PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Protection Assessment in Libya 21 March 2016

PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Disclaimer

The assessment reached 29 neighbourhoods and villages in the districts of Benghazi and Tripoli. The findings represent an account of the humanitarian situation only in the assessed areas. The report should be interpreted in conjunction with other assessment or media reports.

The assessment has been carried out by OCULUS Team Ltd., on behalf of Save the Children International and Handicap International.

Cover photo: Halima (16 yrs) is living with her family in an abandoned pump station in the outskirts of Benghazi. She has not been to school for two years. © Wolfgang Gressmann, January 2015 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Timeline of Key Events-Libya Crisis (JULY 2015-JANUARY 2016)

2015 JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN

21 July Clashes 11 Aug IS launched 21 Sept The 5 Oct The House between Tuareg an offensive to UN announced of Representitive and Toubou retake Derna while the finalisation extended its own tribes in Sabha, new round of talks of the peace term beyond 20 southern Libya, resumed in Geneva agreement, October, without left 40 dead and awaiting specifying an end four wounded 17 Aug Clashes signature from date broke out in Sirte both parties between IS and 19-23 Oct 12 people armed residents. IS 26 Sept killed and 39 injured reportedly shelled New fighting in a missile attack parts of the city between IS on demonstration and beheaded 12 and the LNA in Benghazi. Five opponents. broke out in the people killed in a Saberi district separate attack on MAIN EVENTS 30 Aug New fighting of Benghazi. Al Jalaa hospital, broke out between Benghazi Libyan National Army and IS affiliated 27 Oct A helicopter groups in Benghazi, carrying Libya Dawn killing four and military officials was wounding six. shot down, killing 19

IOM reported that The mandate 60% of hospitals more than 400 of the United were closed or died trying to reach Nations Support inaccessible at least Europe from Libya Mission in once due to the in August. A total Libya was conflict between April of 300,000 people extended for and October 2015. have tried to cross 6 months until Mediterranean in 15 March 2016 2015, 2,373 were UNICEF believed to have reported that died in the attempt. more than half of school- aged IDPs and returnees in Multi-Sector the east of the Needs Libya do not IMC Health Facility Assessment attend school. Assessment

Source: OCULUS Team, March 2016 HUMANITARIAN DEVELOPMENT HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2016 JAN

8 Nov Two Serbian 16 Dec Clashes 7 Jan 56 killed embassy staff abducted between armed and 100 injured by in Sabratha by GNC residents and Ansar two suicide bombs related militias al-Sharia (al-Qaeda in Zliten, (170km affiliated group) east of Tripoli). 3 Nov The oil-exporting killing 11 people in Aj IS has claimed port of Zueitine (run by dabiya. responsibility, Tripoli) was shut down alongside attacks by forces loyal to HoR 17 Dec Libyan on the oil ports of Es government. parties signed Sider and Ras Lanuf a UN-brokered 12 Nov Peace peace deal to form 25 Jan Libya's HoR agreement signed by a Government of parliament reject a Zawiya and Wershafana National Accord. unity government tribes in western Libya; However, the leaders proposed under a and by Tebu and Tuareg of both groups have U.N.-backed plan to tribes in southern Libya denied the legitimacy resolve the country's of the signatories. political crisis and 14 Nov IS's leader in armed conflict Libya Abu Nabil killed in US airstrike

However, fighting in It is reported that First round of IOM's Ubari continues, despite 600 displaced Displacement the ceasefire signed households in Tracking Mechanism between Tebu and sites near Ubari in released Tuareg tribes southern Libya face severe food Between 23 and 25 Nov Tunisia closed shortages 25 February three its border with Libya, persons were killed following a suicide and five others bombing in Tunis clained were injured by by IS mines among returnees in Al-Leithi neighbourhood. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1 Abbreviations 2 A. Executive Summary 3 B. Introduction 9 C. Conflict Impact 13 Key Findings 13 Priority InterventionsTotal Population in Need 15 Humanitarian Profile in Benghazi 16 Socio-Demographic Context 16 Vulnerabilities and Specific Needs 17 Displacement Patterns and Dynamics 21 Livelihoods and Food Security 25 D. Protection Needs and Access to Services 29 Main Protection Issues 31 Access to Information 37 E. Formal and Informal Protection Mechanisms 39 Key Findings 39 Recommendations 40 Protection Mechanisms 40 F. Humanitarian Assistance and Access 43 Key Findings 43 Recommendations 44 Priority Needs and Needs Coverage 44 Humanitarian Access 47 Annexes 50 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Abbreviations

FSL Food Security and Livelihoods HC Host Communities HHs Households HI Handicap International IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IMC International Medical Corps INGO International Non-governmental Organisation IS Islamic State KI Key Informant(s) LNGO Local Non-governmental Organisation MAG Mine Action Group MSNA Multi-Sector Needs Assessment NFIs Non-food Items NGO Non-governmental Organisation PiN People in Need (for humanitarian assistance) SDR Secondary Data Review SGBV Sex and Gender Based Violence UN United Nations USD United States Dollar UXO Unexploded Ordnance WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ERW Explosive Remnants of War SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 3 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

A. Executive Summary

FIGURES: Figure 1: % of people interviewed by group and severity category Summary of Findings The recent conflict in Libya resulted in intense IDPs show significantly more severe needs than residents, especially in Tripoli fighting and triggered continuous displacement (severity scale from 0: normal conditions to 50: severe conditions)... of population in major cities of the country. The PAL estimates that 70% of IDPs in Tripoli are in need (43% among them facing acute needs). In Benghazi, findings show that 86% of the IDPs are in need (nearly 50% facing acute needs) and 80% of the residents (15% in acute need). Benghazi rural

Quantity (36%) and quality (13%) of aid is reported as insufficient to cover current needs as stated by almost half of the interviewed households. 48% of the assessed households have not received any humanitarian assistance although they face Benghazi urban needs, while some 40% did not report to be in need. 24% of the households report that aid is irregular, particularly in Tripoli. There, 10% of households report that they were impeded from accessing services by “powerful

groups”. In Benghazi, the main challenge urban Tripoli to humanitarian access is lack of freedom of movement, including lack of transport to access aid, lack of documentation and movement restrictions.

More than 60% of households were aware of relief agencies sending staff to their community to ask about their needs, but often without any assistance to follow, or access to feedback mechanisms with regards to assistance received. Consequently, the interviewed population often lacks trust in relief actors assessing needs and builds up frustration with regards to their ability to access aid. The PAL findings highlight a remarkably different situation between Tripoli and Benghazi. In Tripoli, people facing unmet needs are nearly always IDPs. In Benghazi where the conflict intensified in the last months, both residents and displaced population face unmet needs. The majority of respondents in Benghazi anticipate a clear deterioration in the coming three months. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 4 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

FIGURES: Figure 2: % of interviewed households expecting ‘worse’ or ‘much worse’ living Main Affected Target Groups conditions in the next 3 months (HH interviews) The population groups considered most at risk of protection issues are, in order of priority: With the same level of assistance already being provided, more than half of the households (56%) anticipate their situation to further deteriorate in the 1. IDP families 2. Refugees and migrants from outside Libya upcoming 3 months... 3. Residents hosting IDPs

%% H HHs se xepxepcetcintign gw worosres eo ro mr mucuhc hw worosrese Among the displaced populations, key c ocnodnidtiiotinosn sin i n3 3m monotnhtshs informants in Benghazi (no data for Tripoli) AlA-Kl-wKawyafyiyfaiya

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 report that the most affected population groups 0 0 4 4 6 6 8 8 0 0 2 2 ------1 1 HaHyay - - - - AlA-Sl-aSbarbi ri 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 al-aMl-uMkuhkthatrar are, in order of priority: 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8

Al-TAhla-Twhrawra SiSdidi al-Sahla-Sbhiyaabhiyah ExEcxlculduedded AbAabyadyd 1. IDPs in rented houses BuB Au tAntini 2. IDPs in public buildings (schools, mosques) ShSuhhuahdaadaaa SiSdidi al-aSl-aSlawlaiwi AlA-Ul-rUurbuaba 3. IDPs hosted by relatives HsHasyanyn AlA-Sl-aSlmalmanaini RaRaasa As bAabyadyada

SidSi idi BeBnegnhgahzaizi Al-KAwl-KaywfaiyyafiyaKhKalhifaalifa Main Vulnerable Persons al-aJl-aJdaidiada MaMdaindaintat AlA-Bl-eBrekraka BuB Aut nAitni BeBnegnhgahzai zi BeBneinnaina Al-HAalw-Haariwari According to key informants in Benghazi, the AlA-Kl-eKeesehsh AlA-Hl-aHdaadaa'iaq'iq age group considered the most at risk are, in Al-AMl-aMgazgihzaiha priority order: Al-AQl-uQwuawrsahrsaha AlA-Fl-uFwuawyahyahtat Al-NaAwla-Ngiaywaagiya GaGrayroyuonuisnis AlA-Hl-aHwaawrai ri

1. Older persons (60+ years old, 8.3% of the Bu-BFua-kFharkahra AlA-Ql-uQwuawrasrhsaha

population assessed Bu-FaBkuh-Fraakhra 2. Children under 5 years old, 24% of the % HHs expecting worse or much worse population assessed conditions in 3 months

0 3. Women (18-59 years old), 22.5% of the 0 40 60 80 % HHs expecting worse or much worse 2 - - - 10 - - Downtown 1 21 41 61 conditions in 3 months 81 Dahra Suq Mansoura population assessed Al-Jum'a Shuhada Bab Ben Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Damoun Ghasir 0 Hadhba 0 40 60 80 Sherqia 2 - - - 10 Abu - - Downtown 1 21 41 61 Salim 81 Dahra Suq Tajoura Mansoura Hadhba Al-Jum'a Alkhdra As Serraj The person with specific vulnerabilities Shuhada Bab Ben Janzour Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Damoun Ghasir Hadhba Sherqia Abu Sidi Ain Zara identified as the most at risk, in priority order: Salim Salim Tajoura Hadhba Alkhdra Janzour As Serraj

Sidi Ain Zara 1. Female head of households (16% of Salim interviewed households) 2. Persons with disabilities (3.4% of the population assessed) 3. The chronically ill (7% of the population Figure 3: % of household members with specific needs (HH interviews) assessed) 14% of household members report specific needs and vulnerabilities... PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 5 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ The majority of household respondents “ Landmine clearance and prevention was the report symptoms of psychological distress second most required intervention assessed as a consequence of experienced protection households requested across all assessed areas, concerns, including the majority of children ” and ranked highest in urban Benghazi ”

FIGURES: 14% of the population reported facing specific Figure 4: % of household in need (HH interviews, Tripoli: only IDPs) needs. IDPs families have higher levels of vulnerability with 15% of their members facing 42% of visited households in Benghazi are in 'moderate need' for humanitarian specific needs compared to 12% for residents. assistance... Nearly 7% of all households interviewed reported chronic illnesses or members facing critical medical conditions, especially in Tripoli. % of population in moderate needs % of population in moderate needs Al-Kwayfiya Al-Kwayfiya

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 62 3 4 5 6 ------The most common disability reported is - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 HayHay 1 2 3 4 5 Al-Sabri al-Mukhtar physical and permanent disability (not due Al-Sabri al-Mukhtar Excluded Al-Thawra Excluded Sidi al-Shabiyah to the conflict) and can be found in higher SiAdbiayd Al-Thawra al-Shabiyah Bu Atni proportions in urban Tripoli (2.57%). Conflict- Abayd Shuhadaa Bu Atni Sidi al-Salawi Al-Uruba Hsayn Al-Salmani related disabilities are more frequent in rural Shuhadaa Al-Uruba Benghazi (2.2%) when compared to urban Sidi Raas Abayda al-Salawi Sidi Hsayn Al-Salmani Benghazi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Benghazi (0.6%) or urban Tripoli (1%). Mental al-Jadida Madinat Raas AAbl-aByerdka Bu Atni Benghazi disabilities, visual, speech and hearing Sidi Benina Al-Hawari Benghazi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq impairment are found more frequently in urban al-Jadida Madinat Al-Berka Tripoli when compared to Benghazi. Bu Atni Al-Magziha Benghazi Benina Al-Hawari Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat Al-Keesh Al-Hawari Al-Nawagiya Garyounis Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq

Bu-Fakhra Main Protection Needs Al-Quwarsha Al-Magziha Bu-Fakhra

Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat Interviewed households consider the following Al-Hawari protection issues as the most important to Al-Nawagiya Garyounis Bu-Fakhra tackle, in order of priority: Al-Quwarsha 32% of visited householdsBu-Fakhra in Benghazi are in 'acute need' for humanitarian 1. Absence of justice and the breakdown of law assistance... and order 2. Indiscriminate attacks on civilians

3. Housing, land or property related issues % of population in immediate needs (especially for IDPs) % of population in immediate needs Al-Kwayfiya Al-Kwayfiya 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 4. Lack or loss of personal documents 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - 1 - 2 3 4 5 6 ------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hay 1 2 3 4 15 1 2 3 4 5 Al-Sabri Hay Al-Sabri ala-lM-Muukkhttaarr Excluded About one quarter of all assessed households Excluded Al-Thawra Sidi Al-Thaawl-Srhaabiyah Sidi Abayd al-Shabiyah feel not protected enough or completely Abayd Bu Atni Shuhadaa Bu Atni unprotected against violence, especially IDPs. Sidi al-Salawi Al-Uruba Hsayn Al-SalmSanhiuhadaa Female respondents feel less protected than Sidi al-Salawi Al-Uruba Hsayn Al-SaRlamasa Anbi ayda Sidi Benghazi male respondents. Respondents in Tripoli feel Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Raas Abayda al-Jadida Madinat Al-Berka Benghazi generally better protected than populations in Sidi Bu Atni Benghazi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Benina Al-Hawari Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq al-Jadida Benghazi. Madinat Al-Berka Bu Atni Benghazi Al-Magziha Benina Al-Hawari Al-Keesh The majority of household respondents Al-Quwarsha Al-Hadaa'iq Al-Fuwayhat Al-Hawari report symptoms of psychological distress Al-Nawagiya Garyounis Bu-Fakhra Al-Magziha Al-Quwarsha as a consequence of experienced protection Bu-Fakhra Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat concerns, including the majority of children. Al-Hawari Al-Nawagiya Garyounis

Bu-Fakhra ERW contamination in Libya remains Al-Quwarsha Bu-Fakhra extensive, but as yet unquantified, in all conflict-affected areas. Between 23 and 25 February UNSMIL has received information from Benghazi Medical Center (BMC) that three persons were killed and five others were injured among the returnees as the result of mine explosions in Al-Leithi neighbourhood. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 6 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Given the high usage of crisis livelihood coping strategies, coupled with the high reliance on savings and the very short period of time households are able to cope without external assistance, it is likely that particularly IDPs will resort to using emergency livelihood coping strategies ”

FIGURES:

Landmine clearance and prevention was the Figure 4: % of household in need (HH interviews, Tripoli: only IDPs) second most required intervention assessed households requested across all assessed 22% of visited IDP households in Tripoli are in 'moderate need' for areas, and ranked highest in urban Benghazi, humanitarian assistance... after the request for a re-establishment of rule of law. Prevention of trafficking ranked among the top three priority interventions as expressed by % of IDPs in moderate needs the assessed population. 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 0 2 - - - 1 - - Downtown 1 1 1 1 1 % of ID2Ps i4n mo6 de8rate needs Dahra Suq Mansoura Tensions between population groups are Al-Jum'a Bab Ben Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Ghasir observed in Benghazi (no data for Tripoli), 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 0 2 - - - 1 - - Downtown 1 1 1 1 1 Abu especially in rural areas. The main reasons 2 4 6 8 SaDliamhra Suq Mansoura Tajoura are overcrowding of residential areas and HadhbaAl-Jum'a Alkhdra As Serraj Bab Ben competition for limited resources. Not asssessedJanzour Gargaresh Arriada Ghasir Abu Sidi Salim Ain Zara Salim Tajoura Hadhba Alkhdra Main Humanitarian Needs Janzour As Serraj

Sidi Ain Zara Households across all assessed areas and Salim groups identified as priority needs:

1. Shelter (especially for IDPs, incl. financial assistance to pay rent) 2. Access to health 3. Food and Protection (same rank) 32% of visited IDP households in Tripoli are in 'acute need' for humanitarian Interviewed families allocate one-third of their assistance... expenditure to rent and housing, particularly for IDP households and particularly in rural

Benghazi, where 77% of the IDPs are settled in % of IDPs in immediate needs rented housing at their own expense. Many are

0 0 0 0 facing eviction when they are unable to pay rent. 0 4 6 8 0 2 - - - 1 - - Downt. 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 Consequently, shelter support is the main priority Dahra Suq ForArc_IDP_Sev$.IMMPCGT Mansoura % of IDPs in immediate needs Al-Jum'a for IDPs, while health needs rank highest for Bab Ben Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Ghasir 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 1 residents, followed by food needs and protection.- - - - - 0 0 0 0 Abu 1 1 1 0 4 6 8 0 0 2 4 6 1 2 - - - 1 Salim 8 - - Downt. Tajoura 1 1 1 1 1 In urban Benghazi, protection needs were 2 4 6 8 Hadhba DahArlakhdra Suq ForArc_IDP_Sev$.IMMPCGT Janzour As Serraj Mansoura among the top three needs of the population, Al-Jum'a Bab Ben Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Ghasir Sidi Ain Zara due to the significant impact the conflict 0 has0 0had0 0 4 6 8 0 Salim 2 - - - 1 Abu - - 0 1 1 1 1 Salim in the urban areas and limited access to2 basic4 6 8 Tajoura Hadhba Alkhdra goods and services. Janzour As Serraj

Sidi Ain Zara Both residents and IDPs report to frequently Salim apply crisis livelihood coping strategies such as selling productive assets or spending less money on other needs than food. For IDP households, such expenses include spending less money on health and education needs. Given the high usage of crisis livelihood coping strategies, coupled with the high reliance on savings and the very short period of time households report to be able to cope and sustain expenditures without external assistance, it is likely that particularly IDP households will further resort to using emergency livelihood coping strategies in the upcoming months. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 7 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ None of the schools in Benghazi that are functional have child protection mechanisms in place, and teachers commonly lack the specialization to address protection concerns ”

Service Providers Protection Programming Conduct ERW clearance activities and integrated risk Access to sustained formal protection services continues • awareness training to reduce the likelihood of injury or to be a major challenge for the population in need death by ERW and SALW, particularly in Benghazi due to ongoing conflicts and restricted movement. As a consequence, people generally turn towards family • Improve access to protection services, formal and members and friends when they do not feel safe and seek informal protection mechanisms, including community support. In rural areas as well as in areas that are exposed based support to conflict the main protection mechanism are tribes and local elites, in urban areas the court and justice system. • Increase knowledge and awareness raising of protection principles among social workers, parents, Available protection mechanisms are less accessible teachers, community and religious leaders, as well as in areas of Benghazi that witness sporadic fighting (no doctors and nurses data for Tripoli). None of the schools in Benghazi that are functional have child protection mechanisms in place, • Conduct outreach to ensure mobilization in the and teachers commonly lack the specialization to address community is undertaken to ensure an effective protection concerns. response to GBV victims, which continues to be under- reported IDPs are more inclined to request protection support (taking their higher level of needs into account) when • Expand psychosocial support services for children and compared to resident communities, and especially in rural adolescents in schools through inclusive child friendly areas. One of the main reasons why people with protection spaces and training of specialized social workers. concerns do not turn towards service providers is that Ensure available referrer mechanisms in place to available protection mechanisms are considered largely support identified critical cases) inappropriate. • Map available protection services, incl. civil society The breakdown of law and order in Libya is also severely organisations, establishing referral mechanisms impacting the work of civil society organizations. Those reporting on human rights violations are at risk. • Build the capacity of formal and informal protection service providers, including training of volunteers Main Recommendations for (specifically, training on needs assessments and targeting most vulnerable groups, and especially in Humanitarian Programming Tripoli) General • Provision of establishment of child protection mechanisms at schools • Advocate for the establishment of rule of law and freedom of movement as the main precondition to • Provide specific (and discreet) support to agencies ensure the protection of civilians working on SGBV

• Focus on supporting vulnerable populations with mental, • Prioritize IDPs, especially women and children in rural physical and permanent disabilities (especially in Tripoli), areas in humanitarian programming (Benghazi) and on physical disabilities caused by conflict (especially in Benghazi) • Advocate for the protection and increased security of service provider staff, and particularly of civil society • Promote participatory approaches in needs assessments representatives and activists (especially in Tripoli) and targeting, communication with beneficiaries and feedback mechanisms

• Always follow-up assessments with programme interventions (in order to prevent assessment fatigue of the affected populations and overlap between INGO efforts) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 8 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Cross-Cutting Interventions

• Reinforce the accountability of duty bearers, provide capacity building and awareness-raising activities

• Support existing programmes by government and civil society in providing training of doctors and social workers to work with children and their parents

• Basic health support, especially for IDPs and in rural areas

• Provide medical assistance to chronically ill patients as a top health priority

• Financial assistance to IDPs for paying rent (keeping do-not-harm principles into careful account) in order to prevent emergency livelihood coping strategies

• Cash programming for IDPs and returnees, but also vulnerable resident communities

• Health programmes and access to medicine, especially for chronic diseases

• Consider the size of household in Benghazi (above country level) in calculation of assistance per family (hygiene kits, etc.) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 9 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

B. Introduction

Background Coverage The overall purpose of the Protection Assessment The PAL obtained a sample of 992 household interviews in Libya (in short: PAL) is to assess immediate and in the three geographical areas of Benghazi city (391 midterm protection needs in Tripoli and Benghazi HHs), Benghazi rural (234 HHs) and Tripoli city (367 geographical areas. The assessment covered both HHs). The percentage of IDPs households interviewed Tripoli and Benghazi urban centres and their immediate constituted more than 50% of the sample in each area. surroundings when accessible. The thematic scope of In addition, the PAL conducted key informant interviews the assessment includes: in urban areas of Tripoli and Benghazi (See Annex 3 Sampling plan). • Overall situation • General demographic information and trends Due to security constraints, only four neighbourhoods of • Population movement and stability Tripoli were covered by key informant interviews, while • Protection needs and access to services 16 neighbourhoods in Benghazi were covered. Due • Formal and informal protection mechanisms to the lack of completeness, the Tripoli key informants • Humanitarian access, assistance and communication interview were not used in this report. • Priority needs and interventions Limitations Methodology When reading the PAL, the following limitations should The objectives of the assessment were met by be kept in mind: designing an analysis framework that guided data collection and analysis and combining three research Representativity: The sample was designed to allow methods: Secondary Data Review (SDR), Household representativity at the geographical area level. For interviews (with IDPs and resident population) and Key Benghazi rural, the sample allows for 95% confidence informant interviews with relief actor’s representatives in interval and 6.4% margin of error. For Benghazi urban, Benghazi. the sample allows for 95% confidence interval and 4.9% margin of error. For Tripoli urban, the sample allows for For the SDR, a systematic desk review was conducted 95% confidence interval and 5.1% margin of error. The at the onset of the assessment in order to identify the assessment is moderately representative at the affected affected groups and main protection and sectoral issues. group level, and between urban and rural settings (i.e. Sectoral secondary data review allowed to refine the the smallest sample of 112 for residents in Benghazi PAL design and sampling and complemented the results rural allows for 95% confidence interval with a 9.2% of the field data collection. The list of documents use for margin of error). secondary data review are available in Annex 2. Gender: 24% of head of household interviewed were For the key informant interviews, a semi structured female, ensuring a gender lens into the report but interview template was developed in order to collect not enough to be statistically representative at the main relief actor’s (humanitarian staff, activists, CSO geographical level. representatives, NGOs, etc.) perceptions and opinions about protection priority concerns and main priorities.

For the face-to-face HH interviews, a structured interview template was developed. Random sampling on neighbourhood level was used to select households for both displaced population and resident population. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 10 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ The situation in Libya is quite dynamic, limiting the timespan validity of the information contained in this report. Results should be reinterpreted in the light of future significant demographic changes ”

FIGURES: Estimates of humanitarian population Figure 5: Number of HH and people assessed (HH interviews) figures: The population figures provided in this report are estimates made on the ground by enumerators and key informants and compared to existing registration or beneficiary lists, local knowledge or secondary data. While these figures should not be considered precise, they are considered an adequate guide to programming and targeting of geographical areas. Each population figure collected has received a confidence level, based on the number of key informants, the degree of agreement between key informants and the production of documentary evidence. Confidence in figures was rated from 0 to 6, where 0 is considered an unverified figure and 6 a verified and highly trustworthy figure. Only 39 records out of 237 received a low confidence score of 0, 1 and 2.

Dynamics: The situation in Libya is quite dynamic, limiting the timespan validity of the information contained in this report. Results should be reinterpreted in the light of future significant demographic changes.

Coverage: No active conflict area was assessed during the PAL. Particularly in Benghazi where fighting is ongoing, humanitarian situation in conflict area should be considered more severe than in no conflict area. Figure 6: Assessed areas in Benghazi (KI and HH interviews)

Assessed Al-Kwayfiya Assessed Al-Kwayfiya Excluded Hay Al-Sabri al-Mukhtar Excluded Hay Rural Al-Sabri al-Mukhtar Rural Sidi Urban Abayd Sidi Abayd Bu Atni Urban Al-Thawra al-Shabiyah Bu Atni Shuhadaa Al-Thawra Al-Urubala-Shabiyah Sidi al-Salawi Shuhadaa Al-Salmani Al-Uruba Hsayn Sidi al-Salawi Hsayn Al-Salmani Raas Abayda Raas Abayda Sidi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Sidi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa Madinat Al-Berka Benghazi Al-Berka Benghazi Bu Atni Benghazi Madinat al-Jadida Bu Atni Benghazi al-Jadida Benina Al-Hawari Benina Al-Hawari Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq

Al-Magziha Al-Magziha Bu-Fakhra Al-Hawari Bu-Fakhra Al-Hawari

Al-Quwarsha Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat Al-Nawagiya Al-Fuwayhat Garyounis Al-Nawagiya Garyounis

Al-Quwarsha Al-Quwarsha

Bu-Fakhra Bu-Fakhra PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 11 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

FIGURES: Figure 7: Assessed areas in Tripoli (KI and HH interviews) Timeframe The PAL assessment was implemented in January and February 2016. Field data Assessed collection was implemented between 12-28 Assessed Downttown Dahra Suq Al-Jum'a February 2016. Key milestones are presented Not assessed Downttown Dahra Bab Ben Not assessed Suq AMla-Jnusmou'ara in the Gantt chart (Figure 8). Ghasir Mansoura Bab Ben Arriada Gargaresh Shuhada Hadhba Ghasir Damoun Arriada Sherqia Gargaresh Shuhada Hadhba Abu Damoun Sherqia Abu Salim Salim Hadhba Hadhba Alkhdra Alkhdra Recommendations for Janzour Janzour As Serraj As Serraj Tajoura Tajoura Sidi Salim Sidi Salim Further Assessments Ain Zara Ain Zara To complement information gaps, the following assessments focus and approach are recommended:

Population data: In coordination with local authorities and committees, neighbourhood population data should be collected and updated regularly in Tripoli and Benghazi, Figure 8: PAL milestones including number and type of settlement for W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 IDPs (Humanitarian profile). Desk review Damages to public and private infrastructure: The level of destruction of both private and Developing assessment methodology and tools public buildings and infrastructure should be taken into consideration for future assessment Training Field team initiatives. A rapid damage assessment should Field data collection (12-28 February) evaluate the resources required to rehabilitate the damaged infrastructure. Data cleaning and validation

Education assessment: It is necessary to Data analysis and report conduct an education assessment in Benghazi Final Report, comments implemented to evaluate the state of education facilities and their functioning.

Protection monitoring mechanisms should be established in both cities to monitor protection concerns and service delivery. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 12 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

How to Read Charts The questionnaire used in the PAL included roughly 150 questions to KI and households. TYPE OF QUESTION CALCULATION AND VISUAL OUTPUT Various types of questions were used. This section provides guidance to the readers on Ranking or preference Borda count in heatmaps questions how to read and interpret each type of chart. Multiple choices Frequency count and % in heat Ranking or preference questions: The maps, bar chart or narrative questions from which the ranking heat maps Frequency count and % in heat are extracted always imply a preference, Single choice maps, bar chart or narrative based on top 3 ranking. The calculation is derived from the theory of election systems, Severity scale Ordinal values in Maps the Borda count1 . The scale is ordinal and the darker the cell colour background, the higher Quantitative population the preference given to the item. While there figures Sum is a rank order in the numbers assigned to the categories of the variable, the “distance” between the preference levels is not equal or RURAL URBAN known. Displaced families W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 Note also that a “lower” ranking, demand, priority or preference does not imply an Refugees and migrants from outside Libya “absence of need”. It only means that other items or interventions are requested first, Residents hosting displaced families preferred or given more importance and that the item does not qualify regularly in the top 3 Residents not hosting displaced families preferences as expressed by the population. Returnees Therefore, the heat maps display only the most frequently mentioned “top 3” items.

1 The Borda count determines the most preferred items of an election by giving each response a certain number of points corresponding to the position in which it is ranked by each respondent. Once all preferences have been counted, the item with the most points is determined as the most preferred. See ACAPS Resources: http://www.acaps.org/ resourcescats/downloader/heat_maps_as_tools_to_summarise_ priorities/69 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 13 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

C. Conflict Impact

Key Findings

• 2.44 million people are in need of some form of protection from violence, rights violations, explosive remnants of war, forced recruitment and other forms of abuse, 1.3 million (55%) of which are women and children. 1.28 million people are estimated to be food insecure, including 175,000 IDPs (HNO 2015)

• 250,000 refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants in Libya are subjected to harassment, arbitrary detention, limited freedom of movement, and other human rights violations (HNO 2015)

• A new wave of displacement started in Oct 2014, leading to regular displacements, especially in Benghazi where daily arrivals are observed

• Key informants reported a total population of 364,183 people in Benghazi visited neighbourhoods and close to 33,000 IDPs, 87% of them renting housing, are hosted by non-relatives, or live in public buildings

• Significant household composition changes due to displacement and regrouping strategies between relatives and household members in areas of conflict (Benghazi) are reported. The average number of people under a same roof is 9 in rural Benghazi, 8 in urban Benghazi, and 5 in urban Tripoli.

• 19% of households are single-headed, among them 16% by single females

• 14% of the assessed population reported specific needs. IDPs families have higher vulnerabilities with 15% of their members facing specific needs, compared to 12% for residents. Nearly 7% of all households reported having chronically ill members or facing critical medical conditions. In Tripoli, this particularly vulnerable group constitute 11% of the population surveyed

• The most common disability reported is physical and permanent disability (not due to the conflict) and can be found in higher proportions in urban Tripoli (2.57%). Conflict related disabilities are greater in rural Benghazi (2.2%) when compared to urban Benghazi (0.6%) or urban Tripoli (1%) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 14 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

• Mental disabilities, visual, speech and hearing impairment are more frequent in urban Tripoli when compared to Benghazi

• Displacement is generally triggered by the presence of armed groups and safety concerns. Target locations are chosen because of the presence of household members or relatives, and better access to basic services and facilities. Reasons for moving to another area include better access to employment/income and the presence of tribal members

• 43% of IDPs interviewed in Tripoli city are not registered

• 20% of IDPs households assessed in Benghazi city and rural have been requested to move from their shelter in the last 30 days

• 44% of IDPs, 66% of returnees and 46% of host community households report feeling either unsafe or very unsafe going to the market or shop to buy groceries

• In urban Benghazi and Tripoli, 12% and 10% of IDP households reported to have had no income in the month prior to the assessment.

• The majority of households continue relying on Government employment and allowances as their first and second income sources, followed by unstable employment in the private sector and daily labour, particularly so for IDP households

• Due to a delay in payment of Government incomes, households have begun finding other alternatives to overcome the shortage of funding, such as taking jobs like renting their cars, renting small spaces such as garages or additional space in their houses for IDPs to live in. These alternatives resulted in a temporary increase in their income

• 45% of income is spent on food needs, followed by expenditures on health and housing. IDPs spend one-third of their income on rent

• With depleting economic resources, many IDP families are unable to pay their rent when prioritising purchase of food, risking eviction from their current places of residence PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 15 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“70% of IDPs in Tripoli are in need (43% among them facing acute needs). In Benghazi, findings show that 86% of the IDPs are in need (nearly 50% facing acute needs) and 80% of the residents (15% in acute need) ”

FIGURES: Figure 9: Humanitarian profile Benghazi area (KI interviews) Priority Interventions Priorities for programming could include: Number of people by affected groups in Benghazi area...

• Focus on supporting populations with mental, physical and permanent disabilities 364,183 in Tripoli, and on physical disabilities caused 334,279 337,024 by conflict in Benghazi

• Consider size of household in Benghazi (above country level) in calculation of assistance per family (hygiene kits, etc.)

29,914 • Provide medical assistance to chronically ill 10,550 10,540 12,080 patients as a top health priority # of population # who have # of returnees # of displaced # of residents # of residents Current total before the start fled the who came persons who who are population who pop • Financial assistance to IDPs for paying rent of the conflict neighborhood back to the arrived in the not hosting are hosting since the neighborhood neighborhood returnees or returnees and (keeping do-not-harm principles into careful conflict started displaced displaced account) in order to prevent emergency persons persons livelihood coping strategies

• Cash programming for IDPs and returnees, but also vulnerable resident communities Figure 10: Humanitarian profile (IDPs only) Benghazi area (KI interviews) Total Population in 87% of IDPs reported in Benghazi area are renting their house, hosted by Need non-relatives or in public buildings... Number of affected people: The United Nations and humanitarian partners estimated 13,940 in October 2015 that 3.08 million people, 10,921 almost half the population (6.3 million), have been affected by the armed conflict in Libya and an estimated 435,000 people have 4,063 been forcibly displaced from their homes 3,456 and another 1.75 million non-displaced 606 Libyans, most residing in urban centres, have 45 12 7 In rented Hosted by In public Hosted by In rented In abandoned In unfinished/ In non- been affected by the crisis. There are an house (self- non-relatives building relatives house (paid resorts (non- abandoned formal estimated 150,000 vulnerable migrants and paid) (schools, by others) state paid) building settlements approximately 100,000 vulnerable refugees mosques) and asylum-seekers in Libya (HCT (2015a). In February 2016, the second round of DTM identified 322.000 displaced people in Libya (DTM (2016/03)

The PAL estimates that 70% of IDPs in Tripoli are in need (43% among them facing acute needs). In Benghazi, findings show that 86% of the IDPs are in need (nearly 50% facing acute needs) and 80% of the residents (15% in acute need). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 16 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

average household size is much larger than the typical Humanitarian Profile in resident household size, as most of the displaced Benghazi households in Tripoli are coming from other locations where household size is higher (only 11.5% of IDPs The PAL collected estimates of affected population households interviewed in Tripoli where originating from in Benghazi only, using key informants at the the city). neighbourhood level. In the 16 visited neighbourhoods, a total population of 364,183 people was reported by the The average age of the interviewed heads of informants. Similarly, close to 33,000 IDPs were reported household is around 50 years, regardless the sex by key informant in the visited neighbourhoods (16 out or the displacement status of the household. 80% of 23), 87% of them renting their house, hosted by non- of respondents reported being married, 12% being relatives or in public buildings. The last IDPs estimates widowed, and 7% being separated from their husband available (August 2015) mentioned around 47.000 IDPs or wife. for the entire city. (3F and Benghazi Municipal Council August 2015).

Socio-Demographic Context Pre-Crisis

Population: Libya has a population of 6.259 million. In the pre-conflict context, urban population in Libya was last measured at 78.4% of all population according to the World Bank (WB 2014) Although other figures suggested a higher proportion of up to 80-85% of population residing in urban areas (WHO 2010).

Population Profile: Persons between 0-14 years of age account for 29.7% of the total population, 15-64 years for 65.9%, and persons 65 years and older represent 4.5% of the total population. The female population is 49.6% and male population is 50.4%. The population growth rate is -0.1% (WB 2014).

Literacy level: Adult literacy rate for population 15+ years (%) is 90.3%. Youth literacy rate for population 15- 24 years is 99.9% (WB 2014).

HH Composition

The pre-crisis average number of households in Libya is six members (WHO 2010). The PAL identified an average number of people “living under the same roof” of nine members in rural areas of Benghazi, where the largest average HH sizes of resident families are reported, eight in Benghazi urban areas and five in Tripoli urban areas.

The distribution of household members is generally the same between resident and IDP households, with the noticeable exception of Tripoli urban areas where IDPs PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 17 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“14% of the assessed population reported specific needs ”

FIGURES: Figure 11: Average household size by geographical areas and groups (HH interviews) Vulnerabilities and Specific Needs The average household size (number of people under a same roof) in urban and rural Benghazi is higher when compared to pre-crisis levels...

14% of the population assessed reported specific needs. IDPs families present higher vulnerabilities with 15% of their members facing specific needs compared to 12% for residents. Vulnerabilities are higher in Tripoli, due to the high number of people with chronic diseases and critical medical conditions.

Gender-Related Vulnerability

Of the interviewed sample, 43% of household members are female and 57% male. While pre-crisis data indicates a normal distribution for those ages group (52% male and 48% female), the PAL findings from Benghazi area report only 25% of females above 60 years old and 17% of 0-4 years old for displaced households and 19% and 11% respectively for resident households. This could be due to the fact that grandmothers take girls with them and move to safer locations away from Figure 12: Marital status by population group (HH interviews) the high intensity conflict areas. The number of pregnant or lactating teenagers under 18 years old was greater in Tripoli urban (1.6%) 19% of households are headed by a single person... than in Benghazi urban (0.07%). No teenage pregnancy incidence was reported in Benghazi Rural. For pregnant women above 18 years old, Tripoli had the higher percentage (1.85%) when compared to Benghazi urban (0.56%) and rural (0.43%). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 18 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“28 children were reported killed in the last 18 months as a direct result of the conflict, mainly in rural Benghazi. 16 of them were 12 to 17 years of age, and 12 were 11 years or younger ”

FIGURES: Age Related Vulnerability Figure 13: Gender distribution per age interval and population groups (HH interviews) (Children) Gender imbalance observed for females above 60 years and below 5 years of The group of under 18 years old constitutes age... 51% of the population assessed (only 41% in Tripoli city compared to 55% in both Benghazi rural and urban).

As expected, unaccompanied and separated minors are found in higher proportion in urban areas. The PAL reported 10 females and one male unaccompanied and 25 females and 32 males separated. The proportion of unaccompanied minors is higher in Benghazi urban (0.23%) when compared to Tripoli Urban (0.15%). The proportion of separated minors in comparison to the total population assessed is three times higher in Tripoli urban (1.5 %) compared to Benghazi urban and rural (0.54%).

In total 61 children under 18 years old were reported separated from their households in the last 18 months, the majority from households in Tripoli and Benghazi urban areas, where IDP households are largely concentrated. 28 children were reported killed in the last 18 months as a direct result of the conflict, mainly in rural Benghazi. 16 of them were aged 12 to 17 years of age, and 12 were 11 years or younger.

49% of interviewed households reported Figure 14: Highest education degree in interviewed families (HH interviews) that the highest degree of education in their family was a university degree. 28% reported 56% of interviewed households reported a university or a master degree as the a high school level and 10% middle school. highest education degree... Only 7% reported master studies. Elementary school level was the highest degree for 5% of households. Only 1% of households reported no schooling at all. Education levels are similar between geographical areas. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 19 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“The main reason for not sending their children to school is the safety of the learning environment (25% describe it as 'unsafe' or 'very unsafe', particularly in Benghazi) ”

FIGURES: An average of 62% of HHs reported that they Figure 15: Ability to send school aged children to school (HH interviews) are able to send all their school-aged children to school. The percentage is identical between 62% of households declare being able to send their school aged children to IDPs and residents and across geographical school... areas. However, it is important to note that: a) mainly areas with lower conflict levels were visited under this assessment, b) often children are enrolled in schools, but not all of them regularly attend classes.

During the debriefing process, all enumerators reported direct observations that a noticeable number of children were not attending school. The main reason for not sending their children to school is the safety of the learning environment (25% describe it as “unsafe” or “very unsafe”, particularly in Benghazi). Reasons for the lack of access to education vary by population group, with host communities much more likely to cite unsafe access routes or the use of schools for displaced households. A reported 70 schools Figure 16: Perception of safety of schools by head of families (HH interviews) in Benghazi are currently being used as temporary shelter for IDPs. In addition, loss 51% of schools are considered safe or very safe by head of families... of legal documentation has been reported as being a barrier to school enrolment. Pupils and student may not be able to enrol in schools or if they are, they may be on a “guest” status only.

Globally and across all visited areas, the biggest decrease in attendance when comparing pre crisis level to current ones are found in Benghazi city for both male and female students. Attendance is slowly increasing in Tripoli City, especially in primary schools. IDP family’s attendance is generally decreasing.

A 44% of key informants report that most primary schools in their neighbourhoods of Benghazi are closed (38% secondary schools) including schools that are occupied by IDPs, while in 44% of the visited neighbourhoods it is reported that some or all primary schools are open and functioning (50% of secondary schools). No data was available from Tripoli. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 20 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ The most common disability reported by head of households is physical and permanent disability (not due to the conflict) and can be found in higher proportions in Tripoli city (2.57%) ”

FIGURES: Age Related Vulnerability (elderly) Figure 17: Children sent to school (2014-2016) (HH interviews)

Above 60 years old constitute 8.3% of the Decrease in primary and secondary school registrations... population assessed, and nearly 10% in rural area of Benghazi. PAL findings show that IDP households have less elders than resident households (8% vs 11.5% in Benghazi rural for instance), with the notable exception of Tripoli were elder proportions are similar for both IDP and resident households. Nearly 7% of all household members interviewed was reported chronically ill or facing critical medical IDPs conditions. In Tripoli, this proportion is nearly 11%.

Disability Related Vulnerability

The most common disability reported by head of households is physical and permanent disability (not due to the conflict) and can Residents be found in higher proportions in Tripoli city (2.57%). Conflict related disabilities are greater in rural Benghazi (2.2%) when compared to urban Benghazi (0.6%) or urban Tripoli (1%). Mental disabilities, visual, speech and hearing impairment are also more frequent in Tripoli city when compared to Benghazi.

Figure 18: Perception of safety of schools by head of families (HH interviews)

Only 25% of primary schools are open and functioning in the visited Only 19% of secondary schools are open and functioning in the visited areas of Benghazi... areas of Benghazi... PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 21 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“In rural Benghazi, 77% of IDPs reside in self paid rented houses ”

FIGURES: Figure 19: % of the total population interviewed vulnerable due to disabilities (HH Displacement Patterns interviews) and Dynamics The number of conflict related disabilities is the highest in rural parts of Displaced Population in Libya Benghazi... In its second round in Feb 2016, the Displacement Tracking Matrix by IOM identified and located 322,000 displaced individuals in Libya, covering 95 out of 104 geographical areas (9 areas were not covered, including Benghazi area). 84% of IDPs were reported hosted in private settings and 15% (about 50,000 IDPs) live in collective settings. A 95% of the identified IDPs had to cross into other Baladiyahs to find refuge, while only 5% of the total identified IDPs were displaced within their areas of origin.

150,362 returnees were also dentified, 95% returning from other areas (IOM Jan and Feb 2016). Displacement patterns reveal both cross-regional displacements (populations fleeing from one side of the country to another) Figure 20: Type of settlement used by IDP families (HH interviews) as well as localized displacement, with populations fleeing within their own provinces, About half of all IDPs (48%) are residing in self-rented houses... particularly in the northwest of Libya. (HCT 2015).

Displaced Population and Type of Accommodation

Significant differences exist between assessed areas for the type of settlement IDPs chose for shelter:

• In rural Benghazi, 77% of IDPs reside in self paid rented houses. 7% live in unfinished/abandoned buildings and 6% in public buildings. 3% only are hosted by relatives. Some of the public buildings are not equipped to host households and lack minimal standards for basic services. Similarly, unfinished/abandoned buildings are often lacking basic safety and protection measures, as well as basic services and appliances (IOM 2016). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 22 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Non-formal settlements are usually the poorest of all critical shelter forms; they are difficult to manage and maintain, and poor in regards to basic standards ”

FIGURES: • In urban Benghazi, 50% of the IDP Figure 21: Date of departure and arrival of IDPs households (HH interviews) population rent their houses, and 29% are residing in public buildings. 7% are hosted Unprecedented and continuous levels of displacement in 2015... by relatives.

• In urban Tripoli, only 22% of all IDPs rent their house. 29% are living in non-formal settlements and 23% in abandoned resorts. 11% are residing in public buildings and 9% in unfinished/abandoned buildings. Abandoned resorts, which once used to be managed by foreign companies prior to the 2014 escalations of violence, have become the best equipped shelter types across all IDP shelter types, however, tend to be distant from population centres, market places, and health facilities. Non-formal settlements are usually the poorest of all critical shelter forms; they are difficult to manage and maintain, and poor in regards to basic standards (IOM 2016).

Areas of origin: In January 2016, the IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix identified the majority of identified IDPs originating from Benghazi, Tawergha, Derna, Sirte, Awbari and Kikla, and are hosted mostly within the Al Bayda, Tobruk , Ajdabiya, Abu Salim, Bani Waled, Tocra, Zliten, Al Qubah, Sabha, Al Ghurayfah, and Al Marj (IOM (2016).

IDPs in the areas assessed by the PAL came in large proportion from Benghazi itself (61%), Tawergha (11%), Tripoli (4%), Kakla (2.6%) and Al Hesha (2.2%).

• In rural Benghazi, 95% of IDPs are originating from Benghazi itself and 3.3% from Al Bayda

• In urban Benghazi, 82% of IDPs are coming from Benghazi itself, and 10% from Tawergha

• In urban Tripoli, the situation is more diverse. 20% of IDPs are originating from Tawergha, 10% from Tripoli, 7.6% from Kakla, 6.5% from Al Hesha and another 5% from Benghazi PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 23 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“96% of interviewed IDP households mentioned 'absence of conflict', 'safer environment' and "better access to basic services" as the main preconditions for taking the decision to return to their area of origin ”

FIGURES: Displacement dynamics: Armed fighting Figure 22: Main reasons for displacement (HH interviews) escalated by mid May 2014 in Benghazi, then in Tripoli by mid-June. During the summer of Presence of armed group and lack of safety account for more than 60% of 2014, fighting in Tripoli and other areas of the reasons for displacement... country characterized by the indiscriminate use of heavy weaponry in densely populated areas by all protagonists, led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people within and around the capital, as well as in Benghazi (HCT 2015).

Following conflict intensity, the highest peaks of displacement occurred in both rural and urban Benghazi in October 2014. Some IDPs displaced in 2011 remained displaced over time, specifically those coming from Tripoli. Over the last 6 months, a regular influx of displaced households is reported in Benghazi city. The PAL findings match with the results from the DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix from January 2016 where 79% of the identified IDPs are reported displaced in the past 18 months, the rest displaced for a longer time (13% displaced during 2011, and 9 % between 2012 and mid-2014) (IOM 2016).

Presence of armed groups, lack of safety for Figure 23: Main reasons for displacement to the current location (HH interviews) household members, destroyed houses and poor access to basic services and facilities Safety, presence of relatives and better access to basic services and facilities are were mentioned by 83% of all interviewed IDP households as the main reasons for leaving main reasons for IDPs to choose their current location... their area of origin. A 9% mentioned direct threats or violence against their household, and 4% the presence of mines or explosives as a reason for displacement.

66% of interviewed IDP respondents mentioned “seeking a safer environment”, “support by household or friends” and “better access to basic services” as the main reason to choose their current location. A 9% mentioned the “presence of same tribe members” as a main reason, 5% reported “better access to employment or income” and 4% “better access to food”. 4% report having chosen the location to be better prepared for further relocation. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 24 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“66% of IDPs mentioned "seeking a safer environment", "support by household or friends" and "better access to basic services" as the main reason to choose their current location ”

FIGURES: Access to rights: Registration mechanisms Figure 24: Registration status of IDP families (HH interviews) are functioning in both urban and rural parts of Benghazi, but to a lesser extent in urban Nearly 80% of displaced households are registered locally... Tripoli. Of the interviewed IDP households, 21% reported that they are not registered, the majority of them in urban Tripoli (only 55% of interviewed IDP are registered). In rural and urban Benghazi, more than 90% of interviewed IDPs reported that they are registered.

Return dynamics: 96% of interviewed IDP households mentioned “absence of conflict”, “safer environment” and “better access to basic services” as the main preconditions for taking the decision to return to their area of origin. This corresponds with the result of the DTM, reporting that most IDPs are Figure 25: Main preconditions for returning to area of origin (HH interviews) not able to return to their former areas of residence for reasons related to their safety Main preconditions for a possible return of IDPs to their areas of origin: safety and security, access and condition of their and absence of conflict... houses and assets (destroyed, damaged, or squatted by others), access to and sufficiency of basic services in locations of origin, and the acceptance of the community (IOM 2016).

88% of interviewed IDP households reported their intention to remain in their current location in the coming months. A 3% reported that they will return to their area of origin, 3% stated their intention to move to a third country, and 2% their intention to move to another location inside Libya. Only 1% of IDPs in Benghazi reported that they will return to their area of origin in the coming months, compared against 8% of IDPs in urban Tripoli. In urban Benghazi 4% of IDPs declared their intention to move to Europe or a third country. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 25 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ For 58% of IDPs, the community is "supportive and will continue to support as long as necessary". Some 18% of IDPs mentioned that their host communities “will continue to support but only for a limited time ”

FIGURES: Interactions between IDPs and Figure 26: 88% of IDPs declared they will stay in their current location (HH Interviews) Host Communities Main preconditions for a possible return of IDPs to their areas of origin: safety For 58% of the IDP households, the and absence of conflict... community is reportedly “supportive and will continue to support as long as necessary”. Some 18% of IDPs mentioned that their host communities “will continue to support but only for a limited time”. Lack of support was mentioned by 15% of IDP respondents and existence of tensions by 8% of IDPs. Tensions are especially reported in Tripoli City (14%) and Benghazi rural (7%). Lack of support from the community was reported by 22% of IDPs in Benghazi City compared to 13% in Benghazi rural or 11% in Tripoli City. In rural and urban Benghazi, 21% and 22% respectively of IDPs households have been requested to move shelter in the last 30 days. In comparison, only 6% of IDPs in Tripoli City have been requested to move.

Livelihoods and Food Figure 27: Relationships with hosting communities (HH interviews) Security 8% of IDPs report tensions and non-supportive host communities... Food Security

According to secondary data, 1.28 million people are currently estimated to be food insecure, including 175,000 IDPs. Libya relies on imports for more than 90% of its food and the complex conflict in the country is affecting the food supply chain severely. Attacks on the commercial port in Benghazi are reported to have disrupted critical food import routes. There has been a substantial decline in food imports as foreign shippers fear making deliveries (Reuters 31/07/2015). The HoR has reported that it has started tapping into the country’s strategic wheat reserves to ensure bread supplies. Basic food items in Benghazi are only available in areas controlled by the LNA (ACAPS 2016). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 26 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Unstable employment and daily labour are replacing income from the private sector, and particularly so for IDP households ”

FIGURES: Traditionally, Libyans received government Figure 28: Request to move from current shelter in the last 30 days (HH interviews) food subsidies which reduced the cost of key commodities by some 50%. In November 15% of IDPs Households have been requested to move from their shelter in the 2015, however, to relieve public finance last 30 days... affected by dwindling oil revenue, the General National Congress (GNC), which has control over fund transfers for salaries or subsidies, announced it was abolishing food subsidies, replacing them with a monthly cash payment of USD 39 to all Libyan citizens that is still to be implemented (WFP 2015).

Food shortages are most prevalent in the south (Sabha) and the east (Benghazi, Derna) due to supply disruptions. Basic food items including wheat, bread, flour, pasta, oil, milk and fortified blended foods for children are in short supply (IRIN 02/12/2015) while in Tripoli Figure 29: Estimation of current household income (LYD) per month today (HH interviews) supplies were reported to be depleting (HCT 2015). IDP households report lower levels of income than resident communities... Access to food and markets: The subsequent disruption of food supplies has led to significant inflation on food prices, with reports that the prices of flour, rice and sugar have more than tripled in Derna, Tripoli and Saba since the upsurge of fighting erupted in May 2014 (HCT 2015). The primary barrier to food access in conflict-affected communities across Libya was found to be a lack of financial resources. In particular, the south region has witnessed severe cash shortages and disruption of the banking system. The deteriorating security also put constraints to market access, with 44% of IDPs, 66% of returnees and 46% of host community households reporting feeling either unsafe or very unsafe going to the market or shop to buy groceries (MSNA 2015). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 27 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ IDP households report that they are spending one third “ In Tripoli, enumerators reported specific fears among of their income on rent ” IDPs of being expelled from their spontaneous shelters by powerful groups “

Access to cash: Under the MSNA, 78% of key earning up to 500 Libyan Dinars has remained stable at informants reported limited or no cash available in their about 25% across all assessed areas (slightly higher in community. Half of key informants reported that banking Tripoli), the percentage of those earning 1000-1500 LYD services did not work regularly in the last 3 months. In has increased currently across all areas. the south the situation is more prevalent, with 85% of key informants reporting no functional banking services While some increase (4%) is also reported in IDP in the last three months (MSNA 2015). Access to cash households, the increase is highest reported for resident is a major challenge with banking services not fully communities of the assessed areas (doubled from 17% functional and salary and/or pension payments delayed. to 34%). Due to a delay in payment of Government Food assistance is being provided by host communities salaries, households have begun taking jobs like renting and households/relatives for IDPs; however, refugees, their cars, renting small spaces such as garages or asylum-seekers and migrants do not benefit from such additional space in their houses for IDPs to live in, assistance (MSNA 2015). as sources of additional income that can explain the increase in income among residents. Income Percentage of households with working children: Under the PAL, the interviewed households were Generally, children were not reported to contribute to asked to rank their top three income sources before the family income, as reported by 93% of the assessed the conflict and currently. Prior to 2011, a large share households. 5% reported that there are no children of the population in Libya was employed in the public in the households and 2% reported that children sector. This is also confirmed by the findings of the do engage in income generating activities for the assessment. The top three income sources before the households. There was no difference recorded between conflict were reported to be Government employment, IDP and Resident households. followed by allowances (including social welfare and social security) and employment in the private sector. Expenditures Currently, the majority of the assessed households reported to still rely on Government employment and Food is the main expenditure for HHs across all allowances as their first and second income sources, assessed areas. 45% of the HHs income is spent on but unstable employment and daily labour are replacing food needs, followed by expenditures on health and income from the private sector, and particularly so for housing. In Tripoli 54% of the HH’s income is spent IDP households. on food. However, IDP households report that they are spending one third of their income on rent. With In previous assessments, two thirds of IDPs, host depleting economic resources, many IDP families are communities and returnee households were found unable to pay rent when prioritising purchase of food, to rely on government salaries or pensions as their risking eviction from their current places of residence. main source of income. 79% households cited salaries were not paid or were delayed. For these households, This was confirmed by enumerators during the government salaries or pension contribute to more than debriefing process under the PAL. In Tripoli, 80% of the total income. In contrast, households citing enumerators reported specific fears among IDPs of casual labour as their main source of income reported being expelled from their spontaneous shelters by that this only contributed to 44% of the average total powerful groups. In rural Benghazi, the main fear income, indicating that these households have a more observed among IDPs is related to the lack of financial diversified income portfolio. (MSNA 2015) In addition, capacity of IDPs living in rented accommodation and the the inflation rate in Libya was recorded at 11.4% in fear of being forced to look for any alternatives soon if September of 2015. Inflation Rate in Libya averaged 5% they cannot afford the high rents anymore. In addition, from 2004 until 2015, reaching an all-time high of 29.6% there is a major concern for IDPs residing in schools to in September of 2011. be forced to stay for longer time in the bad conditions of schools. Enumerators also observed concerns among Reported incomes in Libya show slightly inconsistent host communities, which is the lack of schools because patterns when it comes to middle-class earners currently many are hosting IDPs. and before crisis. While the percentage of people PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 28 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ IDPs in Tripoli report that their savings would only last for 14 more days to sustain their needs ”

FIGURES: Taking the above into consideration, Figure 30: Households three main expenditures over the past 30 days, as a % of total households were asked to estimate how expenditures (HH interviews) many days they can sustain expenditures with current savings without external assistance. In Tripoli, where expenditure on food and the Food is the main expenditure for HHs across all assessed areas. IDPs spend one- proportion of population living with a monthly third of their income on rent… income of under 500 LYD are highest, IDP households report that their savings would only last in Tripoli for 14 more days to sustain their needs. Both resident and IDP households report that their savings would last for the shortest time in urban Benghazi and longest in rural Benghazi. In urban Benghazi and Tripoli, 12% and 10% of IDP households reported to have had no income in the month prior to the assessment.

Livelihood Coping Strategies

According to household respondents under the PAL, only 1% of all HHs reported to be currently using emergency coping strategies. Those include taking high risk jobs as well as sending children and other family members to beg. However, both resident and IDP households report to apply crisis strategies Figure 31: Households usage of livelihood coping strategies the past 30 days, as a % of such as selling productive assets or spending total times of strategies used (HH interviews) less money on other needs several times in the course of one month. For IDP households, IDPs adopt more crisis and emergency coping strategies than residents… such expenses include particularly spending less money on health and education needs. Given the high usage of crisis livelihood coping strategies, coupled with the high reliance on savings and the very short period of time HHs report to be able to cope and sustain expenditures without external assistance, it is likely that particularly IDP households will further resort to using emergency livelihood coping strategies in the upcoming months. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 29 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

D. Protection Needs and Access to Services

Key Findings

• IDP households are the population group most at risk of protection issues, followed by refugees and migrants, and residents hosting IDPs

• Most vulnerable IDPs are those residing in rented houses (subject to eviction if they fail to pay rent), followed by IDPs in public buildings

• Absence of justice or the breakdown of law and order, including indiscriminate attacks on civilians, housing, land or property related issues (especially for IDPs), and the lack or loss of personal documents are the three most commonly observed protection concerns

• About one quarter of all households feel not protected enough or completely unprotected against violence, especially IDPs. Female respondents feel less protected than male respondents, and respondents in Tripoli feel generally better protected than populations in Benghazi

• The majority of household respondents report symptoms of psychological distress as a consequence of experienced protection concerns, including children

• ERW contamination in Libya remains extensive, but as yet unquantified, in all conflict- affected areas. Between 23 and 25 February UNSMIL has received information from Benghazi Medical Centre (BMC) that three persons were killed and five others were injured among the returnees as the result of mine explosions in Al-Leithi neighbourhood. Downtown and Sabri areas in Benghazi are reported as heavily contaminated.

• Tensions between population groups are observed in Benghazi (no data for Tripoli), especially in rural areas. The main reasons are overcrowding of residential areas and competition for limited resources

• Tensions between population groups are observed in Benghazi (no data for Tripoli), especially in rural areas. The main reasons are overcrowding of residential areas and competition for limited resources

• The majority of households, and especially IDPs, are poorly informed about available assistance and support in their communities, and in particular how to access healthcare

• Mental disabilities, visual, speech and hearing impairment are more frequent in urban Tripoli when compared to Benghazi PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 30 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ The population group considered most at risk of protection issues are IDP families, followed by refugees and migrants from outside Libya, and residents hosting IDPs ”

FIGURES: Figure 32: Population groups considered most at risk of safety and dignity concerns Recommendations (Benghazi only, key informant interviews) • Provision of financial assistance for most vulnerable IDPs (to pay rent) In Benghazi, IDPs are considered the population group most at risk of protection concerns... • Basic health support, especially for IDPs and in rural areas

• Conduct WRW clearance activities and integrated risk awareness training to reduce the likelihood of injury or death by ERW in contaminated areas of Benghazi. Remove booby traps before dealing with mines or Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

• Improve access to protection services, formal and informal protection mechanisms, community based support

• Increase knowledge of protection principles among social workers, parents, teachers, community and religious leaders, as well as doctors and nurses

• Outreach is required to ensure mobilization in the community is undertaken to ensure an effective response to GBV victims, which continues to be under-reported

• Reinforce the accountability of duty bearers, capacity building and awareness-raising activities

• Expand psychosocial support services for children and adolescents in schools through inclusive child friendly spaces and training of specialized social workers

• Support existing programmes by government and civil society in providing training of doctors and social workers to work with children and their parents PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 31 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ The absence of justice or the breakdown of law and order is the ultimate problem, including indiscriminate attacks on civilians ”

FIGURES: Main Protection Issues Figure 33: Main types of violence or safety problems over the past 30 days (HH interviews) Most affected groups The breakdown of law enforcement and administration of justice system is a major protection concern... The population group considered most at risk of protection issues are IDP families, followed by refugees and migrants from outside Libya, and residents hosting IDPs. Among the displaced populations, key informants in Benghazi (no data for Tripoli) report that the most affected population groups are IDPs in rented houses, followed by IDPs in public buildings, and those hosted by relatives. Among these most affected population groups, the main age group at risk of protection concerns are older persons (60+ years old) followed by children under 5 years of age, and women (in general). When asked specifically which group of people are most at risk in terms of safety, key informants report that especially female heads of household are at risk, followed by persons with disabilities (3.4% of the total population assessed under the PAL), and chronically ill persons (7%).

Main protection needs

Household respondents were more open to talk about their protection concerns and needs, Please note: Most key informants under this assessment when compared to key informants. When commonly refused to answer questions around specific asked about what type of violence of safety protection concerns in their communities. This could indicate problems have been of most concern over the that issues such as kidnappings, physical abuse, restricted past 30 days, interviewed households consider population movement, or SGBV are occurring, but talking about the “absence of justice or the breakdown them openly is considered too sensitive (see also Section formal of law and order” as the ultimate problem, and informal protection mechanisms, ‘Service providers suffering including indiscriminate attacks on civilians, pressures, type and impact’). This applies specifically to the followed by “housing, land or property related situation in Tripoli, where enumerators under this assessment issues” (especially for IDPs), and the “lack or were generally unable to conduct any key informant interviews. loss of personal documents”. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 32 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Between 23 and 25 February UNSMIL has received information from Benghazi Medical Center that three persons were killed and five others were injured among the returnees as the result of mine explosions in Al- Leithi neighbourhood ”

Absence of justice and indiscriminate attacks: Lack of documentation: Loss or theft of identity Courts have not been functioning in Benghazi since documents - a prerequisite for receiving government 2014 (no secondary data available for Tripoli). pensions or salaries - leaves many households Judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officials unable to access these sources of income, becoming have continued to face violent attacks and threats. more vulnerable. According to MSNA, 28% of IDP The judiciary has also been affected by the political households lost legal documentation. A 61% of families polarization and struggle for control of government are facing difficulties registering newborn children. institutions. Victims have little avenue to seek protection Over 90% of IDPs face this difficulty, which creates a and remedy amidst total impunity. According to UNSMIL, risk of statelessness in the absence of documentary none of the 2014-2015 conflict-related detainees in the evidence of birth, identity and parentage. Loss of legal west have appeared in front of prosecutions or courts documentation has also been reported as being a (OHCHR 11/2015). barrier to school enrolment. Pupils and student are not able to enrol in schools or if they are, they are on a Indiscriminate attacks and targeting of civilian residential “guest” status only (MSNA, 07/2015). areas are another key protection concern of the interviewed households under this assessment. In Presence of ERW and SALW: ERW contamination January 2016, two displaced camps were struck by four in Libya remains extensive, but as yet unquantified, rockets in Benghazi, with no military or militia presence in all conflict-affected areas. Between 23 and 25 in either camp (HRW 2016). Across Libya, warring February UNSMIL has received information from factions showed little regard for avoiding or minimizing Benghazi Medical Center (BMC) that three persons loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to were killed and five others were injured among the civilian objects. Imprecise weaponry is used in densely- returnees as the result of mine explosions in Al- populated residential areas in what often amounted Leithi neighbourhood. Up to 300 ERW incidents were to indiscriminate attacks. UNSMIL has also received reported in Benghazi over a three-month period in reports that airstrikes by Operation Dignity, Libya Dawn 2015. The risk of injury or death from ERW or from and in one instance the Egyptian air force led to civilian unattended small arm and light weapons (SALW) is casualties and/or damage to civilian infrastructure high, particularly among children and IDPs returning to (OHCHR 2015). their homes.

Housing, land or property related issues: IDPs are Libyan Mine Action Centre (LibMAC) does not currently generally forced to use their own resources to pay rent or have the capacity to implement a countrywide survey contribute to household costs. 48% of IDPs interviewed and clearance activities (HRP 2015). 57% of MSNA during the PAL are renting their own house, especially surveyed key informants reported the presence of in Benghazi rural (77%) and city (50%). In the context landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXOs) in of reduced access to economic opportunities, a large their communities, with a higher percentage (79%) proportion of IDPs and affected host communities are in the East and South (66%), relative to 12% in the struggling to cover housing costs that would enable them west (MSNA, 07/2015). An assessment of Free Field to live in safety and with dignity, with Benghazi particularly Foundation in September 2015 in Benghazi reported acutely affected. The heavy financial burden of rental that contaminated areas in the city are located costs puts IDPs at a higher risk of impoverishment and where heavy fighting took place or continues and eviction, given their restricted access to livelihoods mentioned high levels of destruction to infrastructures, (MSNA 02/2016). As Identified in the previous section of buildings and local communities. This includes the this report, 21% of IDPs in both Benghazi urban and rural neighbourhoods of Al-Leithi, Benghazi Downtown, have been requested to move in the past 30 days (6% in Sabri, Boatni, Hawari, Qguarsha, GarYounes, Qnfodh Tripoli). Secondly, former IDPs returning to their habitual and Bofajrh. Downtown and Sabri are considered the place of residence often lack access to mechanisms for worst affected areas because of the heavy clashes and property restitution, reconstruction of their homes, or fierce fighting. The areas are reported to be booby traps compensation (MSNA 02/2016). with mines in large quantities, in addition to the evident wide destruction of buildings by ERW (3F, 09/2015). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 33 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Enumerators frequently observed boys between 15 and “ Children in Tripoli were observed to engage in hazardous 17 years of age recruited by armed groups in Benghazi. labour, including working in industrial facilities, No child recruitment was observed in Tripoli ” working in isolated remote markets and working on construction sites under poor safety conditions ”

Child recruitment: During the debriefing process under Libyan community groups are subject to discrimination: PAL, enumerators reported having frequently observed According to Save the Children, displaced children, in boys between 15 and 17 years of age recruited by particular from Tawerga (considered to be “pro-regime”) armed groups in Benghazi. No child recruitment was fear they will be attacked by other children if they return observed by enumerators in Tripoli. This confirms to school. As a result, parents often decide to keep their findings under the MSNA in July 2015 that highlighted children in the camps to study there (SCI 2015). a high incidence of child recruitment (the issue was excluded in the revised MSNA in 2016 as too sensitive). Family separation and unaccompanied minors: Half of key informants reported that they are aware of With the migrant and refugee crisis in Libya, especially cases of children and adolescents in their community migrant children are at an increased risk of being being recruited to join armed groups. Secondary data separated from their families while making the journey suggest that key informants may have underreported through Libya and across the Mediterranean Sea to such issues in the East and West. Save the Children reach Europe. Unaccompanied children and child- it its June 2015 SCELTA report notes that Child headed households have been reported in displaced recruitment is a common occurrence across the country. and conflict-affected communities (MSNA 2015). Males from 15 years of age onwards regularly join local According to Save the Children, unaccompanied minors armed groups. Children at the age of 14 are imprisoned are a key vulnerable group in Libya (SCI 2015). The alongside adults in GNC-controlled detention facilities PAL identified a higher proportion of unaccompanied (HRW 03/12/2015). According to Save the Children, minors in Benghazi urban (0.23% of the total population male youths between 16-17 years of age are attracted assessed) when compared to Tripoli Urban (0.15%). to join the militias by the offer of money and because The proportion of separated minors is three times more they have nothing else to do having dropped out of important in Tripoli urban (1.5 %) compared to Benghazi secondary school (SC 2015). urban and rural (0.54%).

Discrimination against migrants and minorities: Child labour: Interestingly, while the vast majority Libya is not a signatory country 1951 Refugee of household respondents under this assessment Convention; hence the country does not recognize report that children are not contributing to their family asylum-seekers or refugees. There are an estimated income, they identify child labour as a key protection 250,000 vulnerable refugees, asylum-seekers and concern. According to Save the Children, civil society migrants in Libya, mostly undocumented and who have organisations in Tripoli often report the presence of limited or no legal rights. They are frequently denied IDP children in the streets selling tissues and begging access to basic services, including healthcare, education for money (SCI 2015). This was confirmed under the and legal support as a result of their status. 44% of PAL for Tripoli, where enumerators reported during the refugees and 33% migrants surveyed in MSNA have debriefing process that they have frequently observed limited or no access to health facilities. It is generally the presence of begging children in all visited areas found migrants and refugees/asylum-seekers to have of Tripoli. This was not observed in rural or urban less access to protection and basic services than IDPs, Benghazi. returnees or the host community. Lacking access to a government salary or pension—the most commonly According to PAL enumerators in Tripoli, children were cited income source for IDPs—many refugees and observed to engage in hazardous labour, including migrants lacked access to a stable source of income working in industrial facilities that require large physical (HCT 2015). Furthermore, refugees, asylum-seekers capacity, working in isolated remote markets where and migrants often lack a social network to rely upon for children can be subjected to abuse easily and working in additional support and are less able to seek assistance construction sites under poor safety conditions. In none from local communities. As a result, they are among of the visited parts of urban and rural Benghazi such the most vulnerable of the affected population and issues were reported, although armed children were often find themselves subject to abuse and exploitation reported. from criminal smuggling networks (MSNA 2015). Also PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 34 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ About 26% of households feel 'not protected enough' or 'completely unprotected' against violence or safety problems in their neighbourhood or village ”

Sexual and Gender-based Violence: According to smuggling migrants and human trafficking (PONTES Save the Children, SGBV is a substantial problem in 2015). UNSMIL has documented severe abuses by Libya, both in the Libyan community as well as in the smugglers and traffickers thriving in the context of mixed migration population (SCI 2015). There is limited lawlessness (OHCHR 2015). A total of 300,000 people documented evidence on domestic violence, rape and have tried to cross Mediterranean in 2015, 2,373 were other forms of gender-based violence inside and outside believed to have died in the attempt, relative to a total the home. SGBV is considered private matters that of 3,279 that lost their lives in 2014. Armed smugglers carry a great deal of shame and are rarely discussed have forced migrants and asylum-seekers to board publicly. Staff of civil society organisations are generally overcrowded boats and travel below deck in overheated untrained to address these concerns (SCI 2015). There engine rooms without water or ventilation (OHCHR is a lack of response services available to survivors 2015). Migrants pay thousands of dollars to smugglers of SGBV. The capacity to detect, treat and provide to facilitate a perilous voyage across the Mediterranean counselling to GBV survivors is absent or weak and has Sea, risking their lives in ever increasing numbers (HCT historically been limited to civil society organizations in 2015). eastern Libya. Survivors often fear disclosing exposure to GBV to healthcare professionals (HCT 2015). Level of Protection

Under the 2015 MSNA, over 45% of key informants About 26% of household respondents feel “not protected reported that women in their community had enough” or “completely unprotected” against violence or experienced violence. Key informants reported that safety problems in their neighbourhood or village, while women experiencing violence most commonly seek 43% report that they feel “protected” or “well protected”. assistance from tribes and local elites (76%), religious IDPs generally feel less protected than resident leaders (38%) and community leaders (32%), yet only communities: Over 32% of IDPs feel “not protected” or 11% indicated that women receive assistance from “completely unprotected”, while this is only the case for hospital and health centres. International NGOs or 16% of resident community members. Respondents in UN agencies were reported as sources of assistance Tripoli feel generally better protected when compared to in such cases by 16% and 7% of key informants, populations in Benghazi. respectively (MSNA 2015). SGBV is considered private matters that carry a great deal of shame and is generally under-reported. A victim of rape risks being prosecuted herself for extramarital relations if she presses charges and may instead have to marry the perpetrator (SCI 2015).

Early marriage: No secondary data on child marriage is available from before the crisis. Lack of security, displacement and deterioration of schools may encourage parents to arrange for their daughters to be married at a young age (HCT 2015). A 13% of key informants in MSNA report marriage of children or adolescents under 18 years of age taking place in their communities (MSNA 2015).

Human trafficking and migrant smuggling: As one of the main channels of flows from and across North Africa, with the complication of internal conflicts, Libya offers a ground for proliferation of criminal organizations, which are widely involved with managing illegal migration, PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 35 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ 94% of displaced households report children with signs of psychological distress over the past 30 days in rural areas of Benghazi (82% in urban areas) ”

FIGURES: Impact Figure 34: Perceived level of protecting against any form of violence or safety problems over the past 30 days (HH interviews) The majority of household respondents report symptoms of psychological distress, including lack of sleep, stress, sadness, anxiety, and Female respondents feel less protected than males, especially among IDPs... loss of motivation as a direct consequence of the experienced protection concerns. This affects IDPs more than resident communities, especially in rural areas. In Benghazi, 95% of IDP HHs in rural parts (87% in visited urban areas) report adult members with symptoms of psychological distress over the past 30 days. The number of household respondents reporting this problem is significantly lower in Tripoli (33% IDPs and 14% resident communities), when compared to Benghazi (91% IDPs and 84% residents).

The psychological distress of children is similar to those of adult family members. 94% of displaced households report children with signs of psychological distress over the past 30 days in rural areas of Benghazi (82% in urban areas). Again, this percentage is reported lower in the urban areas of Tripoli covered under this assessment. Possible explanations of this phenomenon include that respondents in Tripoli generally seemed less open in answering questions during this assessment, and that the level of protection Figure 35: Number of family members with signs or symptoms of psychological concerns in urban Tripoli is lower, when distress over the past 30 days (HH interviews) compared to the situation in Benghazi. The majority of household respondents report symptoms of psychological distress... PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 36 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Key informants in Benghazi reported tensions between different population groups, especially in rural areas, where competition over limited resources is observed ”

FIGURES: Tensions Between Population Figure 36: Frequency and type of tensions observed in their neighbourhood/village in Groups the last 30 days (Benghazi only, key informants)

MSNA in 2015 revealed that among all affected Competition over access to limited resources is a cause of tensions between population, refugees and migrants reported a higher percentage of perceived tensions population groups... with hosting communities. The reported status of relationship with hosting community is generally more negative for migrants and refugees than IDPs. Discrimination and intimidation against IDP pupils and students has been reported in locations where tensions exist between the host community and the displaced.

Under this assessment, key informants in Benghazi reported tensions between different population groups in Benghazi, especially in rural areas, where more competition over limited resources is observed and the resident households are on average the largest, with up to 10 persons living under one roof. In 50% of the 16 visited neighbourhoods, some tensions between resident communities are reported. Tensions between IDPs and resident communities are “sometimes” observed in 36% of the visited neighbourhoods of Benghazi, especially in rural parts (60%), and less often in urban areas (22%). More tensions between IDP populations were observed “sometimes” in 40% of the urban parts, and “often” in 11% of rural parts of Benghazi.

The main reasons for tensions between communities are overcrowding of residential areas, competition for limited resources, especially bread and wheat flower, and restrictions to access to cash. When asked how often community tensions are observed, key informants report that tensions are reported “less than once every two weeks” in three-thirds of the visited areas. During the debriefing process under the PAL, enumerators in Tripoli reported their observations of tensions between host communities and IDPs residing in camps and spontaneous shelter, who reported frequent harassments by powerful groups. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 37 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Tensions result from children's lack of access to schools that are occupied by IDPs, the lack of available shelter, and complaints by host communities that IDPs are responsible for the increase of prices of food in the markets ”

FIGURES: In rural and urban Benghazi, tensions directly Figure 37: Frequency and type of tensions observed in their neighbourhood/village in observed by enumerators were mostly related the last 30 days (Benghazi only, key informants) to the fact that children cannot visit schools that are occupied by IDPs, the lack of available shelter, and occasional complaints by host Tensions between men and women are more frequently observed, especially in communities that IDPs are responsible for the rural areas... increase of prices of food in the markets.

Tensions between men and women are more frequently observed in rural areas (KIs in 20% of visited areas report tensions “sometimes”) when compared to urban areas (11%). Other reasons for community tensions include the deviation of resources, discrimination in the distribution of resources and hatred discourse on specific groups.

Access to Information The interviewed household generally feel “poorly informed” or “not informed at all” about available assistance and support in their communities. This is particularly the case for IDPs, in both Benghazi and Tripoli. Especially female respondents (64%) report being less informed about access to assistance and support, when compared to male respondents Figure 38: Level of information about available assistance and support in the (55%). community (HH interviews)

Household generally feel “poorly informed” or “not informed at all” about available assistance and support... PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 38 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Resident community members use internet more often as source of information, when compared to IDPs, and women more often than men ”

FIGURES: Figure 39: Top three issues HH respondents lack information about (HH interviews) Preferred and Trusted Channel of Communication Most households lack information on how to access health care...

Preferred and most trusted sources of information (in priority order) are talking to other people directly of via mobile phone/ SMS, their religious leaders, or television. The least preferred sources of information are newspapers, signboards, or road broadcasts. Resident community members use the internet more often as source of information, when compared to IDPs, and women more often than men.

Type of Information Desired

The main issue interviewed households lack information about is how to access healthcare, for both IDP and resident communities, and where to seek help after being exposed to violence. The main lack of information reported by both male and female IDP respondents is the situation at their place of origin. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 39 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

E. Formal and Informal Protection Mechanisms

Key Findings

• Access to sustained formal protection services continues to be a major challenge for the population in need due to ongoing conflicts and restricted movement

• As a consequence, people generally turn towards family members and friends when they do not feel safe and seek support

• In rural areas as well as in areas that are exposed to conflict the main protection mechanism are tribes and local elites, in urban areas the court and justice system • Available protection mechanisms are less accessible in areas of Benghazi that witness sporadic fighting (no data for Tripoli)

• None of the schools in Benghazi that are functional have child protection mechanisms in place, and teachers commonly lack the specialization to address protection concerns

• Seeking protection assistance from UN agencies and INGOs is not an option for the majority of household respondents, because they are either not present, or populations are unaware about available services

• IDPs are more inclined to request protection support (taking their higher level of needs into account) when compared to resident communities, and especially in rural areas

• One of the main reasons why people with protection concerns do not turn towards service providers is that available protection mechanisms are considered largely inappropriate

• The breakdown of law and order in Libya is severely impacting the work of civil society organizations. Those reporting on human rights violations are at risk PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 40 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ In 50% of the visited neighbourhoods of Benghazi key informants report the ability of SGBV victims to access judicial recourse as 'rarely and very difficult' or 'most of the time difficult ”

Key informants (only Benghazi) under this assessment Recommendations report different available protection mechanisms responsible for urban and rural parts of Benghazi. In • Mapping of available protection services, incl. civil society organisations, establishing referral the visited rural areas, the main protection mechanisms mechanisms are “tribes and local elites” (33%), in urban areas the “court and justice system” (35%). Police forces rank • Capacity building of protection service providers, including training of volunteers on the third place in both urban and rural areas (25%). This indicates a preference for less formal protection • Specifically, training on needs assessments and targeting most vulnerable groups mechanisms in rural areas as well as in areas that are exposed to conflict. • Provision of child protection services at schools • Provide specific (and discreet) support to agencies None of the key informants stated that “armed groups or working on SGBV militias” are responsible to solve disputes. When asked • Prioritize IDPs, especially women and children in rural about informal protection mechanisms, key informants areas (Benghazi) in both urban and rural areas of Benghazi report • Advocate for the protection of service providers, “community watch groups” and “community support especially civil society representatives groups” are the main community-based mechanisms. “Tribal groups” are another main community-based Protection Mechanisms protection mechanism, but only in rural areas, while “religious groups” are only mentioned in urban areas. With the complication of a crippled justice system and little law enforcement, national protection-related A decisive factor impacting on the accessibility of services providers remain hospitals and other health protection mechanisms is the intensity of conflict: care services. Yet very few health facilities reported Key informants in 56% of neighbourhoods where “no cases of protection issues and some health facilities fighting” has been observed over the past 30 days did not offer services for survivors of sexual violence, report that protection services are “easily and always or psychosocial support (IMC 2015). The access to accessible”, while this is the case only in 33% of the sustained formal protection services continues to be neighbourhoods that witnessed sporadic fighting. a major challenge for the population in need due to Key informants in Benghazi also report that none of ongoing conflicts and restricted movement. In MSNA, the schools that are functional have child protection health services were the only type of protection-related mechanisms in place, confirming Save the Children’s service that all population groups reported it was easy earlier SCELTA assessment (SCI 2015), and teachers to access. Over 60% of IDP households reported commonly lack the specialization to address protection difficulties accessing psychosocial support, police, safe concerns. shelters, community centres, and women/child-friendly spaces (MSNA 2015). In 50% of the visited neighbourhoods of Benghazi key informants report the ability of SGBV victims to access However, with the withdrawing of most NGOs from judicial recourse as “rarely and very difficult” or “most of Libya, local capacity to respond is limited. UNHCR, the time difficult”, while 33% report that judicial recourse leading the protection sector, has documented physical is “always” or “almost always” accessible. Cases of and verbal assaults, arbitrary detention, closure of civil SGBV are only documented in urban parts of Benghazi society offices and death threats facing human rights (38% of visited neighbourhoods), and none in rural defenders in Libya. But there is limited documented areas. All interviewed key informants refused to disclose evidence on domestic violence, rape and other forms the name of the organisations that documents SGBV of gender-based violence inside and outside the home. cases. SGBV is considered private matters that carry a great deal of shame and under-reported (SCI 2015). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 41 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ In 50% of the visited neighbourhoods of Benghazi key informants report the ability of SGBV victims to access judicial recourse as "rarely and very difficult" or "most of the time difficult ”

FIGURES: Key informants recommend that the capacity Figure 40: Percentage of households that requested protection or safety support in in of formal and informal protection mechanisms the last 30 days (HH interviews) can be improved by providing (in order of priority) logistical support, training (including the training of volunteers), psychological IDPs are more often requesting protection support than resident communities... support, and specifically, child protection services at schools.

As a consequence of insufficient protection mechanisms, and according to household respondents, people generally turn towards family members and friends when they do not feel safe and seek support, with no significant differences between IDPs and resident communities, or between Benghazi and Tripoli.

The household interviews confirm findings from the key informant interviews that both Figure 41: Level of satisfaction with protection support received compared to needs IDPs and residents in rural parts of Benghazi (HH interviews) are more inclined to turn towards tribal leaders when they do not feel safe, when compared Especially female household respondents are generally less satisfied with to populations in urban settings. Seeking protection assistance from UN agencies and protection support received over the past 30 days... INGOs is not an option for the majority of household respondents, because they are either not present, or populations are unaware about available services. Of note is that local civil society organisations as protection service providers rank between community leaders and religious leaders, according to household interviews, and especially in urban Benghazi (3% of respondents).

HH respondents report that IDPs are more inclined to request protection support (also taking their higher level of needs into account) when compared to resident communities, and especially in rural areas: 57% of household respondents in rural Benghazi report that they have requested protection support from a service provider in the last 30 days, while this is case for only 33% of residents. Significantly, the vast majority of household respondents in urban areas, and especially in Tripoli, claim that they have not requested protection support in the past 30 days, however information about assistance and access to assistance in those areas was also reported to be among the lowest of the assessed areas. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 42 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Key informants in 5 out of 16 visited parts of Benghazi reported pressure 'by powerful persons or groups' on them or their families in the last 6 months because of their active role in the community ”

Appropriateness of Protection Services

One of the main reasons why people with protection concerns do not turn towards service providers is that available protection mechanisms are considered largely inappropriate. In rural Benghazi, 58% of interviewed households that have requested support in the past 30 days report that these services have been “inappropriate” or “very inappropriate” (30% in urban Benghazi, and 53% in urban Tripoli).

Service Providers Suffering Pressures

The breakdown of law and order in Libya is severely impacting the work of civil society organizations. Those reporting on human rights violations are at risk of assassinations, other physical violence, abductions and arbitrary arrest, torture and other intimidation across Libya, especially in Benghazi, Tripoli and Derna. Journalists and media professionals in Libya are subject to attack and threats. At least 31 attacks on journalists have been reported so far this year and five have been detained, held hostage, or disappeared (HCT 2015).

Consequently, and as noted earlier, most key informants under this assessment refused to answer questions around specific protection concerns in their communities, and talking about them openly is considered too sensitive. This applies specifically to the situation in Tripoli, where enumerators under this assessment were generally unable to conduct any key informant interviews.

While not being statistically representative, it is worthwhile mentioning that key informants in 5 out of 16 visited parts of Benghazi reported pressure “by powerful persons or groups” on them or their families in the last 6 months because of their active role in the community. Reported types of pressure included threatening phone calls, threat of kidnapping or death, insults and verbal attacks, blackmailing, and physical harassment. Restauration of law and order, and a functional juridical system, would be a precondition for mitigating these pressures. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 43 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

F. Humanitarian Assistance and Access

Key Findings

• Given the high percentage of expenditure dedicated to rent and housing, shelter is first priority need for IDPs, followed by access to health and food

• Non-displaced, resident populations identified health and food as their first priorities for humanitarian assistance, followed by protection

• In urban Benghazi, protection needs were among the top three needs of the population

• Quantity (36%) and quality (13%) of aid is reported as insufficient to cover current needs as stated by almost half of the interviewed households

• With the same level of assistance already being provided, more than half of the households (56%) anticipates their situation to further deteriorate in the upcoming 3 months

• 48% of the assessed households have not received any humanitarian assistance although they face needs, while some 40% did not report to be in need

• 24% of the households report that aid is irregular, particularly in Tripoli. There, 10% of households report that they were impeded from accessing services by “powerful groups”

• In Benghazi, the main challenge to humanitarian access is lack of freedom of movement, including lack of transport to access aid, lack of documentation and movement restrictions PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 44 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ In urban Benghazi, protection needs were among the top three needs of the population, caused by the significant impact the conflict has had in the urban areas and limited access to basic goods and services ”

FIGURES: Recommendations Figure 42: Top three priority needs for humanitarian assistance (HH interviews) • Cash programmes to support rent and Shelter is the main priority for IPDs, with a majority of them residing in rented access to basic services accommodation... • Health programmes and access to medicine, especially for chronic diseases • Clearance of ERW and implementation of prevention campaigns • Training of CSO staff on assessment and targeting of most vulnerable population groups, especially in Tripoli • Communication with beneficiaries and feedback mechanisms Priority Needs and Needs Coverage Asked to rank their top three priority needs, households across all assessed areas and groups identified shelter as their first priority need, followed by access to health and food. Given the high percentage of expenditure dedicated to rent and housing, particularly for IDP households and particularly in rural Benghazi, the ranking follows logically. Slight differences were reported by geographic area. Evaluating priority needs per group, shelter is the main priority for IDPs as stated above, while health needs rank highest for residents, followed by food needs and protection.

In urban Benghazi, protection needs were among the top three needs of the population, which can be explained by the significant impact the conflict has had in the urban areas and limited access to basic goods and services. Particularly in urban Benghazi, when asked about key priority interventions desired by the assessed population, clearance of landmines/ERW and implementation of prevention campaigns ranked highest after the re-establishment of the rule of law, which was the first priority intervention across all areas and groups. Health needs were the top priority in Tripoli. Priority interventions ranked in Tripoli include psychosocial support and re- establishment of freedom of movement as well as family reunification. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 45 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ In this assessment Tripoli reports the highest percentage of HHs with disabilities and chronic illnesses, which further underlines the importance of health expenditure ”

FIGURES: Households were asked how they would Figure 43: Projection of living situation in 3 months based on current level of allocate a fictional 100 LYD cash grant to their assistance provided (HH interviews) needs. As outlined in the livelihood section, the main expenditure for all households alike is food, which is due to high food prices, 51% of households in rural Benghazi expect their situation to become much instability of currency, and limited income worse in the next 3 months with the current level of assistance provided... generating opportunities. Overall, households would spend 29 out of 100 LYD on food, 22 LYD on health and 18 of 100 LYD on shelter. Reflecting the priority needs above, IDP households in Benghazi would allocate a higher proportion to cover shelter needs such as cost for renting and housing, whereas households in Tripoli would pay more to cover their health needs. As stated above 77% of IDPs rent accommodation in rural Benghazi and thus require more resources to cover shelter expenses. The focus on health needs and expenditure on health in Tripoli is linked to the fact that hospitals are both overcrowded with patients and have severely reduced capacity, following the massive exodus of foreign health workers after 2011. In addition, physical access to hospitals in conflict zones is restricted not only by the prevailing insecurity but also by fuel shortages and poor communications (HCT 2015). In this assessment Tripoli reports the highest percentage of HHs with disabilities and chronic illnesses, which further underlines the importance of health expenditure for the assessed households.

In urban Tripoli, a health facilities assessment reported that one primary care facility and two secondary care facilities covering the needs of the city and the surroundings are not receiving any support and have no partners supporting those facilities to overcome shortages (IMC 2015).

Assistance and Coverage of Needs

Overall some 48% of the assessed households have not received any humanitarian assistance although they face needs, while some 40% did not report to be in need. The proportion of households not requiring need is highest among residents in Tripoli (50%). The highest proportion of IDP households requiring aid, but not receiving any, are also located in Tripoli. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 46 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Interviewed households indicated that their capacity to sustain vital expenses is limited and would not last beyond three weeks, if no further assistance is provided ”

FIGURES: During the debriefing process, enumerators in Figure 44: % of Households interviewed expecting worse or much worse conditions in Tripoli reported that many of the visited IDPs three months (HH interviews) have received no assistance during the past 6 months, and they have not observed any relief actors that are providing specific assistance to With the same level of assistance already being provided, more than half of IDPs. the households (56%) anticipates their situation to further deteriorate in the upcoming 3 months...

More than 60% of households were aware

of relief agencies sending staff to their % HHs expecting worse or much worse conditions in 3 months community to ask about their needs, but Al-Kwayfiya often without any assistance to follow, 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 1 Hay - - - - - or access to feedback mechanisms 1 1 1 Al-Sabri 1 2 4 6 1 al-Mukhtar with regards to assistance received. 8 Al-Thawra Sidi al-Shabiyah Consequently, the interviewed population Excluded Abayd often lacks trust in relief actors assessing Bu Atni Shuhadaa Sidi al-Salawi Al-Uruba needs and builds up frustration with Hsayn Al-Salmani

regards to their ability to access aid. Raas Abayda

Sidi Benghazi Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa al-Jadida Madinat Al-Berka Bu Atni Benghazi The main sectors where interviewed Benina Al-Hawari households required assistance, but did not Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq receive any, include psychosocial support, Al-Magziha medicine and health care, and shelter and Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat NFI. Where assistance was delivered, even Al-Nawagiya Garyounis Al-Hawari Bu-Fakhra though deemed insufficient, it was in the form Al-Quwarsha of food, electricity and education services. Bu-Fakhra Education services were mostly received in urban Benghazi. % HHs expecting worse or much worse conditions in 3 months The interviewed households indicated that their

0 capacity to sustain vital expenses is limited 0 40 60 80 2 - - - 10 - - Downtown 1 21 41 61 and would not last beyond three weeks, if no 81 Dahra Suq Mansoura Al-Jum'a further assistance is provided. Furthermore, Shuhada Bab Ben Not asssessed Gargaresh Arriada Damoun Ghasir Hadhba Sherqia crisis level coping mechanisms are already Abu Salim Tajoura being used frequently with an inevitable Hadhba Alkhdra depletion of household assets. Janzour As Serraj

Sidi Ain Zara Salim PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 47 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“10% of interviewed households report that they were impeded from accessing services by “powerful groups ”

FIGURES: Figure 45: Sufficiency of external assistance received to cover household needs over Humanitarian Access the past 30 days (HH interviews) Quantity and Quality of Aid Households report significant gaps in the provision of medicine, health care and Striking differences exist between sectors psychosocial assistance... and sub sectors regarding access to assistance, showing a real disparity between population in need and population in normal conditions. Details on percentage of the assessed population in need of assistance who received no or insufficient aid in the last 30 days is available for both Benghazi and Tripoli in annex 4.

Constraints in accessing aid were also identified by the assessed households. Those differ between the different population groups. Generally, the quantity (36%) and quality (13%) of aid is reported as insufficient to cover current needs as stated by almost half of the interviewed households. A 24% of the households report that aid is irregular, particularly highlighted in Tripoli. There, a striking 10% of interviewed households report that they were impeded from accessing services by % of Households with limited or no access to humanitarian aid in Benghazi “powerful groups”. Figure 46: (top) and Tripoli (bottom) (HH interviews) Access of Beneficiaries to Relief Assistance The large majority of the population in Benghazi have only limited or no access to humanitarian aid... Almost half (47%) of households in Tripoli further reported that their needs are being denied or neglected. One in four IDP % HHs with limited or no access to hum. aid Al-Kwayfiya 0 0 0 0 0 households in Tripoli also reported that 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 they do not know about any formal ways to Hay Al-Sabri al-Mukhtar feedback about their constraints to access Excluded Al-Thawra Sidi al-Shabiyah aid and the quality of aid received. Abayd Bu Atni Shuhadaa Sidi al-Salawi Al-Uruba In both urban and rural areas of Benghazi, Hsayn Al-Salmani the main challenge to humanitarian access Raas Abayda

Sidi Benghazi is lack of freedom of movement, including Al-Kwayfiya Khalifa al-Jadida Madinat Al-Berka lack of transport to access aid, lack of Bu Atni Benghazi Benina documentation and movement restrictions. Al-Hawari Al-Keesh Al-Hadaa'iq In rural Benghazi, 15% of household respondents reported that assistance was Al-Magziha Al-Quwarsha Al-Fuwayhat inadequate or of poor quality (17%). Al-Nawagiya Garyounis Al-Hawari

Bu-Fakhra Al-Quwarsha

Bu-Fakhra PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 48 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

FIGURES: Further details for each visited area about the Figure 46: % of Households with limited or no access to humanitarian aid in Benghazi percentage of HHs with limited or no access (top) and Tripoli (bottom) (HH interviews) to support in the last 30 days is available in Annex 5. The large majority of the population in Benghazi have only limited or no access Access of IDPs: Access to services is to humanitarian aid... deteriorating in collective centres hosting IDPs. In Benghazi, 71 schools are currently hosting % HHs with limited or no access to hum. aid IDPs without any envisioned alternatives or 0 1 20 30 40 50 - - - - - proposed improvements to the conditions 1 1 1 21 31 41

within these collective centres (UNHCR 2015). Downtown Dahra Suq In addition, many of the displaced have limited Not asssessed Mansoura Al-Jum'a Bab Ben Gargaresh Arriada Ghasir Hadhba freedom of movement beyond their community Shuhada Sherqia Abu Damoun Salim boundaries, which impacts their access to Tajoura Hadhba Alkhdra safety, security and basic services (HCT 2015). Janzour As Serraj

Sidi Ain Zara 61% of IDPs reported being registered with the Salim local crisis committee, which offers support to households affected by the conflict under the MSNA (MSNA 2015).

Access of Relief Actors to the Affected Population

Since July 2014, most humanitarian agencies have relocated out of Libya, the majority to Tunisia. The national agency tasked with leading the humanitarian response evaluates Figure 47: Impediments to accessing humanitarian assistance experienced by its own response capacity as almost non- households over the past 30 days (HH interviews) existent (IRIN 07/08/2014). On-going armed conflicts and fuel shortages further limit access for the humanitarian actors that continue to Households in Tripoli reported that they were denied access to humanitarian operate within Libya. The area under control assistance in the past 30 days... of IS including Sirte and Derna are largely inaccessible. For much of the south, a limited road network, checkpoints, and the presence of explosive devices pose additional access issues (ACAPS 2016).

The access to sustained aid continues to be a major challenge for the population in need of assistance due to ongoing conflicts and restricted movement. Neighbouring countries, including Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, have sealed their borders and imposed more stringent entry requirements (ACAPS 2016). PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 49 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

“ Enumerators observed a common fear of a longer conflict between different warring parties, impacting on the ability of the government to pay salaries, in addition to the inflation of prices which people feel to get worse in the near future ”

Indiscriminate fighting has led to movement restrictions. Fears and concerns about the future: Across all Since September 2014, conflict in Ubari has blocked visited areas in Tripoli and Benghazi, enumerators off the main road to Ghat, where a number of displaced directly observed similar concerns amongst the different people are staying (IRIN 02/12/2015). On 25 November population groups regarding the overall security, Tunisia closed its border with Libya following a suicide economic and political situation in the country. They bombing in Tunis, claimed by IS. The Salloum border reported a common fear of a longer conflict between crossing between Libya and Egypt has been closed different warring parties, impacting on the ability of the indefinitely (ACAPS 2016). government to pay salaries, in addition to the inflation of prices which people feel to get worse in the near future. Direct Observation by Enumerators in the Field

During the debriefing process under the PAL, enumerators in the field reported a number of direct observations, complementing the findings of the household and key informant interviews, this includes:

Effectiveness of Health services: Across all visited areas during the assessment, critical health issues were observed, and the situation of health facilities was of concern in general. In all visited parts of urban Tripoli and urban and rural Benghazi a lack of necessary medications was observed, especially for chronic diseases, in addition to the lack of vaccinations. In rural Benghazi, enumerators reported a general lack of health facilities and qualified health staff. In urban Benghazi, enumerators reported the availability of private health services, but which are generally too expensive for many people to afford, especially for IDPs.

Public services and WASH: In Tripoli and urban Benghazi, the majority of the visited neighbourhoods reportedly suffer from the accumulation of solid waste. A critical issue observed by enumerators in Tripoli includes the dumping of sewage water in the sea, which affects directly the neighbourhoods located next to the sea, and increases the risk of flies and mosquitoes. In rural Benghazi, a major problem observed by enumerators is the absence of water supplies, which often forces populations in the assessed areas to buy water, which especially affects IDPs that lack access to economic resources, often forcing them to consume unsafe water. PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 50 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Annexes

Annex 1: Table of Figures

Figure 1: % of people interviewed by group and severity category 3 Figure 2: % of interviewed households expecting ‘worse’ or ‘much worse’ living conditions in the next 3 months (HH interviews) 4 Figure 3: % of household members with specific needs (HH interviews) 4 Figure 4: % of household in need (HH interviews, Tripoli: only IDPs) 5-6 Figure 5: Number of HH and people assessed (HH interviews) 10 Figure 6: Assessed areas in Benghazi (KI and HH interviews) 10 Figure 7: Assessed areas in Tripoli (KI and HH interviews) 11 Figure 8: PAL milestones 11 Figure 9: Humanitarian profile Benghazi area (KI interviews) 15 Figure 10: Humanitarian profile (IDPs only) Benghazi area (KI interviews) 15 Figure 11: Average household size by geographical areas and groups (HH interviews) 17 Figure 12: Marital status by population group (HH interviews) 17 Figure 13: Gender distribution per age interval and population groups (HH interviews) 18 Figure 14: Highest education degree in interviewed families (HH interviews) 18 Figure 15: Ability to send school aged children to school (HH interviews) 19 Figure 16: Perception of safety of schools by head of families (HH interviews) 19 Figure 17: Children sent to school (2014-2016) (HH interviews) 20 Figure 18: Primary and secondary school functionality in Benghazi (KI interviews) 20 Figure 19: % of the total population interviewed vulnerable due to disabilities (HH interviews) 21 Figure 20: Type of settlement used by IDP families (HH interviews) 21 Figure 21: Date of departure and arrival of IDPs households (HH interviews) 22 Figure 22: Main reasons for displacement (HH interviews) 23 Figure 23: Main reasons for displacement to the current location (HH interviews) 23 Figure 24: Registration status of IDP families (HH interviews) 24 Figure 25: Main preconditions for returning to area of origin (HH interviews) 24 Figure 26: Intention of movement for IDP families (HH interview) 25 Figure 27: Relationships with hosting communities (HH interviews) 25 Figure 28: Request to move from current shelter in the last 30 days (HH interviews) 26 Figure 29: Estimation of current household income (LYD) per month today (HH interviews) 26 Figure 30: Households three main expenditures over the past 30 days, as a % of total expenditures (HH interviews) 28 Figure 31: Households usage of livelihood coping strategies the past 30 days, as a % of total times of strategies used (HH interviews) 28 Figure 32: Population groups considered most at risk of safety and dignity concerns (Benghazi only, key informant interviews) 30 Figure 33: Main types of violence or safety problems over the past 30 days (HH interviews) 31 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 51 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Figure 34: Perceived level of protecting against any form of violence or safety problems over the past 30 days (HH interviews) 35 Figure 35: Number of family members with signs or symptoms of psychological distress over the past 30 days (HH interviews) 35 Figure 36: Frequency and type of tensions observed in their neighbourhood/village in the last 30 days (Benghazi only, key informants) 36 Figure 37: Frequency and type of tensions observed in their neighbourhood/village in the last 30 days (Benghazi only, key informants) 37 Figure 38: Level of information about available assistance and support in the community (HH interviews) 37 Figure 39: Top three issues HH respondents lack information about (HH interviews) 38 Figure 40: Percentage of households that requested protection or safety support in in the last 30 days (HH interviews) 41 Figure 41: Level of satisfaction with protection support received compared to needs (HH interviews) 41 Figure 42: Top three priority needs for humanitarian assistance (HH interviews) 44 Figure 43: Projection of living situation in 3 months based on current level of assistance provided (HH interviews) 45 Figure 44: % of Households interviewed expecting worse or much worse conditions in three months (HH interviews) 46 Figure 45: Sufficiency of external assistance received to cover household needs over the past 30 days (HH interviews) 47 Figure 46: % of Households with limited or no access to humanitarian aid in Benghazi (top) and Tripoli (bottom) (HH interviews) 47-48 Figure 47: Impediments to accessing humanitarian assistance experienced by households over the past 30 days (HH interviews) 48 Figure 48: Sampling plan for HH interview (Benghazi urban, rural and Tripoli urban) and Key Informant (Benghazi only) 53-54 Figure 49: % of Households interviewed who received no or insufficient aid in the last 30 days (Benghazi, HH interviews) 55-56 Figure 50: % of Households interviewed who received no or insufficient aid in the last 30 days (Tripoli, HH interviews) 57-58 Figure 51: % of HHs with limited or no access to support in the last 30 days (Benghazi, HH interviews) 59-60 Figure 52: % of HHs with limited or no access to support in the last 30 days (Tripoli, HH interviews) 61-62 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 52 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Annex 2: Key References Used for the Secondary Data Review

• ACAPS (2015): Libya Humanitarian Impact of the Conflict, June 2015 • ACAPS (2016): Global Emergency Overview, January 2016 • CURVE (2014): A critical investigation of the impact of internal migration on the city of Benghazi in Libya, January 2014 • FREE FIELD FONDATION (3F) (2015): General report on the Humanitarian Situation in the City of Benghazi, September 2015 • GIEWS (2015): GIEWS Country Brief Libya, June 2015 • HCT (2015a): Libya Humanitarian Need Overview, September 2015 • HCT (2015b): Humanitarian Response Plan, November 2015 • Human Right Council (2015): Writing statement submitted by the Nord-Sud XXI – North-South XXI, September 2015 • IAI (2015): Migrations through and from Libya: A Mediterranean Challenge, May 2015 • IMC (2015): Libya Rapid Health Assessment, October 2015 • IOM (2016): DTM Libya February 2016 • IOM (2015): Migration Trends Across the Mediterranean, June 2015 • IOM (2016): Libya – Displacement Tracking Matrix, January 2016 • MSNA (2015): Multi-sectoral Needs Assessment, July 2015 • MSNA (2016): Multi-sectoral Needs Assessment, February 2016 • OHCHR (2015): Report on the Human Right Situation in Libya, November 2015 • PONTES (2015): Scoping Mission on Migration in Maghreb, December 2015 • SOUFAN GROUP (2016): Libya, Extremism, & The Consequences of Collapse, January 2016 • SC (2015): Save the Children Egypt-Tunisia-Libya Assessment (SCELTA), June 2015 • UNHCR (2015): Operational Update, December 2015 • WFP (2015): Libya Emergency Operation Jan – Dec 2016, November 2015 • WHO (2010): Country cooperation strategy for WHO and Libya, 2010 • WHO (2015): Public Health and Risk Assessment, May 2015 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 53 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Annex 3: Sampling Plan

Figure 48: Sampling plan for HH interview (Benghazi urban, rural and Tripoli urban) and Key Informant (Benghazi only) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 54 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 55 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Annex 4: Percentage of Population in Need of Assistance Who Received No or Insufficient Support in The Last 30 Days

Figure 49: % of Households interviewed who received no or insufficient aid in the last 30 days (Benghazi, HH interviews) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 56 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 57 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Figure 50: % of Households interviewed who received no or insufficient aid in the last 30 days (Tripoli, HH interviews) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 58 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 59 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Annex 5: % of HHs with Limited Or No Access to Support in The Last 30 Days

Figure 51: % of HHs with limited or no access to support in the last 30 days (Benghazi, HH interviews) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 60 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT Page 61 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

Figure 52: % of HHs with limited or no access to support in the last 30 days (Tripoli, HH interviews) PROTECTION ASSESSMENT PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 Page 62 IN LIBYA MARCH 2016 PROTECTION ASSESSMENT IN LIBYA MARCH 2016

This assessment was supported by the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Handicap International Contact: Ann Barthés, Head of Mission Mail: [email protected] Website: www.handicap-international.org/

Save the Children International Contact: Rania Ahmed- Libya Team Leader/Egypt Deputy CD Mail: [email protected] Website: www.savethechildren.net