Mortality in Cisleithania in 1881–1911

Petra Sykáčková PhD student, Charles University in Prague, [email protected] Outline

1. Main Aim

2. Used methodology

3. Determinants of mortality level in Cisleithania in the 2nd half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century

4. Analysis of mortality in Cisleithania in 1881–1911

2 Main aim

• analysis of mortality level o in Cisleithania in general and in its individual lands o at the end of the19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century (analysed years 1881, 1891, 1901 and 1911 depending on available data source – Österreichische statistik)

Austria–Hungary: Cisleithania (Empire of ): 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. Küstenland, 8. , 9. , 10. Salzburg, 11. Silesia, 12. Styria, 13. , 14. , 15. ; Transleithania (): 16. Hungary proper 17. -Slavonia; Austrian-Hungarian Condominium: 18. Bosnia and Herzegovina

3 Methodology

• Basic indicators of mortality level o Standardized death rate (direct method of standardization) o Infant mortality rate

• Abridged life tables

• Decomposition methods o Kitagawa o Pressat o Arriaga

4

Determinants of mortality level in Cisleithania in 1881–1911

• Overall modernization of society

o Increase in the standard of living

o Scientific and technical revolution – medical discoveries

o Hygiene conditions improvement

o Industrialization and urbanization (the proportion of the population working in the industry / agriculture, the proportion of the population living in the urban / rural area

5 Determinants of mortality level in Cisleithania in 1881–1911 – cont.

• Agricultural areas

o more strenuous work

o lower salary

o fresh air and less stress

o Galicia, Bukovina, Dalmatia

• Industrial areas

o higher salary – higher standard of living

o bad hygiene conditions – population concentration

o , Lower Austria and Vorarlberg

6

Total number of deaths by sex and by land in Cisleithania in 1881 and 1911 1881 1911 Lands % of % of males females total males females total Cisleithania Cisleithania Küstenland 2437 2081 4518 0,7 2974 2501 5475 0,9 3748 3662 7410 1,1 4720 4360 9080 1,5 and Gradisca 2758 2701 5459 0,8 3266 2970 6236 1,0 Küstenland 8943 8444 17387 2,6 10960 9831 20791 3,3 Dalmatia 5017 4883 9900 1,5 7218 7349 14567 2,3 Alpine lands Wien 11364 10065 21429 3,2 17407 16064 33471 5,3 Lower Austria without Wien 25591 22995 48586 7,2 15391 14495 29886 4,8 Lower Austria 36955 33060 70015 10,4 32798 30559 63357 10,1 Upper Austria 11022 10039 21061 3,1 9549 9074 18623 3,0 Salcburg 2283 2165 4448 0,7 2569 2270 4839 0,8 Styria 16800 15887 32687 4,8 16396 15525 31921 5,1 Carinthia 4647 4389 9036 1,3 4633 4381 9014 1,4

Carniola 6629 6556 13185 2,0 6618 6396 13014 2,1 Tyrol 10348 9343 19691 2,9 11580 10567 22147 3,5 Vorarlberg 1454 1434 2888 0,4 1401 1354 2755 0,4 Czech lands Bohemia 83632 78860 162492 24,0 68503 66315 134818 21,5 Moravia 34747 31586 66333 9,8 28718 27458 56176 9,0 Silesia 8603 7939 16542 2,5 8849 7995 16844 2,7 Carpathian lands Galicia 107941 101672 209613 31,0 101020 96666 197686 31,5 Bukovina 10899 10118 21017 3,1 10851 10295 21146 3,4 Cisleithania 349920 326375 676295 100,0 321663 306035 627698 100,0 Note.: Italics marks the lands consisted of the smaller areas stated above them Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1884 a 1913; own calculations 7 Standardized death rate by sex and by lands in Cisleithania in 1881 Standardized death rate by sex and by lands in Cisleithania in 1911

non analysed area non analysed area SDR (‰) SDR (‰) males males

females females

CISLEITHANIA CISLEITHANIA males: 32,06 ‰ males: 22,81 ‰ females: 29,11 ‰ females: 20,96 ‰

Source: Freytag, 1901; Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 and 1914, own Source: Freytag, 1901; Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 and 1914, own vectorization and calculations vectorization and calculations Infant mortality rate by sex and by lands in Cisleithania in 1881 Infant mortality rate by sex and by lands in Cisleithania in 1911

non analysed area IMR (‰) non analysed area IMR (‰) boys boys

girls girls

CISLEITHANIA CISLEITHANIA boys: 269,3 ‰ boys: 222,7 ‰ girls: 229,5 ‰ girls: 191,4 ‰ 8 Source: Freytag, 1901; Österreichische Statistik, 1884; own vectorization and calculations Source: Freytag, 1901; Österreichische Statistik, 1913; own vectorization and calculations Probability of death of males by age in Cisleithania Probability of death of females by age in Cisleithania

1881 1891 1901 1911 1881 1891 1901 1911

1,00 1,00

(log.) (log.)

0,10 0,10

Porbability of death of death Porbability Porbability of death of death Porbability

0,01 0,01

Age group Age group Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 a 1914; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 a 1914; own calculations

Life expectancy by age for males in Cisleithania Life expectancy by age for females in Cisleithania

1881 1891 1901 1911 1881 1891 1901 1911

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30 Life expectancy years) (in expectancy Life Life expectancy years) (in expectancy Life 20 20

10 10

0 0

Age group Age group 9 Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 a 1914; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882, 1884, 1892, 1893, 1903, 1904, 1913 a 1914; own calculations The results of analysis Cisleithania in general

• Reducing the number of deaths

• Decrease of standardized death rate, infant mortality rate and probability of death

• Increase of life expectancy

• More noticeable improvement of the mortality level in case of males rather than of females

• Major decrease of the mortality level in the period from 1891 to 1901

• Major decrease of mortality level due to decrease of mortality in child ages (1-4 years of age)

10 Probability of death of males by age in chosen lands of Cisleithania in 1881 Probability of death of males by age in chosen lands of Cisleithania in 1911

CPředlitavskoisleithania DolníLower Rakousy Austria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič CPředlitavskoisleithania DolníLower Rakousy Austria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič

1,00 1,00

(log.) (log.)

0,10 0,10

Probability of death of death Probability Probability of death of death Probability

0,01 0,01

Age group Age group Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882 a 1884; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1913 a 1914; own calculations

Probability of death of females by age in chosen lands of Cisleithania in 1881 Probability of death of females by age in chosen lands of Cisleithania in 1911

PředlitavskoCisleithania DolníLower Rakousy Austria PřímoříKüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič CPředlitavskoisleithania LowerDolní RakousyAustria KüstenlandPřímoří BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič

1,00 1,00

(log.) (log.)

0,10 0,10

Probability of death of death Probability Probability of death of death Probability

0,01 0,01

Age group Age group 11 Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882 a 1884; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1913 a 1914; own calculation Life expectancy by age for males in chosen lands in Cisleithania in 1881 Life expectancy by age for males in chosen lands in Cisleithania in 1911

PředlitavskoCisleithania LowerDolní Rakousy Austria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič CPředlitavskoisleithania LowerDolní RakousyAustria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič 60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30 Life expectancy years) (in expectancy Life 20 years) (in expectancy Life 20

10 10

0 0

Age group Age group Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882 a 1884; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1913 a 1914; own calculations

Life expectancy by age for females in chosen lands in Cisleithania in 1881 Life expectancy by age for females in chosen lands in Cisleithania in 1911

PředlitavskoCisleithania DolníLower Rakousy Austria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciHaliča PředlitavskoCisleithania LowerDolní RakousyAustria KPřímoříüstenland BohemiaČechy GaliciaHalič 60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30 Life expectancy years) (in expectancy Life Life expectancy years) (in expectancy Life 20 20

10 10

0 0

Age group Age group 12 Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1882 a 1884; own calculations Source: Österreichische Statistik, 1913 a 1914; own calculations The results of analysis Individual lands

• Reducing of the differences among the lands during analysed period

• Galicia, Bukovina and Dalmatia had the worst mortality conditions (the poorest lands)

• Lower Austria, Bohemia and Vorarlberg at the end of analysed period had the favourable mortality conditions (industrial lands)

• The rest of the lands had mortality level close to mortality level of Cisleithania

13 Thank you for your attention