the de World Tourism Organization(UNWTO) provided emerged (Sharpley, 2009). The UnitedNations concept ofsustainabletourismdevelopment destinations. Inresponsetothissituation,the tourism’s developmentalbene and economicimpactsthatincreasinglyoutweigh has causedmanynegativeenvironmental,social, 1980s onwards,therapidgrowthofmasstourism growing sincetheearly1950s.However, fromthe Tourism attheinternational levelhasbeenrapidly INTRODUCTION Keywords: for maintainingthelandscapesuponwhichsustainabilityoftourismdepends. landscapes onwhichtourismdepends. This paperwilldiscusstheroleofdesignintourismdevelopment opportunities forspreadingprosperitybutalsocontributestothetransformationofnaturalandcultural of socio-economicdevelopment. The massive,rapidandpromisinggrowthoftourismprovidesgreater encouraged manygovernmentsinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriestoadopttourismasanengine ABSTRACT E-mail: [email protected] King Mongkut’s Universityof Technology Thonburi, Thailand School of Architecture andDesign Daichi Iwase The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand Sustainability inTourism Development: The RoleofDesigninCreating addressing the needsofvisitors,theindustry, the future economic,socialandenvironmental impacts, ‘Tourism thattakesfullaccountofitscurrentand as follows: T is predictedthatthesigni ourism hasbecomeoneofthelargestandfastestgrowingeconomicsectorsinworld,it fi nition ofsustainabletourism development Designforsustainability, sustainabletourismdevelopment,

fi ts inmanytourist fi cance oftourismwillincreaseinthefuture. This long-termtrendhas governments and businessmen,inorder to lure projects wereinitiatedbycapitalists, forexample attractions, andtransportinfrastructure. These as accommodations,catering facilities,tourist creation ofnewman-made landscapessuch transformed bycapitalinvestment throughthe as vitalfactorsoftourism are oftennegatively Natural andculturallandscapesthatfunction tourism development. should behaveinordertoachievesuchabalance not proposehowthestakeholdersinvolvedintourism long-term sustainability. However, thisde aspects oftourismdevelopmentinordertosecure between economic,social,andenvironmental This de UNWTO, 2005). environment andhostcommunities’ (UNEP and The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: fi nition triestoestablishasuitablebalance fi ve capitals ve The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand fi nition does

Nakhara 31 Nakhara 32 point, andtourismwillcollapse. creation oflandscapeswillonedayreachatipping through thecreativedestructionanddestructive and makemorepro new man-madelandscapestoattractmorevisitors decrease, investorsinjectfreshcapitalforcreating damaged bydevelopmentandvisitorarrivalsare depends. Whenthoselandscapesarelargely and culturallandscapesuponwhichpro they hardlytouchonthemaintenanceofnatural While investorscreatenewlandscapesforvisitors, and environmentalaspectsoftourismdevelopment. disrupts thebalancebetweeneconomic,social, Investment seekingonlytoamassgreaterpro to thoselandscapes(UNWTO andUNEP, 2008). into theatmospherethatarenegativelyfedback to climatechangebypouringgreenhousegases tourism growthfueledbyinvestmenthascontributed visitors (Mitchell,1998;Iwase,2011). Moreover, more visitorsortocaterincreasingnumbersof Table 1 economic development(Porriitt,2007). stocks of outputs the capacitytoproduce fi composed ofphysical,human,social,natural,and Daichi Iwase organizations inthelongterm. The five capitalsframeworktosustainactivitiesof The ForumfortheFuture(2000)presented THE FIVECAPITALS FRAMEWORK Sources: Ekins(2008); Porritt(2007) nancial capitals,arestocks,orreserves,thathave iaca aia Moneythatisusedtostart ormaintainoperationsofgovernmentsandcompaniessuchas Naturalassetssuchasbiodiversityandecosystems thatprovideecologicalservices Financial capital Natural capital Socialnetworks,norms,andinstitutionsthat supportacohesivesocietyandfacilitate Productivepotentialofindividualpeople,suchasworkskills, training,andknowledgethat Social capital Assetsthatareusedtoproduceproductsandservices,such asinfrastructure,buildings,and Human capital Physical capital ye fcptlDe Types ofcapital : De (Table 1). fi ve capitalsisnecessaryforsustainable fi nition ofFiveCapitals Therefore, maintenanceofthe fi ts. However, sustainingtourism personnel expensesandmaintenance costs. directly andindirectlylinktoproduction ofproductsandservices. problems thatthreatensustainability. and networksthatpeoplecanusetocreatesocialcohesioncollectively solvecommon collaboration andcooperationamongmembers.Itreferstostocks ofsocialtrust,norms contributes totheimprovementofproductionproductsandservices. equipment. fl ows ofdesirableeconomic fi v capitals ve fi t-making fi ts Saen consistsof19communitieswitharegistered weekend resortforthe Thai public. As of2010,Bang viewpoints thatre cannot beoverstated.Neverthelessholistic capitals forsustainableeconomicdevelopment The importanceofmaintainingstocksthe (Figure 1) Thailand, approximately90kilometersfromBangkok on ChonburiProvinceintheEasternRegionof This studywasconductedinSaensuktownlocated Study area:BangSaen METHODOLOGY STUDY AREA AND Bang Saen,wasestablishedin1943asthe (Iwase andSilokwanich,2013). collective decisionsandmaintainthoselandscapes proper collectiveactions,theywillbeabletomake in reserveofthe natural andculturallandscapes.Ifcapitalinvestment actions contributetothenegativetransformationof collectiveorganizations, etc. The stakeholder’s related companies,localpeople,tourists,non-pro and localgovernments,largesmalltourism such asinternationalorganizations,national directly andindirectlyinvolvesvariousstakeholders sharing acommondestinyislargelylacking. Tourism involved intourisminitiativesasanorganization fi nitions . The town,morecommonlyknown as fi fl ve capitals ismadeforcreating ect thevoiceofallstakeholders fi fi rst ve fi t Reproduction from GoogleMap,accessedonJuly 13,2012 Map ofThailandandLocation Bang Saen Figure 1: The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand

Nakhara 33 Nakhara 34 (e.g. L1,L2,…Lx), whichstandsforlocals. interviewees inthisgroupis represented using‘L’ a vestedinterestinBangSaen tourism.Datafrom because itwasusefulfor and householders.Snowball method wasselected of otherbusinesses,formaland informalrecyclers, hoteliers, proprietorsofconvenience stores,owners This groupincludedbeachvendors,restaurateurs, the secondgroup,whichhadasamplesizeof64. method wasemployedtoselectintervieweesin stands formunicipalityof represented using‘M’ (e.g.M1,M2,…Mx),which group. Datafromintervieweesinthisgroupis development inBangSaenwerelimitedtothis technical anddetailedinformationontourism employed becauseinformantswhoheldnecessary and wasteworkers. This methodofselectionwas of themayor, towncouncilors,municipalityof a samplesizeofeleven. This groupwascomprised to selectintervieweesinthe locals. A purposivesamplingmethodwasutilized divided intotwogroups:municipalityof yet veri chose 75intervieweesinordertoachievediverse August 2010toMarch2011. The researcher interviews wereconductedwith75peoplefrom and publicrelationsmaterials.Secondly, in-depth issues, newspaperarticles,dissertations,brochures, declarations, developmentplans,anniversary reports, statistics,researchtreatises, universities. Types ofdocumentincludedannual Agency (JICA),Saensukmunicipality, and Thai agencies, theJapanInternationalCooperation academic sectorssuchas Thai government to BangSaentourismpublishedbypublicand First, theresearchercollecteddocumentsrelated DATA COLLECTIONMETHODS tourism inthetown. of landscapesbystakeholdershasnewlyrevived in BangSaenthepastandvarioustransformations development oftourismledtothecollapse tourism intermsoftouristarrivalsthepast. The Thailand thathasexperiencedaseriousdeclinein Bang Saenisoneofthefewtouristdestinationsin Saen waschosenasthecasestudysitebecause 30.80 Baht)(Saensukmunicipality, 2010a).Bang generating revenueof3.17billionbaht(1USD= were 1,343,897registeredtouristarrivalsin2009 visitors travelbyprivatecarfromBangkok. There is largelydependentontourism. The majorityof town is20.268km population of43,840people. The landareaofthe Daichi Iwase fi able information. The stakeholderswere 2 . The economyofBangSaen fi cials. A snowballsampling fi nding peoplewhohave fi rst group,whichhad fi cas and cials fi cers, the Saen wasanalyzedbasedonthede Capital investmentintourismdevelopmentBang DATA ANALYSISMETHODS trade. They reapedthebene Locals wereengagedin comm. Aug 8,2010). beaches (L7,pers.comm.Sep 23,2010;M6,pers. as waterplantsandwood,drifted ashoreontothe grounds fordomesticanimals. Marinedebris,such habitats forsmallcrabsandbeanclamsfeeding pers. comm.Sep6,2010). The beachesprovided some oftheplantswereusedformedicines(L8, prevent thecoastalerosionofbeaches,and vines (Mahakhan,2009). This vegetationhelped mangroves, beachmorningglories,andpuncture rain trees,ebonysugarpalms,coconut beach. The beacheswerecoveredbypinetrees, Tan wascalledBangSaen beachandWonnapa and shells. The coastlinefurthersouthofLaem The reefsprovidedhabitatsforsmall had manytrees,andreefscovereditscoastline. out intotheseaiscalledLaem Tan. This area and shells. The southwardarea ofthehilljutting for snakes,wildrhesusmonkeys,crabs,small the lowerpart.Moreover, thehillwasalsoahabitat upper partofthehill,mangrovesandreefscovered called KhaoSamMukhill.Whiletreescoveredthe abundant. The northernhighland ofBangSaenis community wherereservesofnaturalcapitalwere Before theearly1940s,BangSaenwasaquietrural the late1960s) fi Landscape ofBangSaeninthe RESULTS stakeholder activitieswithineachphase. Bang Saenwastransformedindifferent waysby were dividedinthiswaybecausethelandscapeof ranges fromthelate1980sto2011. The phases from thelate1960sto1980s. The thirdphase early 1940stothelate1960s. The secondphaseis into threephases. The throughout history. The historyperiodwasdivided have transformedthelandscapesofBangSaen activities ofthestakeholdersandhowtheir how investmentineachtypeofcapitalsupported in-depth interviewswasconductedbysummarizing content analysisofqualitativedataobtainedfrom rst phase(from theearly1940sto fi ve capitalsasshownin fi rst phasecoversfromthe fi shing, agriculture,and fi ts ofthe Table1. fl ow ofnatural fi fi Secondly, s, crabs, sh, ntos of nitions fi sh, encouraged localstoinvestinphysicalcapital, for themtochangetheirjobs. The directinvestment in tourism,astourismdevelopmentprovidedimpetus and trade,manyofthemstartedtobecomeinvolved from majorinvestors Saen withoutinterventionssuchasdirectinvestment Thai citizens. This couldnothave happenedinBang that aimedtoestablishthe into aseasideresortareabytourismdevelopment onwards, thelandscapewasgraduallytransformed the early1940s.However, sincetheearly1940s 16, 1957. 4 3 2 1 SaritThanarat Figure 2 was estimatedaround1,000people(Iwase,2014). Saen. The totalpopulationbeforetheearly1940s Saen to Ang-Sila, situatedtothenorthofBang 2002). Additionally, onelocalroad connectedBang to nationalhighwaythatledBangkok(Kakizaki, a dirtroadandservedastheonlyconnected pers. comm. Aug 5,2010). This provincialroadwas market, wassetbackfromtheprovincialroad(M3, road, andamarketfortrading,calledNonMong established situatedontherightsideofprovincial villages dottedtheshore,afarmingvillagewas capital stocks(Saensukmunicipality, 2010b).Fishing Saen becamea Consequently, directinvestmentceaseduntilBang major investorwasabsentfortherestofthisphase. After SaritdiedsuddenlyonDecember8,1963,the more coconuttreeswereplantedtowelcomevisitors. vines wereremovedfromBangSaenbeach,and mangroves, beachmorningglories,andpuncture same time,pine,rain,andebonytrees,sugarpalms, improved theinfrastructureofBangSaen,butat resort (Mahakhan,2009). Their capitalinvestment to establishastateenterprisethatmanagedthe and usedfinancialcapitalthatwasnecessary along thebeach,andwaterelectricitysupply), its supportinginfrastructure(e.g.roads,sidewalks capital ofconstructingtheseasideresortand 2010; L7,pers.comm. Sep23,2010). Although localswereengagedin insuf fi business becausetheycouldnotcreateenough The resortstaff confronteddif nancial capitalby themselves, anissuecausedby Many tourists bought seafood at Nong Mon market and enjoyed barbecues on the beach (L48, pers. comm. Sep 1, ManytouristsboughtseafoodatNong Monmarketandenjoyed barbecuesonthebeach(L48,pers.comm. Sep1, Sanitarydistrictswere sub-autonomousentitiesthatexistedin Thailand until1999. 11 3rd PrimeMinisterof Thailand betweenDecember16,1938 and August 1,1944and April 8,1948andSeptember fi cient human capital (Iwase, 2014; NEB, 1978). cient humancapital(Iwase,2014;NEB,1978). th PrimeMinisterof Thailand betweenOctober20,1958 andDecember8,1963. shows thelandscapeofBangSaenbefore 2 . They investedinthephysical Sukhaphiban PlaekPibunsongkhram fi rst leisure-placeforall fi culty inrunningtheir 3 Saensukin1968. fi shery, agriculture, 1 and arrivals duringthisphasewasdif and scheduledroutebuses. The numberoftourist sailboats fromChonburi,privatecars,tourbuses, pleasure seeking.Modesoftransportationincluded during theweekendandonpublicholidaysfor Bang Saen. They camefromBangkok anditsvicinity described abovestartedtoattract Thai visitorsto Tourism developmentsinitiatedbythestakeholders 1, 2010). the increasingpopulation(L48,pers.comm.Sep townhouses inBangSaenordertoaccommodate invest inphysicalcapitalsuchasshophousesand in 1985). The 16 timescomparedtotheearly1940s(Pirapinyo, late 1960swas16,494people,anincreaseofabout Aug 20,2010). The populationofBangSaeninthe 2010; L9,pers.comm. Aug 2,2010;M8,pers.comm. around BangSaenbeach(L37,pers.comm.Nov25, shops, groceryandgrilledchickenshops including theconstructionofrestaurants,souvenir from outside,andtheyinvestedinphysicalcapital, tourism developmentinBangSaenattractedpeople 2010; L35,pers.comm.Sep1,2010).Furthermore, comm. Aug 3,2010;M8,pers.comm. Aug 20, production oftouristboats(T chairs andswimmingringsinordertorent, of beachvendors’ equipment,purchaseofbeach such asconstructionofcateringfacilities,purchase changes ofthefivecapitalstocksinfirst into anationallyimportantseasideresort. The landscape ofthisplacefromaquietruralcommunity capital stockinBangSaenandtransformedthe Investment inphysicalcapitaldestroyednatural 15, 2010). L9, pers.comm. Aug 2,2010;L52,pers.comm.Nov comm. Sep1,2010;L26,pers.Oct15, dried marineproducts,andsouvenirs)(L48,pers. showers, beachhawking,andbuyingsnacks,drinks, renting beachchairsandswimmingrings, shells, andrecreationactivitiese.g.touristboating, natural walks,seabathing,gatheringcrabsand Visitors experiencedthe place through because intervieweeswerenotabletoestimate. The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: fl ux ofpeoplecauseddevelopersto OT, 1965; The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand fi cult toestimate L27, pers. picnics 4 ,

Nakhara 35 Nakhara 36 in positiveimpacts,suchastheimprovementof and decreasedthenaturalcapitalstock,resulted phase, whichincreasedthephysicalcapitalstock Daichi Iwase Source: Iwase(2014) Landscape ofBangSaenbefore the early1940s Figure 2: negative impacts,suchasthegrowthofslum revenues, butatthesametime,itgenerated infrastructure, jobcreation,andincreaseinlocal not cooperate in addressing those negative impacts not cooperateinaddressingthosenegativeimpacts of seaanimals.Moreoverthestakeholderscould communities, wasteproblems,andthedisappearance Source: Iwase(2014) Landscape ofBangSaenaround theendof1960s Figure 3: human capitals. due totheabsenceofinvestmentinsocialand transformed by stakeholder activities in the late 1960s. transformed bystakeholderactivitiesinthelate1960s. The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: Figure 3 shows the landscape as showsthelandscapeas The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand

Nakhara 37 Nakhara 38 administrative area(15.2km residents (Pasong, 1999). from theMinistryofInterior, Kamnan(sub-districtheadman),Phu Yai Ban(villageheadmen),andelectedmembersfrom 5 those majorinvestorscaused localstochangetheir 2010). Furthertourismdevelopmentfueledby beach andLaem Tan (L7,pers.comm.Sep23, spaces, andseafoodrestaurantsinBangSaen such asconstructingandmanaginghotels,business capitals toestablishtourism-relatedbusinesses Moreover, heinvestedinphysicalandfinancial Saen fromthelate1970s(MeawKanmuang,2013). sanitary projectsandbuiltmostoftheroadsinBang Bang Saenbecamea In responsetotherevisionof to thelate1980s) second phase(fromthelate1960s Landscape ofBangSaeninthe Daichi Iwase the and a public healthinthebeacharea rental shops)inthenameofmanagement (e.g. paytoiletsandshowers,restaurants,bike shop houses)toorganizetourism-relatedbusinesses constructed commercialbuildings(Thai-style1-story exclusively bybusestoreducetraf example, theyconstructedaparkinglottobeused as facilitiesthatwouldimprovepublichealth.For could dowasinvestmentinphysicalcapital,such area only. Therefore, atmost, allthecommittee (e.g. solidwastemanagement)inthedesignated responsibilities werecon committee forlocaldevelopmentbecausestatutory of Interiorrestrictedthepoliticalpower (Pasong, 1999;JICA,2001).However, theMinistry store taxes,signboardandhousingtaxes) annualbudgetandlocals’Interior’s payments(e.g. revenue sources,consistingoftheMinistry during thisphase. The committeehadtwomain one ofthemajorinvestorsintourismdevelopment revision forcedthecommitteetotakeroleas established (M3,pers.comm. Aug 5,2010). This the of hisstatusasKamnan(sub-districtheadman) beginning intheearly1980s.Bytakingadvantage investments inBangSaentourismdevelopment development duringthisphase.Hemadelarge Poh, becameanothermajorinvestorintourism Somchai Khunpluem,popularlyknownasKamnan and authoritytodevelopBangSaentourism, TheSukhaphibancommitteewascomposedofadistrictchief of Sukhaphiban Sukhaphiban Sukhaphiban , heundertookthe lackedboththe or“sanitary Sukhaphiban fi ned to public health issues ned topublichealthissues 2 ) wasdetermined, Sukhaphiban committee” fi (Figure 4). c jams,andthey fi nnil power nancial Sukhaphiban in1968. The Since 5 was Act, ’s ’s 1993). The in 1993). The Note: Databetween1982and1988 notavailableinrecords. Unit: millionbaht Reproduction from:NationalStatisticOf between 1973and1981 Revenue andExpenditureofSukhaphibanSaensuk Figure 4: on publicholidaysbyprivatecars,tourbuses,and Bangkok anditsvicinityduringtheweekend were attractedtoBangSaen. They camefrom stakeholders, andasaresult,more Thai visitors Tourism wasfurtherdevelopedbytheaforementioned Jan 19,2011; M8,pers.comm. Aug 20,2010). L52, pers.comm.Nov29,2010;L10, comm. Nov25,2010;L9,pers. Aug 2,2010; the increasingpopulation(Iwase,2011; L37,pers. apartments inBangSaenordertoaccommodate physical capitalofshophouses,townhouses,and because itencourageddeveloperstoinvestinthe of BangSaenanddegradedtheruralatmosphere 1980s was32,997people(NationalStatisticalOf Laem Tan. The populationofBangSaenattheend souvenir shops,etc.)aroundBangSaenbeachand restaurants, grocerystores,paytoiletsandshowers, equipment, guesthouses,streetstalls,seafood rentals, scooterboats,bananabeachvendors’ related businesses(e.g.bicyclerentals,motorcycle in physicaland attracted morepeoplefromoutside. They invested jobs from fi cer fromtheMOI,assistantdistrict chiefof fi shery totourism-relatedlivelihoodsand fl ux ofpeoplefosteredtheurbanization fi nancial capitalstostarttourism- fi ce (1980,1981) fi cers cers fi ce, ce, Source: Iwase(2014) Landscape ofBangSaeninthelate 1980s Figure 5: capitals tooffer pleasuretothevisitors,andtherefore stakeholders investedonlyinphysicaland activities providedbythestakeholders. The above bathing, gatheringcrabsandshells,recreation place throughenjoyingpicnics,naturalwalks,sea via scheduledroutebuses. They experiencedthe fi nancial 2010; L52,pers.comm.Nov15,2010). pers. comm.Oct15,2010;L9, Aug 2, their holidays(L48,pers.comm.Sep1,2010;L26, the cleanlinessofplacewheretheywerespending visitors didnottakeanyinterestinhelpingtomaintain The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand

Nakhara 39 Nakhara 40 to makemorepro landscape ofthisplacetoattractmorevisitorsand capital stocksinBangSaenandtransformedthe and managementsystems,destroyedmorenatural coordinated tourismdevelopmentpolicies,plans, Investment inphysicaland Daichi Iwase references. the researcherbasedoninformation availableinthe Note: Databetween1978and1988 wasestimatedby (1998) between 1978and1988Sources:NEB (1978);Jiemsripong Tourist Arrivals toBang SaenandTourism Receipts Figure 6: absence ofinvestmentinsocialandhumancapitals. cooperate inaddressingnegativeimpactsduetothe Abe, 2004).However, thestakeholderscouldnot and DevelopmentBoard,1972;Paitoonpong pers. comm. Aug 9,2010;NationalEconomic by thegovernment’s agro-industry policies(L25, farming andfoodprocessingfactoriesstimulated caused bytheexpansionofshrimpandoyster affected tourisminBang Saen;thepollutionwas pers. comm.Oct18).Moreover, seawaterpollution Oct 15,2010;L21,pers.comm.L15, L50, pers.comm.Sep22,2010;L26, noise pollution,thanthe overcrowding, airpollution,seawaterand sea animals,traf the they generatedmoreseriousnegativeimpactthan and anincreaseinrevenues,butatthesametime, as theimprovementofinfrastructure,jobcreation, natural capitalstock,resultedinpositiveimpact,such and financialcapitalstocksdecreasedthe second phase,whichincreasedmorethephysical late 1980s. The changesofthe as transformedbythestakeholders’ activitiesinthe fi rst phase,suchasmorelittering,disappearing fi c jams, a rise in slum communities, c jams,ariseinslumcommunities, fi ts. Figure 5 fi fi rst phase(NEB,1978; nancial capitals, without nancial capitals,without showsthelandscape fi ve capitalsinthe limits, andpoliticalpowerofthe upgrade ledtoincreasesinrevenue,expenditure 2, 2010; Akagi, 1995;BangkokPost,1989). This pers. comm.Sep21,2010;L34,Dec Thesaban Tambon Sukhaphiban the the late1970s,hebecamefirstMayorof slum replacementandroadconstruction)during by KamnanPohfortourismdevelopment(e.g. As aresultofthecapitalinvestmentsmade 2011) third phase(fromthelate1980sto Landscape ofBangSaeninthe in 2005,the (Iwase, 2011). Although KamnanPohdisappeared debris fromdrifting,inorderto managepublichealth along withrubbishtrapsthat preventedmarine wastewater treatmentplants wereconstructed, into anewtouristspot.Lastly, sanitaryland Wonnapa beachinordertoconverta attraction. Fifth,roadconstructionoccurredat Sam Mukhilltoturnthedormantsiteintoatourist and buildingconstructionprojectsbeganatKhao destination. Fourthly, large-scaleroadconstruction Laem Tan inordertoturnthisareaintoanewtourist Thirdly, alargeconstructionprojectwaslaunchedin to expandaroadaroundthemarketwasinitiated. Secondly, aprojecttoimproveNongMonmarketand Bang Saenandtoexpandaroadalongthebeach. the to reviveandboosttourisminBangSaen.First, the centralandprovincialgovernmentsinorder capital onalargescalewithspecialsubsidiesfrom to 2005,the 2010; M13,pers.comm. Aug 21,2010).From1994 comm. Aug 5,2010;M8,pers.comm. Aug 20, of BangSaentosuithisownagenda(M3,pers. policies hewantedandcouldcontrolthedevelopment Thinbangtieo, 2008). Therefore, hecould makeany through formalpowerofthe tourism developmentsbasedonhisowninitiatives However, thisgaveKamnanPohmoreroomtodirect major investorsintourismdevelopmentthisphase. 7). late 1970s result, tourismrevenueswerelowerstartinginthe gradually keptvisitorsawayfromthisplace. As a positive ones,andtheenvironmentaldegradation Finally, negativeimpactsbegantooverwhelm As aresult,the Thesaban Thesaban (Figure6). Thesaban Thesaban undertookhugeprojectstoimprove Saensukwasupgradedtothe (municipality) Saensukwhenthe Thesaban (town) statusin1988(L38, investedheavilyinphysical continuedtoinvest heavily Thesaban becameoneofthe Thesaban fi ( Praditsiland shingvillage

(Figure fi ll and ll and thirdplaces.KamnanPohalsocontinuedtobe services) madeup21.6percent,fallinginsecond to goodgovernance(e.g.improvementofmunicipal made up30.5percent,andhumancapitalrelated development ofinfrastructureandtouristattractions) capital fortourismandeconomicpromotion(e.g. per centofthetotalbudget.Investmentinphysical and health),whichaccountforanaverageof35.6 quality oflifedevelopmentprojects(e.g.education mostly investedinhumancapital,suchassocialand cent ofthetotaldevelopmentbudget. The category accountsforanaverageofonly12.3per of naturalresourcesandtheenvironment),asthis in themanagement,monitoring,andrehabilitation or environmentandresourcemanagement(e.g. 2). Table 2 in physicalcapitalfortourismdevelopment Unit: millionbaht Source: Saensukmunicipality(2006, 2007,2008,2009a,2010c,2012a) Unit: millionbaht 2006, 2007,2008,2009b,2010c,and2012a) Sources: Saensukmunicipality(2002,2003,2004,2005, 1989 and2011 Revenue andExpenditureofThesabanSaensukbetween Figure 7: odgvrac 82 01 109 10 10 9 201 180 39 9 18 22 23 17 111 48 9 19 15 2 8 17 2 12 104 41 Good governance Social andqualityoflifedevelopment Environment andresourcemanagement Tourism andeconomicpromotion The : Investmentofthe ThesabanSaensuk between2005and2010(in Thai baht) Thesaban rjc ye 0520 0720 0921 Total 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Project types investedlittleinnaturalcapital Thesaban (Table

comm. Sep1,2010;L27,pers. Aug 3,2010). social responsibility(CSR)activities(L35,pers. came fromlargecompaniesaspartofcorporate volunteers forcleaningupBangSaenbeach. They publicized environmentaldegradationattracted (Iwase andSilokwanich,2013).Moreover, thiswidely the environment),duringtheirholidaysinBangSaen maintaining thecleanlinessofplaceandpreserving take anyinterestinhelpingtheenvironment(e.g. indulge inpleasure,andthusvisitorsdidnot and financialcapitalstoencouragetourists The abovestakeholdersinvestedonlyinphysical recreational activitiesoffered bystakeholders. consumed theplacethroughenjoyingvarious private car. They cameforpleasure-seekingand during theweekendandonpublicholidaysby Most visitorscamefromBangkokanditsvicinity more Thai visitorswhohadmore buyingpower. The large-scalerenovationofBangSaenattracted into acityandtheruralatmosphereisgone. in 2012a). The Saen in2011 was43,322(Saensukmunicipality, pers. comm. Aug 20,2010). The populationofBang Nov 29,2010;L10,pers.comm.Jan19,2011; M8, 2010; L9,pers.comm. Aug 2,2010;L52,pers.comm. Thesaban and laundries)innewareasdevelopedbythe small hotels,guesthouses, Thai massageshops, restaurants, foodcorners,conveniencestores, to starttourism-relatedbusinesses(e.g.seafood people fromoutsideinphysicaland Bang Saenstimulatedinvestmentbylocalsand in physicalcapitaltoreviveandboosttourism visitors andmakemorepro shopping malls,andpubsinordertoattractmore condominiums, housingestates,shophouses, commercial properties,hotels,seafoodrestaurants, construct accommodationsforslumdwellers, capital alloverBangSaen,includingprojectsto during thisphase.Hepersonallyinvestedinphysical one ofthemajorinvestorsintourismdevelopment The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: (Iwase, 2011; L37,pers.comm.Nov25, 132372 fl ux ofpeoplehasturnedBangSaen fi t. Massiveinvestment The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand fi nancial capitals

Nakhara 41 Nakhara 42 rural seasideresortintoanurbanresort. and transformedthelandscapeofthisplacefroma largely destroyednaturalcapitalstocksinBangSaen in ordertorevivetourismbyattractingmorevisitors Massive investmentinphysicaland Daichi Iwase Source: Iwase(2014) Landscape ofBangSaenin2011 Figure 8: fi nancial capitals arrivals andtouristreceiptsincreased stakeholder activitiesin2011. As aresult,visitor increased moreandthephysical changes ofthe Figure 8 showsthelandscapeastransformedby fi ve capitalsinthethirdphase,which (Figure9). fi nancial The The tourist destinations (Butler, 2006).Oncetourism maintaining thelandscapes. This istrueofmany between thestocksof cultural landscapes,because ofimproperbalance without losingtheabilityto maintain naturaland certain disturbancescausedby tourismdevelopment capacity ofagiventouristdestinationthatovercomes of tourismlandscapes,whichcanbede in tourismpromotionthoroughlydecreasedresilience maintenance ofthelandscape. As aresult,investment tourism growth,orpromotion,ratherthanon short, capitalinvestmenthasbeenfocusedon upon whichBangSaentourismisdependent.In increasing pro fi vicious cyclebecauseinvestmentinphysicaland Tourism developmentprocesses weretrappedina DISCUSSION and humancapitals. impacts duetotheabsenceofinvestmentinsocial stakeholders tocooperateinaddressingnegative second phase(Iwase,2011). Itwasdif air pollution,overcrowding,andtraf animals, littering,noisepollution,aesthetic caused byoverdevelopment,disappearingsea serious negativeimpacts,suchasbeacherosion revenues, butatthesametime,itgeneratedmore and publichealth,jobcreation,anincreasein impacts, suchastheimprovementofinfrastructure stock thanthesecondphase,resultedinpositive capital stocksanddecreasedthenatural municipality (2010a,2012b) Sources: Jiemsripong(1998);TAT (2008);Saensuk between 1989and2011 Tourist Arrivals toBangSaenandTourism Receipts Figure 9: nancial capitalsforattractingmorevisitors and fi ts destroyedthenaturallandscape fi ve capitalsnecessary for fi c jams,thanthe fi fi cult forthe ned asthe than planninghow toincreasephysicaland necessary formaintainingnatural landscapesrather make abalancebetweenthe stocks of in designobject,whichrequires planninghowto create sustainabilitybyincluding the development. Designasaplanning activitywould playing aroleincreatingsustainability intourism improvement iswheredesignmustintervenefor improvement (Iwase,2014). This qualitative expansions oftourismactivitiesintoqualitative among majorstakeholdersfromquantitative requires shiftingtheparadigmofcapitalinvestment such revolutionarychangeintourismdevelopment same process(Hawken,2010).However, instigating landscape anddevelopingtourismareonethe integration throughtheconceptthatmaintaining and theneedsofenvironment;rather, itseeks balance betweentheneedsoftourismdevelopment This kindofapproachdoesnotseektoestablisha tourism developmentpolicies,ratherthangrowth. in thelongtermmustbesetascentralgoalof can beusedtoregeneraterecreationalservices maintaining theselandscapessothatnaturalcapital on naturalandculturallandscapes.Investmentfor must realizethattourismsustainabilityisdependent study suggeststhatmajorinvestorsinparticular economic development(Porritt,2007). This case maximize pro creation ofmorephysicaland (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). The erosion causedbyoverdevelopmentasaresult services, overthelongtermbecauseofbeach as ecologicalservices,especiallyrecreational that naturalcapitalstockscouldnolongerbeused Saen, thelandscapewastransformedtoextent the growth(Harvey, 1985).InthecaseofBang incremental capitalinvestmentinordertomaintain development issettoagrowthmode,itrequires in all from thelackofunderstandingneedtoinvest as alargergroupsharingcommondestiny, and absence ofholisticviewpointsfromallstakeholders decision making. This oversight stemsfromthe holidays, andfacilitatingpublicparticipationin creating environmentallyandsociallymeaningful capacity forbetterenvironmentalmanagement, cooperation amongallstakeholders,building restoring environmentaldegradation,fostering for example,enhancingtheenvironmentalquality, natural capitalinordertomaintainthelandscapeby, been madeinphysical, spaces, andrestaurants.Investmenthasnever resorts, hotels,condominiums,roads,business new businessactivities,beachscenery, landuses, designers havebeencontributing,bydesigning The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: fi ve capitalsinordertocreatesustainability fi ts iswherethe fi nancial, social,human,or The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand fi fi nancial capitalsto eld ofdesignand fi fi v capitals ve ve capitals ve fi nancial

Nakhara 43 Nakhara 44 resilience oftourismlandscapes targets inthefivecapitalsforstrengthening should helpmajorinvestorsandmakeinvestment capital necessaryformaximizingpro Table 3 Daichi Iwase However, sucha shiftrequiresdesignerstodevelop to strengthenresilienceof tourism landscapes. investment targetsofthe more physicalandfinancial capitaltocreating in tourismdevelopmentmust change fromcreating behaviors). The roleofdesign cohesion, andvisitor’s natural environment,human resources,social improvement oftourism(e.g.the and developmentofinfrastructure)toqualitative expansions oftourism(e.g.attractionvisitors requires shiftingcapitalinvestmentfromquantitative to enablestakeholdersachievethisgoal. This and itshouldbemadeacrossthefivecapitals as thecentralgoaloftourismdevelopmentpolicies, recreational servicesinthelongtermmustbeset that naturalcapitalcanbeusedtoregenerate Investment formaintainingtheselandscapesso of sustainabletourismdevelopmentsuggests. of theenvironmentasUNWTO’s definition the needsoftourismdevelopmentand cultural landscapesratherthantryingtobalance must beintegratedwithmaintenanceofnaturaland In ordertosustaintourismdevelopment,investment increase physicaland unlimitedly ifcapitalinvestmentismadeonlyto It isimpossibletosustaintourismdevelopment CONCLUSION for creatingsustainabilityintourismdevelopment. way, investmentcanbemadeinthe iaca aia Environmentally, socially, andeconomicallymeaningfultourism-relatedbusinesses Environmentalpreservationandconservationactivitiestorepairenhancenaturalcapital Financial capital Natural capital Environmentalvolunteeractivities,awarenessraising,communitywork,company’s Training programs,educationalactivities,etc.toimproveknowledge,skills,andcreativity Social capital Human capital Greenbuildings,environmentallyfriendlytransportsystems,sustainablewastemanagement Physical capital ye fcptlDesignTargets Types ofcapital : Design Targets intheFiveCapitals administrative activities stock in policy-making and tofostercollaborativethinking,commitment,ethicalresponsibility, andpublicparticipation social contributionactivities,etc.tocreateenvironmentallyandsociallymeaningfulholidays ones systems, renewableenergyetc.toreducenegativeimpactsandincreasepositive fi nancial capitalforcapitalists. fi ve capitalsnecessary (Table 3). fi ts. Designers ts. fi v capitals ve Inthis Thailand. Waste ManagementSystem: A CaseStudyofBangSaen, of Capital Allocation forSustainableMunicipalSolid Iwase, D.andDilokwanich,S.(2013). The Management Environment andNaturalResources Journal Environmental Transformation inBangSaen, Thailand. Iwase, D.(2011). Happer CollinsBooks. Declaration ofSustainability(Revisededition).New York: Hawken, P. (2010). The EcologyofCommerce: A Baltimore: The JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress. in The Historyand Theory ofCapitalistUrbanization. Harvey, D.(1985). The UrbanizationofCapital:Studies 63-80. Development Evaluation. Ekins, P. (2008). The Four-CapitalMethodOfSustainable Clevedon: ChannelView Publications. Torism Area LifeCycleVol. 1: Application andModi Evolution: ImplicationsforManagementofResources.In Butler, R.(2006). The Conceptofa Tourist Area Cycleof mayor Bangkok Post.(1989). Chonburi (inJapanese).Kyoto:Horitsubunkasya. Akagi, O.(1995). Transformation oftheLocalPoliticsin REFERENCES realize theroleofdesigninerasustainability. a holisticunderstandingofthe . 22March,Bangkok. EnvironmentAsia Power RelationsIn Tourism and KamnanPoh named European Environment , 6(2),pp.49-57. fi ve capitalsandto , 9(2),pp.1-10. fi rst Bang Saen rst BangSaen fi , 18,pp. cations. cations. Bangkok: UNESCAP. Thai). Bangkok: The Of Guidance forEnvironmentalQuality, BangSaenBeach National EnvironmentBoard(NEB).(1978). Chonburi Mahakhan, P. (2009). Studies Southeast Asian First RoadConstructionProgram(inJapanese). Revolution in Thailand, 1932-1941:Establishmentofthe Kakizaki, I.(2002).RoadImprovementafterConstitutional Province Environmental ManagementofBangsaenBeachChonburi Jiemsripong, R.(1998). Countries Government DecentralizationReformsinDeveloping Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA).(2001). JICA. Marine ScienceCenter, Thailand Working paperonBasicConstructionPlanofBangSaen Japan InternationalCooperation Agency (JICA)(1981). Mahidol University. A CaseofBangSaen,Thailand Iwase, D.(2014). Government in Asia andthePaci Pasong, S.(1999). pp. 3-12. A Picture fromthePast. Paitoonpong, S.and Abe, S.(2004). The Thai Economy: Prime Minister. Region: EasternRegion National StatisticalOf Changwat: Chonburi National StatisticalOf Changwat: Chonburi National StatisticalOf Bangkok: Of Third NationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentPlan National EconomicandDevelopmentBoard.(1972). Studies Post-Modern CommunityDevelopment. Commodi Mitchell, C.J. A. (1998).Entrepreneurialism, World Resources Institute. and HumanWell-being: Synthesis Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Publishing. Godfather oftheEast,KamnanPoh. MeawKanmuang. (2013). , 14(3),pp.273-286. . M.A. Thesis, Mahidol University. (in Thai). . Tokyo:JICA. fi cation andCreativeDestruction: A Modelof fi ce ofthePrimeMinister. The MechanismforSustainableTourism: Nonthaburi: . Bangkok:Of . Bangkok:Of Country Paper:Thailand fi fi c. (1981). ce. (1980). ce. Tourists’ SatisfactionRegardingthe fi fi c. (1993). ce. ce ofthePrimeMinister. The HistoricalDevelopmentof , 39(4),pp.478-508. 1993.Bangkok:Of TDRI QuarterlyReview The EndoftheLegendary OngsaSabaidee Limited. fi fi fi c: A comparativeStudy ce ofthePrimeMinister. ce ofthePrimeMinister. . Washington, D.C.: The (inJapanese). Tokyo: . Ph.D.Dissertation, Nonthaburi: FullMoon Statistical Reportsof Statistical Reportsof Statistic Reportsof Journal ofRural Improvement Ecosystems fi , in ce ofthe Journal of ,19 (4), Local The (in . . Saensuk Sanitary, AmphoeMuang, ChonburiProvince Pirapinyo, N.(1985). Porritt, J.(2007). M.A. Thesis, ChulalongkornUniversity. Saensuk municipality. (2010b). content&task=view&id=97. www.saensukcity.go.th/2010/index.php? option=com_ Saen Saensuk municipality. (2010a). municipality. Plan (2553-2555) Saensuk municipality(2009b). Working Report. Saensuk municipality. (2009a). (2552-2554) Saensuk municipality(2008). (2551-2553) Saensuk municipality(2007). (2550-2552) Saensuk municipality(2006). (2549-2551) Saensuk municipality(2005). (2548-2550) Saensuk municipality(2004). municipality. Municipality in2547 Saensuk municipality(2003). municipality. Municipality in2546 Saensuk municipality(2002). Institute Foundation(PRI). Nonthaburi: The PolicyResearchandDevelopment in ChonburiProvincethatDrivesSocialStructure Praditsilp, C.and Tinbangdew, O.(2008). London: Earthscan. Saensuk municipality(2010c). Thai). BangSaen:Saensukmunicipality. tourism-2553-2554.pdf. 29, 2013from:http://saensukcity.go.th/images/ doc/stat- Saenbetween 2553-2554 Saensuk municipality(2012b). municipality. Plan (2556-2558) Saensuk municipality(2012a). municipality. Plan (2554-2556) The RoleofDesigninCreatingSustainabilityTourism Development: (in Thai).Retrieved onJune28,2010fromhttp:// (in Thai). BangSaen: Saensukmunicipality. (in Thai). BangSaen: Saensukmunicipality. (in Thai). BangSaen: Saensukmunicipality. (in Thai). BangSaen: Saensukmunicipality. (in Thai). BangSaen: Saensukmunicipality. BangSaen:Seansukmunicipality. Capitalism: As IftheWorldMatters (in Thai). BangSaen:Saensuk (in Thai). BangSaen:Saensuk (in Thai). BangSaen:Saensuk A StudyofDevelopmentGuideline: (in Thai). BangSaen:Saensuk (in Thai). BangSaen:Saensuk (in Thai). RetrievedJanuary Three-Year DevelopmentPlan Three-Year DevelopmentPlan Three-Year DevelopmentPlan Three-Year DevelopmentPlan Three-Year DevelopmentPlan Development Plan:Saensuk Development Plan:Saensuk The MagicofBangsaen Three-Year Development Three-Year Development Three-Year Development Tourist Arrivals inBang Tourist Arrivals inBang Sean SukMunicipality: The CaseofBangSaen,Thailand Power Structure (in Thai). (in . .

Nakhara 45 Nakhara 46 Challenges Climate ChangeandTourism -RespondingtoGlobal United NationsEnvironmentProgramme United NationsWorld Tourism Organization(UNWTO) and Policy Makers. (2005). United NationsWorld Tourism Organization(UNWTO). United NationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)and tat.or.th/stat/web/static_index.php. Statistics Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). (2008). in BangSaen Tourism Organizationof Thailand (TOT). (1965). sustainability. London: The ForumfortheFuture. The ForumfortheFuture.(2000).Understanding Environment: BeyondSustainability?. Sharpley, R.(2009). Daichi Iwase Making Tourism MoreSustainable: A Guidefor . RetrievedFebruary26,2010from:http://www2. . Madrid:UNWTO. . Bangkok: TAT. Paris:UNEP. Tourism DevelopmentandThe London:Earthscan. (UNEP). (2008). Four Days Four Days Tourism