h h cassava s s s s w w w w w w w w w w w w h h h h p p p p sweet potato p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h maize , pulses w h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h p p s s w sorghum, millet p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w h h h h Livestock milk production m m m m m Livestock peak births b b b b b b Secondary activities honey harvest and sale 2 2 2 2 2 2 timber logging and sale 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 charcoal production and sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 wild food collection 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Bush meat hunting and sale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards cattle crop damage 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 wild fire 1 1 1 1 1 1 erratic rain fall 3 3 3 3 pest infestaion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 price hikes 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 7: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op pmpm mk mk mk mk mp mp mp mp mk mk mk mk mp op op op op op sweet potato mp op op op op op op pmpm cassava pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op pmpm Sources of income petty trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 labour 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 sale of small ruminants 2 2 2 2 2 sale of crops (rice, cassava, sweet potato, sorhum, millet, maize) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Schooling 1 1 1 1 Traditional occasions 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 8: Follosaba Dembelia and Wara Wara Yagala Vegetables

Main livelihood activities This is a very small but distinctive higher-elevation Rain fed vegetables (Pepper, Cabbage, Carrots) area dominated by savannah in Wara Wara Yagala Rain fed crops (Rice, Cassava, Sweet Potato, Maize, chiefdom and grassland in Follosaba dembelia. This Sorghum and Pulses) geography is favorable to vegetable production,

especially the valuable chili peppers which find a Staple foods- poor households market as far as Freetown, whether in fresh or dried Rice form. Cabbage, carrots, onions, leafy vegetables, Cassava /Gari lettuce, tomato and okra are the other main

vegetables which make this zone distinctive. These Main income sources vegetables can have three cropping seasons a year Poor households Better-Off households depending on the resources and variety of the crops. Crop sales Crop sales Petty trading (sweets, Large scale trading While vegetables are the trademark of this area, biscuits, cigarette, top up, Sale of livestock many other crops are also produced on its relatively local rum) fertile soils. The food crops include both upland and Labor (work force in inland swamp rice, which reach self-sufficiency levels market, farms and and some amount of marketing. Other crops include agricultural goods) cassava, sweet potato, maize, and sorghum which are cultivated in some amount for home consumption, Main productive assets and pulses (pigeon pea, cowpea, broad beans, black- eye peas) for both consumption and sale. Poor households Better-Off households

Small scale farming (0.5-2 Large scale Farming, (3- Cattle are mainly owned by specialist herders (Fulani) acre) 6 acre) while small ruminants are owned by villagers in Basic agricultural tools Tractor, basic general. (cutlasses, hoes, shovels) agricultural tools and and seeds improved seeds The poor roads and large distance from main market Chicken, goat Sheep, cattle, goat, center are major disadvantages to this zone which chicken relies so heavily on marketing produce. The main food Main markets for the zone crops traded in the zone are vegetables. They are Makeni, Bo, Tonkolili, Guinea traded primarily in local markets and neighboring districts but can also reach main markets in Freetown, Main hazards and seasonality especially the valuable chili peppers. Cattle crop damage June-August Wild Bush Fire January-March Pest infestation February-April Coping Strategies - Poor households

Engage in casual labor Taking loans from money lender and communities Charcoal burning and sale

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 8: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic activities pepper p p p s s s s w w h h h h h h h h h cabbage / carrot p p p s s s s w w w w w w w h h h h h h h rice (IVS) h h p p p p p s s h h p p s s h h rice (upland) p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w h h h h cassava s s s s w w w w w w w w w w w w h h h h p p p p sweet potato p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h maize and pulse w h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h p p s s w sorghum and millet p p p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w h h h h livestock peak milk production m m m m m livestock peak births b b b b b b Secondary activities honey harvesting 3 3 3 3 3 3 wild food collection 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 hunting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards cattle crop damage 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 wild fire 1 1 1 1 1 1 erratic rain fall 3 3 3 3 pest infestaion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 price hikes 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 8: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op pmpm mk mk mk mk mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op cassava / gari pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op pmpm Sources of income petty trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 farm and market labour 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 gold mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 crop sales ( pepper, cabbage, carrots, etc) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 livestock sale 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Peak expenditure schooling 1 1 1 1 traditional occasions/festivals 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 9: Freetown Peri Urban

Main livelihood activities Urban activities (Trading, Salaried Work, Unskilled This rural zone is composed of Koya, Mountain, and Skilled Work, Stone and Sand mining) Waterloo and York wards in the Western Area Rural Rural activities (Rain fed agriculture and Fishing) district. The dense population responds to the high demand for both commodities and casual labor.

Staple foods- poor households The zone contains a long shoreline as well as an Rice extensive hinterland marked by the high Peninsula Cassava / Gari Mountain ridge, which has the effect of concentrating Main income sources the population on the lower hills and near the shore. Poor households Better-Off households Agricultural land is at a premium, but the value of the limited family plots is greatly enhanced by the Artisanal fishing, petty Salaried work, trading, production of vegetables and fruits for the urban trading, unskilled labor, remittances, transport market, which is helped by very high rainfall. Poultry, small backyard farming, owners, tourism, small ruminants and pigs are kept in small numbers, wood cutting, stone and handicraft but again their value is enhanced by the prices sand mining supported by the urban demand.

Around half of households’ food comes from the Main productive assets market rather than their fields, and the cash for this Poor households Better-Off households and other costs of life comes not only from production Essential farming tools, Car, motorbike, land, as above and the sale of fish, but more so from urban- small farming land, stores and shops linked activities: petty trade, unskilled, skilled (local essential fishing tools soap making, tailoring, hairdressing, etc.) and salaried

(canoe, fishing nets, etc.) work, some remittances, and begging by the poorest. Some households generate income from sand, stone and granite mining for the construction industry. Main markets for the zone Tourism is also an activity on which some people rely. Waterloo, Tombo, Godrich In fact, a substantial minority of residents are not Main hazards and seasonality involved in agriculture – truly a ‘peri-urban’ picture, which is further reinforced by the incidence of theft of Flooding (every year) July/September vegetables and livestock. Outbreak of disease such July/August cholera (every 3 years) Price hikes During the whole year

Coping Strategies - Poor households

Loans from money lenders (very high interest rate), intensification of unskilled labor, reduce the expenses for children education and for health, extreme behaviors (begging, theft, prostitution)

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 9: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic activities Trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Salaried Work, Skilled and Unskilled labour 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Secondary activities Vegetables lowland h w h w h w h w h w h p p s s w w w h Fishing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Remittances 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stone and sand mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hazards Price hykes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 Outbreak of diseases (e.g. cholera) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 9: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

J an Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice mpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmp Cassava/Gari mpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmp Sources of income P etty trading (including vegetable s elling) 111111111111111111111111 uns killed work (including s tone and s and mining) 333333333333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Gifts from relatives 2 2 Fis hing 111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure S chooling 1 1 1 1 1 1 Medical 2 2 2 2 Hous e rent 333333333333333333333333 Trans portation 222222222222222222222222 Legend p p Own production mpmpP urchas e ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 10: Rice Bowl Areas

Main livelihood activities Rain fed agriculture (Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts, Sweet This zone cuts across parts of Port Loko, Bombali, Potato) Bonthe and Pujehun districts and forms a substantial Agricultural labor territory. They are distinguished by a heavy Rice Trading concentration of inland rice production, although substantial upland rice and cassava are also grown. Staple foods- poor households There is some irrigation of the paddy rice, but mostly Rice the water collects naturally in swamp areas fed by Cassava both rainfall and streams and rivers. Soils are relatively fertile. Main income sources The main rice production is labor intensive, and apart Poor households Better-Off households from family labor there is a heavy focus on hired Sale of Rice Sale of Rice workers, including many people coming from other Rice Trading and Agricultural labor areas for the jobs. There are wealthy farmers Processing producing large surpluses for the market, but also Remittances from Fishing many much poorer farmers who actually need to relatives in foreign purchase a substantial part of their staple rice from countries the market in order to make it through the year. Apart Main productive assets from rice, cassava, groundnuts and sweet potato, and Poor households Better-Off households paid work, petty trade tends to be an important Essential farming tools Threshers, tractors, income source. In the two coastal areas, the sale of (machete, hoe), essential stores, drying floors, fish is a lesser source of cash, as is firewood from the fishing tools, from 2 to 3 rice mills. From 5 to 10 mangrove forests and bush meat. goats/sheep and from 3 to small ruminants 5 chickens (goats/sheep) and Rice is what unites the areas of this composite some chickens. livelihood zone, but the areas are not entirely similar. Households in the Port Loko area, for instance, tend to own more small ruminants and poultry than Main markets for the zone elsewhere (although numbers are still quite modest), Mambolo, Kassire and Mabang perhaps spurred by the prices paid in the nearby city market. In the Bonthe/Pujehun section there is a Main hazards and seasonality relatively heavy emphasis on cassava as a second Flooding August/September staple. And as the interior section, the Bombali part Wild Bush Fire March/April lacks the coastal fishing and mangrove resources. Rodents December/March Overall access to market for commodities other than Coping Strategies - Poor households rice and cassava is poor due to poor road network and poor market infrastructure. Intensification of migration

Sale of bush meat

Taking loans or aid from relatives and well-wishers

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 10: Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic activities Rice lowland h h p p p p p s s s w w w w h h h h Rice upland p p p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h Secondary activities Fishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trading 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Groundnut upland p p p p s s s s w w w w h h Cassava upland p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h Cassava lowland p p p p s s s s h h h Hazards Flooding 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bush Fire 2 2 2 2 2 2 Rodents 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/plantingw w Weeding h h Harvest

ZONE 10: Primary Food, Income and Expenditure calendar for poor households

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Staple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op op op pmpm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm op op op op Cassava op op op op op op op op op op Sources of income Farm labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Selling rice 3 3 3 3 3 3 collection and sale of wild food 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fish Petty Trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Schooling 1 1 1 1 1 1 Buying farming inputs 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

Annex I: List of Chiefdoms and Population by Livelihood Zone

ZONE 1: Tonkolili Food Crops, Gold and Iron Ore

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Koinadugu Diang 28,739 Northern Tonkolili Kholifa Rowala 66,197 Northern Tonkolili Tane 33,276 Northern Tonkolili Kunike Barina 25,145 Northern Tonkolili Kunike Sande 75,144 Northern Tonkolili Sambaya 32,163 Northern Tonkolili Kalansogoia 35,380 Northern Tonkolili Kafe Simira 36,444 332,488

ZONE 2: Bombali Food Crops, Peppers, Tobacco and Livestock

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Bombali Paki Masabong 19,868 Northern Bombali Sanda Tendaran 26,183 Northern Bombali Magbaimba Ndorwahun 12,672 Northern Bombali Gbanti Kamaranka 28,323 Northern Bombali Sanda Loko 45,079 Northern Bombali Sella Limba 58,431 Northern Bombali Tambakha 38,501 Northern Bombali Gbendembu Ngowahun 38,746 Northern Bombali Safroko Limba 31,126 Northern Bombali Biriwa 47,274 Northern Bombali Bombali Sebora 36,407 382,610

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 3: Western Rice, Root Crops, Cereals and Trade Belt

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Kambia Gbinle Dixing 22,633 Northern Kambia Magbema 91,806 Northern Kambia Masungbala 31,754 Northern Kambia Tonko Limba 58,364 Northern Kambia Bramaia 36,667 Northern Port loko Bureh Kasseh Makonteh 40,089 Northern Port loko Dibia 15,477 Northern Port loko Sanda Magbolonthor 23,597 Northern Port loko Masimera 40,861 Northern Port loko Tinkatupa Maka Saffoko 30,526 Northern Port loko Buya Romende 34,235 Northern Port loko Marampa 59,347 Northern Port loko Maforki 86,810 Northern Tonkolili Yoni 111,932 Northern Tonkolili Gbonkolenken 67,659 Southern Bo Bagbo 25,912 Southern Bo Bumpe Ngao 44,128 Southern Bo Gbo 5,410 Southern Bo Jaiama Bongor 31,260 Southern Bo Kakua 51,015 Southern Bo Lugbu 25,347 Southern Bo Tikonko 52,915 Southern Bo Wonde 15,265 Southern Moyamba Kongbora 10,307 Southern Moyamba Kaiyamba 25,770 Southern Moyamba Fakunya 27,605 Southern Moyamba Kori 30,510 Southern Moyamba Dasse 13,265 Southern Moyamba Kamajei 10,126 Southern Moyamba Kowa 9,732 Southern Moyamba Lower Banta (Gbangbatoke) 37,194 Southern Moyamba Upper Banta (Mokele) 10,457 1,177,975

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 4: Coastal Food Crops and Fishing

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Port Loko Kaffu Bullom 119,902 Northern Port Loko Koya 85,206 Southern Bonthe Kpanda Kemo 10,442 Southern Bonthe Yawbeko 7,518 Southern Bonthe Jong 33,524 Southern Bonthe Bendu-Cha 7,009 Southern Bonthe Nongoba Bullom 19,747 Southern Bonthe Sittia 21,815 Southern Bonthe Imperri 33,772 Southern Bonthe Dema 7,512 Southern Bonthe Sogbeni 10,949 Southern Pujehun Yakemu Kpukumu 13,736 Southern Pujehun Mono Sakrim 12,883 Southern Moyamba Bumpeh 37,469 Southern Moyamba Ribbi 33,082 Southern Moyamba Bagruwa 27,499 Southern Moyamba Timdale 10,240 Southern Moyamba Kagboro 34,808 527,113

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 5: Kailahun-Kenema-Pujehun Cash Crops, Food Crops and Trade

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Eastern Kailahun Njaluahun 61,128 Eastern Kailahun Jawie 50,779 Eastern Kailahun Mandu 30,829 Eastern Kailahun Upper Bambara 26,712 Eastern Kailahun Malema 37,042 Eastern Kailahun Dea 13,257 Eastern Kailahun Luawa 81,610 Eastern Kailahun Kissi Teng 45,109 Eastern Kailahun Kissi Kama 20,200 Eastern Kailahun Kissi Tongi 50,659 Eastern Kailahun Penguia 26,291 Eastern Kailahun Kpeje West 27,553 Eastern Kailahun Kpeje Bongre 25,011 Eastern Kailahun Yawei 29,192 Eastern Kenema Malegohun 20,438 Eastern Kenema Small Bo 29,502 Eastern Kenema Niawa 7,772 Eastern Kenema Langrama 3,549 Eastern Kenema Nongowa 45,502 Eastern Kenema Dama 30,750 Eastern Kenema Koya 13,478 Eastern Kenema Gaura 18,216 Eastern Kenema Tunkia 36,074 Eastern Kenema Nomo 5,436 Eastern Kono Sandor 89,883 Eastern Kono Gbane 24,355 Eastern Kono Gbane Kandor 11,907 Eastern Kono Soa 89,883 Eastern Kono Mafindor 13,680 Southern Pujehun Barri 36,865 Southern Pujehun Pejeh (Futapeje) 13,611 Southern Pujehun Sowa 17,111 Southern Pujehun Makpele 31,015 Southern Pujehun Galliness Perri 54,524 Southern Pujehun Malen 49,215 Southern Pujehun Soro Gbema 42,024 Southern Pujehun Kpaka 16,376 Southern Pujehun Panga krim 8,915 Southern Pujehun Panga Kabonde 49,302 1,284,755

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 6: Kono-Kenema-Bo Rice, Tree Crops and Timbers

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Eastern Kenema Gorama Mende 43,346 Eastern Kenema Wandor 20,334 Eastern Kenema Simbaru 17,431 Eastern Kenema Kandu Leppiama 18,143 Eastern Kenema Dodo 23,221 Eastern Kenema Lower Bambara 76,327 Eastern Kono Gorama Kono 18,303 Eastern Kono Nimikoro 61,179 Eastern Kono Nimiyama 28,139 Eastern Kono Kamara 19,355 Eastern Kono Gbense 15,771 Eastern Kono Tankoro 8,518 Eastern Kono Fiama 15,413 Southern Bo Badjia 8,131 Southern Bo Bagbwe (Bagbe) 20,951 Southern Bo Boama 45,784 Southern Bo Komboya 15,608 Southern Bo Niawa Lenga 13,916 Southern Bo Selenga 9,153 Southern Bo Valunia 35,501 514,524

ZONE 7: Koinadugu Food crops, Livestock and Trade

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Koinadugu Kasunko 24,682 Northern Koinadugu Nieni 77,960 Northern Koinadugu Wara Wara Bafodia 34,521 Northern Koinadugu Sengbe 38,050 Northern Koinadugu Dembelia-Sinkunia 21,227 Northern Koinadugu Mongo 47,734 Northern Koinadugu Sulima 35,571 Northern Koinadugu Neya 43,228 Northern Kono Lei 26,941 Northern Kono Toli 5,000 354,914

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

ZONE 8: Follosoba Dembellia and Wara Wara Yagala Vegetables

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Koinadugu Folosaba Dembelia 20,544 Northern Koinadugu Wara Wara Yagala 35,841 56,385

ZONE 9: Freetown Peri-Urban

PROVINCE DISTRICT WARDS WARD POPULATION (2015 Census) Western Western Area Rural Koya Rural 70,369 Western Western Area Rural Mountain Rural 30,286 Western Western Area Rural Waterloo Rural 213,431 Western Western Area Rural York Rural 128,865 442,951

ZONE 10: Rice Bowl Areas

PROVINCE DISTRICT CHIEFDOM CHIEFDOM POPULATION (2015 Census) Northern Bombali Makari Gbanti 81,344 Northern Bombali Libeisaygahun 16,170 Northern Kambia Mambolo 37,890 Northern Kambia Samu 64,572 Northern Port loko Lokomasama 78,013 Northern Tonkoli Kholifa Mabang 16,682 Northern Tonkoli Malal Mara 30,754 Southern Bonthe Kwamebai Krim 14,436 Southern Bonthe Bum 24,031 363,892

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SIERRA LEONE Livelihood Zones and Descriptions October 2016

Annex II: Workshop Participants

Name Organization Designation Email Ismail F Tarawalie MAFFS - Pujehun DAO [email protected] Andrew Gbondo Save the Children Program Officer [email protected] Abdulai A Bangura FAO Project Assistant [email protected] Alusine Kamara FEWS NET NTM [email protected] Mohamed A Bah MAFFS - Kenema DAO [email protected] Fannah Mansaray MAFFS - Bo M&E Officer [email protected] Charles A Bangura MAFFS – Port Loko DAO [email protected] David F Sellu-Sallu MAFFS - Kono DAO [email protected] John M Koroma MAFFS - Koinadugu M&E Officer [email protected] Saidu Bamayange MAFFS - Kailahun Livestock Officer [email protected] Musa Kandeh MAFFS - Bonthe DAO [email protected] Jinnah Bockarie MAFFS – Port Loko SAO [email protected] Idriss Fofana MAFFS - Kambia Extension Officer Alessandro Dalle ACF Carbonare FSL Head of Dept [email protected] Aroun Rashid Kamara MAFFS – Bo DAO [email protected] John A Lakkoh MAFFS - Tonkolili DAO [email protected] Ria Lewis Save the Children FSL HEA Coordinator [email protected] Amadu B J Sesay MAFFS - Bombali DAO [email protected] Francis A Turay MAFFS - Moyamba DAO [email protected] Umaru A Sankoh MAFFS - Kambia DAO [email protected] Raymonda Johnson MAFFS - Freetown Head Crop Protection [email protected] Mohamed A Sheriff MAFFS - Freetown Deputy Director [email protected] MAFFS - Freetown Assistant Director Haja Lydia Sesay Animal Production [email protected] Jenneh James WFP Program Associate [email protected] Momodu M Kamara Statistics Sierra Leone Sr Statistician Foday M Daboh MFMR Fishery Officer [email protected] World Vision Food Assistant Musa Gamanga Manager [email protected] Kelvin Wesen World Vision Project Manager [email protected] Brima S F Kebbie MAFFS - Freetown Deputy Secretary [email protected] MAFFS - Freetown Agribusiness Jeneba Alharzan promotion Unit [email protected] Amadou Diop FEWS NET RFSS-Livelihoods [email protected] Tamba Karimu MAFFS - Pujehun M&E Officer [email protected] Akiyem Scot-Boyle WFP Program Officer [email protected] Musa Gondo FEWS NET OMA [email protected] Israel Bangura FEWS NET Admin Assistant [email protected] Gerald A Sama MAFFS-Kailahun DAO [email protected]

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