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Which Kinds of Social Safety Net Transfers Work Best for The WHICH KINDS OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET TRANSFERS WORK BEST FOR THE ULTRA POOR IN BANGLADESH? Operation and Impacts of the Transfer Modality Research Initiative Akhter U. Ahmed, John F. Hoddinott, Shalini Roy, Esha Sraboni, Wahidur R. Quabili, and Amy Margolies WHICH KINDS OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET TRANSFERS WORK BEST FOR THE ULTRA POOR IN BANGLADESH? Operation and Impacts of the Transfer Modality Research Initiative Akhter U. Ahmed, 1* John F. Hoddinott,** Shalini Roy,* Esha Sraboni,*** Wahidur R. Quabili,* and Amy Margolies**** In collaboration with Data Analysis and Technical Assistance International Food Policy Research Institute Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program House 10A, Road 35, Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh World Food Programme, Bangladesh IDB Bhaban (17th Floor), E/8-A, Rokeya Sarani Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh February 2016 This study was supported and guided by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, and conducted with financial support from the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The views and opinions contained in the report are those of the authors and are not necessarily shared by BMZ, DFID, SDC, UNDP or USAID. 1Akhter Ahmed ([email protected]) is the corresponding author for comments and queries. *International Food Policy Research Institute **Cornell University (former IFPRI researcher) ***Brown University (former IFPRI researcher) ****Johns Hopkins University (former IFPRI researcher) Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................................ viii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and Motivation .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Research ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Cash and Food Transfers: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Evidence ................................................. 3 2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE TRANSFER MODALITY RESEARCH INITIATIVE ........................................ 9 2.1 Description of the TMRI ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Implementation Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 14 3. IMPACT EVALUATION DESIGN AND DATA ........................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Designing an Impact Evaluation: An Overview ............................................................................................ 18 3.2 Impact Evaluation Design for the TMRI .......................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Data for the Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................... 24 4. PROFILE OF SURVEY HOUSEHOLDS......................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Household Characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Budget Shares and Food Consumption ............................................................................................................ 33 4.3 Nutritional Status of Children and Women .................................................................................................... 41 5. OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE, PROGRAM PARTICIPATION, AND DELIVERY COSTS .................... 44 5.1 Implementation Process ........................................................................................................................................ 44 5.2 TMRI Participation ................................................................................................................................................... 53 5.3 Size of Transfers ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 5.4 Costs of Delivering Transfers and Nutrition BCC Training ...................................................................... 66 5.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70 6. THE IMPACT OF THE TMRI ON HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ..................................................................... 72 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 72 6.2 Background ................................................................................................................................................................. 72 6.3 Consumption at Baseline ....................................................................................................................................... 75 6.4 Impact Estimates ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 6.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 107 7. THE IMPACT OF THE TMRI ON MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES RELATED TO CHILD NUTRITION ................................................................................................................................................... 108 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 108 7.2 Maternal Knowledge ............................................................................................................................................ 108 7.3 Maternal Practices: Child Feeding and Hygiene ........................................................................................ 116 i 7.4 Complementary Feeding ..................................................................................................................................... 120 7.5 Knowledge and Use of Micronutrient Powders ........................................................................................ 130 7.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 133 8. THE IMPACT OF THE TMRI ON CHILD ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS ..................................................... 134 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 134 8.2 Background .............................................................................................................................................................. 134 8.3 Anthropometry at Baseline................................................................................................................................ 137 8.4 Basic Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 140 8.5 Disaggregated Results .......................................................................................................................................... 143 8.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 145 9. THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE NUMBERS: QUALITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH ............................................ 146 9.1 Perspectives from TMRI Participants ............................................................................................................ 146 9.2 Case Studies .............................................................................................................................................................. 147 10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 155 Structure and Partners................................................................................................................................................ 155 TMRI Implementation ................................................................................................................................................. 155 Impact ...............................................................................................................................................................................
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