Distributed Globally, Collected Locally: LOCKSS for Digital Government Information by Daniel Cornwall (Head of Information Services, Alaska State Library, P.O. Box 110571, Juneau, AK 99811-0571; Phone: 907-465-1315; Fax: 907-465-2665) http://library.state.ak.us and James R. Jacobs (International Documents Librarian, Stanford University Library, 123B Green Library, Stanford University, Stanford. CA 94305; Phone: 650-725-1030; Fax: 650-723-9348) http://jonssonlib.stanford.edu

Introduction chitecture6 in which each node in the LOCKSS because they would be automatically rerouted Ever since the Government Printing Of- network locally hosts an exact replica of the to their nearest collection. fice (GPO) brought GPO Access online in content being preserved. The open-source Authenticity, a critical feature to have in 1993 in order to make government information LOCKSS software then compares content any trusted government information infra- accessible on the Web, some librarians and oth- on each host and repairs any differences, thus structure, is enhanced with a distributed col- ers have dreamt of a system that would extend assuring preservation and authenticity. Ap- lection. Digital government information has the mostly successful, 150 year old geographi- proximately 200 libraries in the global public been altered without notice.10 While there are cally distributed Federal Depository Library LOCKSS network have successfully preserved no documented instances of this happening to Program (FDLP) model to the digital world.1 e-journals and publisher content for over ten GPO content, the potential is there as long as 7 Today, thanks to the efforts of Carl Malamud, years. Fifteen LOCKSS libraries have now GPO’s servers continue to be the exclusive the Stanford-based Lots of Copies Keep embarked on a project to apply this successful source for government information. Multiple Stuff Safe (LOCKSS) team, and 15 libraries model to government documents. copies on geographically disparate servers around the country, a successful model for the There are myriad reasons why a distributed allow possible alterations to be inspected and digital FDLP has been launched.2 digital preservation system for government corrected, thus protecting against deliberate This paper will describe the LOCKSS information is necessary. Among them are: tampering. The USDocsPLN explicitly does model of digital preservation and why that protection from natural disaster, server out- this. Research suggests that only a large-scale model is beneficial to apply to the realm of age, etc.; assurance of authenticity; prevention network attack lasting months could success- digital government information. Next, we of surreptitious withdrawal or tampering of fully change content stored in a LOCKSS will illuminate Carl Malamud’s herculean information; and building local services for network.11 efforts toward better access to government local collections. Related to the problem of alteration is that information. We will then discuss how we’ve A system of geographically disbursed of outright withdrawal. In the FDLP world built the USDocs Private LOCKSS Network digital collections provides resiliency in the of distributed physical collections, there are (USDocsPLN) using those documents har- aftermath of a disaster. After Hurricane Rita, processes in place to protect against this. In vested by Malamud. The paper concludes the McNeese University Library in Lake order to withdraw a publication from deposi- with a call to action. Charles, LA, lost a large amount of their physi- tory collections, GPO must notify the hold- cal collection, including many Louisiana state ing libraries of the item to be withdrawn and Benefits of a Distributed Collection documents.8 Imagine that instead of physical order them to either return the publication to The subject of digital preservation is of documents, McNeese had held the ONLY GPO or destroy it. Sometimes withdrawal vital concern to libraries and other cultural copy of digital documents and that other LA is appropriate and libraries comply.12 But institutions; Organizations like the Library of libraries had relied on McNeese rather than in some instances, publications are with- Congress, U.S. National Archives (NARA), building their own digital collections. When drawn needlessly or explicitly to protect the Internet Archive and many others have the hurricane hit and washed away McNeese’s government’s reputation. In these instances, been working on solutions to preservation servers, all libraries in Louisiana would have depository librarians have been known to and long-term access to digital information.3 lost access. Even if McNeese followed best create a loud hue and cry that usually results Within the government documents library practices and kept an offsite backup of their in the withdrawal order being cancelled.13 community, there is one school of thought that materials, libraries might still be without access In the current centralized digital model, this local digital collections of for weeks or months while waiting protection does not exist. No public process government documents for McNeese to come back online. need be followed. A simple delete command are wasteful duplication While this imaginary wipeout of is all it takes. A cached copy can sometimes 4 of resources. In this LA state documents did not happen, be found in Google or the Internet Archive’s view, GPO’s assumption we face that very real situation with Wayback Machine, but often not. of storage and preser- digital federal documents. GPO has Besides the preservation aspects, building vation duties has freed been tasked since 2001 to provide local digital collections can serve to provide libraries from the burden 9 a mirror server for GPO Access. unique services for local communities. For of being documents store- As of this writing, GPO has still instance, text mining is becoming a useful way houses to let them focus not done so. If anything happens of analyzing documents either one at a time solely on public services. to GPO’s servers, we’ll lose access or in large collections. It could be as simple As the LOCKSS model to hundreds of thousands of born- as a tag cloud of a speech14 or as complex as demonstrates, this school digital federal documents. analyzing patent applications.15 Local digital of thought is mistaken Local digital collections also collections could provide researchers with a and in fact will endanger insulate against Internet outages full or selected amount of GPO Access to long-term access to and and server downtimes. According to analyze without requiring access to GPO preservation of govern- the FDLP-L archives, GPO servers servers that could potentially impact security ment information. were taken offline seven times in or performance. Those collections could also 5 The LOCKSS model 2007. During those periods, no one be repurposed and remixed to facilitate new is a proven distributed could access GPO’s documents. ways of analyzing information and creating preservation model based With a USDocsPLN in place, us- new bodies of knowledge. on a peer-to-peer (P2P) ar- ers would not notice down times continued on page 43

42 Against the Grain / February 2009 Distributed Globally ... from page 42 against thepeople grain profile Libraries Need a Little Help From Their Friends Head of Information Services, Alaska State Library Libraries have traditionally taken an active P.O. Box 110571, Juneau, AK 99811-0571 role in collecting content to meet the needs of their local user base. This was a straightfor- Phone: (907) 465-1315 • Fax: (907) 465-2665 ward process in the print world, with vendors galore and, in the case of U.S. government http://library.state.ak.us http://freegovinfo.info documents, the FDLP. In the digital world, things are much murkier, the process a little Born & lived: Born in Los Angeles, California. Lived in San Antonio, Texas and more convoluted. The responsibility to collect Panama City, Florida. For past ten years I’ve lived in Juneau, Alaska. and preserve content remains but the process Family: Wife, Louise, father in California, four brothers around the country and is more challenging; on the open Web, there are no vendors to pull together disparate one sister in Canada. publishing streams or depository systems for Professional career and activities: Worked at Alaska State Library for easy inclusion into local library collections. ten years, promoted twice. Member of Alaska Library Association and Ameri- On the Internet, libraries need to implement a can Library Association. Frequent presenter at state conferences. Heavy user more aggressive approach toward collecting and promoter of the ALA government documents wiki. Project coordinator for Web-based materials as well as identifying state agency databases across the 50 States. Co-blogger/administrator of free new partners in their efforts — libraries must government information. rely on the kindness of strangers and library In my spare time I like: I enjoy reading, blogging, hiking, cooking and outdoor fellow travelers. astronomy when Juneau’s weather permits it. One such fellow traveler to the government Favorite books: The Mage Storms series by Mercedes Lackey, The Post- 16 documents community is Carl Malamud. Daniel Cornwall American World by Fareed Zakaria, A Vow of Conversation by Thomas Merton, Malamud is an Internet and open government Physics for Future Presidents by Richard A. Muller. activist who runs the Website, public.resource. Pet peeves/what makes me mad: Accusations without evidence (by govern- org. Since the U.S. government has been producing digital public domain government ments), statements that suggest a lack of basic knowledge, lack of self-consis- information, Malamud has been successfully tency, and yes, librarians who buy into the “travel agent” theory of librarianship shaking it free from government control and w/o control of critical resources. onerous access fee structures and making it Philosophy: The less secrecy, the better for everyone. Do as you would more accessible to citizens. Malamud’s over- have others do to you. Ask nothing of others that you are not prepared to do arching goal is to release government informa- yourself. tion into the open so that others can build more Most meaningful career achievement: Getting Alaska state agency advanced interfaces and facilitate better access monographs into the LOCKSS system back in 2005. 17 to the workings of our governments. Goal I hope to achieve five years from now: Working with others in my His first campaign led to the creation of state, I hope that most Alaskans will become aware of the rich feast of state and the Securities and Exchange Commission’s federal government information that is available for their taking. EDGAR database of SEC filings and corporate How/Where do I see the industry in five years: I see librarianship as a disclosure documents (which has recently had a name change to IDEA).18 He has since, in thriving, user-centered profession. Librar- his efforts to “open source America’s operating ians will learn how to bankroll the trust they system,”19 set his sights on Federal and State are given by their brick and mortar patrons Courts and case law, State and municipal codes, and become trusted online guides. They U.S. Copyright Office, National Technical will also be curators of specialized local Information Service (NTIS) videos, Govern- collections in all media for the education ment Accountability Office (GAO) legislative and convenience of their patrons. I also see histories, and, of most interest to Government public and special librarians following their Documents Librarians participating in the academic cousins and giving much more FDLP, documents from the GPO. instruction about resources and research The GPO is the official publisher of the than they do today. This instruction will be U.S. Government and manages the FDLP. where the patron is, whether in-person or They publish and distribute to libraries pub- online. This will happen because libraries lications from 21 federal agencies as well will gain funding as they are seen as trans- as such integral publications as the Federal formational places. Register, Congressional Record, Congressio- nal Reports, Bills, documents and Hearings, Public Laws, Papers of U.S. Presidents and much more. GPO Access is built on an older pages, 54,600 GAO Reports, 448,496 Con- among the 15 partners in the project, where technology called WAIS with a very primitive gressional Reports and more. It’s these GPO they will be preserved within the LOCKSS user interface and limited search capabilities. documents upon which the USDocsPLN has network. This was an extremely cost-effective For that reason, Malamud, with the assistance so far focused. project as 1 terabyte (which equals 1,000 giga- and cooperation of the GPO, harvested GPO bytes) of storage is now below $200, hardware Access documents from GPO servers in late Current Status is typically less than $1,000, and there is only 2007 and made them accessible/downloadable The USDocsPLN is now up and running. minimal administrative cost once the LOCKSS via BitTorrent, Rsync, HTTP and FTP. Those The 200+ gigabytes of digital documents have box has been configured. The group will con- documents comprise 200+ gigabytes of data been downloaded from Malamud’s site (http:// tinue to evaluate and add to the network other from 1991-2007 amounting to 5,177,003 PDF bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov) and distributed continued on page 44

Against the Grain / February 2009 43 Distributed Globally ... from page 43 against thepeople grain profile collections of digital government documents, including, but not limited to, other collections on public.resource.org.20 International Documents Librarian, Stanford University Library Participating libraries in the LOCKSS- 123B Green Library, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USDocs private network include: Phone: (650) 725-1030 • Fax: (650) 723-9348 • Alaska State Library http://jonssonlib.stanford.edu http://freegovinfo.info http://radicalreference.info • Amherst College http://questioncopyright.org • Georgia Institute of Technology • Library of Congress Born & lived: Englewood, NJ. See bio at http://freegovinfo.info/about/jrjacobs • Michigan State University for more. • North Carolina State University Early life: Northeast states; lots of soccer, tennis, baseball etc. • Northeastern University Family: Spouse, mother/father in PA, youngest of four siblings (brother in NYC, • Rice University sister in Cleveland, OH, sister in Groton, NY). • Stanford University Professional career and activities: I’ve worked in libraries since I was 15 when I worked in a small public library in Homer, NY. Professionally, I’ve been • University of Alabama a Government Documents Librarian since 2002, first at UC San Diego and now • University of Illinois/Chicago at Stanford University. I’m active in ALA’s Government Documents Roundtable • University of Kentucky (GODORT) and am a moderator for govdoc-l, the primary listserv of government information librarians. • University of Wisconsin-Madison In my spare time I like: Spare time? Information activist/blogger with • Virginia Tech http://freegovinfo.info, http://radicalreference and http://questioncopyright.org.

• Yale University James R. Jacobs I also like to dabble in open-source software, hike (urban and rural), eat good While it’s exciting to have this large group food, and read. of research libraries participating in the US- Favorite books: Sometimes a Great Notion, Lord of the Rings, Baroque Cycle, DocsPLN, we realize that the cost of being a Leaves of Grass, Dharma Bums, Another Roadside Attraction, Tao Te Ching, Cat’s LOCKSS Alliance member may be a barrier Cradle, People’s History of the United States. for some libraries — fees range from $1,000 Pet peeves/what makes me mad: People who say, “it can’t be done” instead to $10,800 per year, depending on institution of imagining the possibilities; people who act selfishly. size. We are working to increase the number of LOCKSS Alliance members in order to Philosophy: Information wants to be free; librarians to facilitate that pro- distribute software and other development cess. costs across a larger network. More members Most meaningful career achievement: Writing “Government Information mean less cost per institution. in the Digital Age: The Once and Future Federal Depository Library Program” which has had over 15,000 downloads; building Radical Reference and Free Govern- How You Can Help ment Information to give free reference to activists and independent journalists The preservation of federal documents is and advocate for access to and preservation too important to be left to the federal govern- of digital government information. ment alone; we have the makings of a viable Goal I hope to achieve five years from system to preserve digital government publica- now: That a large number of libraries have tions. There are several ways you can help. the technical and administrative wherewithal • Join our private LOCKSS Network. to be building local digital collections, shar- Join the LOCKSS Alliance, get a server ing with each other and building services to for under $1,000, and contact us. The increase access and shine light on government more servers in the USDocsPLN, the activities. merrier. How/Where do I see the industry in • Notify us of collections of electronic five years: I’m an optimist. I see libraries federal documents. LOCKSS staff continuing their vital work of preserving and can show you how easy it is to allow giving free access to society’s vital informa- LOCKSS to ingest and preserve your tion in all formats. I also see them expanding materials. their trusted position by leveraging the Web • Attack the root problem. Demand to make more information available to more members of Congress legislate and fund people. a system that will ensure that GPO pro- actively deposits publications and data through the FDLP and other interested partners. While the USDocsPLN project Rumors is a good start and an excellent ad-hoc from page 40 effort, it should be the government’s responsibility to put information in the hands of taxpayers. We should not have to be prying it out of the government’s hands. A distributed digital FDLP ben- efits everyone. endnotes on page 45 continued on page 53

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Endnotes for Distributed Globally ... from page 44 1. The Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) was established by Con- 11. Giuli, P., et al. (2005) Attrition Defenses for a Peer-to-peer Digital Preserva- gress in 1813 to ensure that the American public has access to its Government’s tion System. Proceedings of the 2005 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, information. Since then, depository libraries have been collecting, organizing, April, 2005. http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mema/publications/hotel.pdf. Ac- maintaining, preserving, and assisting users with information from the Federal cessed November 30, 2008. Government. Today there are nearly 1,250 FDLP libraries across the U.S. 12. An incomplete list of government documents withdrawn from the FDLP 2. For a more complete discussion of the digital FDLP, please see: James A. 1987-2000. http://www.thememoryhole.org/foi/yanked_govt_docs.htm. Ac- Jacobs, James R. Jacobs, and Shinjoung Yeo, “Government Information in cessed December 26, 2008. the Digital Age: The Once and Future Federal Depository Library Program” 13. Department of Justice Rescinds Order to Have Libraries Withdraw/De- (2005). Journal of Academic Librarianship. 31 (3), pp. 198-208. doi:10.1016/ stroy Publications (2004, August) Posting on Resource Shelf. http://www. j.acalib.2005.02.006. Postprint available free at: http://repositories.cdlib.org/ resourceshelf.com/2004/08/02/dept-of-justice-rescinds-order-to-have-libraries- postprints/657. Accessed December 26, 2008. withdrawdestroy-publications/. Accessed December 26, 2008. 3. Berman, Francine. “Got data? A Guide to Data Preservation in the Infor- 14. Volunteers at Free Government Information have been testing out a mation Age.” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery Web service called TagCrowd (http://tagcrowd.com) to create tag clouds of (ACM). 51, no. 12 (2008): 50-56. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=14093 text. Please see the following for examples: http://freegovinfo.info/taxonomy/ 60.1409376&coll=portal&dl=ACM&idx=J79&part=magazine&WantType=M term/364. Accessed December 26, 2008. agazines&title=Communications. Accessed December 28, 2008. 15. March Jr., R. (2008, February). Text Mining Patent Literature. Searcher, 4. Durant, D.M. (2004) The Federal Depository Library Program: Anachronism 16(2), 30-41. Accessed November 30, 2008, from MasterFILE Premier or Necessity? [Journal Article (Print/Paginated)] http://eprints.rclis.org/2313/. database. Accessed November 30, 2008. 16. For more on Carl Malamud, see: Singel, Ryan. “Online Rebel Publishes 5. Much has been written about the LOCKSS project and its successful model Millions of Dollars in U.S. Court Records for Free.” Wired Magazine. De- of long-term preservation of digital content: http://lockss.org/lockss/Publications. cember 12, 2008. http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2008/12/ Accessed December 26, 2008. open_pacer?currentPage=all. Accessed December 14, 2008. 6. Peer-to-peer File Sharing. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to- 17. This is increasingly happening. Witness OpenCongress [http://www. peer_file_sharing. Accessed December 26, 2008. opencongress.org/], GovTrack.us [http://www.govtrack.us/] and various projects 7. A full list of journals and publishers can be found on the LOCKSS site: from the Sunlight Foundation [http://www.sunlightfoundation.com/projects/]. http://lockss.org/lockss/Publishers_and_Titles. Accessed December 26, 2008. These are but a few projects currently building Web2.0 mashups using govern- 8. Blakeley, Rebecca (2008, October). “What Was Lost, Now is Found: Using ment information. Digital Repositories to Rebuild What Hurricane Rita Destroyed.” http://www. 18. Interactive Data Electronic Applications (IDEA) is the SEC’s updated slideshare.net/reblakeley/dlc-presentation-2008-presentation. Accessed No- Web application of SEC data intended to replace EDGAR. http://idea.sec.gov/. vember 30, 2008. Accessed December 26, 2008. 9. Tulis, S. (2001) Fall Federal Depository Conference/Depository Library 19. For more on Malamud’s efforts to “open source America’s operating Council Meeting HighlightsGOVDOC-L archives at http://lists.psu.edu/cgi-bin/ system,” please see http://freegovinfo.info/taxonomy/term/530. Accessed wa?A2=ind01&L=GOVDOC-L&P=R173102. Accessed November 30, 2008. December 26, 2008. 10. Althaus, S. & Letaru, K. (2008, November). Airbrushing History, Ameri- 20. See the gpo.gov harvest report for a complete listing of documents. can Style. http://www.clinecenter.uiuc.edu/airbrushing_history/. Accessed http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/Harvest_Report.html. Accessed December November 30, 2008. 26, 2008.

Against the Grain / February 2009 45 The Alabama Digital Preservation Network (ADPNet) by Aaron Trehub (Assistant Dean for Library Technology, Auburn University Libraries, 231 Mell St., Auburn University, AL, 36849; Phone: 334-844-1716; Fax: 334-844-4424) http://adpn.org/

he Alabama Digital Preservation tory, geography, and cultures. AlabamaMosaic provided by the LOCKSS staff. In a series of Network (ADPNet) is a geographically currently contains over 20,000 digital objects conversations in late 2005, Auburn and six other Tdistributed digital preservation network from fifteen institutions around the state, and the Alabama institutions agreed to pool resources to for the state of Alabama — the first working number continues to grow. This combination of build a LOCKSS-based preservation network statewide Private LOCKSS Network (PLN) circumstances — extreme weather, meager state for the state if external start-up funding could in the United States. Inspired by Auburn financial resources, and rich digital collections be obtained. NAAL Director Sue Medina and University’s experience with another LOCKSS- — made Alabama an ideal test-case for a simple, I drafted and submitted a funding proposal to based initiative, the MetaArchive Cooperative, inexpensive, but effective digital-preservation the IMLS in January 2006. The proposal was ADPNet was designed from the outset to be a solution like LOCKSS. funded in September 2006; it provided support low-cost, low-maintenance digital preservation Although ADPNet was originally inspired for equipment and travel to the seven participat- solution for libraries, archives, museums, and by and has some similarities with the Meta- ing institutions through September 2008. Cru- other cultural-heritage organizations in Alabama. Archive Cooperative, there are important cially, it also covered those institutions’ annual It was also designed to be a model for other differences between the two initiatives. First membership fees in the LOCKSS Alliance for states and consortia that are interested in explor- and most importantly, the Alabama network the same period. For their part, the institutions ing a distributed digital preservation solution. is a single-state solution. This has simpli- split the equipment costs with IMLS and con- Work on ADPNet began fied governance and allowed tributed staff time and other in-house resources in late 2006 under a two- the network to be absorbed to the project. year National Leadership into an existing legal and Accomplishments Grant from the Institute administrative entity, one of Museum and Library with bylaws and a com- At its inception, ADPNet identified four Services (IMLS). That mittee structure already in specific tasks. The first was to highlight grant ended in September place. Second, the Alabama the importance of preserving digital content 2008, and ADPNet is now network was designed to be a among libraries, academic institutions, state a self-sustaining, member- practical solution to a press- agencies, and other cultural heritage institu- managed program operating ing statewide problem, not tions in Alabama. The second, to demonstrate under the auspices of the a research-and-development the feasibility of state-based, low-cost models Network of Alabama Aca- project. In order to attract for digital preservation by creating a working demic Libraries (NAAL), a participants, ADPNet had to example of such a network in Alabama. Third, department of the Alabama be simple, robust, and above to create an administrative structure to manage Commission on Higher all inexpensive. This, and the the network and assure its long-term sustain- Education in Montgomery. fact that only one or two insti- ability. And fourth, to demonstrate that the ADPNet currently has seven member institu- tutions in Alabama had had any prior experience network can support different types of digital tions: the Alabama Department of Archives & with LOCKSS, meant that the members opted content from different types of institutions, History (ADAH), Auburn University, Spring for the simplest, least expensive hardware and from public libraries and small colleges to large Hill College, Troy University, the University software solutions available, in the hope that state agencies. of Alabama, the University of Alabama at these would be easier to deploy and manage The network has achieved or is in the pro- Birmingham, and the University of North and more attractive to other institutions in the cess of achieving all four tasks. On the tech- Alabama. The network hopes to recruit new state. (It should be pointed out, however, that nical side, ADPNet has been up and running member institutions this year. although ADPNet’s focus is not research and since 2007. The network currently consists of development, it has contributed at least one seven LOCKSS nodes, each with a terabyte and Why Alabama? important addition to the LOCKSS toolbox: a half of storage capacity. All seven member Alabama is an attractive candidate for a a generic LOCKSS plugin for harvesting institutions have contributed content to the geographically distributed digital preservation CONTENTdm collections). Finally, unlike network, and almost 40 digital collections network for several reasons. The first is the the MetaArchive, ADPNet is not a fee-based (“archival units,” in LOCKSS-speak) have frequency of hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, and service organization. Rather, the preservation been harvested to date. They contain image, other natural disasters, especially on and around network is intended to complement Alabama- text, audio, and video files and include the 1867 Alabama’s Gulf coast. In the past ten years, Mosaic, another statewide initiative that has Alabama voter registration volumes at ADAH; Alabama has been hit by at least four major been kept going by in-kind contributions from historical photographs from the Alabama hurricanes and many more tropical storms. In its participating institutions. In other words, Cooperative Extension Service collection at 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated the coastal ADPNet was designed to run on relatively Auburn University; images of book bindings communities of Bayou la Batre and Coden and small expenditures and sweat equity, not on published in the Confederate States of America flooded downtown Mobile. The coastal commu- recurring infusions of grant money or annual at the University of Alabama; and audio files nities are not the only parts of the state that have membership fees. To some degree these dif- of oral history interviews with civic leaders in suffered from natural disasters, however. The ferences reflect Alabama’s expense-averse Birmingham at the University of Alabama at interior of the state is vulnerable to tornadoes: in institutional culture. They also reflect a prefer- Birmingham (for a partial list of harvested March 2007 a tornado swept through Enterprise, ence for self-sufficiency and informality where content, see “Collections” at http://adpn.org/). Alabama, destroying a high school and causing administrative arrangements are concerned. More digital content is on the way. ten deaths. The second factor is Alabama’s On the administrative side, the network financial situation. Alabama is a relatively Why LOCKSS? drafted a governance policy that was adopted by poor state, ranking 44th out of 50 in per capita LOCKSS was originally designed to har- NAAL at its annual business meeting in Octo- real GDP in 2007. There isn’t a lot of money to vest and archive e-journals. The MetaArchive ber 2008 (the policy is available on the ADPNet throw around, which means that technical solu- project demonstrated that LOCKSS technol- Website, under “Resources”). ADPNet has a tions have to be simple, robust, and above all ogy could also be used to harvest, archive, and lightweight governance structure consisting inexpensive to implement and maintain. Finally, preserve locally-created digital content. Our of two committees: the Steering Committee Alabama is home to a rich and growing array of experience with MetaArchive showed us that and the Technical Policy Committee. Every digital collections at libraries, archives, and mu- LOCKSS was simple, robust, and easy to main- participating institution has the right to appoint seums. Many of these collections can be found tain. It also ran on inexpensive hardware — a a member to the Steering Committee, which in AlabamaMosaic, a statewide repository of crucial consideration in Alabama. And we were in turn solicits nominations for the Technical digital materials on all aspects of Alabama’s his- impressed with the level of technical support continued on page 47

46 Against the Grain / February 2009 The Alabama Digital ... from page 46 against thepeople grain profile Policy Committee. Together, the two committees are responsible for the day- Assistant Dean for Library Technology, Auburn University to-day management of ADPNet. In Ralph Brown Draughon Library, 231 Mell St., Auburn University, AL, 36849 keeping with the network’s guiding prin- ciples, the requirements for membership Phone: (334) 844-1716 • Fax: (334) 844-4424 • are as simple and affordable as we could make them. Participating institutions Born and lived: Born and raised in western Massachusetts. Lived in Canada, California, must agree to install and run a LOCKSS Washington, D.C., Germany, and Illinois. Currently living in Opelika, AL. server in the network; contribute content to the network; and join the LOCKSS Professional career and activities: I’m the Assistant Dean for Library Technol- Alliance for an annual fee. There is no ogy at Auburn University, a land-grant university in east-central Alabama. I’m respon- ADPNet membership fee. sible for overseeing all aspects of library technology at Auburn, including the integrated Surveys have shown that ADPNet library system and discovery tools, digital collections and initiatives, and the Media and has succeeded in raising awareness of Digital Resource Laboratory (mDRL), a multimedia resource center for students and the importance of digital preservation faculty. I came to Auburn from the University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign, among Alabama libraries, archives, where I held the rank of associate professor of library administration and managed two and state agencies. The task now is to Web-based, revenue-generating reference services. Before becoming a librarian, I was translate this increased awareness into trained as a Slavist, and worked for some years as a Russian affairs analyst at Radio participation in ADPNet.

Aaron Trehub Aaron Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich, Germany. I have a BA from McGill University, Going Forward an MA from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ADPNet’s main mission is to build (SAIS), and an MLS from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. and sustain a robust, inexpensive dis- Favorite books: Philip Larkin, Collected Poems. This one seems to make the trip tributed digital preservation network from the night table into the suitcase more often than any other. for Alabama, but it also hopes to serve How/where do I see the industry in five years: In my almost twenty years as a as a model for similar networks in other librarian, I have seen a shift in emphasis from content curation to content creation. In other states and other countries who may think words, I have seen libraries add the creation of new scholarly content, or the publishing of they can’t afford to preserve their local digital heritage. Private LOCKSS it, to their traditional role as organizers and stewards of content created by other agencies. Networks offer communities a low- I have also seen the boundaries between libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural cost, highly customizable alternative heritage organizations begin to dissolve. I think these are positive developments, and hope to more expensive digital preservation they continue. How they will affect the industry and our field in five years, or even three, solutions. If ADPNet had a motto, it I don’t pretend to know. Given the events of the past five or six months, long-term prog- might be “keep it simple and keep it nostication seems rather beside the point. I agree that librarianship is at a fateful juncture, cheap.” This basic approach appears to and find the prospect invigorating rather than dismaying. Whatever the challenges ahead be working well for Alabama. It remains may be, I think that we can best preserve what is worth preserving about our profession to be seen whether it will work for other by joining forces with our counterparts in other institutions and focusing on first principles, states and consortia, but the signs so far which include stewardship, discovery, open access, enrichment, and — the theme of this are encouraging. issue — preservation. That’s our job, and I don’t see it changing. You Gotta Go to School for “This?” — A Rave Review by Jared A. Seay (Reference Librarian and Head, Media Collections, Addlestone Library, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424) www.cofc.edu/~seay

for the days when the word “rave” accounts, police reports, pieces of shredded text- and sedate merely referred to speaking or writ- books, and the extensive YouTube record of the i n f o r m a - Ohing enthusiastically (or incoherently) event, I was able to conclude that my decision to tional ex- about something. Yet, linguistic evolution marches leave on time after work was a wise one. Even change, it on. The term “rave” now describes a wild dance so, it was a literally earthshaking and exciting is surreal to see the main floor packed with a party. Certainly this is not news to those among you event for the library. seething mass of screaming, dancing, exhilarated (you know who you are) who are connoisseurs of Apparently it is a common thing these days students. I think the sight of students crowd surf- modern party culture. But, the thought of such an for students to blow off steam during final exams. ing across the rotunda amid a blizzard of shredded event occurring in a library (one with real books in Why one would find it necessary to “blow off textbooks (being precipitated from the second it) sends the mind reeling, especially if one’s mind steam” during this time is beyond me, since during and third floors) was particularly memorable and tends toward reeling as mine does. A rave in an my student days I found exam times conducive to striking. For those ancient ones among us who academic library? Who knew? quiet reflection and relaxation. Of course, besides have never experienced such a thing (or don’t I was introduced to this rave library thing when the fact that I may not be indicative of the norm, remember it) the rave has all the noise, chaos, our staff recently received an urgent all points bul- my memory is fading a bit, and I sometimes lie and mayhem of a street riot, but with much less letin of a student rave which was to occur at 11pm outright for dramatic effect especially when it tear gas and much happier people. It is also over in the green just outside the library. Learning that involves my youth. In any case, this library rave as quickly as it begins, which tends to calm the this would involve hundreds, if not thousands, of thing is a growing phenomenon on campuses in police/security who just stand to the side and (potentially riot prone) students who would actu- which students are given access to turn the univer- grin a lot. ally move INTO the library for the main event, I sity library into a rocking, screaming, pounding, Across the country there are also so called realized I had served my public dutifully for the music thumping rave arena. Students fill the open “silent raves” in which everyone listens and previous eight hours. I thus selflessly considered spaces within the library and dance and scream dances and wiggles (silently of course) to the same that my presence would be unnecessary. (with total abandon) to unseen sources of loud music on their iPods. It’s a sort of a synchronized So, though I was not physically present dur- music for ten minutes without pause. chaotic, silent dance thing. This removes the ing the event, by piecing together eyewitness For those used to the library as a place of study continued on page 49 Against the Grain / February 2009 47