More Than Numbers: How Migration Data Can Deliver Real-Life Benefits for Migrants and Governments

More than numbers How migration data can deliver real-life benefits for migrants and governments

MCKINSEY CENTER FOR GOVERNMENT

More than numbers How migration data can deliver real-life benefits for migrants and governments

ISBN: copying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo All rights reserved. of this part No publication reproduced, be may stored in aretrieval © 2018 International Organization for Migration (IOM) and McKinsey &Company through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; and society. an As intergovernmental organization, with acts IOM its in partners the isIOM committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. & Company concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, city or of its not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever or McKinsey of IOM on the part The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout do the report the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or McKinsey &Company. The opinions expressed in are the report those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect This document was not formally edited by Publication the IOM Unit. E-ISBN: 978-92-9068-757-3 978-92-9068-758-0

5 6 Contents 00 Foreword 10

01 Acknowledgements 12

02 Executive summary 14

03 Towards an investment case for better migration data 18

04 The value of migration data – a framework 23

05 Investing in data pays off for migrants and countries alike 30

06 Designing country migration data strategies to drive real-life benefits 58

07 Advancing the migration data agenda on global, regional and national levels 64

08 Appendix 72 8 List ofabbreviations AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration

CDR Call detail records

DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix

EU European Union

GCM Global Compact for Migration

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GMDAC Global Migration Data Analysis Centre

IOM International Organization for Migration

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

ODA Official Development Assistance

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

REP Returning Expert Programme

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

UN United Nations

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund 00 Foreword We are at a crucial moment. We are witnessing the movement of humans across borders on a scale never seen before. Migration has become the megatrend of our time and it is not only inevitable, it is necessary. Migrants represent approximately 3 per cent of the world’s population, but produce more than 9 per cent of global GDP, some USD 3 trillion more than if they had stayed home. Migrants fill jobs, bring skills and help economies flourish. Large benefits accrue to migrants as well as to their countries of origin and destination when migration is managed well. Mismanaged migration, on the other hand, puts migrants at risk and paves the way for growing anti-immigrant sentiment around the world.

Well-managed migration builds on reliable data and evidence. Too often, data is seen as the abstract business of technical experts operating in backrooms. Yet data is “more than numbers” as it is essential to produce real-life results. It is needed to identify challenges, design responses, monitor implementation and evaluate the effects of migration policies. Data thereby enables policymakers to manage for better migration outcomes, for example, 11 to protect migrants in vulnerable situations, fill labour market shortages in a targeted way, manage asylum procedures efficiently or increase net remittance flows (to name only a few).

While there is clear consensus among policy experts and academics alike that better data is needed, too little has been achieved in recent decades. The availability of relevant, high- quality data on international migration which can inform governance remains limited.

The report “More than numbers” urges governments to put data at the centre of the debate on migration using a value-driven approach. Produced by a joint team of IOM’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) and the global management consultancy McKinsey & Company, this report illustrates how a strategic focus on and investment in quality data can maximize the value of migration and address its current challenges. It describes the value at stake across various dimensions of migration and provides guidance on where investments in data should be directed to deliver the most impactful outcomes.

The time to invest in better migration data is now. In 2016, countries agreed to start negotiations leading towards the adoption of a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration in 2018. Just one year before, migration was included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. As countries have joined together on a path toward increased cooperation and action on migration, investment in data will be crucial for its success.

William Lacy Swing, Director General, International Organization for Migration 01 Acknowledgements IOM’s Director General, William Swing, Lacy for his commitment to this publication. Martin, Sonia Plaza, Simmons Jon and Hania Zlotnik. We are especially thankful to Denis Kierans, Elisa Vidal, Steffen Angenendt, Richard Bilsborrow, Diego Iturralde, Philip review,including Ann Singleton, Marina Manke, Susanne Melde, Marzia Rango, The authors are grateful to many internal and external for experts their guidance and (project McKinsey), lead Annabelle and Gerber Robin Laumann. The project team consisted of Jasper Tjaden (project GMDAC) lead and Thomas Weber national migration Claus expert Folden. McKinsey and Lars Hartenstein, Associate Partner at McKinsey, with advice from inter It was by Frank led Laczko, Director of GMDAC, Solveigh Hieronimus, Partner at McKinsey &Company. Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) and the global management consultancy This was report produced by ajoint team Migration of the UN Agency’s (IOM) Global -

13 02 Executive summary I information. Relevant, high-quality data Decision makers absolutely one thing need to devise appropriate policies: reliable from border management to labour market participation and integration. the past 50 years. This has policy implications across amyriad of dimensions ranging residing to be estimated outside their of birth –anumber country that has almost tripled in Migration is acomplex global challenge. Around 258 million are people currently IN BRIEF IN data that matters. and humanitarian benefits in line with targets they choose to prioritize –by leveraging the This is report intended decision to support makers in capturing concrete economic, social Decision makers convinced to be need of the value that migration data can deliver. in the engine room of politics. Thisinto aims report practice. to shift thisfromtheory debate focuses far much too on how to get more data and –atechnical better debate for experts being produced in abundance from digital devices). Unfortunately, the current debatedata is available, it is not used to its often full potential (including new data which is the current availability of relevant and reliable data is still limited. very Even when Despite widespread consensus on the importance of data to manage migration effectively, benefits for countries and migrants alike. evaluating policies that can generate substantial economic, social and humanitarian each dimension). each (see chapter 04 for a comprehensive framework and chapter 05 for on deep-dives yieldsdata value along all seven core dimensions of migration identified in this report In fact, investing in migrants for pays off data and countries alike. Effective usage of through their investments in data. view of the tangible outcomes they can and expect which risks they can address investto in collecting, sharing and analyzing migration data. aclear They need To date, the missing link aclear value has been case that convinces policymakers progress in addressing this challenge slow. has been however availability of relevant, high-quality onmigration data remains limited, and There many have been calls to improve data on international migration in recent years, For betterreadability“data”willbe used asasingularnounthroughoutthisreport I is critical for designing, implementing and

More than numbers 15 7 examples of how migration data delivers real-life benefitsII

Emigration – example Leveraging data on recruitment costs and working conditions can help to reduce recruitment costs by USD 3–6 billion for labour migrants in four Arab Gulf states alone.III Immigration – example Using data to identify and incentivize migrant groups with relevant skill sets from abroad can help close domestic labour market gaps. Between 2005 and 2015, Australia increased the number of job vacancies filled by employer-sponsored migrants with relevant skills by approximately 14 per cent each year.

Integration and contribution – example Targeted initiatives to increase language proficiency can enable a 15–20 percentage point increase in immigrants’ employment rates. Using data to match migrants’ qualifications with adequate jobs could increase the income of highly skilled migrants by EUR 5–7 billion in the EU alone.

16 Data-driven initiatives to promote naturalization for eligible migrants could enable income gains of EUR 0.7–1.6 billion in the EU.

Development – example Creating transparency on remittances costs could increase the money sent back to low- and middle- income countries by USD 15–20 billion. Data-driven programmes can help promote the targeted return of 20 per cent of high-skilled professionals working abroad.

Journey – example Data-driven interventions can double the number of human trafficking cases identified. This could enable support to around 150.000 victims.

Arrival – example Data can enable a significant reduction in the number of duplicate registrations using centralized databases and modern technologies (e.g. top-in- class fingerprint and facial recognition systems have an accuracy of over 99 percent).

Return and reintegration – example Using data to tailor assisted voluntary return programs to migrants’ needs could increase the share of voluntary over forced returns. A 10-percentage points increase would have saved EU governments up to EUR 350 million for the years 2008–16. the global community and individual countries in their endeavours. in data at the local, national, regional and global level. This aims report both to support up and review. processes Both provide governments with renewed momentum to invest ment Goals (SDG) which require many countries to invest in data for better follow- SDG Second, countries have also committed to several migration-relevant Sustainable Develop- safe, orderly and regular migration to improve cooperation and migration governance. together negotiations and started leading towards adoption the for global a of compact migration data agenda and make crucial investments in data. First, countries have joined Two global developments present countries with ahistoric to advance opportunity the 3. 2. 1. III II

national migration data strategies. data migration national on migration data and to enable them to develop focused and outcome oriented Individual building countries capacity need support cooperate at the regional level to manage migration effectively. given region. migration Most occurs within regions and therefore countries to need migration trends and the ability evidence-based policy to support decisions within a sources of data across national borders and increase transparency both of regional observatories data migration Regional migration data across countries, regions and different dimensions of migration. national stakeholders identify, compare and prioritize the potential value of improved pursuedbe onglobal, regional and national levels: Going forward, the development of value-driven migration strategies data can entities). financing investment and achieve from support relevant stakeholders (e.g. representatives of This offers report tools and guidance to help countries develop compelling cases for a tailored migration strategy data focusing onthe specific objectives of that country. To maximize migration’s potential and mitigate its risks, develop to needs country each whether its attention is focused on regular and/or irregular migration. or high), whether arespective tends country to send and/or receive migrants, and value dimensions will differ, e.g. depending on the overall income level (low, middle dependingthem ontheir respective migration situation. Priorities across the various Each identify to needs and prioritize country the value dimensions most relevant to A global support platform (“migration platform support global value navigator”) on recruitmentcost globally. states (Kuwait,Qatar, SaudiArabia,and theUnitedArabEmirates)dueto limitedavailabilityofdata Recruitment costsareprevalentworldwide. TheestimateislimitedtolabourmigrantsinfourArabGulf andappendix. Detailed examplesandcalculations provided inmainsectionofreport

— can create exchanges between various between exchanges create can to take a value-driven perspective perspective value-driven a take to can help national and inter II

III

More than numbers 17 03 Towards an investment case for better migration data limited, numbers for 232 countries worldwide. one-stop shop.one-stop vast amount scattered data of often from different fields of migration accessible in a and dissemination migrants of data on settled in each country. at the International Statistical Institute in Vienna recommended the standardization governance. The interest in migration data is not new: as early as 1891, experts Policy and experts academics alike agree that data is key to improving migration III II See I the Global Migration Database, progressModest thus made has been far, including, for example, the development of for improved migration data have regained momentum: aspects of migration.aspects (including disaggregated data), and strengthen relevant capacities at the national level. to makeneed use of existing better data, harmonize data gathering and sharing Thematic sessions leading up to migration aglobal for compact (GCM) the highlight data through capacity-building, financial and technical support assistance. national cooperation to improve the collection of accurate, disaggregated migration The 2016 New York Declaration Refugees for and Migrants to enhance seeks inter flows, For example, only 45 of the 193 States Member statistics report UN on migration Lack of data: Many countries do not produce or publish migration-related data. migrant arrival. migratory status. migratory capacity and for the disaggregation of this data by indicators including ethnicity and tion for the first time. It also includes specific calls for improved data collection and The 2030 Agenda Sustainable for Development makes explicit reference to migra III For example, there is no ongoing/regular detailed survey ofglobalmigration policies. For example,thereisnoongoing/regular detailedsurvey Bank andtheUniversityofSussex. Developed bytheUNPopulationDivision incollaborationwiththeUNStatisticsDivision,World and important challenges persist national a on and international level: 6 www.migrationdataportal.org. and even in censuses, only 50 cent per of countries ask for the year of II Still, the current availability of relevant, high-quality data on migration is 7 As shown As in Exhibit 1, little data is collected on various key 2 I which has enabled disaggregated estimates of migrant 5 The Global Migration Data Portal has the made 1 More recently, calls 3

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More than numbers 19 20 these questions. these to share seeks report ideas that as act astarting point for countries as they tackle Rather than providing comprehensive guidelines on the use of data in migration, this investments in migration data, three questions addressed: to be need In order to shed greater clarity on how different countries should prioritize strategic of data on migration. benefits of devoting increased resources to improving the collection, sharing and analysis with acompelling value case. Put simply, this means clearly articulating the expected migration data will translated not be into action unless policymakers are presented While there is broad consensus on the importance of data, current to improve efforts the dimensions across which data can help capture value; Chapter 05 explores how IV the agenda on migration data? What key interventions at the global, regional and local level are required drive to or regioneach country and across relevant stakeholder groups? How should investments prioritized be to deliver the most impactful outcomes for from specific investments in data? isWhat value the stake at of facts and unsuitable interventions. or unspecific data can to misinterpretations lead and thereby to misrepresentation lead usefulnot be to react on new developments and current challenges. Incomplete limits the data’s relevance for decision-making. For example, outdated data will 17 cent per of countries in Africa dates more back than 11 years. ness of insights that can drawn. be For example, the most recent census data for liness, completeness and the level of disaggregation can compromise the robust Low quality data and relevance: Even where data is available, issues with time use the same definition of what constitutes amigrant. countries). For example, of the 45 countries that migration-flow report data, only 24 restricts the ability to draw comparative insights (on aglobal scale or even within Non-standard formats: institutions.governmental lack of consolidation across different ministries or across public, private and non- countries of origin, transit and destination. Even in-country, a there be often may Fragmentation: . http://migrationdataportal.org/tools accessiblefrom data, browsethe‘tools’sectionon GlobalMigrationDataPortal, censusesoradministrative For thoseinterestedintechnicalguidance onthebenefitsofusingsurveys, IV Chapter 04 presents anewly developed framework that outlines Data can scattered be across various locations and sources, including Limited consistency in definitions, sources and measurements (economic, humanitarian, social, political) that can result 8 9 Poor data quality Poor data quality - -

migration topics... More dataiscollectedonthese migration topics Data collectionvariesamongdifferent EXHIBIT 1 ore OwnelaborationbasedonLaczko, 2017;UnitedNations,2016 Source: national conventions Ratification ofinter- Human trafficking Irregular migration Recruitment costs Settled migrants Return migration Return Migration flows Migrant health Remittances Students ... lessonthose Impact ofmigration Migrant integration Missing migrants Smuggling policies migration topics... More dataiscollectedonthese migration topics Data collectionvariesamongdifferent EXHIBIT 1 ore OwnelaborationbasedonLaczko, 2017;UnitedNations,2016 Source: national conventions Ratification ofinter- Human trafficking Irregular migration Recruitment costs Settled migrants Return migration Return Migration flows Migrant health Remittances Students ... lessonthose Impact ofmigration Migrant integration Missing migrants Smuggling policies

More than numbers 21 22 V through case select examples. insights derived from data can help capture the potential from payoffs data investments analysis –and thus outcomes enable for better migrants, governments and societies alike. driven by emotion and political sensitivities, into one rooted in evidence and objective ventions. Effective use of data can help transform the migration debate, which is often a problem, design apolicy response, as well as implement and evaluate relevant inter More than just numbers, sound data and analysis can enable decision makers to identify required at global, the regional and national levels. in constructing their own data strategies, and Chapter 07 defines relevant initiatives not allvaluescanbemeasured. Examples ofwherepotentialvalues may accruearenotexhaustive.Ithastobeacknowledgedthat V Finally, Chapter proposes 06 aroad map for countries - 04 The value of migration data – a framework

With about 258 million people currently estimated to be residing outside their country of A framework for capturing the value of migration data – Overview birth – a number that has almost tripled in the past 50 years10 – the stakes in migration governance are increasing. Population movements present policy challenges across a myriad of dimensions ranging from labour market participation to border management, and require coordination among various stakeholders including government, civil society ountr ountr o transt ountr o organizations and the private sector. In light of these growing challenges, data is critical o orn estnaton to enable improved migration governance and to drive economic, humanitarian, social and political benefits. euar This chapter introduces a comprehensive framework, shown in Exhibit 2, that out- mraton lines seven dimensions (labelled A to G) in which effective usage of data can yield value for migrants and non-migrants alike in countries of origin, transit and destination. Emigration Immigration Integration Within the context of such an intricate and multifaceted topic, this framework seeks to and establish a common language and a structured approach to make the case for investments in migration data.VI contribution

The framework roughly categorizes migration into two broad streams: “regular migration” and “irregular migration.” For the purpose of this report, both refer to international, first-generation migrants. Regular migration consists of migration that “occurs through rec- rreuar 11 ognized, legal channels,” whereas irregular migration includes those who have mraton entered a country or stayed on without valid authorization. This includes visa-overstayers 24 as well as asylum seekersVII and forced migrants until they have claimed asylum officially Journey Arrival or their claim has been refused.VIII Within both these streams, data can enable value for countries of origin, transit and destination along all steps of the migration process.IX

Return and reintegration

VI The framework provides a structure to articulate in which dimensions value can accrue and where data can make a difference. It is not to be understood as an analytical framework exhaustively describing Develop- all relevant aspects within the topic of migration. Migration takes place between low-income countries, Flow of resources between high-income countries and from low- to high-income countries. Within this framework, countries ment of origin, transit and destination can therefore be low-, medium- or high-income countries. VII Asylum seekers are defined as persons who seek safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and await a decision on the application for refugee status. Migrants may irregularly cross a border in search of refuge, however, once they apply for asylum, they become “regular migrants” upon application. For the readability of this report, asylum seekers will be addressed under the “irregular migration” category, while recognizing that the categorization of asylum seekers can fluctuate between “regular” and “irregular.” VIII It is important to note that migrants may move in and out of irregularity, and the distinction is not always clear. IX Migration takes place between low-income countries, between high-income countries and from low- to high-income countries. Countries of origin, transit and destination can therefore be low-, medium- or high-income countries.

o orn ountr mraton rreuar mraton euar Develop- ment

A frameworkforcapturingthevalueofmigrationdata–Overview Emigration Journey Flow ofresources reintegration Return and Return ountr otranst ountr Immigration Arrival contribution Integration and estnaton ountr o ountr

More than numbers 25 26 IRREGULAR MIGRATION IRREGULAR MIGRATION REGULAR following section. in Exhibit 3. Each dimension and subdimension will described be in detail further in the The seven dimensions (A–G) broken can be further down into 21 subdimensions, as shown maintain border (15). security irregular migration journeys necessitate the management of national borders in order to and through transit countries is critical. From the perspective of destination countries, migrant and protection safety (14) during their journey across international frontiers E –Journey: migrants As travelling irregularly are particularly often vulnerable, ensuring abroad through remittances, trade and investment (13). (12),edge opment of their home countries through the provision of human capital and knowl D –Development: Diaspora communities can contribute considerably to the devel discrimination) of diversity of and reduction ment outcomes (9) migrants and non-migrants, destination countries employ should to seek optimize (6),housing and society. This includes such aspects as language acquisition (5), adequate country, they face the challenge of becoming equal participants in the local economy C –Integration and contribution: newly-arrived immigrants As into settle their host in their new home. (4) processes immigration shortages. with should supported Such be efficient efforts growth, mitigates potential demographic challenges and fills key occupational in away that relevant attracts target groups (3) and thus stimulates economic Immigration: – B costs by borne the migrants themselves or substandard working conditions. prevent economic and labour exploitation (2) of emigrants, e.g. excessive recruitment ment abroad, or promoting circular migration. In addition, countries should to seek example, governments an play active may role preparing emigrants for gainful employ- while encouraging the developmental benefits of emigration (see Section D). For potential of excessive adverse effects emigration (1) on certain labour market segments, tunities abroad, it is critical for the countries they are leaving to effectively balance Emigration: – A and training (8). training and in order to reduce the transition period before immigrants can start anew chapter for example, their upon return home. They also have arole while to play and access to basic (7), such services as healthcare As citizens As leave their home countries to pursue employment oppor Given the immense potential benefits of successful integration for Destination countries can manage the inflow of labour migrants of migrants, while fostering social inclusion acceptance (including

(10) and civic and (11). engagement education education and

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of origin Country migration Regular migration Irregular 13 12 Development foreign investment ces, tradeand flow ofremittan- Facilitating the ledge transfer couraging know- capital anden- Regaining human

15 14 2 1 A frameworkforcapturingthevalueofmigrationdata–Detailed EXHIBIT 3 security Maintaining border safety andprotection Ensuring migrant and labourexploitation Preventing economic ofemigration effects Balancing potentialadverse Emigration Journey Return andreintegration Return 21 20 Flow ofresources Country oftransit Country Supporting successful reintegration Supporting andsustainablereturn Managing effective 19 18 17 16 4 3 Immigration orderly registration Guaranteeing basic needs Catering to processes immigration Ensuring efficient target groups Attracting relevant geographic allocation Planning balanced asylum processes Ensuring efficient Arrival 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 contribution Integration acquisition language Improving local engagement Driving civic inclusion Fostering social ving well-being comes andimpro- employment out- Optimizing training education and Providing relevant quality healthcare Ensuring accessto housing affordable Supplying decent, and destination Country of Country

of origin Country migration Regular migration Irregular 12 13 Development foreign investment ces, tradeand flow ofremittan- Facilitating the ledge transfer couraging know- capital anden- Regaining human

14 15 1 2 A frameworkforcapturingthevalueofmigrationdata–Detailed EXHIBIT 3 safety andprotection Ensuring migrant effects ofemigration effects Balancing potentialadverse security Maintaining border and labourexploitation Preventing economic Emigration Journey Return andreintegration Return 21 20 Flow ofresources Country oftransit Country Supporting successful reintegration Supporting andsustainablereturn Managing effective 19 18 17 16 4 3 Immigration orderly registration Guaranteeing basic needs Catering to processes immigration Ensuring efficient target groups Attracting relevant geographic allocation Planning balanced asylum processes Ensuring efficient Arrival 11 10 7 6 5 9 8 contribution Integration acquisition language Improving local engagement Driving civic inclusion Fostering social quality healthcare Ensuring accessto housing affordable Supplying decent, ving well-being comes andimpro- employment out- Optimizing training education and Providing relevant and destination Country of Country

More than numbers 27 28 tailoring relevant interventions and enabling migration the delivery of better outcomes. such,As data provides an informed basis for making decisions and prioritizing investments, reliable data along the identified dimensions policymakers supports in different ways: to capturing many of the substantial positive of migration. effects shown As in Exhibit 4, Data alone will migration notto better lead outcomes. However, data is acritical enabler THE ROLE OFDATA XI X

of policy interventions. policy of Help inform policy adjustments and when they are needed Facilitate the implementation of policies by helping direct interventions to where migration-related challenges, their root causes and potential future developments decision-makingSupport limiting the burden on origin countries. optimizing migrants’ chances of asustainable return to their and home country in atimely manner. cesses (18) (16). of asylum seekers to ensure need sufficient to capacity to cater Arrival: – F in acost-efficient manner. ing the rule of law and thus minimizingin-country migrants rregular the number of (20) return sustainable arecountry under legal obligation to return. and Managing effective destination G –Return and reintegration: Those denied the authorization to remain in the avoid disproportionate a burden individual on municipalities. nationwide to maximize migrants’ these chances of successful integration and host countries have a role in to play planning abalanced geographic(19) allocation “irregular” migrantsmaychoosetoseek assistanceforreturn. We isnotsubject tothelegalstatusofamigrant.“Regular”and return recognizethatvoluntary ofdestination. toenterthecountry oforiginwithoutapre-arrivalpermission migrants leavetheircountry ofasylumseekers,includingresettlement.Inthedeveloped framework,irregularimpliesthat irregular entry irregularlytoclaimasylum.Itneedsbeacknowledgedthattherearemanyexceptions enter acountry settings, asylumprocessesaresubsumedunderirregularmigrationreferring to thesituationwheremigrants migration appear misleading.Aimingforaconsistentviewonwherevaluecanaccrue indifferent may Migrants havearighttoapplyforasylumandcategorizingprocesses asirregularmigration

Guaranteeing orderly registration (17)- pro asylum efficient ensuring and is also necessary to is process also migrants necessary arriving without alegal status Host countries receiving irregular migrants and unexpected inflows X For those whose asylum applications approved, have been processes for those ordered to leave is essential to uphold XI by informing policymakers on the nature of specific

Successful reintegration (21) reintegration Successful over time by measuring and evaluating the results is equally important in important equally is basic needs their needs basic -

Measuring decisions menting Making actions Imple- results Support targetedimplementation Support Help confrontmisconceptions and prioritization decision-making Allow forinformed Benefits ofhigh-qualitydata policymakinginvariousways Data informs EXHIBIT 4 Provide transparencyovervalueversusinvestment Enable toadjustapproachbasedonoutcomes Allow tomeasureoutcomesofactions and demand Enabletimelymatchingofsupply – circumstances/needs Helptailoractionstospecific – developments Allowpredictionsaboutfuture – Enableinsightintocausalrelations – Providetransparencyaboutstatusquo – Characteristics ofhigh-qualitydata: complete accurate relevant timely shortages on identifiedoccupational incentive structuresbased ratestorefine return Constantly evaluating of bottlenecks per stepandidentification down ofprocessingtime processes basedonbreak- Optimizing immigration could fill diaspora professionals that occupational shortages communities tounderstand force anddiaspora Collecting dataonlabour Example EXHIBIT 4 Data informs policymaking in various ways

Beneﬁts of high-quality data Example

Allow for informed decision-making Collecting data on labour and prioritization force and diaspora communities to understand – Provide transparency about status quo occupational shortages that – Enable insight into causal relations diaspora professionals could ﬁll Making – Allow predictions about future decisions developments Help confront misconceptions

Support targeted implementation Optimizing immigration processes based on break- – Help tailor actions to speciﬁc down of processing time circumstances/needs per step and identiﬁcation – Enable timely matching of supply of bottlenecks

Imple- and demand 29 menting actions

Allow to measure outcomes of actions Constantly evaluating return rates to reﬁne Enable to adjust approach based on outcomes incentive structures based Provide transparency over value versus investment on identiﬁed occupational shortages Measuring results

Characteristics of high-quality data: relevant

accurate More than numbers timely complete 05 Investing in data pays off for migrants and countries alike to half their college graduates to emigration. 20 months’ wages in recruitment costs, income spectrum. Even prior to departure, labour migrants up to the pay equivalent of are typically high in amount and disproportionately those at the lower affect end of the matched with ajob abroad) are prevalent across migration channels worldwide; they Recruitment costs (i.e. costs migrant workers are required to intermediaries to pay to be migrants can vulnerable be to various forms of economic and labour exploitation. Whereas irregular migrants can subject be to risks such as human trafficking, regular For the individual migrant, emigration represents intertwined with an opportunity risk. adverselysectors, fiscal affect incomes and hamper overall technological progress. structure skill of acountry’sthe labour force, to occupational lead in shortages certain XIII XII countries. per cent of countries’ these science and technology personnel) lives in high-income adults in born and low- middle-incometertiary-educated countries (accounting for 30–50 key to maintaining arobust and sustainable labour market. Currently almost one in ten human capital, i.e. “brain drain”, as well as workers in specific industry segments, is benefits of emigration as mentioned in section D. Managing the departure of skilled to citizensAs pursue employment opportunities abroad, it is critical for countries of origin Why it matters A –EMIGRATION can achieved. be This chapter explores in depth how further potential from payoff investments in data economic, social and humanitarian benefits across seven core dimensions of migration. establishedAs in Chapter 04, data-driven migration governance can help unlock real while another approximately 20 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa or Asia like Haiti and Jamaica, which over see 80 cent per of their skilled workers emigrating, pational health and safety. tions, with little protection in the form of fixed working hours, social and security occu arrival,Upon labour migrants subject be may to substandard living and working condi balance potential of excessive adverse effects emigration against the developmental E.g. forPakistaniconstructionworkers inSaudiArabia. E.g. Liberia,SierraLeone,Somalia, Afghanistan, Cambodia. 12 The severity of this is particularly pronounced for small, developing countries XIII ,14 just to obtain ajob placement abroad. 13 In some cases, such can losses shift XII lose up

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More than numbers 31 32 XIV 2. 1. How can data help capture value recruitment costs can yield considerable value. shownAs in Exhibit 5, leveraging data to tackle forms of emigrant exploitation such as The potential value at stake examples –selected

target in managed reductions. a feasible level of reduction in recruitment costs, and which cost components to nents –cost for intermediary services, cost for required visa etc. –can indicate reductions: cost Target relevant circumstances under which exploitation is likely to occur. of recruitment helps identify groups that are most likely protection, to need and by factors such as migrant skill level, duration of employment contract and channel Protect migrants in vulnerable situations: E.g. abreakdown of recruitment costs what areas policies should target. shed light on the extent of economic exploitation in each destination and country tination country) and channels (e.g. company direct hire, recruiting agency) can as apercentage along of salary various migration corridors (i.e. origin and des Focus interventions onrelevant channels: E.g. matrices showing recruitment costs Preventing economic and labour exploitation: increase abroad) and design incentive schemes to encourage circular migration. makers to identify drivers of circular migration (e.g. new knowledge and wage migration: circular Encourage D.12 for “brain gain”). should targeted be to encourage high-skilled citizens to remain (see in-country Section in which excessive skilled emigration occurs and show where incentive schemes occupation compared with number of emigrants occupation per can point to areas andIdentify respond excessive to “brain drain”: E.g. number of jobs unfilled per acquisition according to foreign labour market needs. educational systems can facilitate policymakersskills in managingand education markets against mapped the profiles of domestic labour as well as the underlying Prepare emigrants employment for abroad: in global E.g. gaps occupational Balancing potential of excessive adverse effects emigration: For methodologyofexamplesplease also seeappendix(methodologyforcasesandvaluecalculations). E.g. profiles of emigrants temporary can enable policy- E.g. adisaggregation of recruitment cost compo XIV -

of earnings of

20 months months 20

the equivalent of equivalent the

ment fees can exceed exceed can fees ment

Worker-paid recruit- Worker-paid

costglobally). SaudiArabia,andtheUnitedArabEmirates(duetolimitedavailabilityofdataonrecruitment GMDAC/McKinsey, basedonmaterial fromKNOMADandUNDESA. Source: Analysis estimatesthereductionofrecruitmentcostsformigrant workersinKuwait,Qatar, I for labourmigrantsinfourArabGulfstatesalonebyaboutUSD3–6billion Providing transparencyonthecompositionofrecruitmentfeescouldreducecost EXHIBIT 5 migrants infourArabGulf estimate aboveislimitedtolabour costs areprevalentworldwide.The savings formigrants.(Recruitment migrant workers translates into direct by Reducing recruitment cost borne one ofthemainreasonsforhighcosts. transparency offeestructuresisseenas corridor isextremelysparse.Thelackof Reliable dataonrecruitmentcostper 20 monthsofearnings. and canexceedtheequivalentof across migrantcorridorsandprofessions of migrantworkersabroad.Costsvary major drainfortheﬁnancialwell-being Worker-paid recruitment fees are a to limitedavailabilityofdataon ... emigrants'savingscouldbeincreasedby in fourArabGulf I statesdue I

states alone (exemplary duetolimitedavailability statesalone(exemplary

1 month wages ... wages month 1 were reduced by the equivalent of equivalent the by reduced were If recruitment costs borne by migrant workers workers migrant by borne costs recruitment If ment opportunities onlessexpensiveemploy- information Providing reduced their familiesifrecruitmentfeeswere that couldbesavedforemigrantsand Analyzing ment agencyandmigrationcorridor emigrant workers in diasporaby recruit- socioeconomicgroupsof by different Collecting How dataaddsvalue recruitment costglobally.) of dataonrecruitmentcostglobally) USD3–6billion data onrecruitmentfeespaid the magnitude of earnings the magnitude ofearnings potential emigrantswith of earnings of

20 months months 20

the equivalent of equivalent the

ment fees can exceed exceed can fees ment

Worker-paid recruit- Worker-paid

states alone (exemplary duetolimitedavailability statesalone(exemplary

More than numbers 33 34 stood atstood 0.8 in 2014, compared to aglobal average of 2.7. qualified employees; qualified the increasing ratio dependency immigration could alleviate the demographic and economic challenges arising from with ahigh ratio of non-workers to workers in its population. For example, additional This can particularly be valuable in mitigating demographic challenges for countries 40–80 per cent per 40–80 of labour force growth, force. Roughly 65 cent per of the world’s international migrants are of the global work part Why it matters B –IMMIGRATION in 2015 to 0.50 in 2050 occupational gaps. Currently, 81 cent per of firms not of working age). Lastly, targeted immigration can help fill critical skill and shortages XVII XVI XV for the benefit of the domestic economy, for example: Effective management of immigration, facilitated by data, can help attract target groups The potential value at stake examples –selected of America Immigration America of and Customs Enforcement amounted to USD 6billion in 2016. related to immigration can hefty, be for example the annual budget of the United States Managing such processes. inflows immigration requires efficient and fill key occupational shortages. In major countries of destination, groups target relevant cation categories. visa to Canada canclass to expect waiteconomic up to 56an months for certain appli ways, numerous process steps, and considerable processing times. Applicants seeking Furthermore, immigration processes can complex, be involving multiple immigration path countries) can show which policies are most impactful and should pursued. be of interventiontype (e.g. regulating recruitment practices, cooperating with destination Optimize of efficacy interventions: E.g. actual reduction in recruitment costs by conditions can show in which dimensions migrants might require protection. further working standards such as maximum working hours, adecent wage and working protection: employee Improve 15 Around the world, to attract has the opportunity each country Includes firms withtenemployeesormore. Includes firms not ofaworkingageandinthe workforce. oftheoverallpopulationcomprisespeople High dependencyratioindicatesthat ahighproportion Netherlands, Sweden,Austria,Belgium, Greece,NewZealand,Norway, Denmark,Finland. Ireland,Canada,France,Australia,Spain,Italy,Kingdom ofGreatBritainandNorthern Switzerland,the Based onasampleof18destinationcountries,includingtheUnitedStates America, Germany, theUnited 21 18 the number of physicians 1,000 per population in South Africa to stimulate economic growth, mitigate demographic challenges 17 (meaning that for 10 every workers there will five be people XVI of EU countries, which is set to increase from 0.29 E.g. share of migrants contractually protected by 16 which in turn helps economic fuel growth. XVII in Japan encounter difficulty finding 19 Spending on processes XV immigrants from immigrants drive 20 -

- -

4. XVIII 3. How can data help capture value 14 cent per each year. sponsored migrants with relevant skills by approximately increased the number of job vacancies filled by employer- market gaps. 2005 and Between 2015, Australia skill sets from abroad can help close domestic labour Identifying and incentivizing target groups with relevant

inform targeted communication efforts. eligibility criteria can indicate whether immigration guidelines are sufficiently clear and Enhance communication efficacy: where additional capacity and resources should allocated be to ensure timely processing. planning: Facilitate and inform process optimization to reduce, efforts e.g. visa processing times. times can pinpoint in immigration bottlenecks processes, uncover underlying reasons efficiency: process Improve Ensuring efficient immigration processes: how effectively relevant target groups are engaged and how this can optimized. be group or immigration-related category website traffic of origin by country can show Optimize of efficacy engagement: E.g. visa application volumes in each target and promotion of migration incentive schemes accordingly. ing in the host country) can show what motivates immigration and inform the design Incentivize immigration:Incentivize potential immigrants with the relevant skills are located. educated with the target skill profile in key emigrant countries can indicate where Focus outreach onlocations with relevant skill groups: E.g. the count of persons occupation can pinpoint labour market and needs enable to derive target skill profiles. profile: skill target Develop Attracting relevant target groups: about 120,000in2017. total numberofpeopleimmigrating through theskillstreamwentupfromabout40,000in2000to growth intheskillstreamwaspredominantly drivenbyimmigrantswithemployersponsorship.The Employer-sponsored visasareonecomponent withintheskillstream.Between2005and2015, increased migrantintakesbyabout35 percentandabout31respectivelyoverthisperiod. Immigration toAustraliaismadeupofthefamilystreamandskill stream. Thesestreamssaw E.g. forecasts of migration flows can decisions support on when and XVIII ,22 E.g. the wage level of comparable immigrants (already resid E.g. employment rates and number of unfilled vacancies per E.g. abreakdown of time process per step and waiting E.g. share of applicants who do not minimum meet

sored migrants employer-spon- vacancies filledby increase injob ~ 14%p.a.

More than numbers 35 36 borns and migrants of up cent, to per 60 for example in Sweden. ate contributions to innovation, new business formation and job creation; as of 2015, they augment the competitiveness of the domestic economy through disproportion schoolingacross OECD countries, ment. First-generation migrant students lag their native-born about peers one year in quality education or vocational training that enables asmooth transition to gainful employ their future labour force. Host countries should ensure migrants have access to affordable, future;for abetter for host countries, it can the productivity boost and competitiveness of For migrants, training and relevant education of services. and types thanservices native-born populations, with differences in utilization for certain subgroups outcomes. Scientific evidence shows that immigrants tend towards alower use of health ute to the local economy and society, and arole plays in improving overall public health Affording migrants access to quality healthcare face of ashortage space in their housingsons versus 19 cent per persons. of EU-born access to this vital resource, for example in the EU, 26 per cent per of non-EU-born to and thrive in their new communities. Several disparities, however, demonstrate unequal Safe and affordable housing their years native-born one peers to two in language proficiency across OECD countries. importance of language on labour market outcomes, first-generation migrant students lag ability and earning potential, and is critical to enabling social participation. Despite the stream society; language proficiency is one of the most important prerequisites for employ Language Why it matters C –INTEGRATION CONTRIBUTION AND XXI XX XIX unmet medical in needs major countries of destination migrants can also differ from that of native-borns; up cent to 5per more migrants reported estimates put migrant contributions to global at USD GDP 6.7 trillion in 2015. are associated with contributions to GDP, total factor productivity and fiscalrevenues; help expand workforces and fill key labour market gaps. Positive employment outcomes The economic contribution of migrants to the host can considerable; country be migrants minimize and tages disparities in learning outcomes. mightrequire tailoring according to specific migrant to mitigate needs inherent disadvan Performance inscienceusedasproxy,Performance controlledforsocioeconomicstatus. Greece, Norway, Denmark,Finland. Kingdom, Canada,France,Spain, Italy, Switzerland,theNetherlands,Sweden,Austria,Belgium, onasampleof16destinationcountries, includingtheUnitedStates,Germany,Based theUnited equivalenttoaboutonetwo years. point differential usedasproxy.Reading performance by theOECDfoundanaverage The2015Untapped Skillsreport

acquisition is the first step for migrants to weave their way into the fabric of main- 25 Though not as pronounced as in other areas, health outcomes of is fundamental to immigrant families’ ability in, to settle adapt XXI, 26 with adifference in literacy native- scores between is essential for establishing asolid foundation services improves services their capacity to contrib XX , as compared to native-borns. 27 As such, support such, support As 28 Additionally, 27 24 XIX, - - 23 - - -

- 10 cent per higher than that of native-borns across major destination countries. It is harder for them to secure jobs, and they face an unemployment rate that is up to Nevertheless, migrants encounter hurdles to full integration in the domestic labour force. on and providing targeted local access to language classes. increased by 15–20 percentage points by using data to identify language gaps early tively correlated with ahigher employment rate. Immigrants’be can rates employment found that among non-native speakers, higher English language proficiency was posi A study on the United Kingdom of Great Britain Ireland and Northern labour market and political outcomes. guage classes and education, can yield significant value in terms of economic, social Successful integration and inclusion, for example through the provision of targeted lan The potential value at stake examples –selected comparable workers. native-born when productively employed, migrants incur a20–30 cent per wage differential versus XXIV XXIII XXII ethnicity, nationality race. or immigrants claimed to belong to agroup that is discriminated against on account of countries. In European countries in the 10 years from 2002 to 2012, 18 cent per of Social inclusion is critical given that migrants can subject be to discrimination in host foreign nationals held over 50 cent per of all patents filed in the United States. 5–10 cent lower per migrants also tend to vote than less native-borns, with avoter participation rate that is EU, about 33 cent per of highly educated immigrants are overqualified for their jobs. the corresponding figure for the United States is about cent. per 60 and fiscal revenues. In the EU, about 62 cent per of eligible non-EU immigrants naturalize; can yield considerable benefits for host countries, including higher employment rates the depth of their connection with the local community. The naturalization of migrants participation and political representation signals the volume of their political voice and Civic engagement in the way of the development of the host community. individualaffect immigrants and their families, but reduce societal cohesion and stand education,adversely employment,only or healthcarenot more difficult. Such barriers timent, legislation and regulations could make immigrants’ efforts to secure housing, Please alsoseeappendix(methodology forcasesandvaluecalculations). metric includestheUnitedStates,Germany, Spain,theNetherlands,Sweden, Belgium,Greece. for atleasttenyears; Based populationthathasbeeninthe destinationcountry onforeign-born Belgium, Greece,NewZealand,Norway, Denmark,Finland. Kingdom, Canada,France,Australia,Spain,Italy, Switzerland,theNetherlands,Sweden,Austria, Based onasampleof18destinationcountries,includingtheUnitedStates, Germany, theUnited of migrants as indicated by factors such as naturalization rate, voter XXIII in major countries of destination. 33 While discrimination might apredominantly be social sen 31 Furthermore, their skills are underutilized; often in the XXIV

34 Naturalized Naturalized XXII, 30 Even Even 29 - 32

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More than numbers 37 38 6., 7., 8. Housing, healthcare, education, and training 5. How can data help capture value XXV

15 -20 Up to10% education come through targeted increase inmigrant- language proficiency initiatives toincrease enabled bytargeted employment rates increase inimmigrants’ percentage points cate whether the provision of resources that cater to basic is needs adequate. 1,000per population, or classroom capacity in each geographic area can indi (number of housing units available for rent), number of healthcare professionals Ensure availability migrants for and native-borns alike: capacity E.g. housing tongue) can understanding enable a better of optimal format of language support. in-person, degree of customization by student’s educational background or mother working proficiency and time taken to do so, by learning format (e.g. online versus formats: Optimize learning indicate the degree of affordability and how this participation. affects government) as afraction of migrants’ salaries compared with enrolment rate can affordability: Ensure capacity is apotential barrier to timely access and should increased. be classes compared with new migrant populations region per can indicate where Ensure timely availability: E.g. number of seats available in language/integration options. language design policies that overcome barriers to access such as lack of transparency on or have completed language courses can indicate participation levels and help participation: Stimulate Improving local language acquisition: Please alsoseeappendix(methodology forcasesandvaluecalculations).

E.g. cost of language/integration classes (where not paid by E.g. proportion of migrants that are aware of, enrolled in E.g. of migrants portion that reach alanguage level of benefits of increasing naturalization rates. migrants’ skills. Exhibit 7showcases the potential achievedbe through matching better jobs with Exhibit 6shows an example of the value that could comes of migrants and their native-born peers. educational and performance convergence out interventions that to seek improve migrants’ of education gaps could drive targeted policy year of schooling 10 cent per higher incomes for additional every cation accordingly efforts could yield up to targeting edu and gaps education Identifying XXV for migrants. Data analysis analysis migrants. for Data

- - -

Bringing an additional

highly-educated immigrants in

the EU into jobs matching

their qualiﬁcations …

10% in theEUalone EUR 5–7billioninincomeincreasesforhighlyeducatedmigrants Data-driven matchingofqualificationsandjobscouldyieldaround EXHIBIT 6 MigrationandIntegration GMDAC/McKinsey, of International basedonmaterialfromthe OECDandtheJournal Source: their incomebyaboutEUR5 –7 billion. population)would increase native-born rate toasimilarlevelofthatthe (thereby reducingtheoverqualification ed immigrantsinjobsmatchingtheirskills Bringing 10percentmorehighlyeducat- cantly depresseswagesofimmigrants. for theirjobs.Overqualification signifi- educated immigrantsareoverqualified In theEU,about30percentofhighly CAD 2billion). immigrants inCanadatoequal losses fromoverqualification of (e.g., aCanadianstudyestimatedthe problem inmanycountriesofdestination been apersistentandsignificant Underutilization ofimmigrants'skillshas ... wouldincreasetheincomefortheseimmigrantsby gaps orforeignqualificationrecognition through trainingtoclosecontextualskill positions matchingtheirskills,e.g. Facilitating skills tials withemployersbasedonactual population.Matching native-born immigrantgroupsandthe different Analyzing and educationalqualifications ble data on immigrants' professional Identifying andcategorizing How dataaddsvalue ~ EUR5–7billion how skillscomparebetween access forimmigrantsto (in theEUalone) compara- poten-

Bringing an additional

highly-educated immigrants in

the EU into jobs matching

their qualiﬁcations …

10% in theEUalone EUR 5–7billioninincomeincreasesforhighlyeducatedmigrants Data-driven matchingofqualificationsandjobscouldyieldaround EXHIBIT 6 their incomebyaboutEUR5 –7 billion. population)would increase native-born rate toasimilarlevelofthatthe (thereby reducingtheoverqualification ed immigrantsinjobsmatchingtheirskills Bringing 10percentmorehighlyeducat- cantly depresseswagesofimmigrants. for theirjobs.Overqualification signifi- educated immigrantsareoverqualified In theEU,about30percentofhighly CAD 2billion). immigrants inCanadatoequal losses fromoverqualification of (e.g., aCanadianstudyestimatedthe problem inmanycountriesofdestination been apersistentandsignificant Underutilization ofimmigrants'skillshas MigrationandIntegration GMDAC/McKinsey, of International basedonmaterialfromthe OECDandtheJournal Source: ... wouldincreasetheincomefortheseimmigrantsby gaps orforeignqualificationrecognition through trainingtoclosecontextualskill positions matchingtheirskills,e.g. Facilitating skills tials withemployersbasedonactual population.Matching native-born immigrantgroupsandthe different Analyzing and educationalqualifications ble data on immigrants' professional Identifying andcategorizing How dataaddsvalue ~ EUR5–7billion how skillscomparebetween access forimmigrantsto (in theEUalone) compara- poten-

More than numbers 39 40 9. were to close. gains in migrant well-being as well and as fiscal GDP revenues if the wage gap versus native-borns can pinpoint biases in the labour market and illustrate the potential Enhance economic well-being: E.g. average rate income of and migrants poverty andmation job creation in the host country. can indicate the extent to which migrants contribute to innovation, new business for the number of migrants that are business owners, and number employed of people Boost competitiveness of domestic economy: E.g. number of patents held by migrants, credentials their can show which professions tend to fail at recognizing qualifications. ing migrants with relevant jobs. The profile of overqualified migrants and details on which they are overqualified can show potential productivity gains from match better Improve productivity via skill-work matching: E.g. of migrants portion with jobs for tional background) can help highlight key determinants of employment for migrants. the formal economy and time to employment, by profile (e.g. occupation, educa participation: market labor Maximize Optimizing employment outcomes and improving well-being: — — — Deliver impactful outcomes, e.g.: borns can show areas in which there is adisproportionate cost burden. costs, and healthcare spend, as apercentage of income for migrants and native- affordability: Improve access. to barriers potential on light shed percentages or number of medical visits for migrants versus native-borns could Establish equitable access: — — — tates the transition tates to employment. for migrants versus native-borns can show if education is relevant and facili and employment, and share of graduates with ajob related to their training Literacy rate, educational attainment, programme days between completion enhance health outcomes are being provided. tancy or disease incidence can show whether quality medical that services Health indicators for migrants versus native-borns such as average life expec public can services show if housing employment supports and social inclusion. in integrated neighborhoods, in reasonable proximity to their workplaces and Share of migrants versus native-borns living in units that are safe, well-equipped, E.g. housing price square per foot, school fees or training E.g. housing application success rate, school-enrolment E.g. proportion of migrants employed in - - - - -

62 Increasing the rate to

of eligible immigrants

naturalized in EU

Member States

(weighted average, 70 ...

2012)

ore GMDAC/McKinsey, basedonmaterial fromtheUrbanInstitute,OECDandEurostat Source: identify andtargeteligibleimmigrants yield incomeincreasesofaroundEUR0.7–1.6billionannually. Dataiskeyto Increasing theaveragenaturalizationrateinEUfrom62to70percentcan EXHIBIT 7 cent. immigrants wereincreased to 70per income ifnaturalizationofeligible around EUR0.7–1.6billioninadditional studies havefound,theEUcouldsee Assuming theincomeincreasesthese and financialservices. a broaderrangeofjobopportunities cent, asimmigrantsareabletoaccess average incomebyroughly3–7per shown thatnaturalizationincreasesthe have Studies fromtheUSandGermany did notnaturalize. market outcomes than their peers who immigrants oftenhavebetterlabour citizenship.Naturalized country's eligible immigrantsacquiretheirhost In the EU, around 62per cent of annual incomeacrossEUMemberStatesby value forsocietyandimmigrantsalike increase naturalizationratesandunlock naturalization campaignstohelp through policy-makingandtargeted Better prioritization policy-makingand ment rates)toinform revenue, homeownershipandemploy- ization (e.g., increases in income, fiscal groups andpotentialbenefitsofnatural- Analyzing immigrants eligibletonaturalize and socioeconomiccharacteristicsof Identifying How dataaddsvalue ... wouldincreasetheseimmigrants' EUR0.7–1.6billion addressing the characteristicsoftarget the number, whereabouts eligible immigrants

62 Increasing the rate to

of eligible immigrants

naturalized in EU

Member States

(weighted average, 70 ...

2012)

More than numbers 41 42 11. 10. XXVI ground and origin and country,ground reveals which groups should targeted be in doing so. eligible migrants that naturalize, by characteristics such as educational back policymakers to undertakeages initiatives naturalization to boost rates; the share of outcomes (e.g. employment rate, fiscal revenues) shows its benefits and encour Encourage naturalization migrants: of settled E.g. naturalization’s key on impact group shows how politicallythat well-represented each group is. from particular migrant groups versus share of the overall population belonging to Ensure political voice and representation: E.g. share of eligible political representatives nity engagement, and whether this bridges social or bonds divides. with the migrant profile matched against organization shows the extent of type commu E.g. civic participation: Enhance share of migrants involved in community groups, Driving civic engagement: where interventions should targeted. be vices can highlight areas in which migrants are afforded inequitable access and measures such as employment rate, income, access to housing and basic ser Focus onkey inequities: E.g. difference migrants between and native-borns on which migrant groups are particularly vulnerable and might require additional protection. profile (including, e.g. ethnic background, of origin) country can impart aview on groups: vulnerable Protect nation in and society whether intervention is required. borns with anegative perception of migrants can indicate the prevalence of discrimi the share of migrants reporting experiences of discrimination or the share of native- Foster acceptance of diversity and minimize discrimination: E.g. surveys that gauge Fostering social inclusion: dence an on emotionally-charged topic. migrants local employment affect opportunities and conditions and thus provide evi levels of native-borns prior both to and migrant after inflows can show whether Mitigate onnative-born adverse effects persons: E.g. employment rates and wage social dividesreferstoreinforcinglinks betweenlike-mindedpeopleofsimilarbackgrounds. Bridging socialdividesreferstobuilding connectionswithpeoplefromvariouswalksoflife;bonding E.g. abreakdown of incidence of discrimination by migrant XXVI ------specific corridors in sub-Saharan Africa. in sub-Saharan corridors specific this, transaction fees average about cent 7per globally and reach almost 20 cent per in highlights and the importance of remittances for the growth of developing countries. Despite the amount of official development assistance (ODA) in 2016 (about USD 140 billion) XXVIII XXVII households in and low- lower-middle-income countries. remittances is projected to reach the USD billion 600 mark, with 75 cent per going to trade, promoting and Diaspora communities can also contribute to local development by sending remittances early 2010s, over 130,000 Albanian emigrants returned from Greece; countries, as migrants bring often knowledge and productivity gains. For example, in the return migration of skilled professionals (“brain gain”) can generate benefits for home knowledge Countries of origin can engage with diaspora communities to regain human capital and Why it matters D –DEVELOPMENT 3–6 per cent per higher3–6 wages for low-skilled Albanians who had never migrated. times as likely to employ others as non-migrants, and their entrepreneurship in turn to led create jobs both and opportunities new export in Albania. Return migrants were three had acquired technological skills, e.g. in agricultural techniques, which enabled them to 12. How can data help capture this value inform the design of interventions that help spur the development of the domestic economy. shownAs in Exhibits 8and 9, using understand data to better and engage diaspora can The potential value at stake examples –selected nities in countries of origin. translate and intoremittances economic gainsof for familiesflow and their local commu the SDG target rate cent,of 3per this would remove asignificant barrier restricting the home and then engage them for knowledge transfer. specific diaspora communities with the skills and at back knowledge most needed whereabouts and skill sets of diaspora communities can help policymakers identify communities: diaspora Engage Regaining human capital and encouraging knowledgetransfer: 25 per cent)countries. these between money-transferring operatorsevenchargedmorethanUSD50tosend200(i.e. than Some of2017. USD 200fromSouthAfricatoBotswana averagedabout19percentinthethirdquarter According totheWorld BankRemittancePricesWorldwide database,thetransaction feesforsending classificationasper Country World Bank. and thus the local boost economy and fill labour market gaps. Encouraging foreign investment foreign E.g. data on the size, demographic composition, XXVIII and tourism. In 2017, the volume of worldwide Ifcountries were to reduce remittance fees to XXVII This equates to over three times 35 abroad, they 36 37

More than numbers 43 44 andtheWorld Bank GMDAC/McKinsey, basedonmaterialfromthe MigrationPolicyInstitute,TalentCorp annually, whilethe REPattractedanaverageofabout 120applicantsperyearinthesame Source: In2011–13,anaverageofabout570high-skilled MalaysiansleftfortheUnitedStates period I educated professionalsfromthediaspora ofabout20percenthighly Data-driven incentivescouldencouragereturn EXHIBIT 8 fraction ofhigh-skilledMalaysians, The REPmanagestotargetasubstantial incentives. tise fromthediasporathroughtargeted skilled Malaysianswithrelevantexper- ofhighly which encouragesthereturn Programme"(REP), Expert "Returning throughthe 3,000 Malaysiansreturned Between 2011and2017,about their homecountry. technology personnelresideoutside cent ofthesecountries'scienceand middle incomecountries:30–50per relevantforlowand This isparticularly hamper technologicalprogress. ﬁscalrevenuesand adversely affect ment, lead to occupational shortages, skilled workerscanconstraindevelop- The emigrationofhighlyeducatedand Diaspora Malaysia beneﬁt fromcircularmigration relevant skillsetsandexperienceto migrationofindividuals with for return Providing sets andexperience ofthosewithrelevantskill particularly migration ofdiasporacommunities, Analyzing categorize relevantskills Analyzing andlabourmarketneeds shortages Collecting How dataaddsvalue that leaveonanannualbasis. attracting about20percentofthose professionals wholeftthecountry 20ofhigh-skilled Malaysia managedtoattractback targeted incentivestructures diaspora communitiesand potential drivers for return potential driversforreturn data onoccupational I I of transactioncosts global average 7 BANK ANALYSIS BASED ONWORLD middle-income countries could generateaboutUSD15–20billioninremittanceincreasestolow-and Providing diasporawithtransparencyoncheapermoney-transferoptions EXHIBIT 9 SustainableDevelopmentGoals GMDAC/McKinsey, basedonmaterialfromthe World Bank Source: I The SDG leading tohighremittancecosts. factor as the single most important transparency ontransactionfeesisseen from remittancerecipients.Thelackof fundsaway cent globalaverage)divert High transactioncosts(around7per million migrants. humanitarian aid),involving230 (more thantwiceasbigworldwide ed tototalUSD440billionin2017 middle-income countriesareproject- Global remittance flows to low- and assistance ofOECDcountries. development 2016 levelofofficial equivalent to10–15percentofthe and middle-incomecountries.Thisis remittance increaseforrecipientsinlow- could yieldUSD15–20billionin fees toatargetrateof3percent.This 1 callfor reducing transaction could besaved(equivalentto10–15%of2016official to SDG If costswerereduced development assistancefromOECDcountries) I targetrateof senders andrecipients realize significantcostsavingsfor providers and inexpensive service tofosteruseof tailored information Targeting providers service and sendersbyusinglessexpensive flows thatcouldbesavedforrecipients Analyzing transaction costspercorridor providers,and remittance service characteristics of diasporas, use of Collecting How dataaddsvalue ... USD15–20billion 3 ... senders andrecipientswith data on socioeconomic magnitude ofremittance

More than numbers 45 46 exceeding cent 2per in the Mediterranean region in the first half of 2017. 2017, over 22,300 migrant deaths were documented worldwide, with the rate death take perilous journeys to reach their destination country. From 2014 January to November international borders is characterized by significant risks safety. to migrant For irregular migrants and asylum seekers (prior to status determination), the journey across Why it matters E –JOURNEY 13. North AfricaNorth in 2016. subjectbe to violence, which was the direct cause of 13 cent per of migrant deaths in XXIX regarding From the perspective of destination countries, irregular migration gives rise to concerns roughly aquarter of cases these involve cross-border movement. tions. There are an estimated 25 million victims of forced labour worldwide as of 2017; 25 cent. per about those who die; the share of remains identified in certain regions can as low be as figuresthese could higher be as many deaths are never recorded, and little is known migrants travelling through Mexico experienced sexual assault. risk of gender-based violence. In 2010, an estimated cent per 60 of irregular female the Europeanthe Union. Between 2014Between and 2016, there were more than 2.5 million illegal border crossings increased spending in the home country. on tourism/visits and charity inform may tailored marketing campaigns incentivizing tourism/visitsStimulate giving: charitable and diaspora communities and inform interventions to maximize economic profits. from emigrant destination countries help may strengthen economic linkages with Boost trade and foreign investment: E.g. data on trade with and foreign investment ures, e.g. by providing senders and recipients of remittances with more transparency. issues, access to financial services) enable may governments to intervene in market fail structural barriers curbing the flow of remittances (e.g. fee structures, transparency volume: remittance Increase Facilitating the flow of remittances, trade and foreign investment: incentivization of their return. occupation, educational attainment) can enable identification relevant of diaspora and in the domestic economy with the profiles of diaspora communities (e.g. skill sets, Fill domestic labour market gaps: E.g. mapping skill gaps and labour market shortages possible to establish the precise number of persons who have illegally crossed the external border.possible toestablish theprecisenumberofpersonswho haveillegallycrossedtheexternal capable oftracingeachperson’s movementsfollowinganillegalbordercrossing.Therefore, itisnot borderseveraltimes.However,may crosstheexternal there iscurrentlynoEUsysteminplace Refers todetectionsofillegalborder-crossing ratherthanthenumberofpersons,assameperson border security border 39 Additionally, irregular migrants are vulnerable often to human rights viola 41 43 This is of particular concern for women, who are at far greater According to estimates, there are approximately 11 million and the enforcement of immigration policies and laws. E.g. data on remittance volume by source and country E.g. insights into emigrants’ spending 42 40 En-route, migrants can Many under Many 38 In reality, In XXIX into into - -

safety of migrants.safety protect against the irregular and smuggling entry and as well goods of people as for the through controlled border points is essential entry upon for reasons of security, in order to irregular immigrants residing in the United States. to distil actionable insights from vast these and complex data sets. and increasingly computational powerful and analytical methods make it possible data sets generated by arange of digital sources. Growing data storage capacity “Big data” in abuzzword has recent become years. It generally refers to large Advanced analytics and novel sources data in migration interventions in migration-related contexts. by bigsupported data has the potential to significantly contribute to informed policy identificationsupport through geospatial validation of likely origins. Such analytics and migrationity with the help of big data. Moreover, big used to data be may Within the EU, there to analyze manage haveefforts and labour better been mobil (2013). Haiyan the provision of shelter and other necessities for Filipinos displaced by typhoon ment Tracking Matrix (DTM) used text mining tools and visualization systems to enable In disaster response, big data has already proven its value. The IOM’s own Displace- ing humanitarian when groups efforts natural flee disasters or conflict. ing or addressing the abuses related to smuggling and trafficking and even inform destination countries. Big data can also arole play in personal by prevent safety can help safeguard the integrity of borders and optimize administrative in processes promising to explore people’s mobility. In combination with other sources, this data Using de-identified call detail records or social media activity can particularly be international organizations and civil to develop society effective migration policies. information on the flows across of people the globe is key to enabling governments, ispatterns particularly well-suited to the area of migration. For example, updated The ability to use big data to deliver timely insights and establish novel trends and to-text data fromto-text radio content. and guarantee their through safety an early-warning system on mining based speech- Global Pulse to analyze seeks the acceptance of host communities toward refugees during the Ebola crisis in West Africa (2014). Currently, a pilot project by the UN humanitarian aid the earthquakes after in Haiti (2010) and (2015) Nepal as well as de-identified data from mobile-phone operators mobility to assess and provide 46 As shown As in Exhibit 11, the Swedish non-profit Flowminder used 47 44 Ensuring that incoming migrants pass 45 - - -

More than numbers 47 48 XXX increased by 50 cent, per mately 7,600 migrants that are currently identified year. per Ifidentification rates could be lyzing rescue could help efforts identify additional missing migrants above the approxi Using data (e.g. metadata of mobile-phone usage) to “nowcast” migration flows and ana- uncover the fates of the many missing migrants who have never identified. been casesreported by far, improving the collection and analysis of “live” data could help additionally. the estimated As number of unreported cases exceeds the number of the journey. UNICEF having study reported suffered from sexual violence or abuse during sit or host countries. half Nearly of the migrant women surveyed in arecent tion, exploitation and abuse, during both the journey and arrival upon in tran 50 percent be improved by tion ratecould fied ifidentifica- migrants identi- more missing women. example, as domestic workers, than their male counterparts. They are also more likely to work in regulated less and visible less sectors, for are more likely unemployed to be than migrant men of an equivalent skill level. comes to labour market opportunities: across OECD countries, migrant women ~ 3,800 potential in society. in potential policies that address key challenges constraining women from realizing their full gender is crucial. In turn, this can enable policymakers to design better-targeted The implication for migration data is as simple as it is important: disaggregation by starts with understanding abetter of gender disparities through disaggregated data. equalityGender among migrants in an economic, social and political sense migrants. all of Women migrate as much as men and account for approximately 48 cent per of migrant women and to shaping migration policy in away that accounts for this. Gender-disaggregated data can akey be asset to uncovering the specific needs women Migrant Based ontheassumptionthatbetterdata analysiscouldincreasetheidentificationrateby50percent. 50 However, migrant women are particularly vulnerable to discrimina 51

Migrant women also face significant disadvantages when it 49 Around 70 million out of the 150 million migrant workers are XXX approximately 3,800 missing migrants could identified be case in Exhibit 11). tracing flows people (as exemplified by adisaster response human trafficking schemes (as shown in Exhibit 10) or identification of missing migrants, enabling the detection of irregular migrants, for example, by enabling more effective Data can used to facilitate be and protection the safety of The potential value at stake examples –selected 53 48 - - 52 -

Ensuring migrant and protection: safety How can data help capture value XXXI IOM estimates number the true ofIOM migrant children deaths to exceed 1,300. the Central Mediterranean 2014 route January between and June 2017, the tion, are never identified: while having recorded the deaths of 532 children in icy interventions. icy safeguard and advance their interests, for example, through tailored pol to better addressto better the unique of migrant needs children. strengthening protection mechanisms and improving the allocation of resources specific risks they are to exposed on the move. Data can akey play role in is limited. data could Better shed light on the flow of migrant children and the their age, sex, and whether they travel with family members or are unaccompanied crucial to assist vulnerable communities in fragile contexts, information on children, policymaking that reflects of migrant the needs children. While data is particularly Reliable, timely and disaggregated data by age is essential for evidence-based that can function withindata and across borders. travelling on their own. greater risks of smuggling, trafficking or other forms of abuse, especially when Within migrant groups, children are especially vulnerable. They are to exposed children Migrant population, According to estimates, UNHCR children make up half of the world’s refugee analyzing rescue can increase efforts identification rates of missing migrants. moreIdentify missing migrants: E.g. real-time data on mobile phone usage or as well as dissemination of information on the most critical dangers. hotspots. This in turn can facilitate better-targeted search and rescue operations route, of transportation mode and time of year can enable mapping of danger casualties: migrant Reduce global communitycallsforcollecting andanalyzingdatadisaggregatedbyage. In boththe2030SustainableDevelopment Agendaandthe2016NewYork Declaration,the 56 and the global community agrees data could that better help XXXI Ideally, countries would collect and share standardized 54 Many children go missing and, for lack of informa E.g. the incidence of casualties and rate casualty by 55 - -

More than numbers 49 50 Department andNationalHumanTrafficking Department Hotline GMDAC/McKinsey,Source: basedonmaterialfromthe ILOandWalk FreeFoundation,USState approximately 150,000victimsofhumantrafﬁcking to casesby2020.This couldenablesupport uncovered humantrafﬁcking coulddoublethenumberof Data analysisandcorrespondinginterventions EXHIBIT 10 detection capacities to global efforts to detection capacitiestoglobal efforts Applying the rate of Polaris improved doubled since2012. detection capacities,thisfiguremorethan data. ResultingfromPolarisimproved analysis ofhotlineandtextmessage in theUS2016basedonin-depth about 7,600casesofhumantrafficking The US-basedNGOPolarisuncovered involve cross-bordermovement. labour; about5millionofthesecases were about25millionvictimsofforced Free Foundationestimatedthatthere be substantiallyhigher. ILOandWalk cases,thisfigureislikelyto unreported globe. Whenincludingthenumberof wereidentifiedacrossthe trafficking about 70,000victimsofhuman pressing issuesofourtime. In 2016, isoneofthemost Human trafficking are reported today are reported ~ 70,000cases much higher is likelytobe cases unreported the numberof However, incidents ofhumantrafficking institutions to enable disruption of enforcement, policymakers and financial Regularly flows andtypesoftrafficking including regional of humantrafficking, uncover big-picturetrendsandpatterns Continuously setting (e.g.basedonhotlinedata) ing casesoutsidealaw-enforcement - distribution andcharacteristicsoftraffick Collecting How dataaddsvalue by2020. supported victims whocouldbeidentifiedand translate intoadditionalabout80,000 could uncover humantrafficking sharing data ontheprevalence, analyzing real-time intelwithlaw these datato and supported could beidentified ~ 150,000 in NepalApril2015 after amajorearthquake people wereleftdisplaced 2.8 million was tracedwithinlessthan2weeksbasedon analysis ofcalldetailrecords(CDR)

400,000people USAIDandFlowminder messages,allowingtheanalysisofmobilitypatterns GMDAC/McKinsey, Displacement MonitoringCentre, basedonmaterial fromtheInternal De-identifiedcalldetailrecordscontaintimeandassociatedcelltowerofcalls andtext Source: I respond to humanitarian disasters more effectively respond tohumanitariandisastersmoreeffectively andrelief organizations Analyzing calldetailrecordscouldhelpgovernments EXHIBIT records (CDR byanalyzingcalldetail the earthquake of less thantwoweeksintheaftermath flow ofabout400,000peoplewithin tion Flowminderwasabletotracethe The Sweden-basednon-profitorganiza- displaced. about 2.8millionpeopleinternally Nepal (7.8magnitude),leaving hit In April2015,asevereearthquake people weredisplacedbyconflict. hazards. In2016,about7million been displacedduetonatural of about26millionpeoplehave 2008 and2015,anannualaverage large numbersofpeople.Between often resultinthedisplacementof Sudden impact disasters or conflicts 11 I ). The flowof Collecting How dataaddsvalue ing tobasicneeds flows tooptimizeprocesses,e.g.cater- human resourcesinlinewithpeople assistance intimelyfashion.Deploying enable themtoprovidehumanitarian estimates ofpopulationmovementto Providing outbreaks ofconflict ofdisastersorsudden in theaftermath of people flows almost in real-time, e.g. Analyzing customers’ righttoprivacy and movement,whilesafeguarding estimates of population displacement provide detailedspatiotemporal Above normal populationflows Above normal call detailrecords(CDR)to the magnitudeanddirection relief organizationswith

More than numbers 51 52 were successful. were 2016,in Kingdom United 42 cent per of appeals against asylum application refusals error (e.g. duplicate registrations) and improve the accuracy of decision-making. In the forthe need orderly is processing and effective decision-making to reduce the risk of shelter and medicalshelter services. about 0.2 cent per to provide of GDP initial to asylum support seekers, such as food, managed well. In 2016, EU countries, on average, incurred afiscal cost equivalent to and capacity to fulfil their most immediate needs. For host countries, receiving migrants arrivalUpon in their destination country, irregular and forced migrants have limited often Why it matters F –ARRIVAL security: border Maintaining XXXII of 2.5 million asylum seekers to the continent over this period. of Europe’s 2015–2016 asylum applicants had decisions still pending, given the influx register asylum seekers and process their applications. At the end of 2016, 52 cent per numbers of asylum seekers can exacerbate the pressure on acountry’s capacity to process before host countries determine the migrants’ status. The admission of large in atimely manner, as arriving migrants can face alengthy registration and application Orderly registration efficient and asylum processes GDP from GDP 2014 to 2016, seekers’ basic increased needs from about 0.3 cent per to about of GDP 1.0 cent per of large waves of asylum seekers –for example, Sweden’s spending on catering to asylum enforcement on detection and efforts prevention. and information on smuggling practices and organizations can facilitate law Reduce human smuggling: E.g. incidence of smuggling by route, of method entry, routeentry can highlight which border sections require increased security. efficacy: border-control Improve should targeted. be raphy, route, channel of coercion) can indicate where and at whom interventions violence),based victim profile (e.g. gender, age) and circumstances (e.g. geog abuses, with granularity on the form of abuse (e.g. trafficking, violence, gender- Reduce human rights violations: E.g. share of migrants to exposed human rights addressing consolidated overview of the journey of“irregular”migrants. ofthejourney consolidated overview nonethelessaddressesthistopicin thesectionof“irregularmigration”toprovidea This report Once asylumseekersfileanapplication forasylum,theyareconsidered“regularmigrants.” 60 basic needs can aconsiderable, be their needs basic resource-intensive task if not 58 given the increased inflow of asylum seekers over this period. 57 However, such cost burdens can spike with the arrival of E.g. estimates on the count of irregular entrants by XXXII are necessary to are process migrants necessary 59 Compounding to this - Catering basic to needs: How can data help capture this value and relief organizations could assisted be in their to provide efforts timely and sufficient aid. to inform policy interventions, initiatives these are promising examples of how governments flows in one day advance with afair degree of accuracy. While still insufficiently precise in Europe. data, on UNHCR Based models these were successful in predicting refugee University of Leiden Centre for Innovation developed models to anticipate refugee flows tion and asylum procedures. half In the latter of 2015, the British both Red Cross and the ernments and relief organizations alike to cater to basic manage and needs registra better data on migrationBetter flows arrival and in-country can also improve the capacity of gov cantly. analysis can enable the number of duplicate registrations of incoming migrants to fall signifi grants live in cities. of migrants.ity In the United Kingdom and Canada, for example, 95 cent per of immi In destination countries, it is the urban areas that tend to attract the overwhelming major print and face recognition are more than cent per 99 accurate. National Institute of Standards and Technology, computerized the best systems in finger lyzing biometric data have increasingly become sophisticated: according to the US ogies to reduce the number of duplicate registrations of incoming migrants. Tools ana In 2016/17, German authorities using started centralized databases and technol modern The potential value at stake examples –selected help ensure migrants have chance the best of successful inclusion in their new homes. A distribution strategy mindful of geography of and the trade-offs concentration can ing might sufficient not offer job opportunities or educational offerings and vice versa. There considered. to be are trade-offs For example, areas with high availability of hous preventing disproportionate burdens on the public resources of individual municipalities. allocation cies or waste) and reduce purchasing prices (e.g. through increased times). lead efficiency. demand forecasting Better can adequate planning support (e.g. vacan less and medical migrant per services with best-practice benchmarks can show spending cost-effectiveness: Maintain ensure adequate supply. inform planning related to the stock and geographical allocation of resources to age caloric intake required, numbers of doctors 1,000 per required) people can of housing and basic supplies (as measured by, e.g. units shelter available, aver Ensure of supply: adequacy E.g. migrant-inflow forecasts compared with capacity of migrants nationwide to the foundations lay for successful integration while 61 Countries have arole in to play ensuring geographic abalanced E.g. cost comparisons on the average cost of shelter, food, 62 The accuracy of data -

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More than numbers 53 54 chances for successful integration. successful for chances Resettlement strategies to manage to maximize need kinds these of trade-offs migrants’ tunities might scarce be in areas which provide sufficient affordable housing options. Conditions for successful integration from vary location one to another, e.g. job oppor Planning balanced geographic allocation: Ensuring efficient asylum processes: Guaranteeing orderly registration: domestic labour market. profiles can guide decisions that maximize of effective odds integration into the unfilled vacancies occupation per for each region against mapped immigrant skill successfulSupport labour market integration: E.g. employment rate or number of additional interventions, e.g. training or clearer guidelines, might needed. be applicant, can indicate how accurately asylum decisions are and made where of decisions that were overturned in appeal, broken of case or down by type Enhance decision-making and efficacy reduce error: E.g. evidence on the share should allocated be to ensure timely processing of asylum applications. (e.g. interpreters for certain languages, personnel reviewing asylum applications) can decisions support on when and where additional capacity and resources planning: Facilitate of process set-up). targeted initiatives to improve the process (e.g. reallocation of resources, adjustment process steps canbetween pinpoint and underlying bottlenecks reasons, enabling E.g. efficiency: time lead process per step and process waitingImprove times validate the accuracy of applicant information provided. provided by registrant (e.g. transliteration of aname in agiven language) can help origin and IT-supported validation of other data that corroborates personal details details: registration Verify (e.g. finger prints, face recognition) can help identify duplicate registrations. the same data and resulting inconsistencies. Verification systems using biometric data ties involved in the asylum and integration process) can eliminate multiple collections of and asingle centralized database for the collected data (available to all relevant par Streamline asylum registrations: E.g. comprehensive registration once arrival upon E.g. forecasts of irregular migration flows (by of origin) country E.g. registers of seekers non-asylum shared by countries of - - tion assistance. tion mately EUR 3,200 adult per (up to amaximum of EUR 8,100 family) per in reintegra of reintegrationous types support, for example, the Swedish government offers approxi to to migrants (e.g. those who remain with in-country an expired visa) are under legal obligation Asylum seekers who denied have been asylum status and certain categories of irregular Why it matters G –RETURN REINTEGRATION AND XXXIV XXXIII EU). that yearthat were ordered to leave, yet only about 225,000 persons returned to athird country from the perspective of the receiving communities and their absorption capacity. faced by migrants return upon to rebuild their livelihoods. Reintegration also must seen be Voluntary Return and Reintegration programme. Reintegration and Return Voluntary accommodation, medical or economic support livelihood through support its Assisted provided almost 100,000 migrants with in support the form of subsistence allowances, return to their home country. In 2016, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Reintegration of stakeholders, including the police, and courts foreigner registration offices. higher, considering the resources and coordination required acomplex between network voluntary return. voluntary asylum applications received in Europe were refused. travel assistance; of their status –covers transportation costs for voluntary return journeys and additional Emigration Programme for Asylum Seekers in Germany –available to migrants regardless Returns can furthermore entail significant cost burdens. For example, the Reintegration and host countries and countries of origin. and alack of collaboration/coordination various between authorities, and between return programmes and counselling, information gaps (e.g. related to documentation), Limited returns can attributed be to anumber of factors, including limited assisted voluntary return XXXIV, the ability of various regions to absorb additional newcomers. classroom seats available or number of doctors 1,000 per inhabitants) indicate of housing units available for rent) and capacity of basic (e.g. services number of capacity: adequate Ensure 64 returns tothirdcountriesis40–50percenteachyear.returns (weightedaverage).BasedonFrontexdatafor2011–2015, theshareofvoluntary cent ofallreturns tothirdcountriesfromtheEUis60per returns Based onEurostatdatafor2016,the shareofvoluntary in 2016. fromtheEUtoathirdcountry returns about175,000effective Frontexreports There islimitedtransparencyontheexactnumberofreturns. , XXXIII 65 to their of origin, country but many never do. In 2016, nearly half theof

(with voluntary returns accounting cent per of all for returns 40–60 from the

is critical in optimizing migrants’ chances of asuccessful and sustainable 69 67 66 Reintegration is support critical to address the considerable challenges Nevertheless, the cost of forced deportation is considerably often the programme Starthilfe Plus offers additional for support monetary E.g. regional metrics on housing supply (e.g. number 68 Country governments Country also provide vari 63 About 490,000 About individuals - - -

More than numbers 55 56 Supporting successful reintegration: successful Supporting Managing effective and sustainable return of irregular migrants: How can data help capture value of cost savings that could have accrued had voluntary returns more been effective in the past. more humane but also more cost-effective than forced returns. Exhibit 12 shows an example a humane and sustainable voluntary return. Voluntary returns are considered not to only be countries of origin can inform the design of assistance programmes and thereby promote The capacity to collect and verify data on migrants’ and needs conditions in their respective Assisted voluntary return of irregular migrants is in the interest of countries and migrants alike. The potential value at stake examples –selected support aresupport most impactful and should pursued. be comparedsupport with of each can efficacy highlight of reintegration which types reintegration: Ensure cost-effective and how reintegration can tailored support be best by recipient type. help uncover key factors that determine the probability of successful reintegration years spent in host country, demographic background and employment status can recipient: by assistance Tailor reintegration tions and inform policy adaptations accordingly. provided (e.g. cash versus in kind) can give insight into the most impactful interven civic) and re-emigration rates classified of reintegration by amount and type support outcomes: positiveDrive reintegration return economically make sense. cost irregular per migrantage can highlight whether incentives further to encourage and pinpoint areas with potential streamlined; to be comparisons with aver voluntary) and breakdown of cost components for each can inform return policy returns: of cost-effectiveness Ensure of irregular migrants can facilitate the implementation of return policies. enforcementSupport of residence law: E.g. reliable data on the registered residence policies tailored by migrant group. monetary, counselling) can show what works and thus inform the design of return (e.g.return type forced versus voluntary) and degree of assistance provided (e.g. their of origin country by background (e.g. demographic profile, of origin), country Design effective return policy: E.g. share of refused asylum seekers who return to E.g. average cost of various forms of reintegration E.g. average cost return per case (forced and E.g. returnee outcomes (economic, social, E.g. profiles of returnees, including -

for about about for

Voluntary accounted returns

of all returns in 2016 in returns all of and Northern Ireland Home Ofﬁce and the German Federal Ministry oftheInterior FederalMinistry andthe German IrelandHome Ofﬁce andNorthern Onlydirect costtakenintoaccount;administrativenotincluded GMDAC/McKinsey, basedonmaterialfromEurostat,IOM,theUnitedKingdomofGreat Britain Source: mately between40–50percentforeachyear tothirdcountries isapproxi- returns BasedonFrontexdatafor2011–15,theshare ofvoluntary III in2016(weightedaverage). countriesfromtheEUwas approximately60percentofallreturns BasedonEUROSTAT tothird returns sources,the shareofvoluntary data andadditionalcountry II I governments uptoEUR350millionfortheyears2008–16 governments 10-percentage pointincreaseinAVR wouldhavesavedEU overforcedreturns A efforts. andreducecostforreturn overforcedreturns share ofvoluntary assistancetomigrants’needscouldincrease return Better tailoringvoluntary Exhibit 12

a forcedreturn. to costonaverageEUR800lessthan isestimated fromGermany return tary aremissing,anassistedvolun- returns numbers fortheentireEUoncostof considerably cheaper:whilereliable andarealso preferred typeofreturn considered the more humane and and irregular migrants) are widely Voluntary (availabletoregular returns

and forced return fromtheEU,Member and forcedreturn 800–2,000 betweenassistedvoluntary ofEUR Assuming acostdifference fromtheEU. percent ofallreturns accounted foronaverage40–60 States tothirdcountries.Voluntary returns fromEUMember lar immigrantsreturned In 2016,approximately225,000irregu- I III I, II

10 percentagepoints... by returns of voluntary Increasing theshare reintegration process counseling andassistanceforthe return Providing return. voluntary Structuring migration andmigrants’needs Analyzing migrants inhostcountries origin and dataonbeneﬁts for irregular data onlivingconditionsincountriesof migrants ordered to leave the country, Collecting How dataaddsvalue been 10percentagepointshigher. assisted for theyears2008–16hadshareof States would have saved EUR 140–350 voluntary returns onaverage returns voluntary data onoriginof irregular tailored assistancetoenable migrant proﬁles,driversfor EUR 350million for theyears2008–16 EU governments upto EU governments … wouldhavesaved targeted Exhibit 12 Better tailoring voluntary return assistance to migrants’ needs could increase share of voluntary over forced returns and reduce cost for return efforts. A 10-percentage point increase in AVR over forced returns would have saved EU governments up to EUR 350 million for the years 2008–16

Increasing the share of voluntary returns by 10 percentage points ...

Voluntary returns accounted for about 60 of all returns in 2016I … would have saved EU governments up to EUR 350 million

for the years 2008–16 57

In 2016, approximately 225,000 irregu- States would have saved EUR 140–350 lar immigrants returned from EU Member for the years 2008–16 had the share of States to third countries. Voluntary returns assisted voluntary returns on average accounted for on average 40–60 been 10 percentage points higher. percent of all returns from the EU.I, II How data adds value Voluntary returns (available to regular Collecting data on origin of irregular and irregular migrants) are widely migrants ordered to leave the country, considered the more humane and data on living conditions in countries of preferred type of return and are also origin and data on beneﬁts for irregular considerably cheaper: while reliable migrants in host countries numbers for the entire EU on the cost of returns are missing, an assisted volun- Analyzing migrant proﬁles, drivers for tary return from Germany is estimated migration and migrants’ needs to cost on average EUR 800 less than Structuring tailored assistance to enable a forced return.III voluntary return. Providing targeted Assuming a cost difference of EUR return counseling and assistance for the 800–2,000 between assisted voluntary reintegration process and forced return from the EU, Member

I Based on EUROSTAT data and additional country sources, the share of voluntary returns to third countries from the EU was approximately 60 per cent of all returns in 2016 (weighted average). II Based on Frontex data for 2011–15, the share of voluntary returns to third countries is approxi-

mately between 40–50 per cent for each year More than numbers III Only direct cost taken into account; administrative cost not included Source: GMDAC/McKinsey, based on material from Eurostat, IOM, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Home Ofﬁce and the German Federal Ministry of the Interior 06 Designing country migration data strategies to drive real- life benefits contribute to economic development at home from abroad. have emigrated and what incentives could encourage them to potentially return or then to seek analyze the reasons with of why people relevant knowledge and skills its see A may strategic priorities in emigration and development. Its data strategy might A–Low-Country or middle-income with country alarge diaspora abroad. Country Exhibit 13 shows four examples of countries with different contexts and priorities. dle or high), and (3) whether its attention is focused on regular and/or irregular migration. (1) whether it tends to send and/or receive migrants, (2) the overall income level (low, mid dimensions will differ correspondingly. The elements of acountry’s migration profile include them. Each country’s migration profile is different, and its priorities across the various value afirstAs step, countries to identify need and prioritize the value dimensions most relevant to 1. The sections below outline each step in more detail. 4. 3. 2. 1. In practice, there are four to steps take: needs each country tives of all relevant stakeholders. investment case that showcases the potential value and considers and the needs objec that reflects its objectives and priorities. Countries to translate need such astrategy into an Each to develop needs country atailored strategy for data collection, analysis and usage this value and create with buy-in relevant stakeholders. a four-step approach to develop country-specific data strategies designed to capture values can achieved be through targeted use of migration data. This chapter introduces Chapter 05 established avision of how potential economic, social and humanitarian

Identification and prioritization of relevant value dimensions Define aroad map for implementation Develop an investment case tailored to relevant stakeholders keyIdentify data gaps and the feasibility assess of data collection and analysis dimensions value relevant prioritize and Identify - -

More than numbers 59 60 United States. years abouttook two to release all results from the 2010 population census in the time-consuming, and many countries collect census data 5–10 only every years; it how regularly they can updated. be Data from censuses, for example, are particularly Time: from USD 0.40 capita per in India to USD 42 capita per in the United States. from to country: the cost country of anational population census, for example, can range given country. Costs of data not source, only differ by type but alsosignificantly may vary IT infrastructurement of necessary to building required analytical capabilities within a question in ahousehold survey or the cost for anational census) through the establish- Cost: Three criteria are key feasibility: to assess feasibility would then determine which data tofor select future collection and analysis. ing and analyzing data. the necessary Assessing the required data in needs terms of could help countries identify key data gaps and the overall assess feasibility of collect Prioritizing the the desired data that needs support migration-related policy outcomes 2. gaps.these national, regional and local level to identify and attract groups from abroad that could fill adapt its data strategy accordingly and analyze current labour-market on a shortages its integration policies, specifically in terms of labour-market integration. Dmay Country its see may strategic priorities in facilitating effective immigration processes and improving D–High-incomeCountry that actively to seeks country promote immigration. D Country are most needed. quality of education guide –may Cto implement Country policy interventions where they performance in relevant subdimensions –such as access to and the affordability and tion policies for regular migrants, particularly in the field of education. Data on its current improving journey, arrival and return processes, to look optimize Cmay Country its integra C–High-incomeCountry that primarily country receives irregular migrants. addition In to appropriate level of humanitarian assistance in atimely fashion. rently in place could help Bto cooperate Country with relief organizations to provide the processes. Collecting and analyzing data migration on both flows and the processes cur on their journey and the integrity of their borders as well as of arrival efficacy and return migration. irregular of degree B–Low-Country or middle-income of transit country that experiences aconsiderable particularly data that is captured digitally and can collected in be real time.

and analysisand Identification of key gaps data and assessment of feasibility of collection data Costs are incurred across the entire process, from collection (e.g. the cost per Data also differs in the amount of time it takes to collect and analyze them and 71 Data from other sources can collected and be analyzed more quickly, Country B may prioritize Bmay Country maximizing of migrants the safety 70 - - -

euar mraton Migration focus Income level type Country examples Country rreuar mraton ontrbuton nteratonan renteraton an eturn rra ourne eeoment mmraton mraton Four examplesofcountriesandtheirpriorities euar o orme rn A Country rreuar o orme ranst B Country rreuar h estnaton C Country More reeant euar h estnaton D Country ess reeant rreuar mraton euar mraton Migration focus Income level type Country examples Country renteraton an eturn rra ourne eeoment ontrbuton nteratonan mmraton mraton Four examplesofcountriesandtheirpriorities euar o orme rn A Country rreuar o orme ranst B Country rreuar h estnaton C Country More reeant euar h estnaton D Country ess reeant

More than numbers 61 62 central visa information system, which is linked to IT systems within each country. smuggling. Americaand North to collect and share data on irregular migration and migrant XXXVI XXXV estimate of the investment required and data’s potential value (“return on investment”). tion of data strategies. The case to include needs aclear vision for the future as well as an and emphasizes how their interests through can served be data investment and implementa to develop an investment case which addresses key concerns of the relevant stakeholders Development of atailored investment case: on the previous Based analyses, countries need migrants’ lives) as well as their personal motivations. objectives of the stakeholders’ respective offices (e.g. economic growth, bettering (e.g. recent inflow of large number of migrants, large diaspora abroad), main tives and motivations. Factors considered to be include the context of the country most relevant topics for the identified stakeholders and analyze their distinct objec Analysis of objectives and motivations: Countries to understand need which are the or in civil society. ent branches of government, in international organizations, in private organizations sector data planning and implementation. Potential stakeholders found be may among the differ sentatives of financing entities as well as organizations and individuals responsible for potentially funding support and implementation of data strategies. could These repre be Identification of relevant stakeholders: Countries to identify need stakeholders who could There are three stages to create atailored investment case: and objectives.needs It therefore tailored to be needs to relevant stakeholders and reflect their individual entities, private organizations) sector have who may different objectives and priorities. investment case to cater needs to arange of stakeholders (e.g. governments, funding case that encourages investments in data and implementation of data strategies. An The considerations regarding value and cost drawn to be then need into an investment 3. national, federal and municipal agencies as well as across different functional departments. try. migration As of multiple is apart policy areas, shared to be needs data often between Finally, collaboration on data collection and analysis might required be even within acoun be governments.important between Apromising example is the VRS-MSRC ing if compiled and processed in amulti-stakeholder system. Data sharing can also collaboration stakeholders. between Data collection and analysis is more often challeng collaboration: for Need Feasibility in also assessed to terms for be needs of the need initiative developed by UNODC initiative

Development of an investment case tailored relevant to stakeholders United Nations Office onDrugsandCrime. United NationsOffice Voluntary SystemonMigrantSmugglingandRelatedConduct. Reporting 72 Within the Schengen zone, States Member exchange data through the XXXVI with law enforcement authorities from Asia, Europe XXXV – an an – 73

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4. Definition of a road map for implementation

Finally, each country needs to develop a road map for implementation, defining the necessary steps to put their data strategy into action. Key elements include:

Buy-in from relevant stakeholders: Use investment case to communicate benefits of data investments, create buy-in among relevant stakeholders and secure funding/ resources.

Design of “proof-of-concept” pilots: Design pilots for prioritized initiatives. Plan rollout of pilots, including rapid test-and-learn mechanisms, to get an early indication on projected success and required adaptations.

Prioritization of a set of actions: Plan and prioritize required actions to launch implementation (e.g. building required IT infrastructure, talent acquisition/migration, building capabilities, and driving cultural change, preparation and launch of data collection, as well as analysis and sharing).

Identification of key success factors: Identify factors critical for successful implementation (e.g. sponsorship of relevant stakeholders, clearly defined governance structure and accountabilities, required expertise and external partnerships, convincing vision 63 and communication plan) and assess potential risks.

Definition of adaptive mechanisms: Define “stage gates” for evaluation of progress and impact, including key performance indicators, to allow for early course correction during rollout. More than numbers 07 Advancing the migration data agenda on global, regional and national levels mentum the and articulation support of migration data strategies that deliver concrete payoffs. Targeted initiatives are required on the global, regional and national level to build on the mo- already agreed been in upon the SDGs and advance the migration data agenda further. orderly and regular migration (GCM) constitute aunique to strengthen opportunity what has Additionally, the negotiations leading towards the adoption of aglobal compact for safe, an effective value-driven migration data strategy. who couldexperts give initial guidance on where and how to start when developing on how to capture the corresponding value. It would also provide access to relevant Additionally, the could platform consolidate global practices best value per segment country’s strategies SDG and value dimensions outlined in Chapters 04 and 05). regions and different dimensions of migration (in astructured manner aligned with the XXXVII and analyze associated data. on migration-related topics and therefore to improve need their capacity to collect some of them include explicit references to migration, countries are required to report community. The SDGs constitute arelevant step towards migration better data: as commitment by countries to promote development and progress report to the global on aset of Sustainable Global Development Goals (SDGs). goals These represent a In context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries have agreed ments at the global level. historic to tackle migration opportunity data challenges given landmark two develop strategies on global, regional and national levels. Governments are presented with a Dedicated to is enable support development needed of value-driven migration data disaggregated dataundergoal17.18. developing countries,andtoincrease significantlytheavailabilityofhigh-quality, timelyandreliable to The SDGsincludeexplicitreferences totheneedenhancecapacity-buildingsupport XXXVII navigator”) (“migration platform support global a value Establishing migration agenda data Provide onthe global onhow support started get to value of improved migration data across countries, holders identify, compare and prioritize the potential

could help national and international stake - -

More than numbers 65 66 data portal, could apragmatic be first step towards establishing regional observatories. migration data at the regional level, for example, through adedicated regional on migrationreports policies and programs in the region. Compiling and sharing contributes to the monitoring of regional migration flows in the Americas and International Migration in the Americas (SICREMI, its acronym in Spanish). SICREMI a given region. Aknown comparable initiative is the Continuous System on transparencyboth and the ability evidence-based policy to support decisions within Key benefits include: Exhibit 14 shows an illustrative depiction of what acorresponding could tool like. look methodical assistance and guidance on designing value-driven data strategies. as relevant contacts. network by It agroup would supported be who provide of experts In addition, the would platform provide access to proven, best-practice examples as well data requirements accordingly. levelsand country and across various dimensions). Stakeholders could identify and prioritize social or humanitarian value that could unlocked be by migration data (on global, regional on which policymakers and are experts able to view estimates of the potential economic, itWhat is: regional and national initiatives as the described ones later in this chapter. approachbased to improving migration outcomes and could point towards relevant relevant starting point for national and international stakeholders seeking an evidence- actionable commitments by offering an approach built on data. It would constitute a Such aglobal could tool an be integral process of the GCM and the part following of experts providingof experts guidance on how to start avalue-driven data strategy. Direct assistance to national and international stakeholders through aglobal pool on how to fill data gaps and design interventions to achieve the identified value knowledge sharingBetter through building network and best-practice exchange (based on acomparable structure of value dimensions) Effective to identify support value and prioritize migration data accordingly needs The “migration value navigator” would comprise auser-friendly online platform various sources across national borders and increase observatories data migration migration Establishing effectively. regional tries to cooperate need at the regional level to manage migrationMost occurs within regions, and therefore coun Enable collaboration onaregional level would create exchanges between

GS aue aonemensons an rortatonootenta ase on ountr seeton ase onountr enabes usertoesn Migration Value Navigator o mraton 1. Value he obaMratonaue aatorsannterateonnetoothataosountrestobetterunerstan Illustration ofa“MigrationValue Navigator” here atanestmentsanenabethemostaueaonseenoremensonsomraton st oataontsreureto aues eneratesaetae unoer reeantnshts or seeterorte What istheMigrationValue Navigator 2. Dataneeds How doesitwork 9:41 AM HOME or eahreureataont oeton easbtnterms o osttmeanneeor roes annatono oaboraton 3. Feasibility Proceed tovalueatstake resoures aaabenun bestrate aseeames reona ersetesan 4. Resourcesexamples omaton osuort netor ontats M 58 % GS aue aonemensons an rortatonootenta ase on ountr seeton ase onountr enabes usertoesn Migration Value Navigator o mraton 1. Value he obaMratonaue aatorsannterateonnetoothataosountrestobetterunerstan Illustration ofa“MigrationValue Navigator” here atanestmentsanenabethemostaueaonseenoremensonsomraton st oataontsreureto aues eneratesaetae unoer reeantnshts or seeterorte What istheMigrationValue Navigator 2. Dataneeds How doesitwork 9:41 AM HOME or eahreureataont oeton easbtnterms o osttmeanneeor roes annatono oaboraton 3. Feasibility Proceed tovalueatstake resoures aaabenun bestrate aseeames reona ersetesan 4. Resourcesexamples omaton osuort netor ontats M 58 %

More than numbers 67 68 and facilitating implementation). facilitating and porting strategy development, articulating an investment case, creating an action plan key data gaps) as well as holistically throughout adata transformation (e.g. by sup strategy workshops with relevant leaders and to prioritize experts value and identify strategies. Assistance could provided be in the initiation phase (e.g. by holding data itWhat is: pioneer new policy solutions. sub-national or local level. migrants Most live in cities, and local governments often the value-driven migration data evolution. Transformation also may take place at the would encourage value-driven investments in other geographies –thereby leading to take aleading role in pioneering this approach as could success serve cases. They to the specific economic, social, or humanitarian value at stake. Countries who aspire Key benefits include: common understanding mutual of benefits originating from migration. quality (e.g. establish common standards within arespective region) and (4) create a ment value-driven interventions. Additionally, (3) they would work towards improved data migration drivers, migrant needs). (2) They would provide to policymakers support to imple facilitate data exchange and create transparency on regional migration trends (e.g. flows, Responsibilities would include (1) drawing on available information from different countries, transparency on migration policy and decisions support in their respective regions. itWhat is: of mutual benefits originating from migration. Improved data quality and intra-regional cooperation, enabling understanding better for policymakersSupport to implement value-driven interventions at regional levels national borders data exchange and better Transparency on regional migration trends on linking based various sources across Collaborative regional observatories which use various regional sources, create Support for countries Support to develop and implement value-driven migration data enable countries to close data gaps prioritized according comprehensive national approach to migration data will subsequentperform migration data transformations. A perspective on migration data and to enable them to Individual countries to take support need avalue-driven transformations national data Support - -

data agenda. Exhibit 15 gives an overview of the proposed initiatives to help drive the migration Key benefits include: political value of migration to national, regional and global stakeholders. articulationBetter and communication of the economic, social, humanitarian and evidence-based insights Development of concrete measures to achieve identified value on new based in closingSupport data gaps through focused interventions fromBuy-in governments and donors through articulation of clear investment case for data improve migration outcomes) Identification of value and high-priority data gaps (i.e. with significant potential to

More than numbers 69 70 tories migration observa- Establish regional Regional navigator” “migration value Develop global Global data transformations national Support level Country Collaborative regionalobservatories allowingto User-friendly platform What itis ofinitiativestoadvancethemigrationdataagenda Summary EXHIBIT 15 B A mutualbenefits createunderstandingof Improvedataqualityand – decisions value-drivenpolicy Support – migrationtrends transparencyonregional Linkvarioussourcesandcreate – develop measurestoachievevalue) ment case,closedatagaps, develop strategy, invest- articulate (i.e. Full datatransformation with relevantleadersandexperts 1- to2-daydatastrategyworkshops Benefit from expert assistance Benefitfromexpert – examples Drawonbest-practice – priorities Identifymostcriticaldata – alongcomparabledimensions Assessvalueacrosscountries – regional cooperation Improved dataqualityandintra- ment value-driveninterventions forpolicymakersto imple- Support migration trends Improved transparencyonregional stakeholders and international assistancetonational Direct expert building best-practice exchangeandnetwork Better knowledgesharingthrough and prioritizemigrationdataneeds toidentifyvalue support Effective Key benefits tion ofthevaluemigration andcommunica- Better articulation value Development ofmeasurestoachieve inclosingdatagaps Support case fordata donors throughaclearinvestment and Buy-in fromgovernments Identification ofvalueanddatagaps EXHIBIT 15 Summary of initiatives to advance the migration data agenda

What it is Key beneﬁts

User-friendly platform allowing to Effective support to identify value and prioritize migration data needs – Assess value across countries along comparable dimensions Better knowledge sharing through — best-practice exchange and network – Identify most critical data building Global priorities This is the right moment to invest in better migration data – not for its own sake, but because Direct expert assistance to national Develop global – Draw on best-practice it pays off. Two global developments present countries with a historic opportunity to and international stakeholders “migration value examples advance the migration data agenda and make crucial investments in data. First, countries navigator” – Benefit from expert assistance have joined together and started negotiations leading towards the adoption of a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration to improve cooperation and migration governance. Second, countries have also committed to a number of migration-relevant Collaborative regional observatories Improved transparency on regional SDGs which require many countries to invest in better data for SDG follow-up and review. migration trends – Link various sources and create Both processes provide governments with renewed momentum to invest in data at the local, transparency on regional Support for policymakers to imple- national, regional and global level. migration trends ment value-driven interventions Rather than just repeating calls for improving data and deploring its limitations, this report Regional – Support value-driven policy Improved data quality and intra- decisions regional cooperation has illustrated what data can deliver. The report has highlighted where data can make Establish regional 71 migration observa- – Improve data quality and a difference. As the many case examples in this report have shown, data can enable tories create understanding of policymakers to protect more migrants in vulnerable situations, fill labour market short- mutual benefits ages and improve integration, manage asylum procedures more effectively, ensure the humane return of migrants ordered to leave or increase remittance flows. While data can leverage benefits for high-income countries of destination, the investment case for A data strategy workshops Identification of value 1- to 2-day and data gaps better data is particularly relevant for low-income countries which have the least available with relevant leaders and experts Buy-in from governments and data and lower capacity to collect or analyze it. B Full data transformation (i.e. donors through a clear investment develop strategy, articulate invest- case for data Data alone certainly does not guarantee good policies. However, data is essen- ment case, close data gaps, Support in closing data gaps tial for designing, implementing and evaluating effective policies that produce large Country level develop measures to achieve value) Support national Development of measures to achieve economic, social, and humanitarian benefits. Migration data is “more than numbers.” data transformations value It can produce real-life results for migrants and non-migrants, governments, international organizations and the private sector alike. Better articulation and communication of the value of migration More than numbers 08 Appendix policy areas. with acomprehensive set of options for potential investments in migration data in different the data that is required to achieve them. The list is intended to provide policy makers real-life benefits. The following list describes the particular insights that are and needed The framework was developed to identify in which areas migration data can deliver The following table elaborates on the framework presented in chapter 04 of this report. DETAILED BREAKDOWN OFTHE FRAMEWORK FOR VALUE OFMIGRATION DATA

More than numbers 73 74 REGULAR MIGRATION REGULAR Value targets Value D –Development targets Value C –Integration and contribution targets Value Immigration – B targets Value Emigration – A 10 11 13 12 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Facilitating the flow of remittances, trade and foreign investment Regaining human capital and encouraging knowledge transfer Driving civic engagement inclusion social Fostering Optimizing employment outcomes and improving well-being Providing relevant education or training healthcare quality to Ensuring access Supplying decent, affordable housing acquisition language Improving local immigration processes Ensuring efficient Attracting relevant target groups Preventing economic and labour exploitation Balancing potential adverse of excessive effects emigration IRREGULAR MIGRATION IRREGULAR Value targets Value G –Return and reintegration targets Value Arrival – F targets Value E –Journey 20 21 18 14 16 15 19 17 Supporting successful reintegration successful Supporting return sustainable and effective Managing allocation geographic Planning balanced Ensuring efficient asylum processes registration orderly Guaranteeing Catering to basic needs security border Maintaining protection and Ensuring migrant safety EACH VALUE TARGET BE CAN BROKEN DOWN INTO: Priority data needs. data Priority Required insights to capture value Underlying value dimensions

More than numbers 75 76 abroad for employment emigrants Prepare Value dimension 1 Socioeconomicstatusreferstoincome groupandlevelofeducation. sive brain drain brain sive exces to respond andIdentify REGULAR MIGRATION lar migration circu Encourage Value target 1–Balancing potential adverse of excessive effects emigration Emigration – A - - for what reason? emigrate, where to, and Which groups are likely to for the global market? prepare domestic workers education programs could Which kind of training/ country? encouraged to remain in- skilled citizens should be Which of high- cohorts workforce? filledbe by the domestic in global market could gaps occupational Which insights Potential excessively? excessively? skilled emigration occur In which areas does tics of temporary migrants? temporary of tics What are characteris the - geography Number of jobs unfilled by skill level/occupation and unit of Share of population that emigrate and return by (per cent): Domestic opportunities for education and skills acquisition Occupational gaps worldwide Stock and profiles of domestic labour Profiles of migrants temporary by: Share of population that emigrate by (per cent): Analysis of potential incentive schemes (e.g. tax breaks) geography of Number of unfilled jobs by skill level/occupation and unit Key data required data Key Factors mentioned above profession/skill level/geographic unit Number of relevant education and training courses by Occupational gaps by sector/skill level/destination country Number of professionals by occupation/skill level Wage differential level Skill Occupation Host country Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status destination Wage differential in of origin country versus of country Number of family members in of destination country Number of family members in of origin country Reason for leaving (economic, family, quality of life) Unit of geography of origin of destinationCountry profile/occupation Skill Educational attainment 1 ) tions vulnerable situa Protect migrant in Value dimension channels channels corridors and tions relevant on interven Focus cost reductions cost Target relevant Value target 2–Preventing economic and labour exploitation - - encouraged to return? How can emigrants be particularly vulnerable? particularly Which migrant groups are insights Potential and channel? costs along corridor each worker-borne recruitment What is the magnitude of tions? recruitment cost reduc What are potentials for - Recruitment costs migrant per by: Recruitment costs migrant per by: Recruitment costs broken down by: Wage differential abroad Wage differential Number of family members in origin and host country Reasons for leaving (economic, country family, quality of life) Per cent of recruitment costs financed by debt Key data required data Key Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status of destinationCountry of originCountry Per cent of costs by borne employer versus employee NGO) agency, Channel of recruitment (e.g. company direct hire, recruiting of destinationCountry of originCountry Country of destinationCountry of originCountry recruitment fees, transportation, training, insurances) Type of cost (e.g. documentation, medical examination, agency, NGO) agency, Channel of recruitment (e.g. company direct hire, recruiting Per cent of migrant salary Years of previous foreign employment experience Duration of employment contract Education level of migrant level/occupationSkill 1 )

More than numbers 77 78 protection employee Improve Value dimension of interventions of Optimize efficacy particularly vulnerable? particularly Which employees are nation? various countries of desti employment standards in Are migrants protected by insights Potential and ensure employee pro employee ensure and reduce remittance costs to interventions Which tection are most effective? - - Above, broken down by: injuries occupational non-fatal and fatal of Frequency Above, broken down by: working conditions) wage, working capped hours week, per paid leave, decent Per cent of migrants contractually protected (e.g. decent Key data required data Key tries) standards (e.g. building cooperation with destination coun Per cent of migrants contractually protected by employment tion (e.g. regulation of recruitment agencies) Per cent reduction in recruitment of interven costs by type Type and circumstance of exploitation Gender Age sector) of employmentSector (e.g. informal employment, public level/occupationSkill of destinationCountry of originCountry - - skill profiles profiles skill Develop target Value dimension groups with relevant skill locations on Focus outreach of engagement of Optimize efficacy gration immi Incentivize efficiency process Improve Value target 3–Attracting relevant target groups B – Immigration – B Value immigration target processes 4–Ensuring efficient - applications processed? are cost-effectively How needs? local labour market gaps/ target groups, on based What are the relevant Potential insights Potential groups located? Where are potential target groups engaged? How effectively are target immigrate? to ized can incentiv best they be groups’ priorities and how What are the target process? necks in the application What are potential bottle- - countries worldwide: countries labour gaps, assessment of the below for all key emigrant For each skill level/occupation for which there are local Age structure of population migrants Educational attainment of native-born persons and existing migrants Skill level/occupation of native-born persons and existing By time of year: Average cost application per of application/permit by type decision Average application number of days between submission and by: decision, and Average application number of days between submission of origin:country For target group migrants that have already immigrated, by Key data required data Key Number of visitors to immigration websites of origin by country group (e.g. by occupation, and of origin) by country Number of applications received of target in each category Number of unfilled job vacancies Employment rate Number of individuals with relevant qualifications geography Number of unfilled jobs by skill level/occupation and Employment rate by skill level/occupation and geography Average waiting time each process step in-between Number of process steps and average time step per Migrant of origin country Type of permit (e.g. family reunification, employment) Type provided of support to immigrate Wage level skill per profile/occupation

More than numbers 79 80 Facilitate planning Facilitate nication efficiency nication commu Enhance Value dimension - immigration flows? planned to future meet How should capacity be clearly presented? guidelines immigration Are Potential insights Potential Processing time capacity per unit, e.g. ken down by: Forecasts of number of migrants time per expected unit, bro available Number of languages in which relevant immigration information is relevant immigration information Number of portals/sources visited to be that need to gather all Per cent of migrants applying for visas that are ineligible Key data required data Key applications Number of days required of to process each category Number of arrival of personnel port per Point arrival of Migrant of origin country permit of Type - pation partici Stimulate Value dimension ability ability afford Ensure formats learning Optimize availability Ensure timely Value acquisition target language 5–Improving local C –Integration and contribution - - course? or completed alanguage are aware of, enrolled in What share of migrants Potential insights Potential government) (Where not paid by the courses affordable? language/cultureAre migrants? acquisition for language enabling in effective Are language courses courses to match demand? of language/cultureply Is there an adequate sup - Average waiting times before language class can started be Demand by unit of geography: Availability by unit of geography: Participation and completion by unit of geography: proficiency: Average number of lessons/time taken to reach working by: ciency Per cent of migrants that reach language level of working profi Number of lessons required month per By unit of geography: Key data required data Key Number of migrants that to seek learn the local language Number of migrants that do not speak the local language Migrant population ratio) Capacity of language/culture courses (student-teacher Per cent of enrolled migrants who complete course courses Per cent of migrants who are enrolled in language/culture available to them Per cent of migrants who are aware of language courses Country of originCountry socioeconomic status, mother tongue) Demographics (age, gender, educational background, customization, e.g. by student educational background) Learning format (e.g. online learning, in-person, degree of of originCountry socioeconomic status, mother tongue) Demographics (age, gender, educational background, customization, e.g. by student educational background) Learning format (e.g. online learning, in-person, degree of Average monthly of migrants salary Average cost lesson per -

More than numbers 81 82 Ensure availability Ensure ability ability Improve afford table access equi- Establish Value dimension outcomes impactful Deliver Value target 6–Supplying decent, affordable housing - safe and adequate? surroundings residential Are of housing? Is there adequate supply Is housing affordable? housing? Is there fair access to insights Potential standard? standard? Is housing of an adequate regards to: regards Difference migrants between and native-born persons with Average number household per sqm per of people By unit of geography: By unit of geography: By unit of geography: Home ownershipHome ratio Distribution of monthly of native-born persons salary Distribution of monthly of migrants salary and by unitegory of geography Number of housing units available for rent by rental cost cat required data Key Amount paid sqm per rate Overcrowding ownershipHome ratio Housing application success rate population Native Migrant population Per cent of units available for rent Housing capacity (number of housing units) Crime rate personsnative-born schools, social and cultural facilities for migrants versus Average travel time to public services, e.g. healthcare, personsnative-born Average travel time to workplace for migrants versus housing units that are overcrowded Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons living in ing, sanitation facilities, electricity) housing units that have basic amenities (e.g. water, heat Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons living in ventilation housing units that are structurally secure with adequate Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons living in - - ability ability Improve afford table access equi- Establish availability Ensure Value dimension Ensuring access to quality healthcare Value quality to target 7–Ensuring access - persons distributed? migrants and native-born How are residences of and medicines affordable? Are healthcare treatments healthcare? Is there fair access to vices? access to healthcare ser migrantsDo have ready Potential insights Potential - sons, by: Number of medical visits of migrants versus native-born per unmet medical needs Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons reporting utilizationDoctor by area of specialty and by geography phy Medical facilities (e.g. hospital rooms) utilization by geogra persons care received by geography for migrants versus native-born Average waiting healthcare time between sought and health By unit of geography: Average annual income of migrants versus native-born persons sus native-born persons Average annual amount spent on medicines for migrants ver sus native-born persons Average annual amount spent on treatments for migrants ver medicines and sal public healthcare system) that allows access to treatments coverage, (e.g. by type voluntary insurance, access to univer Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons with healthcare Key data required data Key Legal status Legal Years of residence Type of visit (e.g. emergency, GP, specialist, preventative) insurance) tary Form of healthcare coverage (e.g. out of pocket, volun of originCountry guage proficiency) Educational attainment, e.g. health literacy, local lan Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Number of healthcare professionals 1,000 per residents origin Per cent of population comprised of migrants, of by country ------

More than numbers 83 84 2 E.g.HIV,tuberculosis,malaria,hepatitis, cardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetes,respiratorydisease outcomes impactful Deliver ability ability Improve afford table access equi- Establish Value dimension Ensure availability Ensure Value target 8–Providing relevant education and training - What are health outcomes? affordable? Is education or training cation and training? Is there fair access to edu insights Potential vocational training? toaccess education or migrantsDo have ready - disease by type rates,maternal mortality under-5 rates, mortality incidence of Health outcomes (average life expectancy, rates, mortality Average number of days from migrant arrival to first class By unit of geography: By unit of geography: to: regards Difference migrants between and native-born persons with Key data required data Key demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Per cent of native population in school versus training by population Native demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Per cent of migrant population in school versus training by Migrant population Enrolment cent per of vocational courses by industry Enrolment cent per of classes by year group Vocational capacity (number of student places) by industry Classroom capacity capacitySchool (number of student places) by year group persons Distribution of annual of migrants salary and native-born Distribution of year school fees per School/training completion rates School/training enrolment rates insurance) Form of healthcare coverage (e.g. out of pocket, voluntary Average number of medical visits year per (e.g.Personal characteristics eating, smoking) Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) 2 ) of migrants versus native-born persons by: outcomes impactful Deliver tion participa market Maximize labour Value dimension Value target 9–Optimizing employment outcomes and improving well-being - provided relevant? relevant? provided Is the education or training versus informal sector? are employed in the formal What of migrants portion comes? What are learning out employment of migrants? adequate of likelihood that affect/determine the What are the key factors market? ticipation rate in the labour What is the migrant par insights Potential - - employed in ajob related to their educational background Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons that are employment for migrants versus native-born persons Average leaving number of days between school and finding by: Educational performance of migrants versus native-born persons tional attainment by: Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons with educa persons native-born versus Per cent of migrants that are literate (language and numeracy) tract: Per cent of employed migrants with aformal employment con Employment rate and average time to employment of migrants by: level/occupation Employment rate (migrants versus native-born persons) by skill Share of migrants of working age required data Key Average grade received year per group Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) tional training Average number of total years of schooling plus voca tiary) Level of education attained (e.g. primary, secondary, ter Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Country of originCountry Geography Occupation profile Skill By demographic profile of originCountry Geography Occupation years of work experience) Skill profile of migrants (e.g. skill level, literacy, language, Demographic profile (e.g. gender and marital status, age) - - - -

More than numbers 85 86 Value dimension matching skill-work via tivity produc Improve economy of domesticness competitive Boost nomic well-being nomic eco Enhance - - - taxes? contribute and to GDP How much do migrants What is the wage differen tial for migrants? for tial jobs? How secure are migrant Potential insights Potential tions, lack of training)? qualifica of recognition job/skills mismatch, labour market gaps (e.g. What is the cause for unmet demand? of job existslevel or type force gaps? For which skill Where are there labour country? in destination creation job business formation and tribute to innovation, new How do migrants con What is the poverty rate?What is the poverty income migrant? per income and disposable What is the average - - - By migrant versus native-born: migrant versus By level: Average annual income by migrant versus native-born, skill per native-born: migrant versus By public sector Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons employed in contracts Per cent of migrants versus native-born persons on temporary Key data required data Key Provision of training by skill level/occupation qualification of area recognized (by occupation) and that are working outside their Number of migrants with foreign qualifications that are not ing to their skill level (versus native-born persons) Per cent of migrants working in jobs below those correspond Skill level/occupation of migrants and native-born persons geography Number of unfilled jobs by skill level/occupation, salary, and Employment rate by skill level/occupation and geography Number of people employedNumber of people by migrants owners Number of migrants that are entrepreneurs or small business Number of patents migrant held per Relevant rate tax income Annual of destinationIn country of originIn country Per cent covered by social protection systems Per cent living below 50 cent per of median income Per line cent below poverty Average annual disposable income skill per level Average annual income skill per level Share of working of people age - born persons born on native-effects Mitigate adverse inequities inequities Focus on key Value dimension crimination dis minimize and ance of diversity Foster accept groups Protect vulnerable Value inclusion target social 10 –Fostering - - born persons?born the wage level of native- migrationHow does affect persons?born the employment of native- migrationHow does affect most prominently? of discrimination manifest In which ways do effects insights Potential migrants in society? against discrimination To what extent is there Which groups are particu groups Which larly vulnerable? larly - Difference native-born persons and migrants between in: Above, broken down by: Wage level occupation per migrant after inflow Wage level occupation per prior to migrant inflow inflow Employment rate of native-borns and migrants migrant after inflow Employment rate of native-borns and migrants prior to migrant Key data required data Key contribution of migrants negative to be Per cent of native-born persons who perceive the impact or Per cent of migrants who have experienced hate crime ethnicity, race nationality or group that is/has discriminated been against on grounds of Per cent of migrants who consider themselves members of a Political representation personsnative-born of housing applications accepted from migrants versus Access to adequate affordable housing, e.g. cent per Access to basic services, e.g. healthcare and education educational attainment, age, gender) Average annual income (controlled for factors such as tional attainment, age, gender) Employment rate (controlled for factors such as educa geography of Unit education) of Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, level Migrant profile (e.g. student, economic, asylum seeker) Migrants’ of origin country -

More than numbers 87 88 participation civic Enhance sentation repre and voice Ensure political Value dimension ralization Encourage natu Value target 11 –Driving civic engagement - - naturalization? What are the benefits of ous community groups? migrants involved in vari To what degree are lation represented politi How well is migrant popu insights Potential cally? cally? likely/unlikely to naturalize? naturalize? likely/unlikely to migrantWhich are groups ralize? eligibleDo migrants natu - - - - Per cent of migrants engaged in community groups by: who did not By eligible migrant who naturalized versus eligible migrant Above, broken down by: Key data required data Key the migrant group of same origin of overall as part population Per cent of political representatives by origin versus cent per of naturalization naturalization Average point time between of eligibility and application for Per cent of eligible migrants that naturalize Per cent of migrants eligible for naturalization Unit of geography socioeconomic status in of origin) country Migrant profile (e.g. demographics, language skills, of origin)country Type of organization/association (size, membership by Employment rate Income Fiscal contributions Nationality status) socioeconomic Migrant profile (e.g. demographics, language skills, communities diaspora Engage Value dimension tance volume remit Increase gaps labour market Fill domestic Value target 12 –Regaining human capital and encouraging knowledge transfer D –Development Value target 13 –Facilitating the flow of remittances, trade and foreign investment - tivized to return? relevant skill incen sets be How can diaspora with ties? ties? tics of diaspora communi what are the characteris What is the size and Potential insights Potential from/going to? and who are they coming tance volumes? Where remit inward are What What are character the market gaps? eraged to fill local labour How can diaspora lev be likely to return? istics of diaspora that are ------Number of emigrants by: Remittance volumes by: Number of emigrants by destination country cial (e.g. support credit schemes, start-up grants) e.g. income, provision of adequate schooling, access to finan Breakdown of conditions under which diasporas would return, political, family reasons) by: Breakdown of reasons for diaspora return (economic, social, Key data required data Key in which there is unfulfilled demand Mapping of occupations and skill levels in local labour market of work experience) cational/training background, occupation, areas and years Number of diaspora members by skill profile (including edu of life) tunities, political or religious views, family reasons, quality Reason for emigration (e.g. education, economic oppor Legal status/type permit of (temporary/permanent)file, occupation Profile, e.g. demographics, education or training, skill pro geography of Unit of destinationCountry of origin) of Recipient location (e.g. unit of geography within country Destination country level/occupationSkill Migrant demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) tion country Number of family members in of origin/destina country Time spent in destination country Destination country status Employment income, legal status) Migrant profile (e.g. demographics, education, skill level, - - - - -

More than numbers 89 90 foreign investment tradeBoost and Value dimension used for? What are remittances investment? the volume of foreign What key factors affect tion countries? eign investment of destina What is the volume of for the volume of trade? What key factors affect the volume of remittances? What key factors affect economy?local tances contribute to the How significantly do remit nation countries? trade with emigrant desti What is the volume of insights Potential - - - - Breakdown of remittance volumes by: Remittance volumes by: etc. riers) and return expected (including interest rates, risk, payoff), Amount of foreign investment by costs (tax rates, regulatory bar of investment Volume of investment by geography, demographics and type Number of emigrants by destination country or benefits (e.g. subsidies) Trade volumes by trade costs (e.g. tariffs, regulatory barriers) Volume of trade (outflows and inflows) by: Number of emigrants by destination country National GDP Total remittance volumes Key data required data Key Types of investment consumption of Types fer operator) providerService (e.g. formal/informal, bank/money-trans Competition (i.e. number providers) of service Emigrant permanent) versus (e.g. profile temporary Per cent of migrants with access to financial services fees Remittance Economic sector/industry Class of goods Migrant demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) Geography - - ble giving ble charita visits and tourism/Stimulate Value dimension - giving of emigrants? What is charitable the What is the spend of emi insights Potential country? grants as tourists in home - Amount charitable of donations by: Amount of tourist spend by: Key data required data Key Geography Geography Geography Number of emigrant visits as tourists

More than numbers 91 92 casualties migrant Reduce Value dimension ing migrantsing moreIdentify miss IRREGULAR MIGRATION rights violations Reduce human Value target 14 protection and –Ensuring migrant safety E –Journey - under what circumstances? during the journey and Who is most vulnerable migrant en-route? death What is the main cause of en-route? How many migrants die Potential insights Potential missing en-route? missing How many migrants go and under what circum Who is most vulnerable in what forms? human rights abuse, and What is the incidence of stances? - Migrant rate death by: Location/route of migrant deaths sickness, violence, exposure, starvation/dehydration Migrant rate death by cause, e.g. drowning, vehicle accident, data (gender, age, socioeconomic status): By route (country of origin and destination and demographic Incidence of human rights abuses by: Key data required data Key Share of missing migrants identified Number of migrants unaccounted for Number of migrants traveled (gender, age, socioeconomic status): By route (origin, transit and host country) and demographics trafficking, forced labour) abuse (e.g. violence, sex- and gender-based violence, human Per cent of migrants to exposed human rights of abuse by type Time of year Route taken (country of origin and destination) transportation of Mode Demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) Share migrants of dead who are identified Identification migrants of deceased Number of migrant deaths Number of migrants traveled Route transportation of Mode profile Migrant Demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) control efficacy Improve border Value dimension smuggling Reduce human Value security target 15 border –Maintaining cial channels? cial channels? immigrants enter via offi control at ensuring that all How effective is border Potential insights Potential smuggling? How prevalent is human - Number of cases of human smuggling by: points, by: Number of immigrants entering through unofficial border Number of immigrants Key data required data Key Method of entry Method rings/organizations and smuggling of Types involved Reason for smuggling (e.g. employment, asylum) of entry) Route (origin and transit country, official or unofficial point Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) of entry) Route (origin and transit country, official or unofficial point Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status)

More than numbers 93 94 of supply of Ensure adequacy Value dimension effectiveness cost- Maintain Value target 16 –Catering to basic (e.g. needs shelter, temporary and food water) Arrival – F sufficient food and water? and food sufficient Are migrants provided with adequate quality? Is the shelter safe and of care? care? access to basic medical migrantsDo have timely of housing? temporary Is there adequate supply insights Potential cost-effective manner? manner? cost-effective Is shelter provided in a keep cost low? plannedbe for early on to What to capacity needs Per arrival point, cent per of accommodation units that: point: Per arrival Forecasts of migration flows and arrivals by route Per arrival point: Per arrival point: Per arrival point: Per arrival Key data required data Key of required capacity and care Forecasts of migration flows and arrivals by route and estimate Enable access easy to water and sanitation facilities Are equipped with basic amenities, e.g. electricity floods) Provide protection from the elements (e.g. cold weather, Are structurally secure Are located in asafe environment Average duration of migrant stay Migrant inflows day per Capacity (units of accommodation) available Average lifespan of accommodation unit Cost unit per of accommodation migrant per Number of doctors migrant per and provisionport of medical care Average waiting request time for between medical sup psychosocial) (physical and Per cent of migrants who have unmet medical needs doctor Per cent of migrants to by a who haveattended been Number of liters of water provided migrant per day per Average caloric intake migrant per day per - Value dimension registrations Streamline asylum Guaranteeing orderly registration Value orderly target 17 –Guaranteeing manner? vided in acost-effective Is medical assistance pro manner? vided in acost-effective Are basic supplies pro Potential insights Potential what is their profile? registeredhave been and How many individuals - - process, e.g.: process, sible to relevant involved parties in asylum and integration Biometric data compiled in centralized database that is acces involvedparties in asylum and integration process, e.g.: piled in centralized database that is accessible to relevant Standardized data on asylum seekers demographics com point: Per arrival point: Per arrival Key data required data Key Biometric pictures Fingerprints Number and names of accompanying family members Route Passport number Date of and birth country Country/region of origin Name (in standardized transcription, if necessary) Cost of medical care treatment per Cost of medical supplies treatment per Average duration of migrant stay Cost of water migrant per day per Cost migrant per of food day per - -

More than numbers 95 96 details details Verify registration efficiency process Improve Value dimension Value target 18 –Ensuring efficient asylum processes manner? incessed acost-effective Are applications pro details accurate? accurate? details Are applicant registration process? process? in the asylumbottlenecks What are potential insights Potential - of a name in agiven language) rates personal details provided by registrant (e.g. transliteration If applicable: additional information and data that corrobo e.g. process, sible to relevant involved parties in asylum and integration Biometric data compiled in centralized database that is acces involvedparties in asylum and integration process, e.g. piled in centralized database that is accessible to relevant Standardized data on asylum seekers’ demographics com Average cost application, per of application by type time: Average legal status Number of process steps from application to determination of legal status by: Average immigrant time between arrival and determination of Key data required data Key Biometric pictures Fingerprints Number and names of accompanying family members Route Passport number Date of and birth country Country/region of origin Name (in standardized transcription, if necessary) In between each process (i.e.In between waiting time) Per process (e.g. medical checkup) employment) Reason for immigration (e.g. asylum, family reunification, Time of year center Location/processing Migrant of origin country - - - Facilitate planning Facilitate integration ful labour market success Support and reduce error making efficacy decision- Enhance Value dimension Value target allocation 19 geographic –Planning balanced - immigration flows? planned to future meet How should capacity be the local labour market? into integrated effectively Where could migrants be correctly? accept/reject applications Were decisions to made insights Potential Per cent of appeal cases that were overturned by: Processing time capacity per unit, e.g. broken down by: Forecasts of number of migrants time per expected unit, By unit of geography: Number of migrants by: Key data required data Key Location/processing center Location/processing Type of application Migrant of origin country Time required of applications to process each category of personnel,type e.g. interpreter, administrative personnel) Number of arrival of personnel port per (broken down by Point arrival of Migrant of origin country of applicationLikely type Skill level/occupation persons native-born of Number of unfilled jobs by skill level/occupation Employment rate by skill level/occupation profile/occupation Skill Educational attainment of originCountry Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status)

More than numbers 97 98 capacity Ensure adequate Value dimension tional residents? tional resources to absorb addi sufficient are Where Potential insights Potential - By unit of geography: migrant families of by: Number Key data required data Key Capacity of education/training (please refer to Target 8) Capacity of healthcare (please sector refer to Target 7) Capacity of language courses (please refer to Target 5) Average rent sqm per Number of native-born households Per cent of units available for rent Per cent of public housing units quality) Housing capacity (number of housing units of adequate of originCountry Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Annual household income return policy effective Design Value dimension law ment of residence enforce Support Managing effective and sustainable return sustainable Value and effective target 20 –Managing G –Return and reintegration - unsuccessful return? unsuccessful What are the reasons for sufficient? return untary offered forIs support vol and timely? Are return policies effective tics of irregular migrants? What are characteris the Potential insights Potential migrants? tion/residence of irregular What is the status/situa - - - Migrant’s reasons for accepting assisted return offers origin of amount offeredMonetary to returning migrants by country Capacity of return counseling by geography seling Per cent of irregular migrants that participate in return coun choosingNumber of people voluntary return departure and Average determination number of days between of legal status Per cent of migrants required to return that return by: Number of irregular migrants by: Per cent of irregular immigrants with tolerated status by: Per cent of deportations cancelled and reasons for such Number of deportations planned Key data required data Key Reliable data on registered residence of irregular migrants birth) of family member and their legal status, and date country of Personal information (e.g. name, number, passport number Reason for return (e.g. rejected asylum application) Type of return (voluntary versus forced) of originCountry Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Legal status of family members Number of family members by age status Current legal Number of days since determination of legal status of originCountry Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status) Geography Duration of tolerated status since legal status was given Reason for tolerated status -

More than numbers 99 100 tiveness return of cost-effec Ensure recipient recipient tion assistance by reintegra Tailor comes reintegration out positive Drive Value dimension Value reintegration target 21 successful –Supporting - - - migrant needs? migrant needs? addressing in effective are most programs gration of reinte-Which types vided? are pro programs tion of reintegraWhat types Are returns cost-effective? most likely to re-emigrate? What kind of returnees are ents? Who are potential recipi insights Potential - - - Per cent of returnees with basic covered needs Per cent of returnees that are gainfully employed Per cent of migrants e.g. covered of support by type Per cent of return migrants given reintegration support: Average cost return per case by: Per cent of returnees that re-emigrate by: Key data required data Key social networks, psychosocial) Types (e.g. of support economic/employment, access to to the communitiesSupport of which they are amember to the individualSupport migrant economic and social assistance One-time reinstallation grants versus arange of ongoing profile migrant By geography/communityBy return and status Average determination number of days between of legal Average cost of residence if not returned Migrants’ of origin country Type of cost (processing, transport, financial incentives) Type of return (voluntary versus forced) Geography and conditions (i.e. safety) Employment status abilities Language level/occupationSkill return voluntary Forced versus Number of years spent in destination country situation) family Demographics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, tive reintegration reintegration tive cost-effec Ensure Value dimension - impactful for each group? tion help support are most of reintegraWhich types grams cost-effective? cost-effective? grams pro- reintegration Are Potential insights Potential - Broken down by each of the above groups: origin and host country Total cost of reintegration cent as per in support of GDP both support Average cost of reintegration migrant, per support of by type Key data required data Key Per cent of returnees with basic covered needs Per cent of returnees that are gainfully employed

More than numbers 101 102 Australian labour market. the number of employer-sponsored visas, which reflect genuine vacancies in the stream. The growth in the skill stream was predominantly driven by an increase in migration streams (family and skill stream) increased by about 30 cent per in each 2005 and 2015, the number of immigrants entering Australia through major the two The analysis is on data from based Australia’s Migration Trends 2014–15. Between relevant skills by approximately 14 year). cent per each increased the number of job vacancies filled by employer-sponsored migrants with help close domestic labour market gaps (e.g. 2005 and 2015 between Australia Identifying and incentivizing target groups with relevant skill from sets abroad can B –Immigration The calculation includes three steps: reduction in recruitment costs equivalent to one month of migrants’ average wages). labourfor migrants in four Arab Gulf states by around USD billion 3–6 (for each Providing transparency onthe composition of recruitment could reduce fees cost Emigration – A isology described in detail below. scenarios. Supporting data was retrieved from publicly available sources. The method The cases presented in this are report on approximation based and extrapolation of METHODOLOGY FOR CASES VALUE AND CALCULATIONS KNOMAD survey of 2015.KNOMAD Estimation of monthly salaries of working migrants in countries these on ILO/ based League member states, DESA on UN based data (upper bound) all migrants in Gulf countries, originating from countries other than OECD and Arab all Pakistani emigrant workers, the as ILO per (lower bound), and (ii) the share of ing recruitment cost on (i) based the share of Pakistani low-skilled workers among Estimation of the lower and upper bounds of the number of working migrants pay population Gulf-specific proxy on share of working population of the total as part migrant the UAE DESA on UN based data on migrant populations and a country per Estimation of number of working migrants in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and 74 , 75 78 77 76 - -

The analysis entails four steps: in income increases highly for migrants educated in the EU alone. Data-driven matching of qualifications and jobs could yield around EUR 5–7 billion language proficiency: migrant students and their native-born and peers aDemos estimate of the value of The projection is on gaps in based language proficiency first-generation between classes. language identify to data language gaps onand early providing targeted local access to Immigrants’ employment rates can increased be by 15–20 percentage points by using education: migrant students and their native-born and peers aUNESCO estimate of the value of The projection is on gaps in based educational first-generation performance between 10 cent per higher incomes additional every for year in schooling migrants. for Identifying education gaps and targeting accordingly efforts could yield up about to C –Integration and contribution tional year of schooling. UNESCO estimates incomes to increase by about 10 cent per for addi every attainment on Eurostat based data Calculation of income differences of individuals with medium and high educational jobs they fill) tions where workers’ levels of formal education are higher than those required by the on OECDbased data (according to the OECD, overqualification is defined as situa Comparison of shares of overqualified migrant and native-born workers country, per share holders in migrant of tertiary-degree populations Bank data on migrant populations and OECD data on employment rates and the Estimate of number of highly educated migrant workers on World based country per withfor people high language proficiency (as to low opposed proficiency). Demos estimates that employment rates are higher by 15–20 percentage points one year of schooling. OECD countries are behind their native-born by peers the equivalent of about In terms of their educational performance, first-generation migrant students across 79 80 83 82 81 - -

More than numbers 103 104 The projection includes four steps: 70 cent per can yield income increases of EUR 0.7–1.6 billion annually. Increasing the average naturalization rate in the EU from about 62 cent per to assumption that costs could reduced be to the target SDG rate cent. of 3per This estimate is on the World based Bank analysis on current remittance costs and the around USD 15–20 billion in remittance increases low- to and middle-income countries. Providing diaspora with transparency money-transfer oncheaper options could generate Programme an attracted average of 122 applicants year per from the United States.) United States annually 2011 between and 2013. In the same time, the Returning Expert the World(As per Bank, an average of 565 high-skilled Malaysians migrated to the applications from about 20 cent per of those who leave on an annual basis. The case is on Malaysia’s based success rate to regain high-skilled workers, attracting professionalscated from the diaspora. Data-driven incentives could help encourage return of about 20 cent per of highly edu D –Development approximately 3–7 percentage points. income effect, assuming EU countries would increase their naturalization rates by Estimate on cumulative income increase on various based models of naturalization’s (basedcountry on Eurostat data). Analysis of median income of eligible migrants who did not naturalize EU per naturalization who have not yet naturalized) (OECD data). Determination of potential for naturalization (i.e., isolation of immigrants eligible for than 10 years). (based on OECD data; eligibility is assumed for migrants with residence of more Analysis of foreign-born citizens that are country per eligible for naturalization educational attainment. increases equivalent to wage difference workers between with medium and high cation migrant rates between and native-born workers, leading to median income Potential income increases are calculated by assuming convergence in overqualifi 84 85 86 , 87 88 89 - - detail records (CDR). records detail weeks inthan two of the aftermath the 2015 earthquake in by Nepal analyzing call Case example of Flowminder tracing the flow of about 400,000 within people less humanitarianto disasters more effectively. Analyzing call detail records could help governments and relief organizations respond The analysis entails three steps: EUR 350 million the years for 2008–16. point increase in AVR over forced returns would have saved EU governments up to of voluntary over forced returns and reduce cost return for A10-percentage efforts. tailoringBetter voluntary return assistance migrants’ to could needs increase share G –Return and reintegration The analysis entails steps: two 150,000 victims of human trafficking. human trafficking cases by 2020. This could approximately to enable support analysisData and corresponding interventions could double the number of uncovered fatalities three be may to ten times the number of individuals identified. on researchbased suggesting that the estimated number of unreported cases of migrant cases involving missing deaths could identified. be This is an assumption-based scenario in 2016. Ifthe detection rate could increased be by 50 cent, per around 3,800 more the IOM’s per As Missing Migrants Project, more than 7,600 fatalities were recorded additionally. identified be could migrants If identification rates could increased be by 50 cent, per approximately 3,800 missing E –Journey fied human trafficking victims, US as per State Department, Extrapolation of Polaris’ rate of improvement on current number of globally identi forced), on Eurostat based data Analysis of number of returns in 2016, disaggregated of return (voluntary/ by type over afive-year period Analysis of the rate of improvement of Polaris in detecting human trafficking cases tial to uncover human trafficking worldwide 94 , 95 , 96 91 97 , 98 93 over afive-year period. 92 to illustrate poten 90 - -

More than numbers 105 106 I been increasedbeen by 10 percentage points for the years 2008–16. Estimate of cost savings for EU governments, had the share of voluntary returns on estimatesbased of costs Approximate calculation of cost incurred by voluntary and forced return efforts, Cost estimates are based on report from the German Federal Ministry oftheInterior. FederalMinistry fromtheGerman Cost estimatesarebasedonreport I country of transitcountry of origincountry of destinationcountry migration circular gain brain drain brain biometrics asylum-seeker asylum reintegration and return voluntary assisted GLOSSARY OFTERMS The country throughThe country which migratory flows (regular or irregular) move. country sending also See that isThe country asource of migratory flows (regular or irregular). alsoSee host country, receiving country that isThe country adestination for migratory flows (regular or irregular). to the labour of countries needs of origin and destination. movement, which beneficial be may to all involved if occurring voluntarily and linked The fluid countries, movement between of people including or long-term temporary called “reverse brain drain”. Immigration of trained and talented individuals into the destination country. Also resultingcountry in adepletion of skills resources in the former. Emigration of trained and talented individuals from of origin the country to another permits. dence use of biometrics as an improved measure security in issuing passports, visas or resi (e.g. fingerprints, retinal scans or voice scans). governments Some have introduced the of information that encode arepresentation of aperson’s unique biological makeup The study of measurable biological characteristics. “Biometric identifiers” (BIs) are pieces situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds. expelled, and be the may country as any may non-national in an irregular or unlawful national and national instruments. In case of anegative decision, the person must leave her own and awaits adecision on the application for refugee status under relevant inter fromA person safety who seeks persecution or serious harm in other than acountry his or gion, nationality, membership of aparticular social group or political opinion. and/or residence in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, reli to aperson who is unable to protection seek in his of nationality or her country refoulement and internationally or nationally recognized refugee rights. It is granted A form of protection given by aState on its on the principle territory based of non- in the host who volunteer country to return to their countries of origin. stranded migrants, qualified nationals and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain migrants, including rejected asylum seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, Administrative, logistical, financial and reintegration for support regular and irregular - - -

More than numbers 107 108 human trafficking human host country migrant high-skilled returnforced reunion family reunification/ migration family emigration displacement diasporas transnational character. Trafficking in persons can take place within the borders of one State have or may a Supplementing Convention the UN against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” (Art. 3(a), Protocol UN to Prevent, receiving of or payments benefits to achieve the consent of aperson having control deception, of the abuse of power or of aposition of vulnerability or of the giving or of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means alsoSee country destination, of receiving country that isThe country adestination for migratory flows (regular or irregular). the level of qualifications to practice typically needed aprofession. person who has earned, either level by tertiary education or occupational experience, education.years of postsecondary In amore specific sense, ahigh-skilled migrant is a person with education, tertiary typically an adult who has completed at least two intended.often general In very terms, ahigh-skilled migrant is considered a to be While there is no internationally agreed definition, overlapping two meanings are on the basis of an administrative or judicial act. returnThe compulsory of an individual of origin, to the country transit or third country, regroup in other than acountry the one of their origin. Process whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration as awhole. A general concept covering family reunification and the migration of afamily unit The of act departing or exiting from one State with aview to settling in another. or natural disasters. A forced removal of aperson from his or her home or country, due to armed often conflict country, dual nationals, and second-/third-generation migrants. workers abroad based temporarily, expatriates with the nationality of the host their homelands. This concept covers more expatriate settled communities, migrant tions and communities who their have left of origin country but maintain links with Diasporas are broadly defined as individuals and members or networks, associa -

labour migration labour migration irregular migrant irregular immigration humanitarian assistance labour migration and seeking opportunities for their nationals abroad. migration laws. In addition, some States take an active role in regulating outward for the purpose of employment. Labour migration is addressed by most States in their Movement of persons from one State to another, or within their own of residence, country “illegal migration” to cases of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons. for leaving the country. There is, however, atendencyto restrict the use of the term valid or travel passport document not fulfil or does the administrative requirements ple, in seen cases in which aperson crosses an international without boundary a regulations. From the perspective of the sending country, the irregularity is, for exam without authorizationcountry the necessary or documents required under immigration migration. From the perspective of destination countries, it is entry, stay or worka in receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of irregular Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and as denying migrants’ humanity. lar” is preferable to “illegal” carries because the latter acriminal connotation and is seen clandestine/undocumented migrant or migrant in an irregular situation). The term “irregu for alonger period than authorized or subsequently taken up employment (also called alia, those persons who have entered atransit but have or host lawfully stayed country his or her visa, lacks legal status in atransit or host country. The definition covers, inter A person who, owing to irregular entry, breach of acondition of entry, or the expiry of A process by which non-nationals move into for acountry the purpose of settlement. needs, and priority must given be to the most urgent cases of distress). ity, political opinions, race or religion. Relief of the suffering must guided be by solely assistance must provided be without discriminating as to ethnic origin, gender, national troversies of apolitical, religious or ideological nature), and impartiality (humanitarian tarian assistance must provided be without engaging in hostilities or taking sides in con the dignity and rights of all victims must respected and be protected), neutrality (humani tion to the most vulnerable in the population, such as children, women and the elderly; humanity (human suffering must addressed be wherever it is found, with particular atten provided in accordance with the humanitarian principles, particularly the principles of organizations (NGOs) and the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement. This assistance is sibility of the State but also by international supported organizations, non-governmental Aid that addresses of individuals the needs by crises. affected It is primarily the respon ------

More than numbers 109 110 refugee receiving country naturalization governance migration worker migrant flow migration worker skilled less-, low- and semi- circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order.” violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violations of human rights or other “becausecountry their lives, or freedom security havethreatened been by generalized the 1984 Cartagena Declaration states that refugees also include persons their who flee ing public order in either or the whole of his part or origin country or nationality.” Similarly, “owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturb (OAU) Convention defines arefugee as any person compelled to leave his or her country definition in the 1951 Refugee Convention, Art. 1(2), 1969 Organization of African Unity Refugees, Art. 1A(2), 1951 as modified by the 1967 Protocol). In addition to the refugee of the protection of that country. (Art. 1(A) (2), Convention relating to the Status of of hiscountry nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself nationality, membership of aparticular social group or political opinions, is outside the A person who, “owing to awell-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, alsoSee country destination, of host country and migrants on ayearly basis by presidential, ministerial or parliamentary decision of origin.country that has Country accepted to receive acertain number of refugees of destinationCountry or athird country. In the case of return or repatriation, also the those who are not its nationals and who its apply to become nationals. rules for naturalization, but it recognizes the competence State of every to naturalize application of the individual concerned. International not provide law does detailed Granting by aState of its nationality to anon-national through aformal on act the narrow of act regulating cross-border movement at the State level. management,” although migration management is also sometimes used to refer to the migration and protecting migrants. almost Used synonymously with the term “migration System of institutions, legal frameworks, mechanisms and practices aimed at regulating of Their Families, 1990). Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members ated activity in aState of which he or she is not anational” (Art. 2(1), International “A person who is engaged, to be is engaged engaged or has in been aremuner given location in adefined period of time. The number of migrants counted as moving or being authorized to move, to or from a having not received any training, has still acquired his or her competence on the job. sidered aperson to who has be received training less than asemi-skilled worker or, classifiedbe as semi-skilled. or low-skilled Aless- worker, on the other hand, is con “manualso-called workers” (e.g. production, construction workers) should therefore ured in weeks or days rather than years, nor is it normally level. at the tertiary Many length or intensity required for designation as askilled (or craft) worker, being meas able to operate at maximum/optimal efficiency, although this training is not of the person who requires adegree of training or familiarization with the job before being skilled migrant worker. In broad terms, asemi-skilled worker is considered a to be There is no internationally agreed definition of aless-skilled or low-skilled and semi- - - - -

voluntary return voluntary children unaccompanied smuggling exploitation sexual sending country migration return remittances reintegration migration regular See also assisted voluntary return voluntary assisted also See on the free based willcountry of the returnee. The assisted or independent return of origin, to the country transit or another third adult non-nationals appropriate not may be for children. control officials, because detention and other practices applied to undocumented responsible for them. Unaccompanied children present special challenges for border are not accompanied by aparent, guardian or other adult who by law or custom is Persons under the age of majority in other than acountry that of their nationality who rights. human to trafficking, not require does an element of exploitation, coercion, or violation of Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Smuggling, contrary Smuggling of Migrants by Land, and Air, Sea supplementing the United Nations son is not anational or apermanent resident” (Art. 3(a), Protocol UN Against the material benefit, of the illegal of aperson into entry aState of which Party the per “The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, afinancial or other cally from the sexual exploitation of another. for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially, or politi Any actual or attemptedabuse of aposition of vulnerability, power differential, or trust, alsoSee country origin of fromA country which abroad leave to settle people permanently or temporarily. voluntary.be Return migration includes voluntary repatriation. usually spending after at least one year in another country. This return not or may may The movement of a person returning to his of origin or her country or habitual residence origin. of Monies or acquired earned by non-nationals that are transferred to back their country into of his the society of origin or her country or habitual residence. Re-inclusion or re-incorporation of aperson into agroup or aprocess, e.g. of amigrant Migration that occurs through recognized, authorized channels. - -

More than numbers 111 112 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ENDNOTES www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity McKinsey GlobalInstitute,2016. Globalmigration’s impactandopportunity. Available from https:// documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf methodology. Available fromhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/ LabourOrganization,2015.ILOglobalestimatesonmigrantworkers:Resultsand International and%20Development%20Report%2012-14-17%20web.pdf Recruitment Costs.Available fromhttp://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2017-12/Migration%20 World onMigrationandDevelopment, 2014.Reducing BankandGlobalKnowledge Partnership articles/31/pdfs/brain-drain-from-developing-countries.pdf Docquier, 2014.Thebraindrainfromdevelopingcountries. Available fromhttps://wol.iza.org/uploads/ https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/reassessing-impacts-brain-drain-developing-countries Sriskandarajah, 2005.ReassessingtheImpactsofBrainDrainonDevelopingCountries.Available from iomvienna.at/sites/default/files/IML_1_EN.pdf onMigration.Available fromhttp://www. OrganizationforMigration,2004.Glossary International Highlights.pdf cs/MigrationReport2017_ development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/do 2017:Highlights(ST/ESA/SER.A/404).AvailableMigration Report fromhttp://www.un.org/en/ PopulationDivision(2017).International ofEconomicandSocialAffairs, United Nations,Department International%20Migration%20and%20Development-%20Towards%20a%20Global%20Action%20Plan%3F.pdf Available fromhttp://gmdac.iom.int/sites/default/files/papers/Improving%20Data%20on%20 MigrationandDevelopment:TowardsLaczko, 2016.ImprovingDataonInternational aGlobalActionPlan? desa/population/migration/data/empirical2/docs/migflows2015documentation.pdf from SelectedCountries:The2015Revision.Available fromhttp://www.un.org/en/development/ MigrationFlowstoand 2015.International ofEconomicandSocialAffairs, United NationsDepartment on%20International%20Migration.pdf Migration Analysis.Available fromhttps://gmdac.iom.int/sites/default/files/Data%20Availability%20 Juran andSnow, 2016.ThePotentialofthe2010PopulationandHousingCensusRoundforInternational desa/population/migration/data/empirical2/docs/migflows2015documentation.pdf from SelectedCountries:The2015Revision.Available fromhttp://www.un.org/en/development/ MigrationFlowstoand 2015.International ofEconomicandSocialAffairs, United NationsDepartment Plan%3F.pdf International%20Migration%20and%20Development-%20Towards%20a%20Global%20Action%20 Plan? Available fromhttp://gmdac.iom.int/sites/default/files/papers/Improving%20Data%20on%20 MigrationandDevelopment: TowardsLaczko, 2016.ImprovingDataonInternational aGlobalAction United Nations,2017.Thematicsessions.Available fromhttp://refugeesmigrants.un.org/thematic-sessions 2016. Available fromhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/1 United NationsGeneralAssembly, 2016.ResolutionadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyon19September transformingourworld Agenda forSustainableDevelopment.Available fromhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/ 2015.Transforming ofEconomicandSocial Affairs, United NationsDepartment ourworld:the2030 from Tomas, SummersandClemens,2009.Migrants Count: FiveStepsToward BetterMigration Data. Available https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1422146_file_CGD_migration_FINAL_web_0.pdf

34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Integration 2015.Available fromhttp://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Indicators-of-Immigrant-Integration-2015.pdf Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment, 2015.SettlingIn:IndicatorsofImmigrant Integration 2015.Available fromhttp://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Indicators-of-Immigrant-Integration-2015.pdf Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment, 2015.SettlingIn:IndicatorsofImmigrant Integration 2015.Available fromhttp://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Indicators-of-Immigrant-Integration-2015.pdf Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment, 2015.SettlingIn:IndicatorsofImmigrant www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity McKinsey GlobalInstitute,2016.migration’s impact andopportunity. Available fromhttps:// www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity McKinsey GlobalInstitute,2016.migration’s impact andopportunity. Available fromhttps:// 2015. Available fromhttps://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/us_stat.htm United StatesPatentandTrademark Calendar 2016.U.S.PatentStatisticsChart: Office, Years 1963- www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity McKinsey GlobalInstitute,2016.migration’s impactandopportunity. Available fromhttps:// www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity McKinsey GlobalInstitute,2016.migration’s impactandopportunity. Available fromhttps:// i_9789264266490-en and EquityinEducation.Available fromhttp://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa-2015-results-volume- Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,2016.PISA2015Results(Volume I):Excellence com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40985-016-0042-3?site=publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com populations. PublicHealthReviews37:28.Available fromhttps://publichealthreviews.biomedcentral. byimmigrantandnative Sarria-Santamera etal.,2016.Asystematicreviewoftheusehealthservices 7016-4fec-98c5-e8488491ebbd http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5727749/KS-31-10-539-EN.PDF/bcf27a60- ofthefirst andsecondgeneration. Eurostat, 2011.MigrantsinEurope.Astatisticalportrait Available from of immigrantstudents.Available fromhttps://www.oecd.org/edu/Untapped%20Skills.pdf Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,2012.UntappedSkills:Realisingthepotential 14-15-full.pdf Available fromhttp://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/statistics/migration-trends- ofImmigrationandBorder Protection,2016.Australia’sAustralian Department MigrationTrends 2014-15. cic.gc.ca/ENGLISH/information/times/index.asp# ofCanada,2017.Myimmigrationorcitizenshipapplication. AvailableGovernment fromhttp://www. immigration_enforcement_and_border_security.pdf Available fromhttps://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/the_cost_of_ American ImmigrationCouncil,2017.TheCostofEnforcementandBorderSecurity. apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444 datarepository.World Available fromhttp:// HealthOrganization,2017.GlobalObservatory assessing-and-anticipating-changing-skill-needs-9789264252073-en.htm Anticipating ChangingSkillNeeds.Available fromhttp://www.oecd.org/publications/getting-skills-right- Organisation forEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,2016.GettingSkillsRight:Assessing table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00200&plugin=1 Eurostat, 2016.Projectedold-agedependencyratio.Available fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/

More than numbers 113 114 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 publications/deadly-journey-children-central-mediterranean-migration-route/ UNICEF, forchildren:ThecentralMediterranean https://www.unicef.org.uk/ 2017.Adeadlyjourney documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf methodology. Available fromhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/ LabourOrganization,2015.ILOglobalestimatesonmigrantworkers:Resultsand International Migration-in-Figures.pdf OECD, 2013.World Migrationin Figures,availablefromhttp://www.oecd.org/els/mig/World- https://publications.iom.int/books/fatal-journeys-volume-3-part-1-improving-data-missing-migrants. 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Available from http://www.internal-displacement.org/library/ publications/2015/global-estimates-2015-people-displaced-by-disasters/ 96 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2015. Nepal Earthquake – Fact Sheet #23. Available from https://www.usaid.gov/nepal-earthquake/fy15/fs23 97 Eurostat, 2017. Statistics on enforcement of immigration legislation. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_enforcement_of_immigration_legislation 98 United Kingdom Home Office, 2017. National Statistics Returns. Available from https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/immigration-statistics-october-to-december-2016/returns 118 [email protected] McKinsey &Company, Partner Hieronimus Solveigh [email protected] IOM’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre, Director Frank Laczko CONTACTS

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