Invertebrate Animals
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Chapter 14 1. Specialization of Regions of the Body for Specific
Chapter 14 1. Specialization of regions of the body for specific functions, as seen in arthropods, is called A) tagmatization. B) metamerism. C) truncation. D) differentiation. E) cephalization. 2. Members of class __________ are among the most numerous crustaceans, and are both marine and freshwater in distribution. A) Cirripedia B) Copepoda C) Branchiopoda D) Malacostraca E) Isopoda 3. Which type of crustacean do many zoologists believe to have the greatest number of individuals of any type of animal on the planet? A) isopods B) fairy shrimp C) brine shrimp D) copepods E) barnacles 4. Which of the following phyla of animals are not ecdysozoan? A) Arthropoda B) Nematoda C) Gastrotricha D) Nematomorpha E) Kinorhyncha 5. Which of the following is not a synapomorphy that unites the members of the ecdysozoan clade? A) the blastopore develops into the anus B) loss of epidermal cilia C) possession of a cuticle D) shedding of cuticle through ecdysis E) all of the above are synapomorphies shared by ecdysozoans Page 1 6. The __________ is the outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton, and it is composed of a waterproofing waxy lipoprotein. A) lipocuticle B) mesocuticle C) epicuticle D) endocuticle E) sclerocuticle 7. The tough, leathery polysaccharide in the arthropod procuticle is A) lipoprotein. B) calcium carbonate. C) scleroprotein. D) chitin. E) glycogen. 8. The arthropod skeleton hardens by __________, which is a formation of chemical bonds between protein chains. A) carbonization B) tagmatization C) calcification D) chitinization E) sclerotization 9. Sensory receptors called __________ occur in the arthropod exoskeleton in the form of pegs, bristles, and lenses. -
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Research Interests Related to the Cambridge-MIT Institute
Nanoscale Structural Design Principles of Biocomposite Exoskeletons As a Guide for New Energy-Absorbing Materials Technologies Team 1 : Energy Absorbing Materials : Multiscale Design and Evaluation of Nanostructured Materials for Ballistic and Blast Protection MIT Institute for Soldier Technologies (ISN) Christine Ortiz, Assistant Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering WWW : http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/ August 2002 I. Background : Structural Design Principles and Energy Absorbing Mechanisms From millions of years of evolution, nature has ingeniously figured out innumerate structural design principles to produce multifunctional, and in many cases stimulus-responsive, materials with superior mechanical properties[1-6]. Examples of these include exoskeletons of many invertebrate animals such as mollusks, arthropods (e.g. crustaceans such as crabs, insects), cnidaria (e.g. corals), and structural components of mammals such as turtle shell, rhinocerous horn, bovine hoof horn, deer antlers, elephant tusks, and teeth. Most tough biological materials are complex, hierarchical, multilayered nanocomposites that undergo a wide variety of different energy-absorbing toughening mechanisms at many length scales. Some of these mechanisms in both biological and synthetic composite materials [7-10] are shown in Figure 1 and include; 1) rupture of "sacrificial" weaker bonds in the macromolecular component (e.g. Mollusk shell nacre), 2) extension, pull-out, and/or ligament formation of a macromolecular component bridging an interface (e.g. Mollusk shell nacre), 3) void formation (e.g. via cavitation of rubber particles in a thermoset composite or stress whitening in semicrystalline polymers) leading to bulk plastic deformation, crack blunting, pinning and branching, 4) localized plastic deformation ahead of a crack tip (e.g. -
Nitrogen-Fixing, Photosynthetic, Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Pelagic Copepods
- AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 12: 105-113. 1997 Published April 10 , Aquat Microb Ecol Nitrogen-fixing, photosynthetic, anaerobic bacteria associated with pelagic copepods Lita M. Proctor Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3048, USA ABSTRACT: Purple sulfur bacteria are photosynthetic, anaerobic microorganisms that fix carbon di- oxide using hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor; many are also nitrogen fixers. Because of the~r requirements for sulfide or orgamc carbon as electron donors in anoxygenic photosynthesis, these bac- teria are generally thought to be lim~tedto shallow, organic-nch, anoxic environments such as subtidal marine sediments. We report here the discovery of nitrogen-fixing, purple sulfur bactena associated with pelagic copepods from the Caribbean Sea. Anaerobic incubations of bacteria associated with fuU- gut and voided-gut copepods resulted in enrichments of purple/red-pigmented purple sulfur bacteria while anaerobic incubations of bacteria associated with fecal pellets did not yield any purple sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the photosynthetic anaerobes were specifically associated with copepods. Pigment analysis of the Caribbean Sea copepod-associated bacterial enrichments demonstrated that these bactena possess bacter~ochlorophylla and carotenoids in the okenone series, confirming that these bacteria are purple sulfur bacteria. Increases in acetylene reduction paralleled the growth of pur- ple sulfur bactena in the copepod ennchments, suggesting that the purple sulfur bacteria are active nitrogen fixers. The association of these bacteria with planktonic copepods suggests a previously unrecognized role for photosynthetic anaerobes in the marine S, N and C cycles, even in the aerobic water column of the open ocean. KEY WORDS: Manne purple sulfur bacterla . -
The Anti-Viral Applications of Marine Resources for COVID-19 Treatment: an Overview
marine drugs Review The Anti-Viral Applications of Marine Resources for COVID-19 Treatment: An Overview Sarah Geahchan 1,2, Hermann Ehrlich 1,3,4,5 and M. Azizur Rahman 1,3,* 1 Centre for Climate Change Research, Toronto, ON M4P 1J4, Canada; [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (H.E.) 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada 3 A.R. Environmental Solutions, University of Toronto, ICUBE-UTM, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada 4 Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany 5 Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The ongoing pandemic has led to an urgent need for novel drug discovery and potential therapeutics for Sars-CoV-2 infected patients. Although Remdesivir and the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone are currently on the market for treatment, Remdesivir lacks full efficacy and thus, more drugs are needed. This review was conducted through literature search of PubMed, MDPI, Google Scholar and Scopus. Upon review of existing literature, it is evident that marine organisms harbor numerous active metabolites with anti-viral properties that serve as potential leads for COVID- 19 therapy. Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) naturally found in marine bacteria and sponges have been shown to prevent viral entry, induce the innate immune response, and downregulate human ACE-2. Furthermore, several marine metabolites isolated from diverse sponges and algae have been shown to inhibit main protease (Mpro), a crucial protein required for the viral life cycle. Sulfated polysaccharides have also been shown to have potent anti-viral effects due to their anionic properties and high molecular weight. -
Examples of Sea Sponges
Examples Of Sea Sponges Startling Amadeus burlesques her snobbishness so fully that Vaughan structured very cognisably. Freddy is ectypal and stenciling unsocially while epithelial Zippy forces and inflict. Monopolistic Porter sailplanes her honeymooners so incorruptibly that Sutton recirculates very thereon. True only on water leaves, sea of these are animals Yellow like Sponge Oceana. Deeper dives into different aspects of these glassy skeletons are ongoing according to. Sponges theoutershores. Cell types epidermal cells form outer covering amoeboid cells wander around make spicules. Check how These Beautiful Pictures of Different Types of. To be optimal for bathing, increasing with examples of brooding forms tan ct et al ratios derived from other microscopic plants from synthetic sponges belong to the university. What is those natural marine sponge? Different types of sponges come under different price points and loss different uses in. Global Diversity of Sponges Porifera NCBI NIH. Sponges EnchantedLearningcom. They publish the outer shape of rubber sponge 1 Some examples of sponges are Sea SpongeTube SpongeVase Sponge or Sponge Painted. Learn facts about the Porifera or Sea Sponges with our this Easy mountain for Kids. What claim a course Sponge Acme Sponge Company. BG Silicon isotopes of this sea sponges new insights into. Sponges come across an incredible summary of colors and an amazing array of shapes. 5 Fascinating Types of what Sponge Leisure Pro. Sea sponges often a tube-like bodies with his tiny pores. Sponges The World's Simplest Multi-Cellular Creatures. Sponges are food of various nudbranchs sea stars and fish. Examples of sponges Answers Answerscom. Sponges info and games Sheppard Software. -
Freshwater Sponge Hosts and Their Green Algae Symbionts
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae 2 symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular 3 symbiosis 4 5 Chelsea Hall2,3, Sara Camilli3,4, Henry Dwaah2, Benjamin Kornegay2, Christine A. Lacy2, 6 Malcolm S. Hill1,2§, April L. Hill1,2§ 7 8 1Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME, USA 9 2Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond VA, USA 10 3University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 11 4Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 12 13 §Present address: Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME USA 14 Corresponding author: 15 April L. Hill 16 44 Campus Ave, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA 17 Email address: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 27 Abstract 28 In many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of 29 heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform 30 important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers 31 unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of 32 endosymbioses. -
Invertebrate Biology Wileyonlinelibrary.Com/Journal/Ivb VOLUME 134 | NUMBER 3 | 2015
ivb_134_3_oc_OC.qxd 8/18/2015 10:23 AM Page 1 Invertebrate Invertebrate Biology wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ivb VOLUME 134 | NUMBER 3 | 2015 VOLUME 134 NUMBER 3 2015 | | Biology CONTENTS 181–188 Ultrastructure of the rotifer integument: peculiarities of Sinantherina socialis (Monogononta: Invertebrate Biology Gnesiotrocha) Rick Hochberg, Adele Hochberg, and Courtney Chan 189–202 Linking zebra mussel growth and survival with two cellular stress indicators during chronic VOLUME temperature stress Jennifer A. Jost, Emily N. Soltis, Marshall R. Moyer, and Sarah S. Keshwani 134 203–213 Sex‐specific reproductive investment of summer spawners of Illex argentinus in the southwest | NUMBER Atlantic Dongming Lin, Xinjun Chen, Yong Chen, and Zhou Fang 3 – | 214 230 Immunohistochemical investigations of the development of Scoloplos armiger (“intertidalis clade”) 2015 indicate a paedomorphic origin of Proscoloplos cygnochaetus (Annelida, Orbiniidae) Conrad Helm, Anne Krause, and Christoph Bleidorn 231–241 Effects of tidal height and wave exposure on cirrus and penis morphology of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita stalactifera J. Matthew Hoch and Kevin V. Reyes 242–251 The distribution of cave twilight‐zone spiders depends on microclimatic features and trophic supply Raoul Manenti, Enrico Lunghi, and Gentile Francesco Ficetola 252–259 A non‐destructive tissue sampling technique for holothurians to facilitate extraction of DNA for genetic analysis Samantha J. Nowland, Dean R. Jerry, and Paul C. Southgate 260 Erratum COVER ILLUSTRATION Cave habitats are unusual among terrestrial habitats because most of their trophic resources are ultimately derived by transport from surface communities. The amount and distribution of these resources in caves may have strong effects on the biology of cave-dwelling species. -
Dynamics of Microbial Community in the Marine Sponge Holichondria Sp
July 30, 2003 Dynamics of microbial community in the marine sponge Holichondria sp. Microbial Diversity Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA Gil Zeidner, Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel. 1 Abstract Marine sponges often harbor communities of symbiotic microorganisms that fulfill necessary functions for the well being of their hosts. Microbial communities are susceptible to environmental pollution and have previously been used as sensitive markers for anthropogenic stress in aquatic ecosystems. Previous work done on dynamics of the microbial community in sponges exposed to different copper concentrations have shown a significant reduction in the total density of bacteria and diversity. A combined strategy incorporating quantitative and qualitative techniques was used to monitor changes in the microbial diversity in sponge during transition into polluted environment. Introduction Sponges are known to be associated with large amounts of bacteria that can amount to 40% of the biomass of the sponge. Various microorganisms have evolved to reside in sponges, including cyanobacteria, diverse heterotrophic bacteria, unicellular algae and zoochlorellae(Webster et al., 2001b). Since sponges are filter feeders, a certain amount of transient bacteria are trapped within the vascular system or attached to the sponge surface. Microbial communities are susceptible to different environmentral pollution agents and have previously been used as sensitive markers for anthropogenic stress in aquatic ecosystems(Webster et al., 2001a). It is possible that shifts in symbiont community composition may result from pollution stress, and these shifts may, in turn, have detrimental effects on the host sponge. The breakdown of symbiotic relationships is a common indicator of sublethal stress in marine organisms. -
Glossary - Zoology - Intro
1 Glossary - Zoology - Intro Abdomen: Posterior part of an arthropoda’ body; in vertebrates: abdomen between thorax and pelvic girdle. Acoelous: See coelom. Amixia: A restriction that prevents general intercrossing in a species leading to inbreeding. Anabiosis: Resuscitation after apparent death. Archenteron: See coelom. Aulotomy: Capacity of separating a limb; followed by regeneration; used also for asexual reproduction; see also fissipary (in echinodermata and platyhelminthes). Basal Lamina: Basal plate of developing neural tube; the noncellular, collagenous layer that separates an epithelium from an underlying layer of tissue; also basal membrane. Benthic: Organisms that live on ocean bottoms. Blastocoel: See coelom. Blastula: Stage of embryonic development, at / near the end of cleavage, preceding gastrulation; generally consisting of a hollow ball of cells (coeloblastula); if no blastoceol is present it is termed stereoblastulae (arise from isolecithal and moderately telolecithal ova); in meroblastic cleavage (only the upper part of the zygote is divided), the blastula consists of a disc of cells lying on top of the yolk mass; the blastocoel is reduced to the space separating the cells from the yolk mass. Blastoporus: The opening into the archenteron (the primitive gastric cavity of the gastrula = gastrocoel) developed by the invagination of the blastula = protostoma. Cephalisation: (Gk. kephale, little head) A type of animal body plan or organization in which one end contains a nerve-rich region and functions as a head. Cilium: (pl. cilia, long eyelash) A short, centriole-based, hairlike organelle: Rows of cilia propel certain protista. Cilia also aid the movement of substances across epithelial surfaces of animal cells. Cleavage: The zygote undergoes a series of rapid, synchronous mitotic divisions; results in a ball of many cells. -
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Vertebrates and invertebrates The animal kingdom is divided into two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates have been around for millions of years but have evolved and changed over time. The word vertebrate means “having a backbone." Many animals have backbones. You have a backbone. So does a cow, a whale, a fish, a frog, and a bird. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. Most animals have a backbone that is made of bones joined together to form a skeleton. Our skeleton gives us our shape and allows us to move. Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have Vertebrae backbones so they are all vertebrates. Each bone that makes up the backbone Scientists classify vertebrates into five classes: is called a vertebra. These are the • Mammals building blacks that form the backbone, • Fish also known as the spinal cord. The • Birds vertebrae protect and support your • Reptiles spine. Without a backbone, you would not • Amphibians be able to move any part of your body. Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates. Most The human animals are invertebrates. In fact, 95% of all living creatures backbone has 26 on Earth are invertebrates. vertebrae. Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates. Insects make up a large part of this group. All insects, such as ladybugs, ants, grasshoppers, and bumblebees have three body sections and six legs. Most arthropods live on land, but some of these fascinating creatures live in water. Lobsters, crabs, and shrimp are arthropods that live in the oceans. Many invertebrates have skeletons on the outside of their A frog only has bodies called exoskeletons. -
Fun Facts: Incredible Invertebrates 40 Minutes Age 7-11
Fun Facts: Incredible Invertebrates 40 minutes Age 7-11 1. Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Some common invertebrates are worms, snails, corals, sponges, insects, jellyfish, and crustaceans (Brsuca and Brusca, 2003). 2. Invertebrates first evolved during the Cambrian Period, over 540 million years ago (Brusca and Brusca, 2003) 3. Over 95% of the 1.4 million known animal species are invertebrates (Smithsonian, 2018) 4. The largest invertebrate is the colossal squid which can weigh over 500kg and reach lengths of up to 14m (Ravaiolo and Youngster, 2012). 5. Corals are sessile invertebrates, meaning they are fixed in one place and unable to relocate. Corals grow at different rates, with some growing up to 10cm in one year and others only growing 0.3cm in one year (Barnes, 1987). 6. Many species of marine worms, such as feather duster and Christmas tree worms, survive by hiding their body in a tube attached to the reef. They feed by extending their gills into the water and catching phytoplankton and other microscopic organisms in the water column (NOAA, 2020). 7. Sea stars and sea urchins are some important species of invertebrates that have specialized organs called tube feet, which allow them to move and feed. The tube feet have two special types of cells. The first type of cell releases a glue-like substance that allows the tube feet to stick and hold onto different structures. The second type of cell releases a substance that breaks down the glue-like substance and allows the tube feet to release from the structure (Flammang et al., 2005).